DOCSLIB.ORG

System Dynamics in the Evolution of the Systems Approach

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
System Dynamics in the Evolution of the Systems Approach Law of requisite variety Ashby’s law of requi- System Dynamics in the site variety says “Only variety can destroy Evolution of the Systems variety.” It implies that the varieties of two Approach interacting systems must be in balance, if sta- bility is to be achieved. Markus Schwaninger Organizational cybernetics The science which Institute of Management and Strategy, University applies cybernetic principles to organization. of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland Synonyms are management cybernetics and managerial cybernetics. System dynamics (SD) A methodology and dis- Article Outline cipline for the modeling, simulation, and con- trol of dynamic systems. The main emphasis Glossary falls on the role of structure and its relationship Definition of the Subject with the dynamic behavior of systems, which Introduction are modeled as networks of informationally Emergence of the Systems Approach closed feedback loops comprising stock and Common Grounds and Differences flow variables. The Variety of Systems Methodologies System There are many definitions of system. System Dynamics: Its Features, Strengths, and Two examples: A portion of the world suffi- Limitations ciently well defined to be the subject of study; Strengths of SD something characterized by a structure, for Limitations of SD example, a social system (Anatol Rapoport). Actual and Potential Relationships A system is a family of relationships between Outlook its members acting as a whole (International Appendix – Milestones in the Evolution of the Society for the Systems Sciences). Systems Approach in General and System Systems approach A perspective of inquiry, Dynamics in Particular education, and management, which is based Bibliography on systems theory and cybernetics. Systems theory A formal science of the struc- Glossary ture, behavior, and development of systems. In fact there are different systems theories. Gen- Cybernetics The science of communication and eral systems theory is a transdisciplinary control in complex, dynamic systems. The core framework for the description and analysis of objects of study are information, communica- any kind of system. Systems theories have tion, feedback, adaptation, and control or gov- been developed in many domains, e.g., mathe- ernance. In the newer versions of cybernetics, matics, computer science, engineering, sociol- the emphasis is on observation, self- ogy, psychotherapy, biology, and ecology. organization, self-reference, and learning. Variety A technical term for complexity which Dynamical system The dynamical system con- denotes the amount of (potential or actual) cept is a mathematical formalization of time- states or modes of behavior of a system. Rep- dependent processes. Examples include the ertoire of behavior is a synonym. mathematical models that describe the swing- ing of a clock pendulum, the flow of water in a river, or the evolution of a population of fish in a lake. © Springer Science+Business Media LLC 2019 1 R. A. Meyers (ed.), Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27737-5_537-5 2 System Dynamics in the Evolution of the Systems Approach Definition of the Subject worldview focused on complex dynamic systems and an interest in describing, explaining, and The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview designing or at least influencing them. Therefore, of the role of system dynamics (SD) in the context most of the systems approaches offer not only a of the evolution of the systems movement. This is theory but also a way of thinking (“systems think- necessary because SD is often erroneously taken ing” or “systemic thinking”) and a methodology as the systems approach as such, not as part of it. It for dealing with systemic issues or problems. is also requisite to show that the processes of the System dynamics (SD) is a discipline and a evolution of both the systems movement as a methodology for the modeling, simulation, and whole and SD in particular are intimately linked control of complex, dynamic systems. SD was and intertwined. Finally, in view of the purpose of developed by MIT professor Jay W. Forrester the chapter, the actual and potential relationships (e.g., Forrester 1961, 1968) and has been propa- between system dynamics and the other strands of gated by his students and associates. The terms the systems movement are evaluated. This way, “methodology” and “method” should not be used complementarities and potential synergies are interchangeably (Jackson 2003). Our working identified. definition for “methodology” embraces two kinds of use: (a) a set of principles that frame the way in which research (theoretical, empirical, Introduction practical) is to be undertaken and (b) a coherent group of complementary methods used in a given The purpose of this contribution is to give an methodology. The term “method” derives from overview of the role of system dynamics in the Ancient Greek: ὁdó§ (hodós) for path and m«tᾰ́ context of the evolution of the systems movement. (metá) for in pursuit of. The working definition we “Systems movement”–often referred to brieflyas are using for “method” refers to a technique or “systemics” also cyber systemics – is a broad way toward a purpose or serving a specific para- term, which takes into account the fact that there digm. “Paradigm” is a mode of thinking or a set of is no single systems approach but a range of assumptions shared by a (scientific) community. different ones. The diagram in Fig. 1 is not a SD has grown to a school of numerous academics complete representation but the result of an and practitioners all over the world. The particular attempt to map the major threads of the systems approach of SD