DOCSLIB.ORG

MEDICAL DOSIMETRY Accredited by : Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology 20 North Wacker Drive, Suite 2850 Chicago, IL, 60606 - 3182

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MEDICAL DOSIMETRY Accredited by : Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology 20 North Wacker Drive, Suite 2850 Chicago, IL, 60606 - 3182 MEDICAL DOSIMETRY Accredited by : Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology 20 North Wacker Drive, Suite 2850 Chicago, IL, 60606 - 3182 R E V . 2 0 1 5 HEALTH SCIENCE MAJOR IS MEDICAL DOSIMETRY THE RIGHT CHOICE FO R Y O U ? What is medical dosimetry? The field of tion treatment for each individual cancer survey shows the median salary of medical medical dosimetry involves the calculation of patient. The dosimetrist is an integral part of dosimetrists with 0-4 years experience to be dose and design of radiation field arrange- the radiation oncology team and, through $75,000 without Board Certification and ments for the treatment of cancer patients. regular treatment chart review and patient $85,000 with Board Certification. In New Dosimetrists use their knowledge of physics, dose measurement, helps to ensure that York, the starting salary range for recent anatomy, and radiobiology to develop an each patient receives the properly prescribed graduates of our program is $72,000— optimal arrangement of radiation portals to treatment. $85,000. Senior people in the field often spare normal and radiosensitive tissues Where do medical dosimetrists work? Medi- earn over $110,000. while applying a prescribed dose to the cal dosimetrists work in cancer treatment What else should I know? Since dosimetry targeted disease volume. centers, community hospitals, free-standing relies heavily on physics and knowledge of What is the role of the medical dosimetrist? clinics, medical schools, and in the medical human anatomy and physiology, a strong Dosimetrists are knowledgeable about radia- industry. background in math and science is neces- tion oncology treatment machines and equip- IsIs therethere aa demanddemand forfor medicalmedical dosimetristsdosimetrists inin sary. ment. In collaboration with medical physicists the medical field? According to the U.S. The Medical Dosimetrist Certification and radiation oncologists, they have the Department of Labor, there are over 800 job Board administers the certification exam. expertise to calculate radiation dosages and openings each year and the field will increase For more information, contact the Medical generate radiation dose distribution. by 22% over the next decade. Dosimetrist Certification Board or the Associ- Dosimetrists work with advanced treat- ation of Medical Dosimetrists. at the web- What is the salary range for medical dosime- ment planning software using interactive 3-D sites listed below. graphics to develop an optimal plan of radia- trists? A recent nationwide professional DOSIMETRY PROGRAM What is the Admissions Policy for the Medical puted tomography and ultrasonography. Fundamentals of Medical Dosimetry Dosimetry program ? Restricted to students approved for and Contouring: Covers a variety of appropriate senior year track in the Radiation Therapy disease sites that Minimum 1 semester of college calculus with “While a simultane- Health Science major. are fundamental to the planning com- a grade of C+ or better (or AP calculus— Introduction to Pathology: Pathology is petencies required during the clinical college credit); minimum 1 semester of the branch of medicine devoted to the year. Includes radio-geographical cross ous glut and short- college physics with a grade of C+ or better study and understanding of disease. -sectional anatomy using Computerized (or AP Physics—college credit); overall GPA of age of medical phys- This course will introduce the student to Tomography (CT), Positron Emission 2.5 in college-level coursework; HAN 395 mid the concept of disease. The types of Tomography (PET) and Magnetic Reso- -semester grade of 80% or higher; science icists may be a para- growth, causative factors and biological nance Imaging (MRI) imaging; full-body GPA of 2.5 or above Preference is given to behavior of neoplastic diseases are anatomical contouring; tolerance doses dox of academic those applicants who have the following: discussed. Staging procedures are for critical organs; patient treatment completion of Physics sequence Physics introduced. Restricted to students setup; immobilization devices; beam interest, its effect on 131/132 or Physics 125/126/127, or equiv- approved for appropriate senior year modifiers; Dose Volume Histograms alent, with grades of C+ or better; completion patients is real. track in the Health Science major. and electron planning including but not of calculus MAT 125 or MAT 131 with a limited to 3 Dimensional (3D) planning Radiation oncolo- grade of C+ or better. Principles and Practice of Radiation Therapy: Introduces practice and tech- vs. Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) of all competency sites. gists are often lim- What are the requirements for acceptance to nical aspects of radiation therapy, in- the post--baccalaureate year ? cluding techniques specific to anatomi- Discussions include Radiation Therapy ited in the sophisti- cal sites and treatment outcome statis- Oncology Group (RTOG) protocols of all Health Science students apply to the post- tics and options available to cancer competency sites. Restricted to stu- cation of treatments baccalaureate year dosimetry program during patients. Includes cancer statistics; dents approved for appropriate senior the fall semester of the senior year. After epidemiology; etiology; patient education year track in the Health Science major. they can prescribe completing the senior year, graduates are and assessment; a review of the emo- Radiation Oncology Medical Physics prepared to enter programs for clinical train- due to unavailable tional and physical needs of cancer II: Provides students interested in a ing. Graduates who complete the post- patients; and pharmacology and drug career in medical dosimetry with an baccalaureate year program are prepared for medical physics administration. Restricted to students introduction to medical physics for entry-level medical dosimetry positions. In approved for appropriate senior year radiation oncology. This is the second expertise.” preparation for the post-baccalaureate year, track in the Health Science major. course in a two-part series that pro- seniors in the major must successfully com- Introduction to Treatment Planning: vides the basis for further study of the plete the following courses during the spring applications of radiation oncology - Ivan A. Brezovich, semester: Provides a detailed exploration of treat- ment planning in the field of radiation physics to radiation treatment planning Ph.D, Dept. of Rad. Radiographic Anatomy & Pathology: therapy. Includes, but is not limited to, and radiation dose calculations. Provides basic radiographic anatomy in-depth instruction in planning algo- Covers topics such as radiation dose Onc., University of from both the projection and cross sec- rithms, data transfer, dose computation, distribution, patient dose calculations, tional point of view. Introduces to basic plan evaluation and implementation, treatment planning, electron beam Alabama at Birming- disease processes, including the nature and Quality Assurance (QA). Reviews therapy, brachytherapy, modern treat- and causes of disease and injury. Exam- and discusses a variety of treatment ment delivery, and radiation protection. ham ines these processes on medical images planning systems and treatment ma- Restricted to students approved for acquired through radiography, computed chines. Restricted to students approved appropriate senior year track in the tomography, angiography, magnetic for appropriate senior year track in the Health Science program. resonance, scintigraphy, emission com- Health Science major. To declare Health Science as your major, you are required to HOW TO BECOME A HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENT attend an Advising Workshop. To schedule an appointment, Students can declare the Health Science major at any time during their please email Jennifer Jimenez at jennifer.wiener@ stony- academic career. All major courses are taken during the senior year. brook.edu In order to begin your senior year courses in the major, you must have: a G.P.A. of at least 2.0 and have successfully completed 91 credits Traci Thompson—Advising and have met all D.E.C/S.B.C requirements except TECH SBC re- quirement which will be satisfied during the senior year HSC, Level 2, Room 453 at least 16 credits in sciences, which must include HAN 200 and Phone: 631.444.2407 HAN 202 sequence, or equivalent sequence (ask advisor for infor- Fax: 631.444.1515 mation) [email protected] 21 credits of related electives, which must include HAN 251 and HAN 312 10 upper division credits. Jennifer Jimenez Successful completion of the following courses during the fall semester of HSC, Level 2 your senior year is required: Phone: 631.444.6349 Health Care Issues Fax: 631.444.1515 Professional Ethics [email protected] Communication Skills Professional Writing OR VISIT OUR WEBSITE AT: Health Informatics http://healthtechnology.stonybrookmedicine.edu/programs/hs If you are interested in applying to the Medical Dosimetry concentration, an additional course must be taken: HAN 395: Radiation Physics in Medicine HEALTH SCIENCE MAJOR FACTS ABOUT THE POST - BACCALAUREATE YEAR FOR INFORMATION REGARDING RADIATION SAFETY , PROFES- SIONAL INFORMATION, AND JOB LISTING PLEASE VISIT THE Tuition will be due two weeks prior financial institutions. FOLLOWING WEBSITES: to the 1st day of the post- Students may incur additional baccalaureate program. Professional Organizations costs (materials, books, drug ● Radiation Safety Health Assessment Forms
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The International Commission on Radiological Protection: Historical Overview
