Southern Alliance of Climate Friendly Communities Contents

Forewords 3

In Focus

A Brief History of China’s South-South Cooperation on Climate Change 4 Workshop for Climate Friendly Communities 6

Global Overview on Climate Change

Bangladesh 7 Ecuador 12 Guinea 17 Jamaica 20 Mongolia 24 Seychelles 29 Sri Lanka 33 Tanzania 39 Zimbabwe 43

In Focus

China’s Urban Climate Change Resilience: Sponge Cities for Flood Prevention and Mitigation 46

Sharing Project Experience

China- Zambia-UNDP Trilateral Cooperation on Renewable Energy 49 Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (CPEIR) in China 50 The China Sustainable Cities Report: Measuring Ecological and Human Development 51

Barrier Removal to the Cost-Effective Development and Implementation of Energy Efficiency 52 Harnessing Big Data for Human Development 53 Sector Plan For Phase-Out Of Hcfcs In The Icr Sector In China Stage 54 Environmentally Sound Management Throughout the Life Cycle of Electronic Equipment and Associated Wastes 55 The Defining Challenge of Our As the world’s largest developing country and the world’s second largest economy, Time China is an important partner for countries From devastating flash floods to severe that wish to scale up the use of renewable droughts, climate change is upon us. It is energy, develop technical capacities, and being felt across the globe, and its impacts exchange experience on supportive policy strike a blow to human and social develop- development. Partnership with China can ment - often hitting the poorest and most help countries in the global south meet en- poverty-stricken populations on earth. ergy needs with technology. In fact, China has promoted development of renewable Throughout this catalogue you can read energy technologies and has made import- how changes in climate impacts the wellbe- ant contributions its global deployment ing of people and their ability to make a liv- through south-south cooperation. ing – an impact felt by hundreds of millions of people. For example, in Guinea rainfall We hope the Alliance will provide a useful has decreased by more than 30% causing platform for countries to engage, to learn rivers to dry up, drainage of soils, destruc- and to leverage the momentum of cooper- tion of vegetation, decline in agricultural ation and joint action against the defining production, and increase in waterborne dis- challenge of our time. eases. In Zimbabwe, rising temperatures have increased variability in frequency and intensity of rainfall and extreme weather events, such as tropical cyclones and droughts threatening food production, livelihoods, and availability of water. In Tanzania, Agi Veres 70% of all natural disasters are climate change related and linked to recurrent Country Director, UNDP China droughts and floods. Average annual air temperature in Mongolia has increased by 2.1C over 70 years - three times the global average. In that same time glacial coverage has decreased by 30% causing fragility to eco-systems. Climate change is the “the defining challenge” of our time. It is our responsibility to address this challenge as climate change unchecked will hinder sustainable development. Yet, many solutions exist at community level that need to be scaled up and replicated - elevated to the national level and shared with other countries. A range of support mechanisms exist that take ideas from good to great solutions, these however, must be demand driven. UNDP’s primary role is to match community demand with supply options of experiences, technologies and partnerships is. This is why we are es- tablishing an Alliance for Climate Friendly Communities – to learn from each other and share ideas and solutions; to contribute to meeting energy needs of developing countries through clean and efficient energy technologies. I

3 A Brief History of China’s The first official reference to China’s CCSSC can be found in ‘China’s African Policy’ pub- South-South Cooperation on lished in 2006, which states that ‘China will Climate Change actively promote China-Africa cooperation in climate change…by facilitating techno- Introduction logical exchanges’. It states also that China will ‘further speed up scientific and techno- The increasing role of South-South coop- logical cooperation in the fields of common eration in international cooperation is now interest, such as bio-agriculture and solar widely recognized as an important com- energy utilization’[3] plement to North-South cooperation. This year, to mark the United Nations Day for South-South Cooperation, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon stated that “South- South Cooperation can play a key role in implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sus- tainable Development”. South-south cooperation is defined by the United Nations Office for South-south cooperation as “…a broad framework for collaboration among developing countries in political, economic, social, cultural, environmental and technical domains, through which developing countries share knowledge, skills, expertise and resources to meet their development [1] goals through concerted efforts”. Climate The first white paper on ‘China’s Policies change has become a focal area for south- and Actions for Addressing Climate Change’ south cooperation, both in terms of sup- published in 2008 states that China has ‘all port in the global climate change negotia- along’ helped African countries and small tions under the UNFCCC framework. island developing States ‘to improve their ability to cope with climate change’ and China’s policies on climate change that ‘China’s African Policy makes it clear south-south cooperation that China will actively promote China-Africa [4] As it becomes increasingly engaged in cooperation on climate change’ . global development debates, China has In 2009, China announced eight new as- also increased its attention to South-South sistance measures under the Forum on cooperation. By the end of 2012, China China-Africa Cooperation[5], which included provided a total of CNY 345.63 billion for [6] [2] assistance for climate change and stated aid in 161 countries. This makes China that ‘China has increasingly deepened its the largest foreign aid provider among de- practical cooperation with other developing veloping countries to date. China’s climate countries in various fields, including the change south-south cooperation (CCSSC) field of climate change’ and will continue is part of China’s foreign aid. From 2005 doing so[7]. to 2010 China undertook 115 CCSSC projects with a total value of USD 180 million (CNY 1.17 billion).

4 In 2011, China’s first white paper on for- In 2014, China’s South-South Cooperation eign aid was released, introducing climate Climate Fund was officially launched by Chi- change as a new area of Chinese foreign na’s then chief climate change negotiator aid in recent years. However, according to and Vice-Chairman of National Develop- a leading foreign aid expert of MOFCOM’s ment and Reform Commission (NDRC), Chinese Academy of International Trade Xie Zhenhua during the United Nations and Economic Cooperation, MOFCOM has Climate Change Conference in Lima on 8 been engaged in CCSSC since the 1980s December 2014 at the first South-South through biogas projects in Africa and Asia Cooperation on Climate Change Forum. (CAITEC 2015). Later, in a joint statement with the United States’ President Barack Obama, President Xi Jinping announced on 25 September 2015 that China will offer USD 3.1 billion to the fund, a significant increase in China’s CCSSC budget. NDRC and partners will host the 2nd South-South Cooperation on Climate Change Forum (SSCCC Forum) at COP21 December 6.

5 tries. A number of technology specific proposals have been prepared by each country who will present the development challenge The alliance for Climate and the proposed intervention to test solu- friendly communities tions. The following countries have con- firmed participation and are invited to pres- In April 2016 the Executive Office of the ent proposals to access equipment support Secretary General launched the Southern from China. Bangladesh, Ecuador, Guinea, Climate Partnership Incubator (SCPI) to Jamaica, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Seychelles, support the SDGs. One of the incubator’s Tanzania, and Zimbabwe are among the main purposes is to raise resources for participating countries. South-South Cooperation and Trilater- al Cooperation, with climate change is a As part of the planned efforts, the work- cross-cutting issue. Key focus areas for shop is arranged to kick-off the Alliance in new pilot projects include: i) climate resil- Beijing and to bridge interests of potential ience; ii) renewable energy; iii) smart cit- cross-country partnership. ies; and iv) big data. The Southern Climate The alliance for climate friendly communi- Partnership Incubator is jointly managed by ties faciliates: the EOSG and UNOSSC in cooperation with key UN agencies including UNDP. • Discussion of trends and SSC approaches to climate change mitigation In support of the Southern Climate Partner- and adaptation in the post 2030 Sus- ship Incubator, UNDP China is organising tainable Development Agenda, with a series of events including the Southern special attention to the needs and Alliance of Climate Friendly Communities demands of developing countries and workshop. communities The main purpose of the alliance is to bring • Deepening of knowledge of modalities together potential south-south cooperation for SSC, such as trilateral coopera- partners to learn good practice approaches tion and matching parallel support to ensuring sustainable development from streams. one another. South-south cooperation is in essence a process of sharing experience, • Presentation and review of trilateral adapting technical and policy knowledge project proposals between China and to national contexts by initiating projects each country office invited. and programmes designed to implement good practice. Trilateral cooperation is an • Gaining an overview of China’s SSC sup- emerging modality through which South- port mechanisms for climate change, South Cooperation can be operationalised. including the China’s 10-100-1000 UNDP has practical experience in manag- initiative announced by President Xi un- ing and supporting countries in trilateral der COP21. cooperation projects and shall share best This brochure is prepared by each partici- practice during the workshop. pant country and presents the key climate High level Director Generals and technical change challenges, how south-south inter- staff from key ministries with mandates ventions could support national processes within the key focus areas will participate and details of each participant. In addition, and provide country level perspectives on the brochure includes a number of analyt- which instruments, approaches work well. ical pieces on climate change. These are The workshop will this facilitate learning, produced by UNDP China and highlight networking of relevant ministries and be- some of the key challenges and solutions tween countries in the global south as well from a global, regional and Chinese per- as practical approaches to be considered spective. Finally, a number of concrete project examples are highlighted that promote In addition, together with key stakeholders, specific interventions between govern- UNDP will facilitate an initiative to provide ment and UNDP in addressing the climate equipment funding to a number of coun- change.

6 Bangladesh

Background Bangladesh is frequently cited as one of the most climate vulnerable countries in the world because of its vulnerable geo- climate vulnerability will also lead to re- graphical location with a funnel-shaped gional and global insecurities and conflicts coast, low laying deltaic floodplain, lowest in the near future. The major challenges riparian country, hydrological influence by to tackling climate change in Bangladesh, erratic monsoon rainfall and changes in therefore, will be to (i) ensuring food, wa- regional water flow patterns. In addition, ter, livelihood and energy security, (ii) man- the prevailing high incidence of poverty, aging climate induced disaster and other high population density, and reliance of extreme events, and (iii) addressing forced many livelihoods on climate-sensitive sec- migration and broad environmental degra- tors makes the country more vulnerable dation. to climate change. Climate variability and Country strategy to combat climate change are critical development concerns change for Bangladesh. Over the last few decades, the government of Bangladesh(GoB) has The Government of Bangladesh considers invested over US$ 10 billion in flood man- climate change as a priority development agement schemes, construction of coastal concern and is committed to take urgent polders/embankments, cyclones and flood and long term actions to reduce the vul- shelters, and raising the level of roads and nerability of its people and risks to nation- highways above the flood level. In addition, al development. The National Adaptation the Government of Bangladesh, has devel- Program of Action (NAPA) was launched in oped a state-of-the-art warning system for 2005 which identified 15 priority activities, floods, cyclones and storm surges, and which was further updated in 2009 and is expanding community based disaster identified 45 adaptation measures with 18 preparedness. Country’s greenhouse gas immediate and medium term adaptation (GHG) emission is less than 0.35% of glob- measures. Bangladesh Climate Change 1 al emissions . Strategy and Action Plan (BCCSAP) unveiled in 2008 and further revised in 2009, fo- Development challenge cusing on forty-four programs under six Climate variability and change have already thematic areas. significantly affected country’s development The objective of combating climate change processes, particularly progress toward has also been manifested in the GoB’s the achieving the Sustainable Development “Seventh Five Year Plan” (2016-2020), Goals (SDGs). Almost all of the develop- as well as in the Renewable Energy Policy ment sectors of the country are sensitive 2008, the Energy Efficiency and Conserva- and vulnerable to climate variability and tion Master Plan (E&CC Master Plan), the change. Key vulnerable sectors include ag- National Sustainable Development Strategy, riculture and natural resources, water re- the Perspective Plan (Vision 2021), etc. sources, human health, infrastructure and which emphasized promotion of climate re- settlement, industry, energy, transport, silient development and green growth. The etc. It is anticipated that due to climate country also formulated National Disaster change there will be huge impacts on the Management Plan and the Disaster Man- macro-economy of the country including agement Act, and some other national pol- impacts on growth, employment, trade pat- icies which address the new dimension of terns, inflation, and balance of trade that climate change. need to be further investigated. Increasing

7 The GoB needs to ensure that its current Over the last 35 years, the Government development efforts build resilience to cli- invested over $10 billion to make the coun- mate variability and change. Since BCCSAP, try less vulnerable to natural disasters4. more than US$1 billion has been allocated Despite all these efforts and for imple- and subsequently spent on stand-alone cli- menting the BCCSAP, the country would mate change interventions. For improved require huge financial support, skilled hu- and multiplier impact, climate change in- man resources, enhanced absorptive ca- vestments must be integrated with the pacity, good governance and transparency overall development process and plans, in- in climate fund management and global cluding medium-term plans. cooperation (including south-south cooperation) for tackling climate change through Progress to date enhanced investment, improved technology The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) set support for both adaptation and mitigation. up Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund Existing UNDP projects for South- (BCCTF) with a budget allocation of about $350 million2 from its own resources and south cooperation on climate the Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience change extension Fund (BCCRF). Climate Investment Fund Opportunities for South-south (CIF) endorsed an amount of $110 million for climate-resilient development under the cooperation on climate change Pilot program for Climate Resilience (PPCR). technology transfer. The Second Comprehensive Disaster Man- At present there are very limited south- agement Program (CDMP-II) implemented south cooperation in Bangladesh in the ar- comprehensive program in the area of eas of climate change. However, there are disaster risks management (DRM) and cli- huge potential for south-south cooperation mate change adaptation (CCA). Therefore, 3 in both adaptation and mitigation. Bangla- more than US$ 1 billion worth of climate desh could benefit significantly from tech- funds is reported to be currently in place nology transfer in both adaptation and mit- (including GoB contribution). The Govern- igation. Technology transfer in adaptation ment gazetted Climate Change Trust Fund may be climate resilient housing, disaster Act 2010 to manage BCCTF. shelter, hydro-meteorological instruments/ Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) equipment for improved climate service, is the focal Ministry addressing the issues resilient varieties of crops and seeds, ef- of climate change with other environmental ficient irrigation technology, sustainable issues. Department of Environment (DoE), building materials, drinking water supply under the MoEF, is dealing with the climate and improved sanitation technology, etc. change issues nationally and internationally Technology transfer in mitigation may be in addition to its normal functions dedicat- promotion of renewable energy, water filtra- ed to environment. And there are possibly tion, desalination and purification, lighting 15 or more other ministries also respon- and cooking appliances, etc. Collaboration sible for sectors that are vulnerable to the in research, knowledge management and effects of climate change. capacity building between the two countries could help tailor Chinese solutions to At present, the different categories of Bangladeshi problems. An umbrella center renewable energy that are being used in for sharing knowledge and information on limited ways in Bangladesh. They are hy- relevant climate resilient/proof technology dro-electricity, solar power using solar can be set up in the greater Asia region to PV, wind power, electricity from municipal further promote south-south cooperation. waste, biogas using cattle dung and poultry liter, electricity and thermal energy gen- Intended development impact eration from using biomass like rice husk UNDP Bangladesh and the Power Division bagasse, waste residues from industrial of the Ministry of Power Energy and Min- processes, etc. eral Resources (MoPEMR) collaborates on