lies in representing the issues or movement and some of their interrelations. systems in focus as meshes of closed feedback Hence, the schema does not cover all schools or loops made up of stocks and flows, in continuous protagonists of the movement. Why does the dia- time, and subject to delays. Given these features, gram show a dynamic and evolutionary systems SD modeling is widely applicable to all kinds of thread and an additional cybernetics thread, if systems – economic, social, ecological, etc. – and cybernetics is about dynamic systems? The latter the construction of generic models is facilitated. embraces all the approaches that are explicitly The SD view is focused on continuous as grounded in cybernetics. The former relates to opposed to discrete processes. This makes it all other approaches concerned with dynamic or extraordinarily powerful in dealing with manage- evolutionary systems. The streamlining made it rial issues. Other modeling and simulation necessary to somewhat curtail logical perfection approaches exist. One is the discrete event for the sake of conveying a synoptic view of the approach, which is focused on the modeling of different systems approaches, in a language that systems conceived as queuing networks uses the categories common in current scientific (Brailsford 2014). It is a widely used technique and professional discourse. Overlaps exist, e.g., of operations research, particularly for fine- between dynamic systems and chaos theory, cel- grained modeling, simulation, and control, in the lular automata, and agent-based modeling, etc. domains of logistics, production, distribution sys- The common denominator of the different sys- tems, and transportation networks. SD is normally tems approaches in our day is that they share a used for modeling and simulation at relatively System Dynamics in the Evolution of the Systems Approach 3 System Dynamics in the Evolution of the Systems Approach, Fig. 1 Systems approaches: An overview 4 System Dynamics in the Evolution of the Systems Approach higher levels of aggregation. Its perspective is top- systems approaches has been provided in the dia- down, which makes broad and long-term issues gram in Fig. 1. tangible and manageable. As a complement, a methodology has emerged which follows a bottom-up logic: the agent-based object approach Emergence of the Systems Approach (Holland 1995; Miller and Page 2007). Agent- based models are in discrete time. They represent The systems movement has many roots and facets, sets of individual agents, whose interactions are with some of its concepts going back as far as simulated. Hence, the emergent behavior at ancient Greece. What we name as “the systems macrolevel is generated from the bottom, by the approach” today materialized in the first half of individual behaviors at the microlevel. The three the twentieth century. At least two important com- methodologies are complementary. Hybrid forms ponents should be mentioned: those proposed by of modeling have been developed, which build von Bertalanffy and by Wiener. bridges and enable synergies between the respec- Ludwig von Bertalanffy, an American biolo- tive strengths of these different methodologies gist of Austrian origin, developed the idea that (Brailsford et al. 2014). organized wholes of any kind should be describ- The development of the system dynamics meth- able and, to a certain extent, explainable, by odology and the worldwide community that applies means of the same categories and ultimately by SD to modeling and simulation in highly varied one and the same formal apparatus. His General contexts suggest that it is a “systems approach” on Systems Theory (Von Bertalanffy 1950, 1968) its own. Nevertheless, taking “system dynamics” as triggered a whole movement which has tried to the (one and only) synonym for “systemic thinking” identify invariant structures and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Should System Dynamics Be Described As a `Hard' Or `Deterministic' Systems Approach?
    Systems Research and Behavioral Science Syst. Res. 17, 3–22 (2000) & Research Paper Should System Dynamics be Described as a `Hard' or `Deterministic' Systems Approach? David C. Lane* Operational Research Department, London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London, London, UK This paper explores the criticism that system dynamics is a `hard' or `deterministic' systems approach. This criticism is seen to have four interpretations and each is addressed from the perspectives of social theory and systems science. Firstly, system dynamics is shown to offer not prophecies but Popperian predictions. Secondly, it is shown to involve the view that system structure only partially, not fully, determines human behaviour. Thirdly, the field's assumptions are shown not to constitute a grand content theory Ð though its structural theory and its attachment to the notion of causality in social systems are acknowledged. Finally, system dynamics is shown to be significantly different from systems engineering. The paper concludes that such confusions have arisen partially because of limited communication at the theoretical level from within the system dynamics community but also because of imperfect command of the available literature on the part of external commentators. Improved communication on theoretical issues is encouraged, though it is observed that system dynamics will continue to justify its assumptions primarily from the point of view of practical problem solving. The answer to the question in the paper's title is therefore: on balance, no. Copyright # 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Keywords systems theory; systems thinking; information feedback; systems engineering; social theory; philosophy INTRODUCTION approach is then introduced.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Systems Theory?