    Topical report The International Commission on Radiological Protection: Historical overview The ICRP is revising its basic recommendations by Dr H. Smith Within a few weeks of Roentgen's discovery of gamma rays; 1.5 roentgen per working week for radia- X-rays, the potential of the technique for diagnosing tion, affecting only superficial tissues; and 0.03 roentgen fractures became apparent, but acute adverse effects per working week for neutrons. (such as hair loss, erythema, and dermatitis) made hospital personnel aware of the need to avoid over- Recommendations in the 1950s exposure. Similar undesirable acute effects were By then, it was accepted that the roentgen was reported shortly after the discovery of radium and its inappropriate as a measure of exposure. In 1953, the medical applications. Notwithstanding these observa- ICRU recommended that limits of exposure should be tions, protection of staff exposed to X-rays and gamma based on consideration of the energy absorbed in tissues rays from radium was poorly co-ordinated. and introduced the rad (radiation absorbed dose) as a The British X-ray and Radium Protection Committee unit of absorbed dose (that is, energy imparted by radia- and the American Roentgen Ray Society proposed tion to a unit mass of tissue). In 1954, the ICRP general radiation protection recommendations in the introduced the rem (roentgen equivalent man) as a unit early 1920s. In 1925, at the First International Congress of absorbed dose weighted for the way different types of of Radiology, the need for quantifying exposure was radiation distribute energy in tissue (called the dose recognized. As a result, in 1928 the roentgen was equivalent in 1966).
    [Show full text]
  • MIRD Pamphlet No. 22 - Radiobiology and Dosimetry of Alpha- Particle Emitters for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy
    Alpha-Particle Emitter Dosimetry MIRD Pamphlet No. 22 - Radiobiology and Dosimetry of Alpha- Particle Emitters for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy George Sgouros1, John C. Roeske2, Michael R. McDevitt3, Stig Palm4, Barry J. Allen5, Darrell R. Fisher6, A. Bertrand Brill7, Hong Song1, Roger W. Howell8, Gamal Akabani9 1Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD 2Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood IL 3Medicine and Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York NY 4International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria 5Centre for Experimental Radiation Oncology, St. George Cancer Centre, Kagarah, Australia 6Radioisotopes Program, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland WA 7Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN 8Division of Radiation Research, Department of Radiology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark NJ 9Food and Drug Administration, Rockville MD In collaboration with the SNM MIRD Committee: Wesley E. Bolch, A Bertrand Brill, Darrell R. Fisher, Roger W. Howell, Ruby F. Meredith, George Sgouros (Chairman), Barry W. Wessels, Pat B. Zanzonico Correspondence and reprint requests to: George Sgouros, Ph.D. Department of Radiology and Radiological Science CRB II 4M61 / 1550 Orleans St Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21231 410 614 0116 (voice); 413 487-3753 (FAX) [email protected] (e-mail) - 1 - Alpha-Particle Emitter Dosimetry INDEX A B S T R A C T.........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Radiation Glossary
    Radiation Glossary Activity The rate of disintegration (transformation) or decay of radioactive material. The units of activity are Curie (Ci) and the Becquerel (Bq). Agreement State Any state with which the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission has entered into an effective agreement under subsection 274b. of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended. Under the agreement, the state regulates the use of by-product, source, and small quantities of special nuclear material within said state. Airborne Radioactive Material Radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes, particulates, mists, vapors, or gases. ALARA Acronym for "As Low As Reasonably Achievable". Making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to ionizing radiation as far below the dose limits as practical, consistent with the purpose for which the licensed activity is undertaken. It takes into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to the public health and safety, societal and socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of radioactive materials and licensed materials in the public interest. Alpha Particle A positively charged particle ejected spontaneously from the nuclei of some radioactive elements. It is identical to a helium nucleus, with a mass number of 4 and a charge of +2. Annual Limit on Intake (ALI) Annual intake of a given radionuclide by "Reference Man" which would result in either a committed effective dose equivalent of 5 rems or a committed dose equivalent of 50 rems to an organ or tissue. Attenuation The process by which radiation is reduced in intensity when passing through some material.