8 the implementation of Sustainable Renew- facilitating the financing, implementation able Energy Power Generation (SREPGen) and operation of pilot renewable energy project. Its aim is to support activities that projects. Improving Kiln Efficiency in the will, among others, increase the affordabil- Brick Making Industry (IKEBMI) project ity of photo-voltaic solar lanterns (PVSLs) stand to reduce GHG emissions by using for low income households by supporting more energy efficient brick making technol- pilot PVSL diffusion activities; and increase ogy in Bangladesh. Furthermore, it incorpo- the share of renewable energy in Bangla- rates policy lobbying so that technological desh’s power mix through facilitating the advancements are actually adapted into the financing, implementation and operation of market and actually reach those who are pilot renewable energy projects including most likely to benefit from it. The proposed promotion of biomass energy and solar support from China will include into the energy. The Improving Kiln Efficiency in SREPGen project to promote LED in rural the Brick-Making Industry project aimed to off-grid areas to meet household demand support energy efficient kiln technologies, for lighting. This south south cooperation demonstrations, develop technology and will improve bilateral relationship between management capacity development, in- PRC and GoB. The country is well aware crease awareness, and improve access to that China is ready to work with all UN finance. The second phase of the project is Agencies and Member States in the field of exploring promotion of non-fired, auto and South-South cooperation. Enhanced coop- energy efficient green brick technology and eration between PRC and Bangladesh will set up of brick center in the country. be critical in promoting South-South Coop- eration on climate change, and underlined How does the project and South- that promoting South-South cooperation on south cooperation on climate change climate change could be effective vehicle contribute to fighting climate change? for promoting green growth of the country. The objectives of the Sustainable Renew- How can cooperation with China able Energy Power Generation (SREPGen) accelerate project outcome? Project’ is to reduce the annual growth rate of GHG emissions by exploiting Ban- China can provide technical support that gladesh’s renewable energy resources for will enable the project to deliver on making electricity generation. The basic approach renewable energy more accessible to all. is to promote renewable energy in Ban- Chinese knowledge, experience, indege- gladesh through the recently established nous knowledge and wisdom for promoting Sustainable and Renewable Energy Devel- renewable energy in household, industry opment Authority (SREDA). This project and urban sector can further improve bilat- is also increasing the share of renewable eral relation between two countries. This energy in Bangladesh’s power mix through will accelerate trade and investment and

9 enhance green growth in the country. Chi- improvement of weather dissemination na’s experiences with scaling up successful services for the vulnerable community and green technologies can popularize sustain- user groups as well as tailored informa- able Chinese models in Bangladesh. This tion products, scientific studies and expert initiative will build partnerships that help advice delivered with ongoing support and Bangladesh to implement the INDC and user engagement. Climate technologies can Paris Agreement. cover any piece of equipment, technique, practical knowledge or skills for performing Furthermore, China can provide support a particular activity that can be used to en- for improvement of climate and weather hance resilience of the user communities. services through improvement of numer- ical weather prediction and forecasting,

Workshop Participants

Name: Amit Kumar Baul Additional Secretary Contact information: Ministry of Environment and Forests Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka. Telephone: 88-02-9540200 Fax: 88-02-9540149 E-mail: [email protected]/[email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Mr. Amit Kumar Baul is an Additional Secretary to the Government of Bangladesh. He is posted at Ministry of Environment and Forests since October, 2015. Before joining to the MoEF he worked in the Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief as Joint Secre- tary and Additional Secretary for long 7 years. He served in the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Ministry of Food as Deputy Secretary and as Senior Assistant Secretary he worked in the Ministry of Water Resources, Ministry of Education.In the field, he worked as Assistant Commissioner in the Deputy Commissioner’s office of Rangamati Hill Tracts district and Sherpur district and as assistant commissioner (land) he worked in Moulvi Bazar and Feni districts. As Upazilla Nirbahi officer (UNO) he worked in Chandpur and Sir- ajgong districts. He travelled 9 countries to represent the country and as a participant in different training and orientation courses time to time. Mr. Amit Kumar Baul is committed to serve the country particularly in Disaster Risk Re- duction (DRR) activities in Bangladesh context and he is a good negotiator either.

Name: Arif Mohammad Faisal Programme Specialist (Environmental Sustainability & Energy) Contact information: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) IDB Bhaban (18th Floor), Shar-E-Bangla Nagar, Agargaon Dhaka, Bangladesh Tel: 88 02 55667788 Ext: 1817, Fax: (880-2) 9183099 Cell: 8801824804742 Email: [email protected], Website: www.bd.undp.org

10 Snapshot of professional career: Mr. Faisal have more than 16 years of professional experience in the areas of environmental sustainability, climate change, and natural resource management. Prior to join UNDP, he served for eight years with the Asian Development Bank (ADB) as Environment Specialist and managed sizeable portfolio of climate change and environmental projects in Bangladesh. He worked with the Donors, UN, Private sectors, Research Organizations, Academic Institutions and NGOs in various capacities. He was actively involved with the preparation of many national strategic documents of Bangladesh. He contributed to a number of books, journal, and published several papers in the areas of climate change, natural resource management and environment. He completed MSc in Climate Change from the University of East Anglia, UK. Fun fact about the participant: His interests are nature photography, traveling, playing guitar, singing and cooking.

Name: Ms. Salima Jahan Contact information: Cell: +880-1843-246976 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Joint Secretary of Sustainable and renewable energy development authority, Power Division, Ministry of Power and Mineral Resources, the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

Name: Md. Anisur Rahman Contact information: Cell: +880-2-9860523 Fax: +880-2-9861796 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Department of Disaster Management, Ministry of Disaster Manage- ment of Disaster Management& Relief, the People’s Republic of Ban- gladesh.

Name: Mr. SM. Rejoan Hossain Contact information: Email: [email protected] [email protected] Tel: +880-341-63513 Mobile: 880-1727615325 Fax: +880-341-64590 Snapshot of professional career: Additional Secretary (Refugee, Relief & Repatriation Commissioner), Ministry of Disaster Management & Relief, the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

11 On the other hand, in the Amazon Region, Ecuador the government has focused efforts on improving the quality of life of the population Background through actions that ensure and increase In all productive sectors, national policy is the access to energy through the utilization framed within the National Plan for Good of available renewable sources, promoting Living 2013 – 2017. This is the national research and improving the development of development policy that sets the guidelines local capabilities. for sustainable development in the country. Between 2010 and 2011, the government In terms of energy, the plan promotes the strengthened the plans for rural electrifi- use of renewable energies and strategies cation (Fund for Rural and Urban-Marginal for energy efficiency. The Plan states spe- Electrification – FERUM -), with the imple- cific priorities in terms of sustainable ener- mentation of projects for 1,386 house- gy for Galapagos and the Amazon region: holds, which has enabled to reach 70,42% “Strengthen environmental governance of coverage in rural areas of Orellana and the special regime of the Galapagos Ar- Sucumbíos. chipelago and consolidate comprehensive planning for the Amazon region”, through Development challenge the displacement of fossil fuels. The future challenges that the power sec- Since the creation of the Ministry of Elec- tor faces for both areas of intervention are tricity and Renewable Energy (2007), the discussed from two angles: National Government has gradually implemented a series of measures in order to The first, related to the growth of energy contribute to economic and social develop- demand, especially in Galapagos which is ment of the areas that have a unique and closely linked to the increase of economic sensitive ecosystem, such as the case of the activities, consumption habits, and popu- Galapagos Islands and the Amazon Region. lation growth, among other factors, which have caused that during the period from The Galapagos Archipelago, World Heri- 1999 to 2016 (available data), the annual tage Site (2001), currently is implementing growth rate of electricity demand reaches a government initiative that focuses on the 9%. The growing trend of energy consump- transport and electricity sectors, in order tion directly affects the matrix of power to reduce GHG emissions and other envi- generation which, according to 2015 data, ronmental impacts caused by consumption had a 15,76% share of renewable gen- of fossil fuels. This initiative is called “Zero eration, and 84,24% of thermal genera- Fossil Fuels in Galapagos”. tion (3.335.626 gallons of diesel 2). This allows us to infer the need to constantly

12 work for the development of measures to proposals to combat climate change. With encourage energy efficiency and renewable the participation of Ecuador in COP21, it energy. is planned to reduce up to 25% of GHG emissions in the energy sector until 2025, The second, and as mentioned above, is thanks to the implementation of projects linked to the universal access of energy in for energy production through convention- rural areas. Their location makes it difficult al and unconventional renewable sources, for the surrounding population to engage including as interventions in fragile ecosys- in productive activities to improve their in- tem areas as (the Galapagos Islands and come and quality of life. At present there the Ecuadorian Amazon Region). This goal are more than 1.386 single-family house- also includes actions in energy efficiency, holds in isolated communities where elec- with the replacement of inefficient electrical tricity service was installed 5 years ago appliances and equipment in the areas of with photovoltaic technology which are now higher consumption, accompanying these obsolete systems. The installed capacity of measures with fiscal, social and human ac- 91,74 kWp in Orellana and 128,70 kWp tions that facilitate their implementation. in Sucumbíos provinces. In these same areas there are still 8.575 households with- Right now the country is in its final phase out electrification. of preparation and submission of the Third National Communication and First Biannual Country strategy to combat climate Update Report. change Progress to date Ecuador claimed to reduce up to 25% of its of greenhouse gases emissions in the en- The Climate Strategy takes particular note ergy sector at year 2025, according to its of the decentralised nature of the govern- INDC. This goal is planned to be achieved ment, and the rights and abilities of region- by the implementation of renewable en- al governments to participate in action on ergy and energy efficiency projects and climate change. It also recognises the role programs, including interventions in fragile of civil society in climate change policy mak- ecosystem areas as the Galapagos Islands ing and action, with specific reference to a and the Ecuadorian Amazon Region. As 2011 law concerning the participation of mentioned, this goal also includes actions civil society in governance. in energy efficiency, as the replacement of The Climate Strategy has three imple- inefficient electrical appliances and equip- menting plans. The National Plan for the ment in high consumption areas, accompa- Creation and Strengthening of Institutional nying these measures with the implementa- Conditions is to be developed by the office tion of fiscal, social and technical actions in of Undersecretary for Climate Change, order to facilitate their implementation. whose remit is to facilitate adaptation and In terms of policy, at the national level, the mitigation by developing national institution- climate change policy in Ecuador is guided al capacity. It also co-ordinates the devel- by the Constitution, the National Plan for opment of the two other envisaged climate Good Living (2013-2017), the National action-oriented plans: the Climate Change Strategy on Climate Change and Action Mitigation Plan and the Climate Change Plan, and a series of sectorial priorities Adaptation Plan. These should generate to promote mitigation actions, such as the and implement actions and measures for above mentioned policy Zero Fossil Fuels climate change adaptation and mitigation in Galapagos. Ecuador has a goal to trans- across Ecuador and are currently being dis- form its energy matrix towards a low emis- cussed. sions and more sustainable development The related National Plan for Good Living path. (2013-2017) aims to ensure sustainable At the international level, Ecuador is a well management of resources and biodiversity, positioned country in the framework of and develop strategies for the mitigation of the UNFCCC, as it has brought innovative and adaptation to climate change (Objective

13 7). This plan sits alongside the National Ecuador promoting Renewables and Environmental Policy which similarly is de- Energy Efficiency signed to ensure the well-being of Ecuador- ians. These policies are faithful to the Con- The country is making good progress to stitution which remarkably defines nature reach its sustainable energy targets, where as a rights-bearing entity, which “has the the support and cooperation of other coun- right to exist, persist, maintain and regen- tries is crucial to meet the objectives of erate its vital cycles, structure, functions transformation of the energy matrix. and its evolutionary processes.” Intended development impact Existing UNDP projects for South- The intended development impact of this south cooperation on climate project are to: 1). Integrate the risk of cli- change extension mate change in plans and key programs for the infrastructure and energy/environ- In terms of projects, Ecuador with the sup- mental sectors. 2). Implement strategies port of UNDP as an implementing agency and measures to facilitate adaptation to of the GEF, GCF and other donors, has im- climate change in water management. 3). plemented several projects, such as: Strengthen institutional and human capaci- Renewable energy for electricity generation ties - renewable electrification of the Galapa- How can cooperation with China gos Islands – ERGAL: The objective was to support sustainable development in Ec- contribute project outcome? uador, reducing GHG emissions related to 1. Galapagos: Efficient lighting at home electricity generation, through repowering four islands of the Galapagos archipela- During the period 2008-2013, in the Gala- go with hybrid power systems with wind pagos Islands about 25.000 incandescent / PV / diesel in order to substitute fossil bulbs were replaced 100W for 20W com- fuel (mainly diesel) used in electricity gen- pact saving bulbs. This has resulted in a eration, providing in this way a model that saving of approximately 400 MWh/year of can be used to promote renewable energy electric energy and has avoided the emis- across Ecuador. sion of tCO2-eq /year to the atmosphere. Securing energy efficiency in the Ecuador- On the other hand, in the area of public ian residential and public sectors (SECURE): lighting, in the Galapagos Islands in 2012, The objective of the Project is to increase 1.250 inefficient bulbs were replaced by the use of energy-efficient (EE) electric ap- induction lights. pliances by the residential and public sec- This has resulted in a saving of 109 tors. The Project will accelerate a market MWh/year of electric energy and has transformation by addressing the identified avoided the emission of 35 tCO2-eq to the technical, human resources and gover- atmosphere. nance barriers currently limiting the effec- tiveness of EE policy. Scope: replacement of 35.992 light bulbs at the residential sector; and replacement Low Emissions Capacity Building Pro- of 57.825 light tubes at business and ser- gramme (LECB): Through the LECB pro- vices. gramme, the capacities of the country for mitigation have been strengthened. So far Benefits: This project will achieve a reduc- 3 NAMAS on the energy sector have been tion of approximately 1.042 MWh/year, developed: Efficient Cooking program, Opti- avoiding the emission of 330 tCO2-eq per mization of Electricity Generation and Ener- year. gy Efficiency (OGE&EE), and development of hidroelectric power plants. 2. Emblematic RENOVA Program in the Galapagos Islands Opportunities for South-south cooperation on climate change During the implementation of the first stage of the Emblematic RENOVA Program, it was achieved to replace 1,109 ineffi- 3. Amazonia (Orellana y Sucumbios): Ru- cient refrigerators and to decrease energy ral electrification project with renewable consumption by 731,94 MWh/year in the energy in isolated areas of Ecuador Galapagos Islands , saving 365.97 T of CO2e to the atmosphere. Scope: installation of 1.386 photovoltaic systems to improve electricity service in Scope: replacement program of 1.660 air the Sucumbíos and Orellana provinces. conditioners in the residential and commercial sectors in the Galapagos Islands . Benefits: Improve the quality of life of approximately 8.000 inhabitants of the Ama- Benefits: with the replacement of inefficient zonian Region. air conditioners, it is expected to have savings in electricity consumption of about Production of more than 275.445,88 2,25 GWh/year, and 1.125 tCO2-eq that kWh/year, and saving 167,8 tCO2-eq to will not be emitted. the atmosphere.