    What is Systems Theory? Systems theory is an interdisciplinary theory about the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science, and is a framework by which one can investigate and/or describe any group of objects that work together to produce some result. This could be a single organism, any organization or society, or any electro-mechanical or informational artifact. As a technical and general academic area of study it predominantly refers to the science of systems that resulted from Bertalanffy's General System Theory (GST), among others, in initiating what became a project of systems research and practice. Systems theoretical approaches were later appropriated in other fields, such as in the structural functionalist sociology of Talcott Parsons and Niklas Luhmann . Contents - 1 Overview - 2 History - 3 Developments in system theories - 3.1 General systems research and systems inquiry - 3.2 Cybernetics - 3.3 Complex adaptive systems - 4 Applications of system theories - 4.1 Living systems theory - 4.2 Organizational theory - 4.3 Software and computing - 4.4 Sociology and Sociocybernetics - 4.5 System dynamics - 4.6 Systems engineering - 4.7 Systems psychology - 5 See also - 6 References - 7 Further reading - 8 External links - 9 Organisations // Overview 1 / 20 What is Systems Theory? Margaret Mead was an influential figure in systems theory. Contemporary ideas from systems theory have grown with diversified areas, exemplified by the work of Béla H. Bánáthy, ecological systems with Howard T. Odum, Eugene Odum and Fritj of Capra , organizational theory and management with individuals such as Peter Senge , interdisciplinary study with areas like Human Resource Development from the work of Richard A.
    [Show full text]
  • L„,TRAL ,,„,, R , T„, A 1) D I LN (: A `; I N.11 PRI SARIALFS ISSN (Print) 1515-4904 ISSN (Online) 2468-9734 MAT
    Serie Conferencias, Seminarios y Trabajos de Matemática. ISSN(Print)1515.4904 ISSN(Online)2468.9734 VII Italian Latín American Conference on Industrial and Applied Mathematics Second Part Departamento Domingo A. Tarzia (Ed.) de Matemática, Rosario, Argentina Julio 2015 A • •,,:, UNIVERSIDADAUC • L„,TRAL ,,„,, r , t„, A 1) D I LN (: A `; I N.11 PRI SARIALFS ISSN (Print) 1515-4904 ISSN (Online) 2468-9734 MAT SERIE A: CONFERENCIAS, SEMINARIOS Y TRABAJOS DE MATEMÁTICA No. 20 VII ITALIAN - LATIN AMERICAN CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS Second Part Domingo A. Tarzia (Ed.) INDICE Yolanda Santiago Ayala, “Sobre la estabilidad de un sistema elástico dinámico en cristales cúbicos”, pp. 1-8. Matías Barber - Martín Maas - Francisco Grings - Haydee Karzembaum, “Un enfoque Bayesiano para la estimación de humedad del suelo a partir de datos SAR polarimétricos en banda L”, pp. 9-16. Luis T. Villa - Angélica C. Bouciguez - Ricardo F. Lozano, “Estrategia de cálculo para la resolución de la primera etapa del proceso de freído por inmersión”, pp. 17-21. Rodrigo Castro - Pablo Jacovkis, “Global models and applied mathematics”, pp. 23-30. Adriana C. Briozzo – Domingo A. Tarzia, “Convergence of the solution of the one-phase Stefan problem with respect two parameters”, pp. 31-38. Rosario, Julio 2015 MAT – Serie A, 20 (2015), 23-30 GLOBAL MODELS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS Rodrigo Castro‡* and Pablo M. Jacovkis†‡ ‡ Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, (1428) Buenos Aires, Argentina, [email protected] * CIFASIS-CONICET, Argentina and ETH Zürich, Switzerland † Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero, Av. San Martín 2508, (B1678GQO) Caseros, Buenos Aires, Argentina, [email protected] Abstract: During the 1960s and, above all, during the 1970s, large global mathematical dynamical computer models were implemented, where “global” means that the models simulate the entire world (or a large portion of it) and that several different interrelated subjects are included (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Computer in Architecture, 1960–80
    Artificial Intelligence, Architectural Intelligence: The Computer in Architecture, 1960–80 A dissertation proposal by Molly Wright Steenson Dissertation committee Prof. M. Christine Boyer (advisor) Prof. Edward Eigen (reader) Prof. Axel Kilian (reader) Abstract With the advent of the information age, architects in the 1960s and 70s found themselves contending with more complex design problems than they had in the past. In response to these changes, the architectural profession began to turn to computers and computer- related sciences including cybernetics and artificial intelligence (AI), and to ways to solve and represent problems using the computer. The computational shift promoted design process over formal object, moved the architect out of a central role in the design process, and generated architectural solutions beyond the capabilities of machine or architect alone. This dissertation will examine the work of three architects: Christopher Alexander (b. 1936), Nicholas Negroponte (b. 1943) and Cedric Price (1934–2003) and the influence of, and their collaborations with, key figures in cybernetics and artificial intelligence. The period from 1960 to 1980 is significant because it marks the introduction of computing paradigms to architecture and the beginning of the mainstream of computers in architectural practice. Throughout, this dissertation will develop the notion of generative systems in architecture; that is, systems that incorporate models of intelligence, interact with and respond to both designer and end user, and adapt and evolve over time. Artificial Intelligence, Architectural Intelligence: The Computer in Architecture, 1960–80 In the 1960s and 70s, architects began to face increased complexity within their profession, raising a major issue within the architectural purview: the role of the architect in an informationally complex world.