    [Show full text]
  • External and Internal Dosimetry
    Chapter 7 External and Internal Dosimetry H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 1 Objectives ¾ Discuss factors influencing external and internal doses ¾ Define terms used in external dosimetry ¾ Discuss external dosimeters such as TLDs, film badges, OSL dosimeters, pocket chambers, and electronic dosimetry H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 2 Objectives ¾ Define terms used in internal dosimetry ¾ Discuss dose units and limits ¾ Define the ALI, DAC and DAC-hr ¾ Discuss radiation signs and postings H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 3 Objectives ¾ Discuss types of bioassays ¾ Describe internal dose measuring equipment and facilities ¾ Discuss principles of internal dose calculation and work sample problems H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 4 External Dosimetry H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 5 External Dosimetry Gamma, beta or neutron radiation emitted by radioactive material outside the body irradiates the skin, lens of the eye, extremities & the whole body (i.e. internal organs) H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 6 External Dosimetry (cont.) ¾ Alpha particles cannot penetrate the dead layer of skin (0.007 cm) ¾ Beta particles are primarily a skin hazard. However, energetic betas can penetrate the lens of an eye (0.3 cm) and deeper tissue (1 cm) ¾ Beta sources can produce more penetrating radiation through bremsstrahlung ¾ Primary sources of external exposure are photons and neutrons ¾ External dose must be measured by means of appropriate dosimeters H-117 – Introductory Health Physics Slide 7
    [Show full text]
  • 11. Dosimetry Fundamentals
    Outline • Introduction Dosimetry Fundamentals • Dosimeter model • Interpretation of dosimeter measurements Chapter 11 – Photons and neutrons – Charged particles • General characteristics of dosimeters F.A. Attix, Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry • Summary Introduction Dosimeter • Radiation dosimetry deals with the determination • A dosimeter can be generally defined as (i.e., by measurement or calculation) of the any device that is capable of providing a absorbed dose or dose rate resulting from the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter reading R that is a measure of the absorbed • Other radiologically relevant quantities are dose Dg deposited in its sensitive volume V exposure, kerma, fluence, dose equivalent, energy by ionizing radiation imparted, etc. can be determined • If the dose is not homogeneous • Measuring one quantity (usually the absorbed dose) another one can be derived through throughout the sensitive calculations based on the defined relationships volume, then R is a measure of mean value Dg Dosimeter Simple dosimeter model • Ordinarily one is not interested in measuring • A dosimeter can generally be considered as the absorbed dose in a dosimeter’s sensitive consisting of a sensitive volume V filled with a volume itself, but rather as a means of medium g, surrounded by a wall (or envelope, determining the dose (or a related quantity) for container, etc.) of another medium w having a another medium in which direct measurements thickness t 0 are not feasible • A simple dosimeter can be
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons Learned in EURADOS Useful for the Dosimetry of Wildlife
    LessonsLessons learnedlearned inin EURADOSEURADOS usefuluseful forfor thethe dosimetrydosimetry ofof wildlifewildlife EURADOS Background/History EURADOS Structure Some specific EURADOS activities “relevant” to wildlife dosimetry Rick Tanner (Chairman, EURADOS WG6: Computational Dosimetry Public Heath England, Chilton, Didcot, UK) STAR Workshop, Madrid 2014 1 EURADOSEURADOS e.V.:e.V.: aa sustainablesustainable networknetwork Werner Rühm ( Chairma n) Filip Vanhavere ( Vice-Chairman ) Helmut Schuhmacher (Treasurer) Jean-François Bottollier-Depois (Secretary ) Elena Fantuzzi, Roger Harrison, Joao Alves, Paola Fattibene, Zeljka Knezevic, Maria Antonia Lopez, Sabine Mayer, Saveta Milanic, Stefan Neumaier, Pavel Olko, Hannes Stadtmann, Rick Tanner, Clemens Woda (Council Members and WG Chairs) [Other contributors acknowledged where relevant] STAR Workshop, Madrid 2014 2 StructureStructure ofof EURADOSEURADOS Beneficiaries