Workshop Participants

Name: Carlos Dávila Contact information: Tel: (593) 23976000 ext 1514 / (593) 992597846 e-mail: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Mechanical Engineer of the Polytechnic School of Ecuadorian Army, with postgraduate studies in the fields of Renewable Energy, Eco-Efficiency and Energy Markets in the Universi- ty of Zaragoza. Teacher of Design and Evaluation of Energy Projects and Integrated Resource Planning in the Master of Energy Efficiency of the National Polytechnic School of Ecua- dor. Currently serve as National Director of Energy Efficiency in the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy, developing and implementing national energy efficiency programs and projects with the support of a wide team of specialists. Fun fact about the participant: I'm a photography and wine enthusiast Name: Christian Parra Contact information: Tel: (593) 999835497 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Agronomist engineer from the Central University of Ecuador, MSc in Sustainable Energy Development form the Calgary University and PhD candidate from Valladolid University. - 2006 to 2009: private consultant in local sustainable development. - 2010 to 2010: Specialist of the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy. - 2012 :Technical expert of the National Institute of Renewable Energy and Energy Effi- ciency - 2012-2013: Sustainable Energy and Climate Change Coordinator at the Latin Ameri- ca Energy organization OLADE - 2013: National Climate Change Director of the Ministry of Environment of Ecuador - 2014 to present: LECB program coordinator in Ecuador. Fun fact about the participant: I enjoy drumming. I love music.

Name: Mónica Andrade Contact information: Tel: (593) 999938610 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: I am currently a programme officer at the Environment and Energy Area in UNDP Ecuador. For the last 13 years my professional career has been focused on environmental policy and management, and I have promoted and coordinated governance and dialogue processes towards sustainable development in the Latin American Region. I hold a Degree in Law from the Catholic University in Ecuador, and a Master´s Degree on Environmental Management and Policy from Lund University in Sweden. Fun fact about the participant: I enjoy being a mom of a one year old little girl.

16 Faced with the constraints of the sector, Guinea the new energy policy set up basic guidelines for the development of the sector in Background order to achieve integrated social, economic, environmental and institutional goals, The major climatic disturbances in Guinea in accordance with the orientations of are recurrent droughts, early and frequent the Strategy Paper on Poverty Reduction floods, disruptions in rainfall patterns with (SPPR). a decrease in rainfall of 31% of the current average from 2050 and 40% in 2100. Country strategy to combat climate They are the source of the drying up of change rivers, drainage of soils, destruction of vegetation, the decline in agricultural pro- The National Action Plan for Adaptation to duction, the increase in waterborne diseas- Climate Change (NAPA), established in a es, particularly in the northern part of the participatory fashion, allowed the identifi- country. cation of vulnerable targets and has twen- ty-five projects profiles, distributed accord- By signing and ratifying the United Nations ing to the vulnerability of resources and Framework Convention on Climate Change socioeconomic groups and covering the and the Kyoto Protocol, Guinea, like other entire country. The implementation of this countries, made commitments, including plan began in 2010. that of producing a National Communica- tion on national efforts to deal with climatic Progress to date hazards. In spite of the relevance of national com- It is in this context that national commu- munications, NAPA, NAMA, to SE4ALL nications have been elaborated (original and INDC, there has been little progress in in 2002 and second in 2015). As a least resources mobilization for implementation. developed country, it developed the Nation- The required investment to achieve the al Action Plan for Adaptation to Climate SE4ALL objectives in Guinea are estimated Change (NAPA) in 2007. Guinea also sup- at present value of USD 8.179 billion over ports the objectives of the global initiative 20 years (2011-2030), with only 20% "Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) to mobilized. The financial requirements for 2030. single deployment of measures for renew- The purpose of this presentation is to able energy and energy efficiency are above share the achievements, major constraints USD 6.5 billion (INDC, 2015). A significant and challenges to overcome in the imple- political desire is displayed but much re- mentation of the UN Framework Conven- mains to be done. tion on Climate Change in Guinea. To date, there are some adaptation projects on: Development challenge a) Strengthening the Resilience and Adap- Guinea has many potentialities and proven, tation to Climate Change in the vulnerable abundant and varied energy resources: wa- coastal areas. This project was dedicated ter (6100MW), biomass, solar, etc..., but to reduce the vulnerability of coastal ar- these resources are not sufficiently valued eas and their communities to the impacts to improve the living conditions of its peo- of rising sea level by the implementation ple. of concrete actions for capacity building The energy sector is facing enormous con- demonstrated in two (2) coastal prefec- straints namely: (i) low energy consump- tures (Boffa and Forécariah) tion level per capita; (ii) the popularity of b) Coastal Management Project and Ma- traditional energy (78% wood and charcoal rine Biodiversity. This project enabled the consumption against 20% oil and 2% hy- improvement of agricultural, animal and dro); (iii) the heavy weight of imported oil in fishery production modern or conventional energy; inadequate electricity services, the practically endemic c) Community Management of Lands Proj- poverty of the population (over 50% of the ect: 64 micro projects subsidized in 26 ru- poor and 27.2% very poor), etc.

17 ral communes around four sub watersheds Convention. Also, the recorded develop- (19 in community forests, 15 in lowland ment in recent years on development and development projects and19 in modern transfer of clean technologies and finally, beekeeping). the significant growth and development of China and its commitment to support LDCs d) The GEF micro financing project: 40 mi- including Guinea. cro projects subsidized for Basic Communi- ty Organization, economic interest groups The proposed initiative could be an opportu- through national NGOs including 20 in the nity to transfer energy technologies in the field of climate change. field of solar, wind and biogas which Guinea holds significant potential. e) The project on Strengthening the resilience of livelihoods of farming communi- Capacity building through proper training ties to climate change in the prefectures and installation if possible of small energy of Gaoual, Koundara and Mali. This proj- production units is also another very im- ect, currently being implemented, aims portant opportunity. to strengthen the adaptive capacity of the peasant populations to the risks of drought. Intended development impact It covers three prefectures of the adminis- Through this project, Guinea could have trative regions of Boke and Labé. energy systems for water pumping, lighting f) Adaptation Project based on ecosystems (health centers, schools, places of wor- currently being launched and covering the ship), telephones battery charges, ventila- prefectures of Kouroussa, Mandiana, Fa- tion, etc. . improving living conditions and ranah and Kissidougou. production in rural and peripheral populations unserved electricity. g) Market Creation project for the development and use of biogas resources in Guin- How does the project and South-south co- ea which is the only initiative mitigating the operation on climate change contribute to emissions of greenhouse gases. fighting climate change? Challenges still remain important for Only a few prefecture towns and rural com- achieving the development objectives set by munes are provided with energy (streetlight the Government. for public lighting) thanks to the contribution of Chinese cooperation. Many other While these projects have made some districts, municipalities are still in the dark adaptation responses to climate change and most do not have any source of ener- and sustainable land management, miti- gy. Only the wealthy could afford generators gating the emissions of greenhouse gases using diesel or gasoline. remains a concern despite the low level of emissions of the country due to its very low The development of renewable energy development level. would; (a) avoid emissions of greenhouse gases; (b) promote agricultural develop- Existing UNDP projects for South- ment by small irrigation of vegetable fields, south cooperation on climate (c) encourage the pumping of water for dif- change extension ferent purposes (domestic, agricultural and pastoral), .... All of these activities would Opportunities for South-south help mitigate the causes of climate change cooperation on climate change and adaptation to its impacts. Unfortunately, there are no projects under How can cooperation with China the South-South cooperation on climate accelerate project outcome? change to date. The vast majority of the As stated above, China has significant above mentioned projects stemmed from assets: human resources, financial and multilateral cooperation. Yet many oppor- material and if made available through tunities could be seized such as member- south-south cooperation, would enable the ship within the same UNFCCC negotiating achievement of the project objectives. groups (in particular the Group of 77 and China) with over half of the Parties to the

18 Workshop Participants

Name: Mamadou Ciré Camara Contact information: Tel: +224 622 02 94 74 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: • Masters in Environmental Science. Water and Forest Engineer • 20 years of experiences in scientific research and projects development. • Head of the Environment and Sustainable Development Programme, UNDP, Guinea • National Expert on Biodiversity Programme in Environment and Sustainable Develop- ment-UNDP • Head of Project Environmental Management in the refugee areas in Dabola and Kissi- dougou with the Canadian Centre for Study and international Cooperation (CECI) • Teacher researcher at the Centre for Study and Environmental Research (CERE) -Uni- versity of Conakry. Fun fact about the participant: Passionate about the environment and travel enthusiast.

Name: Lansana CONTE Contact information: Cell: +224 622 59 39 68 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Councilor of Ministry of Environment, Water and Forestry, Guinea

Name: Pr. Mamadou Lamarana Diallo Contact information: Tel: +224 622 41 58 74 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: • Coordinator of the project on Strengthening Resilience Project of Agricultural Livelihoods of Communities in Gaoual, Koundara and Mali • NAPA National Coordinator, Guinea • Head of the Energy Department of Scientific Research Center Conakry-Rogbané (CE- RESCOR). Fun fact about the participant: Interest in Football, movies, scientific documentaries.

19 and coral reefs are being degraded wors- Jamaica ening Jamaica’s vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. Background Development challenge Located in the Caribbean Sea, Jamai- ca is the largest English-speaking Ca- Climate change adaptation and mitigation is ribbean country. It is divided into 14 a development priority for Jamaica. Some political regions called Parishes, has an of the country’s key economic sectors are area of 10,991 km2 and a population of highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate 2,728,9001 persons. Climate Change is change such as water, tourism, agricul- a global challenge but especially in Small ture, fisheries and forestry. Jamaica’s vul- Island Developing States (SIDS) such as Ja- nerability to climate change is worsened by maica. It is a major threat given the coun- social issues such as poverty, the location try’s high reliance on its natural resources of human settlements in high risk areas, for economic development which are cli- environmental degradation and instances mate sensitive. With increased frequency of poorly constructed infrastructure and and severity in droughts, floods, storms housing. Approximately 70 percent of Ja- and hurricanes, Jamaica is already experi- maica’s population resides in coastal areas encing the impacts of climate change. Be- and over 50 percent of economic assets tween 2001 and 2012 the country experi- including air and sea port facilities and enced 11 storm events (including 5 major tourism infrastructure are concentrated in hurricanes) resulting in loss and damage of coastal areas which are highly susceptible approximately US$1.2 billion. to climate change. Jamaica is also about 90 percent depen- If not addressed, the adverse impacts of dent on imported fossil fuels to meet its climate change will result in a reduction in energy needs with the electricity and trans- the country’s GDP, including potential loss port sectors accounting for majority use. of revenue from unemployment, underem- In addition, the island’s energy intensity is ployment and loss of assets and corporate high warranting the need for improvement taxes. In addition, there will be an increase in energy efficiency. Jamaica has diverse in Government expenditure to institute ad- renewable energy (RE) resources such as aptation measures including shoreline pro- solar, wind and hydro and current RE pen- tection. Based on recent climatic trends, etration as part of the energy mix is about climate change is likely to alter the quality 12 percent. Climate change mitigation re- and available quantity of Jamaica’s natural mains a priority for the Government of Ja- resources, thereby affecting not only the maica (GOJ). natural environment but the livelihoods of its people2. In addition, the country is challenged in protecting and ensuring sustainable use While the country has made strides in and management of its natural resources. adapting to and mitigating the impacts of cli- Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves mate change, inadequate resources to suc-

20 cessfully achieve agreed goals remain a ma- 3.Enhancement of capacities of institu- jor challenge. The country is also especially tions having roles in climate change challenged in building resilience at the local adaptation and mitigation and community levels to climate change. 4.Building local and international partner- With significant foreign exchange being ships and access financing for climate spent on fossil fuels (US$1.05 billion in change adaptation and mitigation 2015)3 and its climate change obligations under the UNFCCC and other international 5.Signatory to the UNFCCC (since 1995) protocols and conventions, Jamaica needs and the Kyoto Protocol to enhance climate change mitigation. 6.Committing to emission reduction tar- Country strategy to combat climate gets as reflected in its Intended Na- change tionally Determined Contribution (INDC) Being a development priority for the Gov- 7.Development of NAMAs and Sectoral ernment of Jamaica (GOJ), the country Adaptation Plans has made progress in improving the policy, regulatory and institutional framework 8.Increasing the share of RE as part of for building resilience to climate change. the energy mix and improving energy Enhancing resilience to climate change mix is a priority in the Vision 2030 Jamaica: 9.Broadening public awareness on the 4 National Development Plan . Jamaica has impacts of climate change a dedicated national agency, the Climate Change Division5, mandated to improve 10.Improving the management of natural climate change adaptation and mitigation resources including forests and coast- by working with a diversity of public and pri- al ecosystems vate sector, international development partners and civil society stakeholders. Progress to date The country’s strategy to build resilience to Jamaica has made strides in strengthening climate change includes: capacity at the national, local and community levels to address climate change. 1.Improvement of policy and legal frame- Among the progress made in this regard work for climate change adaptation are: and mitigation 1. Mainstreaming climate change in Vi- 2.Mainstreaming climate change in na- sion 2030 Jamaica and in Local Sus- tional, local and community develop- tainable Development Plans ment planning