    [Show full text]
  • Selling System Dynamics to (Other) Social Scientists
    Selling system dynamicsN. P. Repenning: to (other) Selling Systemsocial Dynamics 303 scientists Nelson P. Repenning* Nelson P. Repenning Abstract is the J. Spencer In the last decade I have tried to use system dynamics to do research that is acceptable to scholars Standish Associate from other social science communities. In this paper I reflect upon this experience and outline Professor of several errors that reduced the accessibility of my work to those outside the system dynamics Management at the community. While some of these mistakes are likely unique to me, others are more common to MIT Sloan School of research that uses system dynamics. Acknowledging these errors has several implications for the Management. His future organization of the field. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. work focuses on understanding the Syst. Dyn. Rev. 19, 303–327 (2003) factors that contribute to the successful implementation, execution, and design My sincere thanks to both the awards committee and the society for this year’s of business processes. Jay Wright Forrester award. To be recognized by one’s peers is truly a high Current research interests include honor, one for which I am deeply appreciative. The award is especially mean- organizational change, ingful for me because it represents an affirmative answer to a question that has process improvement dominated my professional life for almost a decade: Can one do research that applied to new both meets the standards of good system dynamics practice and is acceptable product design, and to other social scientists? I am grateful to the Forrester award committee for the development of cross-disciplinary both their stamp of approval and for the opportunity to (publicly) reflect upon management theory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Business Dynamics in Telecommunication Market Consolidation George Amstad Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2006 The business dynamics in telecommunication market consolidation George Amstad Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods Commons Recommended Citation Amstad, George, "The business dynamics in telecommunication market consolidation" (2006). LSU Master's Theses. 4006. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4006 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE BUSINESS DYNAMICS IN TELECOMMUNICATION MARKET CONSOLIDATION A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science In The Department of Information Systems & Decision Sciences By George Amstad stud.rer.pol University of Berne, 2006 December 2006 Acknowledgements I am grateful to Dr. Thomas D. Clark, my advisor, for his active support, patience and commitment to help me developing our model. I especially appreciate his input when I was stuck in the modeling process and he showed me new modeling approaches to solve this situation. I would like to thank Dr. Edward F. Watson who introduced me to the Information Systems & Decision Sciences Master program. He demonstrated exceptional patience and stamina, answering my numerous administrative questions. I want to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Jay Wright Forrester
    Jay Wright Forrester Jay Wright Forrester (born July 14, 1918) is a pioneer American computer engineer, systems scientist and was a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management. Forrester is known as the founder of System Dynamics, which deals with the simulation of interactions between objects in dynamic systems. Biography Forrester was born in 1918 on a cattle ranch near Anselmo, Nebraska, in the middle of the United States. His early interest in electricity was spurred, perhaps, by the fact that the ranch had none. While in high school, he built a wind-driven 12-volt electrical system using old car parts—it gave the ranch its first electric power. [ 1 ] After finishing high school, he had received a scholarship to go to the Agricultural College. Three weeks before enrolling, he realized a future of herding cattle in Nebraska winter blizzards had never appealed to him. So instead in 1936 he enrolled in the Engineering College at the University of Nebraska to study electrical engineering. As it turns out this study was about the only academic field with a solid, central core of theoretical dynamics. [ 2 ] After finishing the University in 1939 he went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to become a research assistant and eventually spend his entire career. In his first year at MIT he was commandeered by Gordon S. Brown who was the pioneer in " feedback control systems " at MIT. During World War II his work with Gordon Brown was in developing servomechanisms for the control of radar antennas and gun mounts. This work was research toward an extremely practical end that ran from mathematical theory to the operating field.