Dosimetry Dosimetry research community services Industry, Voting Manufacturers Members 1 Associate Supporting Members 2 EC institutions ICRU, IEC, General ISO, IAEA, Assembly 3 EFOMP, etc Working Groups Legend Office Council 4 external assigns internal interacts Chairperson Vice-Chairperson Secretary Treasurer 1 Institutions performing or promoting research 3 Composed of representatives from Voting Members 2 Scientists contributing to EURADOS’ objectives 4 8-12 members, including Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson STAR Workshop, Madrid 2014 3 3 EURADOSEURADOS VotingVoting MembersMembers 59 Voting Members from 28 European countries
    [Show full text]
  • Radiation Dosimetry in Cases of Normal and Emergency Situations
    Radiation Dosimetry in Cases of Normal and Emergency Situations A Thesis Submitted to Department of Physics Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University for The Degree of PhD. in Physics by Tarek Mahmoud Morsi M.Sc. (Physics, 2003) Radiation Protection Department, Nuclear Research Center, Atomic Energy Authority Under Supervision Emeritus Prof. M. I. El Gohary Emeritus Prof. M. A. Gomaa Prof. of Biophysics Prof. of Radiation Physics Al Azhar University Atomic Energy Authority Emeritus Prof. Samia M. Rashad Emeritus Dr. Eid M. Ali Prof. of Radiation Emergencies Lecturer of Radiation Physics Atomic Energy Authority Atomic Energy Authority 2010 Approval Sheet for Submission Ti tle of the PhD. Thesis Radiation Dosimetry in Cases of Normal and Emergency Situations Name of the Candidate Tarek Mahmoud Morsi Atomic Energy Authority This thesis has been approved for submission by the supervisors : Emeritus Prof. M. I. El Gohary Emeritus Prof. M. A. Gomaa Prof. of Biophysics Prof. of Radiation Physics Al Azhar University Atomic Energy Authority Emeritus Prof. Samia M. Rashad Emeritus Dr. Eid M. Ali Prof. of Radiation Emergencies Lecturer of Radiation Physics Atomic Energy Authority Atomic Energy Authority Acknowledgement First and above all, all thanks to ALLAH the Merciful, the Compassionate without his help. I couldn't finish this work. I wish to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Professor Dr. Mohamed I. EL-Gohary, Prof. of Biophysics, faculty of science, Al- Azhar University and Professor Dr. Mohamed A. Gomaa, Prof. of Radiation Physics, Atomic Energy Authority (A.E.A) for their kind supervision, continuous encouragement and helps during the course of this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3: Radiation Dosimeters
    Chapter 3: Radiation Dosimeters Set of 113 slides based on the chapter authored by J. Izewska and G. Rajan of the IAEA publication: Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students Objective: To familiarize the student with the most important types and properties of dosimeters used in radiotherapy Slide set prepared in 2006 by G.H. Hartmann (Heidelberg, DKFZ) Comments to S. Vatnitsky: [email protected] IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency CHAPTER 3. TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Properties of dosimeters 3.3 Ionization chamber dosimetry systems 3.4 Film dosimetry 3.5 Luminescence dosimetry 3.6 Semiconductor dosimetry 3.7 Other dosimetry systems 3.8 Primary standards 3.9 Summary of commonly used dosimetry systems IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 3. 1 3.1 INTRODUCTION Historical Development of Dosimetry: Some highlights 1925: First International Congress for Radiology in London. Foundation of "International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement" (ICRU) 1928: Second International Congress for Radiology in Stockholm. Definition of the unit “Roentgen” to identify the intensity of radiation by the number of ion pairs formed in air. 1937: Fifth International Congress for Radiology in Chicago. New definition of Roentgen as the unit of the quantity "Exposure". IAEA Review of Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students - 3.1 Slide 1 3.1 INTRODUCTION Definition of Exposure and Roentgen Exposure is the quotient of ΔQ by Δm where • ΔQ is the sum of the electrical charges on all the ions of one sign produced in air, liberated by photons in a volume element of air and completely stopped in air • Δm is the mass of the volume element of air The special unit of exposure is the Roentgen (R).