21 2. Completion of the Climate Change Poli- Partnership (J-CCCP)” Projects. Both proj- cy Framework for Jamaica ects span three years and based on their intended outcomes present opportunities 3. Signing of the Paris Climate Change for SSC through sharing of knowledge, Agreement experiences and best practices, building 4. Completion of the Biennial Update Re- capacity, development and exchange of port for the UNFCCC technology, forging and strengthening partnerships, development and exchange of 5. Ongoing preparation of the TNC technologies and fostering knowledge products and networks. In particular, the J-CCCP 6. Submission of Forest Policy (Green Pa- Project will include sub-projects geared at per) submitted to Parliament strengthening resilience at the community 7. Completion of the National Forest Man- level. agement and Conservation Plan The GOJ is also very interested in receiv- 8. Development and implementation of ing benefits through SSC under their “So- the National Energy Policy 2009-2030 lar LED Kits and Efficient Lighting for Community Health Centres/Learning 9. Increasing RE penetration with focus Centres/Police Stations, the Ministry of on public sector Economic Growth and Job Creation and Related Agencies” Initiative. It is intended 10. Dedicated lines of credit to support that these RE and EE initiatives enable to specific RE, EE and DRR projects in share experiences and best practices with the private sector other countries. 11. Ongoing improvement in capacities to Intended development impact access climate change financing These initiatives will advance Jamaica’s 12. Implementation of projects to reduce progress towards achieving its climate disaster risks and strengthen resil- change adaptation and mitigation goals in- ience to climate change at the nation- cluding those related to the Sustainable De- al, local and community levels velopment Goals (SDGs). LED lights, solar 13. Ongoing focus on management of nat- PVs and energy efficient air conditioning is ural resources such as forests aligned to GOJ’s aim to improve the penetration of RE and enhance EE in the country 14. Sixty-second Country Programme and especially in the public sector. Partner to the UNREDD+ and preparing REDD Readiness Profile How does the project and South- south cooperation on climate change Existing UNDP projects for South- contribute to fighting climate change? south cooperation on climate change extension All the initiatives mentioned above will help to strengthen Jamaica’s resilience by build- Opportunities for South-south ing capacity and provide access to technol- cooperation on climate change ogies for climate change adaptation and mitigation. The initiatives will also provide Given the global impact of climate change impact at the national, local and communi- opportunities exists for South-south co- ty levels. The initiatives will also provide the operation (SSC) to build resilience. UNDP platform for further collaboration between Jamaica is currently implementing two proj- Jamaica and China through SSC. ects in Jamaica that will build in-country capacity in climate change adaptation and How can cooperation with China mitigation. These are the “Deployment accelerate project outcome? of Renewable Energy and Improvement of Energy Efficiency in the Public Sector” The collaboration with China will enable and the “Japan-Caribbean Climate Change the UNDP supported projects to advance

22 the penetration of RE and improve EE. The The collaboration with China should pro- projects will also allow for the exchange of vide significant support to the GOJ in the knowledge, experiences and best practices. “Solar LED Kits and Efficient Lighting for One of the outcomes of the “Deployment Community Health Centres/Learning Cen- of Renewable Energy and Improvement tres/Police Stations, the Ministry of Eco- of Energy Efficiency in the Public Sector” nomic Growth and Job Creation and Re- Project is to advance the development of lated Agencies” Initiative. The partnership an Energy Services Company (ESCO) indus- will also enable the GOJ to move closer to- try in Jamaica. A vibrant ESCO will provide wards its goal of reducing public sector en- opportunities for the further introduction of ergy costs, improve sustainable energy and RE, improvement of EE and enhancement contribute to climate change mitigation. of sustainable livelihoods. Assistance provided by China will allow for the reallocation of resources to other important inputs in the projects.

Workshop Participants

Name: UnaMay Gordon Contact information: Tel: 876-633-7359 Email: [email protected]. Snapshot of professional career: An Environment/Agribusiness Specialist with extensive experience in international development cooperation. Skilled in management and implementation of multi-stakeholder, inter- sectoral technical assistance and capacity development projects. Holds an MSc in En- vironmental Sciences. Currently the Principal Director of Climate Change, Ministry of Eco- nomic Growth & Job Creation. Compiled Jamaica’ First National Communication to the UNFCCC Fun fact about the participant: Ms. Gordon loves road trips with friends.

23 Name: Richard Kelly Contact information: Tel: 876-897-7089 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Richard Kelly is a Programme Specialist in UNDP Jamaica office. He focuses on development issues including climate change, environment and the post-2015 development agenda. Mr. Kelly has a first degree in Marine Ecology and a Masters in Marine and En- vironmental Sciences. He spent 7 years as a Policy Specialist in the Planning Institute of Jamaica. Fun fact about the participant: Mr. Kelly likes to explore and try new things.

Name: Brahim Diop Contact information: Tel: 876-872-7578 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Brahim Diop is the Senior Research Officer and Manager of the Research Branch at the Forestry Department. He has a BSc in Environmental Biology and is currently pursuing his Master of Phi- losophy in Botany. Previously, he served as a Research Assistant under the GOJ/ EU/UNEP Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduc- tion Project. Mr. Diop also worked as aForest Technician in Silviculture. Fun fact about the participant: Mr. Diop enjoys badminton and surfing.

24 the highest contributors to the country’s Mongolia GHG emissions due to poor energy efficiency in buildings, as well as production Background and distribution of energy.,. High level of emissions and particulate matters caused Mongolia is one of the most vulnerable by combustion of mainly raw coal, fly ash countries to the impacts of climate change suspension and car exhaust makes the due to its geographical and climate condi- country’s capital city to claim one of the tions, the structure and development level worst winter outdoor air pollutions in the of the economic sectors, as well as the world. Annual average concentrations of lifestyle of its people. Average annual air fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are over temperature increased by 2.1C for the last seven times higher than the WHO guide- 70 years which is three times higher than lines causing devastating health impacts, global average. Climate change impacts including increase of respiratory diseases are visible in Mongolia through the inten- among the population, as well as reduced sification of soil and pasture degradation, foetal growth, preterm birth and pneumo- drying up of rivers, lakes and springs in nia among children. Long-term healthcare the Gobi and steppe regions, and declining costs associated with urban air population biodiversity habitat. Regular monitoring of is expected to be significant as lung and glaciers in the Altai Mountains show that heart damages caused by air pollution will glacier areas have decreased by 30% since affects one’s health and wellbeing through- the 1940s. The country’s fragile ecosys- out the rest of their lives. tems, Mongolian’s reliance on pastoral animal husbandry and rain-fed agriculture, Country strategy to combat climate and the growing population, and increasing change urbanization, all make Mongolia’s socio-economic development extremely vulnerable to Mongolia’s “National action programme on climate change. climate change” (NAPCC) was first elaborated in 2000 and was updated in 2011. Development challenge The NAPCC includes climate change adaptation policies for socio economic develop- As with many other countries in the world, ment, reduction of vulnerabilities and risks, climate change is likely to turn into “the and GHG emissions reduction strategy, and defining challenge” for countries’ sustain- measures. Green development policy of able development. Negative impacts of Mongolia was adopted by the Parliament in climate change are evident from observa- 2014. In view of UNFCCC COP 21 in Paris, tions of loss of pasture, limited yield from Mongolia submitted its Intended Nation- cultivated land and pasture vegetation, ally Determined Contributions (INDC) with and a decrease in livestock productivity. which it pledges to reduce its GHG emis- These issues will eventually affect regional sions by 14% by 2030 against the Busi- and national food production capacity. In ness As Usual (BAU) scenario. In February the future, climate change is projected to 2016, Mongolian Parliament approved cause more frequent drought and aridity, Sustainable development Vision for Mongo- increased snowfall in winter, rapid melting lia till 2030. The country’s’ GHG emission of permafrost and glaciers, intensive evapo- reduction policy is focused on reduction of transpiration that will far exceed the slight fossil fuel use by increasing share of clean increase of precipitation in some areas and energy in energy production, i.e. increasing the increase in the frequency and magni- renewable energy production, enhancing tude of climate related natural disasters. energy efficiency through introduction of This puts the rural population dependent on energy efficient technologies and applianc- natural resources, at high risk. es. Although Mongolia’s total Greenhouse Gas Progress to date (GHG) emissions is low, the per capita emission is higher than the global average. Government of Mongolia (GoM) has tak- This is predominantly attributed to the fos- en initiative to actively participate in CDM sil fuel combustion needed to meet elec- mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol, as tricity generation and heating demand for a result, 5 CDM projects have been regis- its population.. For Mongolia’s winter with tered at CDM Executive Board and 7 CDM temperatures dropping as low as -400C, projects were approved by DNA. The GoM indoor heating is needed for eight months signed a “Low carbon development partner- annually. Building and energy sectors are ship” and bilateral cooperation agreement

25 in 2013 to introduce Joint Crediting Mech- Building Codes, Norms and Standards to anism to support GHG reduction projects ISO standards, introducing innovative tech- with Japan. Mongolia identified Nationally nologies for enhanced energy efficiency, Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) in green growth and abatement of urban air 11 areas. Progresses are being made in pollution. Building on the success of this several areas including construction and project, “Nationally Appropriate Mitigation energy and building sectors, as well as for- Action (NAMA) in the construction sector est and pasture management. GoM also in Mongolia” project was launched in June joined the Partnership for Action on Green 2016. This project will significantly improve Economy (PAGE) initiative supported by five national GHG inventory methods in the con- UN Agencies, where Mongolia is one of the struction sector and demonstrate applica- first roll out countries. The first Adaptation tion of energy efficient technologies in the Fund project on Ecosystem-based adapta- construction processes to reduce building tion is being implemented as supported by heat-loss. On adaptation angle, Mongolia’s UNDP. Through the UN support, Mongolia partnership with UNDP focuses heavily on is preparing its strategy for REDD+ (Reduc- maintaining ecosystem services and func- ing Emissions from forest Degradation and tions by internalizing climate change risks Deforestation). GoM has approved Energy within land and water resource manage- Conservation Act in November, 2015. Min- ment regimes and enhancing resource ef- istry of Nature, Environment and Tourismis ficiency to increase resilience of resource preparing the Third National Communication dependent communities. Feasible adapta- and Initial Biennial Update Report under the tion measures demonstrated through the UNFCCC with UNEP support. MNET is also UNDP/GoM Ecosystem-based adaptation working on to establish a sustainable GHG (EbA) project also include introduction of inventory system with line Ministries and water-saving irrigation technologies and other development partners and reviewing groundwater withdrawal using solar energy the progresses made under the NAPCC. to rural herders and farmers who are not connected to electricity grids. Existing UNDP projects for South- south cooperation on climate Intended development impact change extension The NAMA project can help the Govern- Opportunities for South-south ment catalyze national and international cooperation on climate change support and finance to achieve effective and transformational GHG reductions The GoM successfully partnered with from the construction sector. With the UNDP on climate change adaptation and integrated and holistic approach of adap- mitigation in the past and it is expected tation through EbA project, the equilibrium to grow in the future. The partnership on dynamics of ecosystems and their func- mitigation efforts predominantly evolved tions and services will be achieved, thus around long-term measures for emission livelihoods of vulnerable rural population reduction from the energy and construc- secured. Therefore, the interventions si- tion sectors, i.e. enhancing regulatory multaneously contribute to the achievement systems by supporting formulation of a of country’s sustainable development target new act on energy efficiency, upgrading

26 to achieve 40% reduction of building heat- struction sector, complementing activities loss and 100% access to reliable electricity supported by the project to improve energy by 2030. Demonstrated efficiency gains in efficiency in buildings. This will advance the terms of emission reduction and reduced achievement of targets set forth within the operational costs will bring greater so- NAMA and EbA projects. Aside from the cio-economic and environmental benefits to mitigation benefits, the cooperation with the country. China will improve overall knowledge and understanding of the benefits of energy ef- How can cooperation with China ficient technologies in long-term, which will accelerate project outcome? increase consumer’s preference towards With the SSC initiative, Ministry of Con- greener products. struction and Urban Development, the leading partner in the implementation, will scale up climate mitigation actions for the con-

Workshop Participants

Name: Mr. Batjargal Khandjav Contact information: Tel: +976-51264711 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Mr. Batjargal is a Director General of the Department of Public Ad- ministration and Management, Ministry of Environment and Tourism (MoET) of Mongolia. Previously, he worked as a Director of Nature Conservation Fund and Head of the Climate Change Project Imple- mentation Unit (CCPIU) of the MoET. With the CCPIU, he led the process of preparing the Third National Communication (TNC), Biennial Update Report (BUR) and Mongolia’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to the United Nation’s Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Within the framework of the Low Carbon Part- nership between Mongolia and Japan, he was appointed as the national director of the Joint Crediting Mechanism. Prior to joining the MoET, Mr. Batjargal has worked at the Financial Regulatory Commis- sion (FRC) of Mongolia as an officer in charge of information and international cooperation. At the FRC, he served as a head of the Working Group responsible for implementation of ‘Financial Sector Development Program – Part 2’ in cooperation with the Asian Development Bank.

Name: Mr.Gerelt-Od Tsogtbaatar Contact information: Tel: +976-99068416 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Mr.Gerelt-Od Tsogtbaatar started his career at the Climate Change Coordination Office (CCCO) of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism in 2011 to develop, lead, and coordinate Mongolia’s climate change policy, strategy, and implementation. Having gained sufficient work experience, Mr.Gerelt-Od Tsogtbaatar is one of the few experts at the ministry. His work experience includes various aspects of climate change including mitigation and adaptation policy, as well as carbon offset mechanisms. He also provides guidance to a project-implementing unit, which implements climate change projects and programmes to fulfill Mongolia’s obligations to UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). He

27 serves as a member of a country delegation to the conference of parties and participates in relevant UNFCCC negotiations. Mr.Ts. Gerelt-Od currently serves as a focal point for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) under the UNFCCC and a technical focal point of Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM), which is a bilateral, offset crediting mechanism with Government of Japan.

Name: Enkhtuya Otgon Contact information: Tel: +976 99097431 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Mrs. Enkhtuya Otgon is one of the leading experts in the construction sector. She has over 24 years of work experience. Her career started with Heating company Khovd city of Mongolia from 1992-2003, as Engineer after which she got promoted to a Chief engineer. She joined the Administration of land affairs, construction, geodesy and cartography of Mongolia to work as a Senior officer in charge of housing planning for 2006-2012. She moved to Ministry of Construction & Urban Development as a Senior officer in charge of housing policy for the period of 2012-2016. She got promoted as a Director General of Public Utilities Policy implementation and coordination department of the Ministry of construction and urban development Mongolia from 2016. Fun fact about the participant: Her interests are traveling around the world and cooking traditional foods.