    [Show full text]
  • Jun 27 2013 Libraries
    Systems of Valuation by Irina Chernyakova Bachelor of Architecture Cornell University, 2010 Submitted to the Department of Architecture in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of -NS MA SSCHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Master of Science in Architecture Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology JUN 27 2013 June 2013 LIBRARIES @2013 Irina Chernyakova. All Rights Reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: Department of Architecture May 24, 2013 Certified by: Arindam Dutta, Associate Professor of the History of Architecture Thesis Co-Supervisor Certified by: Mark Jarzombek, Profesor of the History and Theory of Architecture ,1- Thesis Co-Supervisor Accepted by: Takehiko Nagakura, Associate Professor of Design and Computation, Chair of the Department Committee on Graduate Students Committee Arindam Dutta Associate Professor of the History of Architecture Co-Supervisor Mark Jarzombek Professor of History and Theory of Architecture Co-Supervisor Kristel Smentek Assistant Professor of the History of Art Reader Systems of Valuation by Irina Chernyakova Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 24, 2013 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Architecture Studies Abstract The 1972 publication of The Limits to Growth marked a watershed moment in ongoing environmental debates among politicians, economists, scientists, and the public in the postwar period. Sponsored by the Club of Rome, an influential think-tank established in 1968, the report was published against the backdrop of the progressive activism of the 1960s, and prefigured the neo-conservative politics of the 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Policy Council
    2017 POLICY COUNCIL MEET THE OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE POLICY COUNCIL Th e Policy Council is the governing body of the System Dynamics Society. It sets policies, issues directives, and monitors the work of offi cers and other activities under way or planned. It meets as specifi ed in the bylaws and may hold additional electronic discussions and votes throughout the year as needed. It reviews and approves the budget and acts on nominations. Offi cers and members are nominated by the Nominating Committee and approved by the Policy Council. For more information on the Policy Council please visit the Governance page on the Society’s website. Leonard Malczynski – President (2017) Leonard Malczynski is a Principal Member of the Technical Staff at Sandia National Laboratories. Len is also a former US Peace Corps volunteer and has worked in more than 10 countries in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean applying and teaching soft ware engineering and System Dynamics. He served as the conference chair for the 27th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. His current work involves modeling workforce issues, food-water constraints, and adoption of photovoltaic technology. His research interests are in model mechanics and best practices. He is the group coordinator of the Powersim Tools international user group on Yahoo. He was an adjunct professor in soft ware engineering and microeconomics for 26 years. He holds a Bachelor degree in Forestry, MS in Agricultural Economics, MA in economic theory, MBA, and a graduate certifi cate in System Dynamics. Ignacio Martínez-Moyano – President Elect (2017) Ignacio J. Martínez-Moyano is Section Lead of Behavioral and System Dynamics in the Systems Science Center (SSC) of the Global Security Sciences (GSS) Division at Argonne National Laboratory.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions of System Dynamics to Research, Policy and Implementation
    Pre print, final version published in Systems Research and Behavioral Science 2017 Vol. 34(4): 378-385 DOI 10.1002/sres.2461 Guest Editorial Natural Resource Management: Contributions of System Dynamics to Research, Policy and Implementation Selected papers from the Seventh European System Dynamics Workshop, at University of Bergen, Norway David C. Lane1* and Birgit Kopainsky2 1 Henley Business School, England 2 System Dynamics Group, University of Bergen, Norway INTRODUCTION This special issue contains a series of papers in the area of System Dynamics modelling (Forrester, 1961; 1968). Perhaps System Dynamics – SD - has not always been at the centre of ‘Systems Science’ in institutional terms. It is also distinctive in terms of