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Radiation Dosimetry Policy Number 1988-## (11-025)
    PERSONAL RADIATION DOSIMETRY POLICY NUMBER 1988-## (11-025) A. Effective Date: Approved by RSC 12/7/18 B. PURPOSE: To maintain occupational radiation exposure to personnel as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) and ensure compliance with all federal, state and other Agency requirements regarding the monitoring of employed, contracted, affiliate, or trainee personnel who may be occupationally exposed to external sources of ionizing radiation, such as radioactive material (RAM) or radiation generating devices (RGD), while present at UConn Health, any UConn Health off-site facility, or affiliated sites. C. POLICY: a. Personal radiation dosimeters will be provided to personnel as specified by State of Connecticut and/or Nuclear Regulatory Commission requirements and/or as deemed necessary and appropriate by the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) or designee. b. Residents/fellows must follow UConn Radiation Safety procedure ‘Procedures for Residents and Fellows Provided Personal Radiation Dosimetry from UConn Health’. All other personnel must follow UConn Radiation Safety procedure ‘Personal Radiation Dosimetry Procedures for UConn Health Personnel’. c. Personnel are responsible for the physical control of all assigned dosimetry. • When dosimetry is issued, the wearer accepts responsibility for the assigned dosimeter and shall be responsible for replacement costs outlined in the lost, damaged, or accidently exposed dosimetry section of the applicable procedure (i.e., ‘Procedures for Residents and Fellows Provided Personal Radiation Dosimetry from UConn Health’ or ‘Personal Radiation Dosimetry Procedures for UConn Health Personnel’). d. Personnel’s dosimetry records are confidential and will only be released with a signed consent. e. Personnel identified as requiring personal radiation monitoring by the RSO or designee will not work in areas where dosimetry is required until a badge has been issued.
    [Show full text]
  • Dosimetry for Food Irradiation
    Technical Reports Series No. 409 Dosimetry for Food Irradiation INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 2002 DOSIMETRY FOR FOOD IRRADIATION The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA PANAMA ALBANIA GREECE PARAGUAY ALGERIA GUATEMALA PERU ANGOLA HAITI PHILIPPINES ARGENTINA HOLY SEE POLAND ARMENIA HUNGARY PORTUGAL AUSTRALIA ICELAND QATAR AUSTRIA INDIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA AZERBAIJAN INDONESIA ROMANIA BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELARUS IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA BELGIUM IRELAND SENEGAL BENIN ISRAEL SIERRA LEONE BOLIVIA ITALY SINGAPORE BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAMAICA SLOVAKIA BOTSWANA JAPAN SLOVENIA BRAZIL JORDAN SOUTH AFRICA BULGARIA KAZAKHSTAN SPAIN BURKINA FASO KENYA SRI LANKA CAMBODIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SUDAN CAMEROON KUWAIT SWEDEN CANADA LATVIA SWITZERLAND CENTRAL AFRICAN LEBANON SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC REPUBLIC LIBERIA TAJIKISTAN CHILE LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA THAILAND CHINA LIECHTENSTEIN THE FORMER YUGOSLAV COLOMBIA LITHUANIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA COSTA RICA LUXEMBOURG TUNISIA CÔTE D’IVOIRE MADAGASCAR TURKEY CROATIA MALAYSIA UGANDA CUBA MALI UKRAINE CYPRUS MALTA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES CZECH REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UNITED KINGDOM OF DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS GREAT BRITAIN AND OF THE CONGO MEXICO NORTHERN IRELAND DENMARK MONACO UNITED REPUBLIC DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONGOLIA OF TANZANIA ECUADOR MOROCCO UNITED STATES OF AMERICA EGYPT MYANMAR URUGUAY EL SALVADOR NAMIBIA UZBEKISTAN ESTONIA NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA ETHIOPIA NEW ZEALAND VIET NAM FINLAND NICARAGUA YEMEN FRANCE NIGER YUGOSLAVIA, GABON NIGERIA FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA NORWAY ZAMBIA GERMANY PAKISTAN ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectrometry and Dosimetry of a Neutron Source