Name: Bunchingiv Bazartseren (Dr.-Ing.) Contact information: Tel: +976-11-327585 (ext. 1124) +976-99102593 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Bunchingiv Bazartseren works as a Team Leader in charge of En- vironment, Energy and Disaster Risk Reduction portfolio at UNDP Mongolia. Her portfolio covers various aspects of sustainable development, including environmental governance, climate change adaptation and mitigation, energy efficiency, green economy, sustainable management of natural resources, biodiversity conservation, water and sanitation and disaster risk reduction. Her latest work on climate change mitigation includes Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions, building energy efficiency, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) and low carbon cities. Her over 20 years of professional work experience includes 10 years at UNDP. Prior to joining UNDP, she worked in research and development. She completed her MSc in Hydroinformatics at UNESCO International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE) in Delft, the Nether- lands. She defended her PhD Degree at Brandenburg University of Technology in Cottbus, Germany. She published numerous research papers on application of Artificial Neural Networks in water resources management. Fun fact about the participant: Her interests include travelling, photography, reading and horse riding.

28 climate change adaptation consistently Seychelles mention Seychelles’ shortfalls in terms of capacity building and research. The Na- Background tional Climate Change Strategy (2009) ad- The Seychelles is a small Island developing dresses this specifically and, although some state in the Indian Ocean located approxi- progress has been made, it was highlighted mately 1,000 kilometers east of mainland at the stakeholder workshop that improved Africa. The country has a total area of 455 gender-sensitive capacity building, research square kilometers, an archipelago of 115 and education was needed to underpin all islands among which Mahe, Praslin and climate change adaptation efforts in order La Digue islands form the main inhabited to make them effective and resilient. islands called the inner islands. Because of Recent studies conducted in Seychelles, by its size and lack of natural fossil resources, research partners from Cuba and Japan, the Seychelles islands are totally depen- highlighted that much of the human activity dent on imported oil for the generation of is concentrated around the low-lying, coast- its electricity; a cost which consumes a al areas which are at the highest risk of significant percentage of the people’s in- flooding from heavy rainfall, storm surges, come. For this reason among others, the and sea level rise during the longer term. Seychelles Government is keen to promote A recent UNISDR report has revealed that the use of renewable energy resources for most disasters occurring in Seychelles energy production as a way to reduce the were related to storms, floods, rain and country’s reliance on imported fuel. landslides, and recommended that future Development challenge planning should focus on losses from flooding and landslides which also caused the The main climate change threats facing greatest economic losses. The report also Seychelles are similar to those threaten- noted concern about lack of clear policy on ing other small island developing states: the protection of critical infrastructure in changes in rainfall patterns leading to flood- the country, such as roads, ports, govern- ing, landslides on one hand and extended ment buildings, energy generation, water periods of drought on the other, increases distribution and sewerage systems. in sea temperature, changes in acidity and A Vulnerability/Resilience Profile exercise damage to marine ecosystems, increases undertaken in Seychelles revealed that Sey- in storms and storm surges, and sea level chelles was most vulnerable and least resil- rise during the longer term. Research is ient in terms of biodiversity resources and needed to better understand changes in sustainable consumption and production cyclone patterns, ocean and air currents, (both with significant implications for cli- and the interplay between climate change mate change adaptation) the tourism indus- and other climate phenomena such as El try (the country’s crucial economic sector) Nino. and food security, Other areas of concern The threats caused by climate change will were sea level rise, coastal and marine re- have significant impacts on Seychelles in sources, water security and energy securi- the short, medium and longer term on ty. infrastructure, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, energy and water security, biodiversity, Country strategy to combat climate waste management and on human health change and well-being. Although the exact impacts Seychelles’ long-term vision is to minimise are not known, and more research is need- the impacts of climate change through ed to better understand the implications concerted and proactive action at all levels of a change global climate on the islands, of society. This vision is nested in the coun- it is critical that Seychelles take measures try’s broader aspiration of sustainable de- to better understand the threats and be- velopment: finding strategies to realise the gin longer-term planning for adaptation. All nation’s economic, social and cultural po- national plans and strategies that address tential through an innovative, knowledge-led

29 and gender-sensitive approach. Seychelles’ approach to climate change adaptation is guided by a collective understanding of the need to ensure that all actions taken must ly-fledged institution for disaster prevention conserve the integrity of the Seychelles nat- and response. The Climate and Environ- ural environment and heritage for present mental Services Division (CESD) was estab- and future generations. lished in 2008, which incorporated the Na- During the longer term, Seychelles’ aims tional Meteorological Services (NMS), the to: Environment Engineering Section (EES) and Programme Management Section (PMS) to 1.Advance understanding of climate change, enable focus on climate change issues. The its impacts and appropriate responses; creation of the Seychelles Energy Commis- 2.Build gender-sensitive capacity and social sion in 2009 was a concrete step aimed empowerment at all levels to adequately at reducing the energy insecurity of Sey- respond to climate change; chelles, through cost-effective mitigation 3.Put in place measures to adapt, build resil- options. ience and minimise vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, especially in criti- In 2012, the Government of Seychelles cal sectors such as water, food and energy launched a 4 year photovoltaic (PV) proj- security, and disaster management; ect with funding from UNDP-GEF, which 3.Develop policy direction and strategies to has increased the use of grid-connected encourage and enhance action on technol- photovoltaic (PV) systems as a sustainable ogy development and transfer of cleaner means of generating electricity in selected technologies; and main islands and smaller islands of the Sey- 4.Scale-up financial resources and invest- chelles, with a focus on small-scale produc- ment to support action on adaptation. ers who are already connected to the na- Progress to date tional electricity grid. For more information visit: http://www.pcusey.sc/index.php/ The government, the private sector and pcu-projects/ongoing/91-pv-project non-governmental organizations are already implementing a number of activities en- This project is being complemented by an- shrined in the Environment Management other GOS-UNDP-GEF project promoting Plan (2000 to 2010) and the Seychelles and up-scaling climate-resilient, resource-ef- First National Communication. An increase ficient technologies in a tropical island in extreme weather events prompted gov- context (RE Project). The aim of the RE ernment to strengthen its national me- project is to increase market penetration teorological services and establish a ful- of energy-efficient technologies, practices,

30 running the community school. How does the project and South-south cooperation on climate change contribute to fighting climate change? products, and materials in the residential As the energy sector is one of the main market. For more information visit: http:// sector (energy, transport and Waste) re- www.pcusey.sc/index.php/pcu-projects/ sponsible primarily for the bulk of green- ongoing/142-re-project house gas (GHG) emission in the Sey- Existing UNDP projects for South- chelles, generation of electricity with high south cooperation on climate potential (due to our location) from solar energy as a renewable technology which change extension has been proven globally. As reliable and Opportunities for South-south coopera- with high return potential due to it durability tion on climate change (depending on the quality) the implementation of such projects around the school will Seychelles climate change impacts is ev- help the Seychelles government attained its ident for the vulnerabilities that has been global obligation towards it NDC’s, reduce pointed out in various forums as a small is- the energy consumption locally and limit land developping states hence opportunities cost. do exists. With the Nationally Determined contributions (NDC’s), national develop- How can cooperation with China acceler- ment goals and climate strategies in mind ate project outcome? proposals of projects to attain them would Being a SIDS we have limited natural and be an advantage within the context of coun- human resources and fluctuating incomes try driven approaches. based on the tourism and fisheries sectors Intended development impact that are vulnerable to external shocks such as climatic factors, global events, financial Seychelles has been on a reform path and crisis etc. These are unpredictable and the development over the last five years en- any assistance from developed countries tails significant increase in electricity gener- are needed since we import most of our ation and energy consumptions as we are goods from outside the Seychelles. We are mostly reliance on fossil fuel which is one in need of support as limited budget for of the major sector involves in the emission climate financing, capacity building plays a of GHG, such projects will reduce our de- vital role in our development. pendency on fossil fuel and GHG emission, increase our portfolio in renewable energy in our energy mix and lessen the cost of

31 Workshop Participants

Name: Theodore Marguerite Contact information: Tel: (248) 2822265 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: I have 19 years’ experience in the climate sector and I am currently working as the Principal Policy Analyst at the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change (MEECC), linking the Energy and Climate related issues for the Seychelles. Fun fact about the participant: I am a rastafarian at heart!

Name: Elke Talma Contact information: Tel: (248) 2590772 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: I have over 15 years’ experience in administration and project management in the environmental sector, specifically marine conservation, sustainable development, renewable energy, energy efficiency and conservation providing me with extensive knowledge and understanding of political, social and environmental factors and issues related to energy development and climate change mitigation in small island states. I am the GOS-UNDP-GEF PV project manager Fun fact about the participant: Expect the unexpected!

Name: Guilly Moustache Contact information: Tel: (248) 2728897 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: I have 17 years’ experience in the energy sector and I am currently working as the Principal Officer in the Energy Statistics and Coordina- tion Unit at the Seychelles Energy Commission (SEC). I have worked extensively on the energy component of the Seychelles National Cli- mate Change Strategy. Fun fact about the participant: I am fluent in Russian but live in a non-Russian speaking country!

32 green house gases (GHG) emissions from their respective countries so that the glob- Sri Lanka al temperature increase can be restrained at 1.5-2.0ºC during the next century. This Background historical agreement is seen as the last opportunity to avoid a climate catastrophe Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority (SL- stemming from global warming. Sri Lanka SEA) is the pivotal organization for develop- was among the first few countries to sign ing renewable energy, improving energy ef- the Paris Climate Agreement, joining the ficiency and creating a knowledge society in 175 countries which did so by 22nd April the context of energy in Sri Lanka. SLSEA 2016. Sri Lanka would abide by the pledg- is in the implementation of the National En- es already made by way of Intended Nation- ergy Management Plan (EnMAP) under the ally Determined Contributions (INDCs) in purview of Ministry of Power and Energy future. from 2012 - 2016 and furthermore, Oper- ation Demand Side Management (ODSM) Within the INDCs offered by Sri Lanka, would be conducted from 2017 - 2020. there are contributions which can be made These programmes are designed to en- by Sri Lanka without any external support hance the economic activity of the country and also contributions which require sup- without forcing an additional burden on the port from external sources which can be energy sector. Two main focus activities of either bilateral or multilateral parties. For this EnMAP are conducting energy efficien- the energy sector, 4% voluntary target & cy services and facilitating funding schemes 16% supported target set by 2030 from for energy efficiency improvement. SEA has 2010 baseline. already initiated many programmes and SEA is supported by a well developed policy The country strategy to combat climate and regularly regime. change includes developing renewable energy and implementing energy efficiency SLSEA is looking for further opportunities improvement and conservation measures to expand its’ support for energy efficiency in the country. programmes and activities improvement and conservation in all sec- have been designed to address the barri- tors. In this regard, necessary interven- ers and challenges arisen from the follow- tions would take place for the sectors that ing thrust areas (i) Policy & Regulatory; (ii) have had minimum performance in energy Economic & Financial; (iii) Institutional & efficient improvement due to financial con- Relationship; (iv) Technology & Information; straints. and (v) Knowledge & Investments. Development challenge Progress to date The ultimate goal of the EnMAP and ODSM It has been able to surpass the limit of programmes would be to achieve an ener- 10% New Renewable Energy (NRE) addi- gy saving equivalent to 20% of the total en- tion in the total electricity generation by the ergy consumption of year 2010, by 2020. end of 2015, which shows a satisfactory It is expected to be achieved through tech- landmark in the journey of realizing 20% nological interventions in the sectors of electricity generation using NRE by 2020. efficient air conditioning, efficient lighting, Total electricity generation using renewable efficient refrigerators, efficient chillers, energy in 2015 is 1,215 GWh (Up to No- efficient motors, eliminating incandescent vember 2015). Compilation of renewable lamps, efficient fans, green building and energy resource inventories, demonstration smart metering with respect to commer- of new technologies in renewable energy, cial, industrial and domestic sectors. electrification of non accessible areas to the grid by solar energy, renewable energy Country strategy to combat climate solutions for the rural industries/SME de- change velopment, etc. are being done to produce a conducive environment for all stakehold- The 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) ers. in Paris early this year agreed to cut down

33 Furthermore, an energy saving of 100 Hospital System. The Government hospital GWh was realized through the energy ef- structure include one national hospital, 5 ficiency programmes implemented in the special hospitals, 20 teaching hospitals, year 2015. Accreditation of energy manag- 3 Provincial General Hospitals, 18 District ers, energy auditors implementing energy General Hospitals, 693 Base hospitals and labeling programs, media programmes 493 Divisional hospitals. These hospitals and other knowledge sharing programmes, are doing the best of their abilities to cre- conducting sector specific energy manage- ate a healthy nation, and a considerable ment programmes, continuously rewarding amount of national wealth is set aside to of achievements by the private sector, etc. provide medical facilities to Sri Lankans have contributed for this success. free of charge. High costly interventions are yet to be done in purchasing advanced Donor funded projects are in successful medical treatment facilities and therefore implementation like the ADB funded Solar the amount of capital expenditure available Rooftop Power Generation Project and for these hospitals is limited to promote en- Estate Micro Hydro Rehabilitation and Re- ergy efficiency. Since investments are not powering Project, UNDP/GEF/FAO fund- in place to replace inefficient equipment, ed projects titled ‘Promoting Sustainable a large consumption of energy and conse- Biomass Energy Production and Modern quently high recurrent costs are in place. Bio-Energy Technologies’ and ‘Appropriate Mitigation Action in the Energy Generation SLSEA identifies the requirements for ex- and End-Use Sectors in Sri Lanka’ with the ternal grant assistance which will be jus- intention to reduce carbon emissions of the tified through expected significant energy country. improvement potentials of these establish- ments. Furthermore, this sector is also Existing UNDP projects for South- reluctant to invest in Renewable Energy south cooperation on climate resource like Solar PV system on the same change extension reason. SLSEA recognizes this “Climate Friendly Communities Alliance” initiative as Opportunities for South-south an ideal opportunity to introduce the ener- cooperation on climate change gy efficiency improvement, energy conservation and renewable energy to the hospital Sri Lanka finds the opportunity for South- sector. south cooperation on climate change would specially benefit the country through The project shall facilitate 150 hospitals the implementation of energy efficiency improvements in Sri Lankan Government