some of its ideas: employing the framework of Richardson (1991), SD grew out of a ‘servo-mechanisms thread’ of feedback thinking, in contrast to the ‘cybernetics thread’ from which rather more systems approaches developed. However, looking more broadly one can see that SD is firmly grounded in the notion that holistic thinking provides a better way of understanding the world and of crafting effective interventions. The project to draw SD into the family of systems approaches is now well into its third decade and has involved connections being made from outside SD by mainstream system scientists (e.g. Bloomfield, 1982; Jackson & Keys, 1984; Keys, 1988) and from within SD itself (Richardson, 1991; Lane, 1994) to the point that SD is frequently treated as self- evidently being a member of the range of systems approaches (e.g. Jackson, 2003). An indicator of this is this journal’s interest in the subject generally: SD is one of the journal’s designated systems fields and therefore has its own editor and the number of SD submissions and publications continues to rise.
    [Show full text]
  • Complexity Versus Lean the Big Showdown
    Complexity versus Lean The Big Showdown Jurgen Appelo [email protected] version 1.ks Goal To further improve Lean software development by understanding and applying complexity thinking Agenda What is complex systems theory? What is lean software development? Can we define complexity thinking? Can we apply complexity thinking? A new management model 7 principles of Lean software development 5 core practices of Kanban Various lean practices Conclusion Emergent, self-organizing, unpredictable http://www.flickr.com/photos/judepics/ Complex Systems “A complex system is a system composed of interconnected parts that as a whole exhibit one or more properties (behavior) not obvious from the properties of the individual parts.” Sometimes called the sciences of complexity (plural) http://cfpm.org/pub/users/bruce/thesis/chap4.pdf General Systems Theory Study of relationships between elements Ludwig von Bertalanffy (biologist) 1901-1972 Autopoiesis (how a system constructs itself) Identity (how a system is identifiable) Homeostatis (how a system remains stable) Permeability (how a system interacts with its environment) Cybernetics Study of regulatory systems Norbert Wiener (mathemacian) 1894-1964 Goals (the intention of achieving a desired state) Acting (having an effect on the environment) Sensing (checking the response of the environment) Evaluating (comparing current state with system’s goal) Dynamical Systems Theory Study of system behavior Stability (stable states versus unstable states) Attractors (systems getting sucked into stable states) Game Theory
    [Show full text]
  • System Dynamics and the Evolution of Systems Movement a Historical
    Diskussionsbeiträge des Instituts für Betriebswirtschaft System Dynamics and the Evolution of Systems Movement A Historical Perspective Markus Schwaninger No 52 - June 2005 Universität St. Gallen Hochschule für Wirtschafts-, Rechts- und Sozialwissenschaften 1. Introduction The purpose of this contribution is to give an overview of the role of System Dynamics in the context of the evolution of the systems movement. ”Systems movement”––often referred to briefly as ”systemics”––is a broad term, which takes account of the fact that there is no one systems approach, but a range of different ones. Indeed, the development of the System Dynamics methodology, and the worldwide community that applies SD to the modeling and simulation in the most different contexts, suggest it is a ”systems approach” on its own. Nevertheless, taking ”System Dynamics” as the (one and only) synonym for ”systemic thinking” would go too far, as there are other approaches to systemic thinking as well as a variety of systems theories and methodologies, which – to a certain extent – are complementary to SD. The purpose of this article implies working out the actual and potential relationships between System Dynamics and the other strands of the systems movement. An overview on the temporal sequence of some milestones in the evolution of the Systems Approach in general and System Dynamics in particular is given in the Appendix. Elaborating on each one of the sources and dates quoted therein would reach beyond the possibilities of this paper. 2. The Emergence of the Systems Approach The systems movement has many roots and facets, with some of its concepts going back as far as ancient Greece.
    [Show full text]