    X International Symposium/XX National Congress on Solid State Dosimetry “Augusto Moreno y Moreno” September 24-27; 2007. Puebla, Pue. Mexico SPECTROMETRY AND DOSIMETRY OF A NEUTRON SOURCE Héctor René Vega-Carrillo*/**, Eduardo Manzanares-Acuña*, Víctor M. Hernández-Dávila*/**, Jaime Ramírez González*, Rubén Hernández Villasana*, Alejandro Chacón Ruiz*/** Unidades Académicas de *Estudios Nucleares e **Ingeniería Eléctrica Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas C. Ciprés 10, Fracc. La Peñuela, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac. México [email protected] Resumen Using Monte Carlo methods the spectrum, dose equivalent and ambient dose equivalent of a 239PuBe at several distances has been determined. Spectrum and both doses, at 100 cm, were determined experimentally using a Bonner sphere spectrometer. These quantities were obtained by unfolding the spectrometer count rates using artificial neural networks. The dose equivalent, based in the ICRP 21 criteria, was measured with the area neutron dosemeter Eberline model NRD, at 100, 200 and 300 cm. All measurements were carried out in an open space to avoid the room return. With these results it was found that this source has a yield of 8.41E(6) n/s. Keywords: Spectrum, Dose, Neutron source, Monte Carlo Memorias CDES en CDROM 1/10 Proceedings SSSD on CDROM Vega-Carrillo, H.R. et al. Spectrometry and dosimetry of a neutron source 1. INTRODUCTION In 1932, Chadwick did show the existence of neutron [1, 2]; since then neutrons have been widely utilized in science and technology. Neutrons are artificially produced by nuclear fission and nuclear fusion in reactors, using accelerating devices that induce nuclear reactions involving charged particles and gamma-rays, and with alpha and gamma radiations from radioactive nuclides.
    [Show full text]
  • Bq = Becquerel Gy = Gray (Sv = Sievert)
    Louis Harold Gray He is honored by call- ing the physical dose Bq = becquerel unit "gray*" – abbrevi- Gy = gray ated Gy (Sv = sievert) Photo from 1957 Chapter 5 Activity and Dose The activity of a radioactive source When an atom disintegrates, radiation is emitted. If the rate of disintegrations is large, the radioactive source is considered to have a high activity. The unit for the activity of a radioactive source was named after Becquerel (abbreviated Bq) and is defined as: 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per sec. In a number of countries, the old unit, the curie (abbreviated Ci and named after Marie and Pierre Curie) is still used. The curie-unit was defined as the activity in one gram of radium. The number of disintegrations per second in one gram of radium is 37 billion. The relation between the curie and the becquerel is given by: 1 Ci = 3.7 • 1010 Bq The accepted practice is to give the activity of a radioactive source in becquerel. This is because Bq is the unit chosen for the system of international units (SI-units). But one problem is that the numbers in becquerel are always very large. Consequently the activity is given in kilo (103), mega (106), giga (109)and tera (1012) becquerel. If a source is given in curies the number is small. For example; when talking about radioactivity in food products, 3,700 Bq per kilogram of meat is a large number and consequently considered to be dangerous. If however, the same activity is given in Ci, it is only 0.0000001 curie per kilogram – "nothing to worry about?".
    [Show full text]