34 of the country to improve their energy effi- as the recurrent expenditure for electricity ciencies and introduce self-utilization of re- bills annually which could have been spent newable energy resources (Solar PV). Effi- for something more worthy. cient LEDs, and Air-conditioner units will be provided to selected hospitals, and these Furthermore, the development of efficient hospitals will also be supplied with Solar PV equipment within the country has not net-metering systems. A total of 45,000 gained popularity owing to lack of demon- LED bulbs, 1,000 Air-conditioner units and strations. In urban areas, LED technology 150 Solar PV net-metering systems will and solar PV technology has gained rapid be distributed among these 150 hospitals popularity but these technologies are still which would be approximated to be worth not popular in rural areas. Hospitals are of USD 3 million (Annexure 1). visited by a large number of people every day and thus hospitals are an effective Project Implementation: Project implemen- place for demonstrating the modern tech- tation will be carried out by SLSEA under nologies to the general public. Further- the purview of MoPRE together with the more, additional services can be obtained Ministry of Health. Applications will be for the hospital sector with the newly in- called from Hospital-wise, and 150 hospi- stalled facilities like air-conditioning, which tals will be selected. is beneficial for the equipment and medical drug storage. Intended development impact How does the project and South- The project intends to provide improved en- south cooperation on climate change ergy efficiency measures in the Government contribute to fighting climate change? Sector hospitals. Already a large amount of national wealth is allocated to the sector With the provision of Light-emitting Diode development. Continuous provision of health (LED) bulbs, Solar PV Systems and Invert- facilities has given Sri Lankans some note- er Air-conditioner systems for Government worthy achievements of higher rankings in Hospitals, it is expected that approximate- Human Development Indexes. However, Sri ly 1,900 MWh amount of annual energy Lanka is not in a financially strong position saving can be done. Furthermore, 1,900 to implement energy efficiency measures MWh/year of renewable (solar PV) elec- in health sector because it has many more tricity generation through the proposed priorities like combating the rapid increas- solar net-metering systems are expected. ing of non-communicable diseases, improv- These are equivalent to 2,700 tons of an- ing basic facilities in regional hospitals, nual carbon emission reduction. installation of new equipment for diagnosis and treatments, improving the quality of How can cooperation with China service delivery, etc. Therefore, the energy accelerate project outcome? sector would have to play a catalytic role in developing the energy efficiency measures The cooperation with China would be a in the hospital sector. great opportunity to break-through the technology and financial barriers associat- With the replacement of new technologies ed with modern efficient equipment use. It that demonstrate higher energy efficiency, would demonstrate the technology espe- electricity can be saved. Even at the mo- cially to the rural area sectors and create ment Sri Lanka relies on more than 50% awareness of the value of energy saving. of fossil fuel usage in electricity genera- The project would have long lasing positive tion. The electricity saved can account into impacts, and Sri Lankan general public reducing the generation from fossil fuel would be enthusiastic to install energy effi- sources. Moreover, the hospital sector falls cient equipments at domestic level. into a tariff category where the tariff rate is highly subsidized. Hence the national utilities incur losses in providing electricity to the health sector. In addition, large amount of the budget allocated to a hospital spent

35 Workshop Participants

Name: Punyavana Vishaka Hidellage Contact information: Tel: +94 777 894 130 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Graduated from Astrakhan Technical Institute of Fisheries Russia in 1982 (Process Engineering) and completed master’s degree in Food Sci- ence and Technology (Leatherhead Food Research Institute UK) in 1989. Obtained PhD (Resource Economics) from University of Peradeniya Sri Lanka 2001. Started with a short successful career as a Food Technologist in private sector but soon shifted to join civil society movement to promote appropriate technologies for poverty reduction and sustainable development. Was the former South Asia Regional Director of Practical Action (Intermediate Technology Development Group) a UK based international development organization (2002-2014) and now work as Assistant Country Director Unit- ed Nations Development Programme Sri Lanka. Fun fact about the participant: Cleaning and cooking is main preoccupations when not working. Love reading, music and gardening although not enough time for this. Promoter of environmentally friendly living. Have 3 grand kids who takes a lot the free time.

Name: K. Sanath Kithsiri Contact information: Tel: +94 71 654 8874 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Graduated from the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka and master’s degree in sustainable energy engineering from the Royal Institute of Technology of Stockholm, Sweden. Experienced as a mechanical engineer at National En- gineering Research & Development Center (NERDC), Sri Lanka. Former Head of Energy Efficiency Services division of Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority (SEA) and now working as the Director-Renewable Energy of SEA. Fun fact about the participant: Highly sensitive. I have been drunk but never smoked anything. Love beer, Carlsberg in particular. I love meat but not fish. I love singing but I haven’t been told I am actually decent. When I was kid I loved to paint and draw. I found my soul mate at 24, and I have two kids and I am always happy.

36 Name: Janaka Gunawardena Contact information: Tel: +94 71 80 68 450 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Class I Officer of Sri Lanka administrative Service and working as a Di- rector to Air Resources management center and National Ozone Unit of Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment of Sri Lanka. Graduated at Colombo university of Sri lanka in Bsc Biological Science stream. Post graduated at University of Peradeniya and University of Rajarata of Sri Lanka as MSc on Disaster management and MBA( Master of Business administration) Fun fact about the participant: Nature lover and long distance walker.

Name: Gayan Subasinghe Contact information: Tel: +94 772 911 313 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Project coordinator of UNDP-GEF Energy NAMA Sri Lanka Project. Over 8 years of experience in power and energy sector. Involved in the design, technical support, analysis, and evaluation of many renewable energy and resource recovery projects. Served Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority as a research/project associate for 2 years. Bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering and master’s degree in project management and engineering of energy and environment. Fun fact about the participant: Love watching sports (Cricket, Tennis, Rugby & F1) but haven’t played in a long time. Travel person. Love dogs (but my wife doesn’t allow me to have a one since I moved to hers’) but hate cats. No hard liquor or smoke, but wine and beer. Not interested in music and can’t sing, dance or play any instrument.

Chinese Name: Zhiping CHEN English name: Edward Chen Contact Information: Tel: 861068819220 Resident, 8618600037671 China; 0094766738899 Sri Lanka mobile Email: [email protected]/[email protected] Snapshot of Professional Career: Mr. Chen received a bachelor's degree from University of International Economics and Business in China in 1984 and earned a master from UCLA, USA. He serves as a consultant to Minister of Mahaweli Development and Environment in 2015-2016. Prior to this, he worked in Goble Environmental Institute, Beijing, China and Sanjiu Investment Group, Beijing, China.

37 Name: Dr. Sunimal Jayathunga Contact information: Tel :+94-11-2883481 Fax:+94-11-4206109 E-mail :[email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Director (Climate Change), Mahaweli Development and Environment, Sri Lanka

Name: Samarasinge Herath Charman Dilanga Karunaratne Contact information: Tel : +94777714740 Fax: +94 11 2 689548 E-mail: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Secretary to Hon. Deputy Minister, Mahaweli Development and Environ- ment, Sri Lanka

38 Tanzania (REF??). Tanzania’s ability to address the current and projected impacts of climate Background change is hindered by a number of factors Tanzania is one of the lowest carbon-emit- including inadequate institutional arrange- ting countries globally. However it continues ments, inadequate financial resources, to suffer from the adverse impacts of cli- insufficient technological capacities, low mate change and related hazards. Climate awareness and inadequate climate change change projections in Tanzania indicate a information management. consistent change in key climate variables, Tanzania is experiencing an increasing including warming from 0.50C in 2025 up scarcity of affordable, reliable, sustainable to around 40C in 2100, with more warm- and efficient energy services particularly ing over the South Western part of the at household and institutional levels, which country. Mean seasonal rainfall is projected is a pre-requisite for ensuring sustainable to decrease consistently and progressive- livelihood and enhancing socio-economic ly for the most parts of the country, but development. The possibility to alter the more significantly over the North-eastern energy balance in Tanzania remains a huge highlands, where rainfall is projected to de- problem, although the electricity sector is crease by up to 12% in 2100. In this con- broadening the range of primary sources text, the frequency and severity of extreme and legal arrangements opening the door climate change related events will increase for independent power producers. House- in the coming years above to the impacts holds constitute the largest share of total already the country is experiencing. energy consumption in the country with Development challenge manufacturing, agriculture, commerce, transport and mining sectors remaining far Climate change poses serious risks to behind. Household energy consumption ac- Tanzania’s development, poverty reduction counts for 72.5% of the total energy and efforts and to the economic and social fab- is mainly used for cooking and lighting (NEP, ric of the country. In the last 40 years for 2015). instance, Tanzania has experienced severe recurring droughts and floods events with Country strategy to combat climate devastating effects to agriculture, water change and energy sectors among others. Current- The Government of United Republic of Tan- ly more than 70% of all natural disasters zania has undertaken a number of initia- in Tanzania are climate change related and tives to address climate change concerns are linked to recurrent droughts and floods in the country. It has ratified the United

39 Nations Framework Convention on Climate duction. Access to modern energy sources Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol that are renewable, clean, efficient and uni- in 1996 and 2002 respectively as a step versal is imperative to achieving sustainable towards ensuring that climate change is- development. This important initiative was sues are addressed at the national level. launched by Minister of Energy and Miner- Through the Division of Environment which als, H.E. Muhongo, in July of this year. is both the National Climate Change Focal Point and Designated National Authority Existing UNDP projects for South- (DNA) for Clean Development Mechanism south cooperation on climate under the Kyoto Protocol, has put in place change extension the National Environment Policy (1997) that recognize Climate change is an envi- Opportunities for South-south ronmental issue, prepared the Initial Na- cooperation on climate change tional Communication (2003), Quick Scan on the Impacts of Climate Change (2009); Capacity Development in the Energy Sec- National Adaptation Action Plan (NAPA) in tor and Extractive Industries (CADESE) is a 2007. nationally implemented project in collaboration between UNDP and the Government Progress to date of Tanzania through the Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM). One of its key objec- Tanzania has been a pioneer in mobilizing tives is to accelerate achievement of the Africa’s efforts to address climate change Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initia- through its participation in various regional tive through a wider adoption of Renewable and global platforms including AMCEN, CA- Energy Technologies (RETs). The project HOSC, UNFCCC’s COP meetings including focuses on building the capacity of the Min- COP21 in Paris where the famous Paris istry of Energy and Minerals (MEM) with Agreement was reached. Tanzania has sub- the objectives of strengthening of the insti- mitted its INDC prior to the meeting in Par- tutional and policy frameworks for the in- is to join many other countries in showing clusive and sustainable management of the its climate change mitigation commitments energy sector and EI, and also improving by 2030. the capacity of Rural Energy Agency (REA) Locally, Tanzania has developed its Climate in managing rural energy projects and pro- Change Strategy, NAP roadmap, and has grammes. actively pioneered implementation of the There are huge opportunities for South- REDD+ readiness programme through var- South cooperation through the provision of ious initiatives including supporting the im- quality renewable energy technologies such plementation of nine pilot REDD+ projects as solar and the transfer of technical skills across the country. The National Climate between countries. Small grant projects, Change Steering Committee (NCCSC) and currently being implemented by UNDP and National Climate Change Technical Com- MEM, are targeted at rural communities mittee have also been established to push that have no access to the national power forward the Climate Change agenda in the grids. However, at present, due to limited country. Mainstreaming of Climate change resources only a small portion of the pop- issues across sectors’ Action Plans and ulation in each community can benefit. The Budgets is also a notable progress. Tan- scaling up of these interventions would be zania has also shown strong global leader- made possible through greater South-south ship by becoming one of the first countries cooperation and the use of renewable to opt-in on the Sustainable Energy for All technologies would be a climate change (SE4ALL) initiative and fully embraces the mitigation measure that would benefit both SE4ALL objectives noting that the out- Tanzania and its SSC partners. comes of it will be felt far outside the energy sector. Modern universal energy access Intended development impact can lead to greater empowerment of women, access to clean water, improved public In rural communities in Tanzania with little health and education and better food pro- to no access to a reliable source of energy,

40 using solar-powered energy efficient lights loss of biodiversity resources and climate as a means of replacing traditional kero- change. sene-powered lamps and candles, can have environmental, health and economic ben- Through this South-south cooperation, efits. In Tanzania, kerosene is often used there can be a significant contribution to indoors without chimneys and, as studies the fight against climate change through suggest, contributes to lung cancer, chron- the reduction of carbon emission as clean, ic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), renewable technologies begin to be adopt- low birth weight, cataracts, pneumonia, ed. Solar lighting systems source energy and tuberculosis. The use of solar-powered from the sun so there are no operational lighting would mitigate against these illness- costs and no emissions when in use. There es. There will also be direct and indirect is also the possibility that this solar instal- employment through the installation and lation could encourage a move away from maintenance of solar panels while there is charcoal and firewood use through solar also expected to be greater economic activ- heating systems that can heat water and ity through increased demand for services milk for tea and coffee consumption and brought on by the reliable supply of renew- also bathing. Savings that would be made able energy. through less kerosene and charcoal use could be used in buying energy efficient How does the project and South- cooking and/or gas powered stoves. south cooperation on climate change How can cooperation with China contribute to fighting climate change? accelerate project outcome? Current methods of lighting and heating in Cooperation with China, could greatly ac- Tanzania such as kerosene and charcoal celerate and contribute to several priority are polluting, costly and inefficient and areas for Tanzania such as promoting “the biomass alone accounts for 85% of cur- use of renewable energy technologies (RET) rent energy use in Tanzania (NEP, 2015). and clean technology practices in achiev- Continuing non-renewable exploitation of ing adequate and affordable, modern and forest resources to meet energy demand cleaner energy services in rural areas”. is contributing significantly to deforestation, destruction of water catchments areas,

Workshop Participants

Name: Ephraim Jackson Mushi Contact information: Tel: +255 752 024 337 Email: [email protected] [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Senior Mining Engineer (Environment) at Ministry of Energy and Min- erals–Tanzania with Nine (9) years work experience in environmental management in both sectors (energy and minerals) Registered as an EIA Expert (T) -2012 by National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) Professional Registered – 2011 by Engineer Registration Board of Tanzania as Profes- sional Environmental Engineer Areas of Expertise include: Environmental Assessments (EIA & SEA), Policy development, Climate Change (Adaptation

41 & Mitigation), Natural Resource Management; inspection and monitoring and enforce- ment. Education background • Masters degree in Environmental Sciences at Wageningen University, The Netherlands • Bachelor degree in Environmental Engineering at University of Dar es salaam, Tanzania Fun fact about the participant: Worry about swimming

Name:Winnifrida Stephen Mrema Contact information: Tel: +255-716-177145 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Principal Environmental Officer at the Ministry of Energy Minerals in- Tanzania with over 10 years work experience Registered EIA Expert (2012) with the National Environmental Management Council -Tan- zania) Areas of Expertise include: Environmental Assessments (EIA, EA & SEA), Policy development, Climate change (Adap- tation & Mitigation), Natural Resource Management Member of National Technical Climate change Team – (2011 – 2012) Key Outputs • NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY , 2012 • Across-Country awareness campaign on Climate Change issues Member of National REDD+Taskforce - (2011-2014) Key Outputs • NATIONAL REDD+ STRATEGY • 5 REDD+ PILOT PROJECTS • Across-Country awareness campaign on REDD Academic Qualifications Bsc Chemistry& Marine Science (UDSM, Tanzania) Msc Environmental Science (YORKU, Canada) Fun fact about the participant: Struggles to wear High Heels to date….

42 is increasing - but there is still need to Zimbabwe strengthen the financial and human capacity to ensure timely planning, budgeting and Background action on climate change impacts. This is Zimbabwe, like many other developing the case in terms of disaster risk manage- countries, experiences unprecedented ment, weather information and education effects of climate change. Climate projec- towards climate change adaptation. There tions for Zimbabwe indicate increased tem- are significant energy challenges, as daily peratures, decrease in rainfall, increased energy demands exceed the generation variability in frequency and intensity of rain- capacity. The majority of the rural popula- fall and increase in mid-season dry spells. tion and institutions do not have access Also extreme weather events such as trop- to modern energy services compromising ical cyclones and droughts are projected to development efforts. Rural electrification is appear more often. This poses significant challenged by widely dispersed rural settle- challenges for food production, livelihoods, ments, financial challenges, and the lack of water availability, energy production and adequate national energy supply to the grid. human settlements – and affects poor and With this in mind, distributed renewable vulnerable groups of the population the energy generation makes a lot of technical most. and economic sense for rural institutions and communities in Zimbabwe. Development challenge Country strategy to combat climate The projected climate change impacts in change Zimbabwe pose a severe risk of rolling back development gains, if not addressed. The The National Response Strategy for Climate majority of the Zimbabwean population live Change (NRSCC, 2014) and the Climate in rural areas and are highly dependent on Policy, that is currently being finalized, func- rain fed agriculture for subsidence agricul- tions as the overarching framework for the ture and livelihoods. Increasingly dry con- country’s action on climate change – with a ditions and changing rainfall patterns will focus on both mitigation and adaptation. severely affect food security and livelihoods, Progress to date if the capacity to adapt and build resilience is not strengthened - as evidenced by the Guided by the NRSCC, a range of initia- impacts of the recent El Nino which has tives are happening. On the mitigation side, left one third of the population food inse- currently Zimbabwe is participating in the cure. The awareness of the importance of SE4ALL initiative, supported by the UNDP mitigating and adapting to climate change and the AFDB. A renewable energy policy

43 is under development, along with a Low a framework project for a range of climate Emission Development Strategy for the full change initiatives in Zimbabwe, including economy and the country has committed this South-South cooperation on climate in the NDCs to lowering emissions to 33% change. below the projected ‘business as usual’ by 2030. On the adaptation side, a national Intended development impact adaptation plan is in process, including a The SECA project ultimately aims to ensure stock taking exercise to consolidate climate that vulnerable communities are equipped change vulnerability mappings, climate to cope with climate change and build resil- change scenarios and planning for adapta- ience for household and food and nutrition tion at national and district level. security. In relation to this South-South co- Existing UNDP projects for South- operation on climate change, renewable energy investments in rural communities will south cooperation on climate be pursued with the aim of achieving com- change extension bined mitigation and adaptation objectives and to maximise on the co-benefits particu- Opportunities for South-south larly for women and youths’ livelihoods. cooperation on climate change How can cooperation with China Building on the success of the previous accelerate project outcome? 5 year project, the outcomes of the COP 21 negotiations, the SDGs and the Sendai Access to sustainable, modern energy ser- Framework for Disaster Risk management vices is key to unlock development poten- (DRM) the UNDP and the Government tials and build resilience to climate change of Zimbabwe works together towards a impacts in rural Zimbabwe. It is energy that transformative climate response trajectory. lights the lamp for adults’ evening education Through the project Supporting Enhanced and children’s homework, provides water to Climate Action (SECA), UNDP and the Gov- dry fields and powers small businesses at ernment of Zimbabwe aims to (i); scale up night. The equipment cooperation with Chi- climate adaptation and mitigation action na will support vulnerable communities to the most vulnerable districts; (ii) support learn about climate change adaptation with low emission development; (iii) support cli- a transformative effect on food security mate and gender sensitive Disaster Risk and livelihoods. Also, the communities will Management planning and implementation, experience the benefits of renewable ener- and (iv) provide capacity for Government gy technologies, which in turn supports the institutions to meet obligations under UN- uptake of these technologies among the FCCC, SE4ALL and Sendai Framework for rural population. DRM. As such, the SECA project serves as

Workshop Participants

Name: Lawrence Mashungu, Climate Change Mitigation Expert, Climate Change Management Department Contact information: Tel: +263 4 701691-2 Cell: +263772429093 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Lawrence Mashungu is a Renewable Energy Expert working in the Ministry of Environ- ment, Water and Climate as a Climate Change Mitigation Expert. He is responsible for

44 implementation of mitigation actions related to Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency including NAMAs, CDMs and LEDS. Prior to this, he worked with Youth Agenda Trust, a youth organization, where he was working as a project coordinator. He has vast experience in youth and community engagement. Fun fact about the participant: Lawrence Mashungu enjoys game viewing and exploring nature and reading scientific journals

Name: Shorai Kavu Principal Energy Development Officer-Ministry of Energy and Power De- velopment, Zimbabwe Contact information: Tel (Office): +26304703320/2 Mobile: ++263778240482 Email: [email protected]/[email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Ms. Shorai Kavu is presently working as a Principal Energy Development Officer in the Ministry of Energy and Power Development, Zimbabwe in the Department of Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy. She is the National Steering Member representing the Ministry in Global Environment Facility Small Grant Programme for Zimbabwe. Prior joining the Department of Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy, she worked as an Energy Development Officer and rose to Principal Energy Development Officer level in the Department of Power Development in the same Ministry. She has participated in various training programs both in home & abroad. Ms. Kavu has visited about 10 countries. Fun fact about the participant: Ms. Shorai likes reading around and acquiring more knowledge

Name: Sidsel Koordt Vognsen, Environment, Climate Change and Energy Program Analyst with the Zimbabwe Country Office, UNDP Contact information: United Nations Development Program Harare, Zimbabwe Tel: +263 0784306228 Email: [email protected] Snapshot of professional career: Ms. Vognsen is the Environment, Climate Change and Energy Program Analyst with UNDP Zimbabwe. She is presently involved in the process of crafting a renewable energy policy as well as other climate change adaptation and mitigation initatives at national and local level in Zimbabwe. Prior to this, Ms. Vognsen worked as International Program Manager with the Danish Youth Council and as a junior advisor with OXFAM-IBIS in Ango- la. Ms. Vognsen holds a MSc in Global Studies from Roskilde University. Fun fact about the participant: Ms. Vognsen does martial arts, enjoys wild life viewing and exploring nature, and is a curious, passionate learner.

45 China’s Urban Climate Change Resilience: Sponge Cities for Flood Prevention and Mitigation Urban Resilience “Urban resilience is a sustainable development priority”, said Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in October 2013, on World Habitat Day[1].With the urban population in Asia and Africa alone is expected to double in 30 years (2000-2030), adding 2 billion [2] more people to cities in these regions, it According to the Asian Development Bank is crucial to strengthen cities’ multi-dimen- (ADB), Urban Climate Change Resilience sional resilience and ability to cope with is defined as “capacity of cities to function, shocks and better manage climate risk, so that the people living and working in cit- disaster risk, economic crises and social ies— particularly the poor and vulnerable— conflict. survive and thrive in the face of shocks and [4] Urban Climate Change Resilience stresses related to climate change” . In urban areas, environmental disturbances There is increasing concern at an inter- resulting from climate change include heat national level to address and combat the waves and heat island effects exacerbated impending implications of climate change by temperature increases, blackouts affect- for urban areas, as urban populations now ed by storms, and floods due to increased exceed rural ones. In developing countries, rainfall. urban centers are more exposed to poten- The concept of the sponge city has tial risks where the majority of urban inhab- emerged in China as a way to address ur- itants are poor or “otherwise vulnerable to [3] ban flooding. A sponge city retains rainwa- climate-related disturbances” . ter for the city’s own use without upgrading or introducing additional storm water or sewer pipeline infrastructure. The stored water can be used to irrigate urban green space, or it can be even purified enough to drink.

46 China’s Challenges, Policies and Nationally, 100 million people are affected Actions on Urban Climate Resilience: by flooding each year, with annual average Flood Prevention and Mitigation in death tolls of about 500 people. Urban ar- Cities eas are more affected than rural areas in terms of economic losses which reached Challenges: Devastating Urban Flooding 374 billion RMB in the year of 2010.[7] “About half of China’s 657 cities are con- As the most populated country in the sidered water scarce or severely water world and one of the largest economies, scarce by UN measures, and another half China’s response to the impending effects [5] fail to reach national standards for flood of climate change has a global impact. prevention. While more than 230 cities The most devastating flood in past three were affected by flooding in 2013, 90% of decades occurred in 1998, affecting 223 older urban areas do not even have basic million people and resulting in direct eco- flood plans”.[8] nomic losses of 166 billion RMB (around 20 billion USD at that time), leading to Policies: Climate Change Adaptation and the introduction of the “Flood Control Law Sponge Cities of the People’s Republic of China”[6]. The Law includes plans for flood control, com- To tackle those challenges, the Chinese bat and protection, management of flood government has developed a strategic control zones and of projects and facilities framework in order to mitigate the negative for flood control, legal and supplementary impacts of climate change. The Nation- provisions. With regards to urban areas, al Development and Reform Commission the Law restricts the blockage of water (NDRC) publishes the White Paper Chi- na’s Policies and Actions for Addressing systems and destruction of flood control [9] facilities, and requires the establishment of Climate Change every year. The 2011 version elaborates the work plan for flood control headquarters and contingency [10] plans. 2011-2016 . The National Plan for Cli- mate Change Adaptation (2014-2020)[11] Northern cites, especially Beijing, have launched in September 2014, emphasizes also experienced flooding in recent years. the urgent need for infrastructure building In 2011, rainstorms affected Beijing’s in- in urban and rural areas, including flood- frastructure system, and a great number water countermeasures and drainage plan- of people working in the Central Business ning to address the heat island effect and District changed their microblog status flooding. In the 2014 Annual Report on to "Welcome to Beijing to see the sea". In China’s Policies and Actions for Addressing 2012, the "7-21" storm in Beijing caused Climate Change[12], infrastructure capacity 78 deaths, affected 160.2 million people, was a major focus, especially the refor- and resulted in direct economic losses of mulation of the regulations on floodwater 11.64 billion RMB. treatment and the norms and standards of drainage system design.

47 The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural costing a total of 5.8 billion RMB including Development (MoHURD) launched the Tech- green roofs, permeable roads and plazas, nical Guidance on Sponge City Construc- sunken green parks and riverside slope tion[13] in October 2014, which includes belts. guidelines on design, construction projects and maintenance and management. It pro- Shanghai, although not on the list of 16 motes Low Impact Development (LID) and demonstration cities, is currently promot- resilient urban development. Sponge cities ing sponge city construction. The project is expected to end in 2020, with the water aim to address urban flooding and drought [16] at the same time, by mitigating drainage penetration rate estimated at 80%. pressure and at the same time storing Conclusion rainwaters for future use. The “sponge” of a city includes adding water systems such Sponge city construction is being intro- as lakes and rivers, and land systems such duced in urban areas prone to flood disas- as grasslands and roads to achieve high ters to mitigate not only flooding, but also levels of permeability in urban areas. These to optimize water usage and tackle drought measures are considered more feasible problems. In addition, green space and than improving drainage capacity by up- green roofs alleviates the heat island effect grading pipelines. The Guidance also points another common problem in high-dense out the responsibility of municipal govern- urban areas. Now this new approach to ur- ments in sponge city planning, and encour- ban design must be integrated with existing ages public private partnerships (PPP) in infrastructure. this regard.

In line with the Technical Guidance, the State Council published the Guidance on Promoting Sponge City Construction[14] in October 2015, setting a goal for the ab- sorption and usage of floodwaters at 70%; goals for sponge city construction at 20% of the built area by 2020, and 80% by 2030. Actions: Sponge City Demonstration Cities As of October 2015, China plans to invest 86.5 billion RMB to build sponge cities across the country. 16 cities have been nominated for pilot projects[15]. The demonstration cities mainly include cities in Southern China such as Chongqing, Kun- ming (Yunnan Province) and Xiamen (Fujian Province). Chongqing has invested 6 billion RMB for a 3-phase project from 2015- 2018, focusing on river area governance, LID construction and green land/parks construction. Kunming plans to build more parks with permeable concrete paving. Xia- men will promote 78 sponge city projects

48 China- Zambia-UNDP Trilateral management capabilities and approach to south-south cooperation. Ghana and Zam- Cooperation on Renewable bia both have a gap in electrification of es- Energy pecially rural areas, whilst these countries have unique insight into local context, in- The Challenge cluding productive uses of energy and experience with past electrification projects that Zambia’s electrification is concentrated in can be shared between the two countries. its capital Lusaka and other large cities. UNDP plays a facilitating, coordinating and Zambia has concentrated its efforts on oversight role between and for the imple- providing electricity to these urban areas menting agencies and contributes with its mainly through Zambia Electricity Supply project management and learning process Corporation (ZESCO), its state owned Pow- tools. er Company. Lusaka, enjoys approximately 80% electrification, with other large cities Achievements having electrification rates of less than 50%. Most of rural Zambia, however, is 1.Strengthen the enabling environment not connected to the national grid and for the transfer and use of priority re- hence only 3% of the rural population has newable technologies in Zambia access to electricity 2.Remove market barriers to the adop- Zambia has the second largest potential for tion of renewable technologies for the solar power in the world, currently virtually rural poor in Zambia unused, and an abundance of rivers and 3.Invigorate the Chinese capacity for water resources in rural areas. Building on South – South Cooperation on renew- this potential, solar- and hydro power are able energies identified as the most appropriate renewable energy technologies for Zambia The Response Through the pilot project, UNDP together with the national counterparts aim at showing concrete solutions for rural electrification in Zambia through technology transfer and South-South Cooperation. The project will involve a wide range of stakeholders, from the private sector to research institutions, and create communities of practice in the sphere of renewable energy in Zambia and China that will facilitate project implementation and continued cooperation beyond the project. The enhanced effort, represented by this programme, to implement renewable, off- grid energy solutions will be a significant contribution to achieving Zambia’s goal of 50% electrification of rural households by 2030. The response builds firmly on a trilateral setup where all parties play an active role and draw learning from the cooperation. China has concrete experience and technical knowledge in the renewable energy sector, whilst they need to build project

49 Climate Public Expenditure and 4.The fourth step was to examine les- sons from similar reviews for other Institutional Review (CPEIR) in countries and make policy recommen- China dations. The Challenge Achievements Like many countries in the world, China is CPEIRs have already been published for grappling with how to deliver the transition other countries, which use a particular to a sustainable, low carbon economy. This methodology developed by UNDP. Since transition requires a shift in its develop- 2011, 19 CPEIRs or similar studies have ment model, policies and regulations, which been executed. in turn require substantive changes in the RIFS and UNDP plan to conduct further public and private financing system. Invest- analysis in these areas in the future, so ment needs across key green sectors in that the Chinese government can ensure China will be approximately RMB 2.9 trillion its public financial resources are well esti- per year from 2015 to 2020 (USD 460 mated and tracked, and spent as effectively billion). and efficiently as possible now and over the The Response coming years. This will be critical, especially as China continues its progress towards Against this backdrop, UNDP initiated a peaking greenhouse gas emissions and Climate Public Expenditure and Institution- sustainable development. al Review (CPEIR) in partnership with the Research Institute for Fiscal Science (RIFS) under the Chinese Ministry of Finance (MOF). The aim of the China CPEIR is to assist the Government of China in strengthening its understanding of public climate expenditure patterns and, eventually, to ensure climate change priorities are being delivered effectively and efficiently through China’s budget formulation and implementation process. Steps in doing so include: 1.The first step was to examine China’s climate change related policies, institutional arrangements, and budgeting framework. 2.The second step was to examine Chi- na’s central and local government’s “direct” financing of policies and programmes for energy conservation and environmental protection. 3.The third step was taken to examine another 800 items on the Chinese central government budget that were deemed to be “climate relevant” - divid- ing them into high, medium, low, or no climate-relevance.

50 The China Sustainable Cities (3) Special topic discussion. The special topic discussion is a new feature of this re- Report: Measuring Ecological port and will be gradually expanded in the and Human Development future to form the “theory + empirical study + topic” three part structure of the report. The Challenge Achievements China’s population became majority urban in 2011. As of January 2015, the urban This report creatively explores how to solve population of China was 749 million with an the urban development challenges fac- estimated 18 million people having moved ing China by evaluating 35 Chinese cities to cities in 2014. The urban population performance based on 2 indices - human now stands at 55% of the total population, development and ecological input, includ- while the government is aiming to have ing natural resource use and pollution dis- 60% of China living in cities by 2020. charge. Its research establishes models It is crucial for China’s sustainable future and methods for the evaluation of urban that these cities be green, inclusive, and sustainable development based on The Chi- developed in such a way that supports hu- na Sustainable Cities Index, a quantitative man flourishing. and objective evaluation system to assist cities in assessing their sustainability per- The Response formance, based on UNDP’s Human Devel- opment Index (HDI), which has been applied Recognizing the vital role that Chinese cit- to countries world-wide since 1990. Here ies play in China’s sustainable development, it has been deployed at city level alongside UNDP China in partnership with the School the Urban Ecological Input Index (UEII). of Economics and Management, Tongji Uni- versity, Shanghai and Oriental Outlook Mag- azine of the Xinhua News Agency launched the Sustainable Cities Initiative to promote urban sustainable development. This Re- port is the first major output of this initiative. The research and new developments in the report are summarized and abstracted as follows. (1) Theoretical framework. The research establishes models and methods for the evaluation of urban sustainable development based on the theory of two hemi- spheres: one, of human development and two, of environmental and natural resource use. (2) Empirical findings. Beginning 2015, we have concentrated research on 35 large and medium sized cities in China (provincial capitals and deputy provincial capitals, ex- cluding Lhasa), with the goal of developing a long-term study that will allow for com- parison over time and between China and other countries.

51 Barrier Removal to the Cost- Achievements Effective Development and The BRESL project was rolled out in China, Implementation of Energy Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, Thailand and Vietnam, focusing on seven product Efficiency (BRESL) categories initially - refrigerators, room The Challenge air conditioners, electric motors, ballasts for fluorescent tube lamps (FTLs), electric Electricity use across Asia and China in fans, compact fluorescent lamps and rice particular is growing rapidly, with growth cookers. In China, four of these (CFL, rice rates over the period 1999-2004 ranging cookers, fans, and motors) are now sub- from 4.9%-12.3% annually. This expansion ject to internationally harmonised Energy in demand has placed significant strain Efficiency Standards. It has also been de- upon China’s electricity network. However, termined that harmonised testing protocols at the project’s outset the business en- are feasible for every category expect for vironment in China was not conducive to FTL ballasts. easy expansion of energy supplies. Mount- The project has also led to the adoption of ing pressure on electricity investment may a new and improved appliance and equip- prevent the country from achieving its oth- ment energy efficiency labelling scheme. er developmental goals as supply continues It is hoped that this labelling scheme can to fall short of demand. also be harmonised with international stan- The Response dards, although this has not been accom- plished yet. In response UNDP and the National De- velopment Reform Commission embarked The policy and legislative basis for the En- upon a joint project. It seeks to remove ergy Standards and Labelling programme existing barriers to improvement in China’s in China has been fully implemented and electricity supply and usage. Measures tak- is now operational. This has gone hand in en include: hand with institutional and organisational capacity building, strengthening the proj- 1.Providing support for BRESL countries ect’s implementation and sustainability. to develop legal and regulatory frameworks; 2.Strengthening institutions and developing capacities, including training, regional technical working groups, strengthening China’s testing and cer- tification infrastructure, and improving data collection and reporting; 3.Assisting manufacturers to better understand standards and labels to improve products and profits; 4.nation and information sharing through a regional ES&L website; 5.Undertaking several national level pilot projects to raise consumer awareness about efficient products and increase sales.

52 Poverty alleviation sector: poverty in China: they are largely clustered in remote and isolated rural areas, espe- “Harnessing Big Data for cially in mountainous areas in China’s cen- Human Development” tral and western provinces, and they have been excluded from the fast-paced growth The Challenge of urban areas. Due to its rapid and continuous economic To ensure effective and sustainable poverty development and poverty reduction pro- alleviation, we need to better understand grams over the past three decades, China these diverse experiences. Poverty cannot successfully lifted a total of 700 million be understood simply in terms of income poor rural people from poverty between and consumption: it is a multifaceted reali- 1978 and 2014. This achievement made ty. Since the 1990s, the UNDP has sought China the first developing country in the to better reflect this reality in its Human world to achieve the poverty reduction tar- Development Principle, which encompass- get of the Millennium Development Goals es health, education, access to knowledge (MDGs) and also made a remarkable con- and communications technology, human tribution to global poverty reduction efforts. and political rights, dignity, confidence, and self-respect. Using this comprehensive In 2014, China still had approximately 70 conception of poverty, we can better reflect million people living under the poverty line the lived experience of poverty and identify of 2,800 RMB annual net income per capi- its root causes to target areas of greatest ta. In September 2015, the 193 UN mem- need. ber states adopted the UN 2030 Sustain- able Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs take eliminating poverty as their primary goal and call for an end to poverty in all its forms everywhere by 2030. Echoing this, at the 2015 Global Poverty Reduction and Development Forum, Chinese President Xi Jinping stated that China will intensify its poverty reduction efforts and lift all 70 million remaining poor out of poverty by 2020. This commitment has been reinforced and elaborated through China’s 13th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social De- velopment (2016-2020), which undertakes to eradicate poverty in China by 2020. Achievements With a better understanding of poverty comes a need for better measurement of poverty. Armed with a multidimension- al view of poverty, our report collates nation-wide data to capture the different facets of life for poor communities. Our findings are summarized in national poverty maps, a poverty dashboard and a Living Standards Index, revealing differences in the causes and experiences of poverty amongst the remaining 70 million poor The Response people in China. In order to achieve this ambitious target, The Living Standards Index is intended to poverty alleviation efforts must be founded supplement existing income-based mea- on a more accurate conception of poverty, sures of poverty. Taken together, these guided by more, and more accurate data. measures can help target poverty allevia- While the 70 million people living in poverty tion. By harnessing the power of big data, in China today face some common disad- we can further understand the sources of vantages, their experiences of poverty are poverty to achieve zero poverty by 2020. diverse. The remaining poor differ from the groups that have already been lifted out of

53 Sector Plan For Phase-Out 2.Technical assistance and training to beneficiary enterprises for effective im- Of Hcfcs In The Icr Sector In plementation of phase-out activities. China Stage-I (For 2013 And 3.Awareness increase and communi- 2015 Compliance) cations for participation and support from all the stakeholders for the tar- The Challenge gets achievement at sector level and China ratified the Montreal Protocol on at national level. Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) in 1991 Achievements and in doing so committed to comply with ODS phase out targets. The XIXth Meeting This sector plan is on track to meet the of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in phase-out target of 7,971 metric tonnes September 2007 adopted an accelerated (439 ODP tonnes) of HCFC consumption to phase-out schedule for HCFCs, for their contribute to China’s compliance with the Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP) and Global 2013 and 2015 control targets, equalling Warming Potential (GWP). to an emissions reduction of 7.66 million tonnes of CO2 annually. China’s Industrial and Commercial Refrig- eration and Air-conditioning (ICR) Sector At present the project has identified 17 is one of seven HCFCs consuming/ pro- large enterprises in six sub-sectors in ducing sectors in the country, consuming which to begin the phase-out activities. over 40,000 metric tonnes from 2009- Four enterprises have already signed con- 2010. The sector contributes about 20 tracts with the project, creating a cumula- billion USD to the economy and employs tive total phase-out amount of over 3,000 over 100,000 people in over 1,000 enter- metric tonnes already, representing 80% prises. This sector also has a large variety of the phase-out amount needed to achieve of products and applications, categorised the 2013 freeze target in the sector. into nine sub-sectors, meaning a careful approach to HCFC reduction is required. A policy for a quota system control HCFC consumption by enterprises in the sector will be issued in June 2013, initially fo- cussing on the enterprises with an annual HCFC consumption of more than 100 metric tonnes. The stakeholders in HCFC solvent production, sales, consumption and local government administration have been well informed as to the nature of the HCFC The Response phase out strategic plan at both sector and national level through stakeholder meetings To comply with the 2013 and 2015 tar- organised by the project. Moreover, the gets, the ICR sector plan project will potential beneficiary enterprises who con- phase out 7,971 metric tonnes (439 ODP sume HCFC have received particular train- tonnes) of HCFC consumption. The project ing to supply them with more knowledge intervention strategy includes: on how to participate in and successfully 1.Financial and technical investment in implement the phase-out scheme. the conversion of production lines at about 55 enterprises in all sub-sectors development and implementation of policies and regulations for ensuring sustainable phase-out and compliance.

54 Environmentally Sound tive, the project will address the POPs/PTS release sensitive e-waste stream in the Management Throughout recycling, dismantling, treatment and final the Life Cycle of Electronic disposal processes of Waste Electrical and Equipment and Associated Electronic Equipment (WEEE). Wastes The overall result of the project will be a Chinese domestic WEEE management sys- The Challenge tem financed by a robust sustainable EPR mechanism and operating with BAT/BEP. China is considered the world’s largest This system will effectively maximizes the current processor of e-waste derived from resource recovery potential available while Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment eliminating the major environmental releas- (WEEE) recycling, accounting for approx- es, particularly POPs releases currently at- imately 70% of global generation. WEEE tributed to WEEE processing by 2015. production in China reached 3.5 million tons in 2011 and the number is expected Achievements to soar as the result of economic growth. Currently the majority of WEEE and e-waste The project has utilized internationally component has been collected and pro- benchmarked regulations and technical cessed primarily by the informal resource standards to develop and improve an ef- recovery and recycling sector that typically fective EPR system for WEEE with adaption utilizes crude, polluting technologies. This to the situation in China, on the basis on a has resulted in the sector being associated comprehensive legal and regulatory frame- with a range of serious environmental and work. health impacts including significant Per- National technical standards have been ad- sistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Per- opted and implemented for effective WEEE sistent Toxic Substances (PTS) release, and management, particularly on POPs contain- further contributes to air, land and water ing and releasing waste streams. contamination. The volume of WEEE collected and pro- cessed by the formal sector has increased by 50% and the informal sector has moved towards a more organized and environmentally sounds structure, through targeted economic incentives and development of large formal WEEE processing facilities and an associated collection system. Three types of WEEE collection and recycling were demonstrated and successfully completed at three selected locations. Public awareness and capacity-building The Response activities have also been conducted to promote implementation of national EPR The proposed project is designed to help system and solicit public participation, es- China fulfil the requirement of the Stock- pecially in relation to support for voluntary holm Convention and support the input of collection and early replacement. international experience and best practice into China’s aggressive policy efforts. Fur- thermore, the project aims to address this significant issue through development and implementation of an Extended Produc- er Responsibility (EPR) based system for WEEE generally. Consistent with this objec-

55 References A Brief History of China’s South-South Cooperation on Climate Change [1] United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation, available at: http://ssc.undp. org/content/ssc/about.html [2] Both white papers cover only aid figures from the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) and concessional loans from the Export-Import Bank of China, and exclude official aid flows from other Ministries (UNDP 2014). [3] China’s African Policy. January 2006. Available at: http://en.people. cn/200601/12/eng20060112_234894.html. [4] China’s Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change. Available at: http:// www.ccchina.gov.cn/WebSite/CCChina/UpFile/File419.pdf. [5] The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation is a platform established by China in collaboration with African countries in 2000 for collective consultation and dialogue on political, economic and sociocultural cooperation. FOCAC ministerial meetings take place every three years. [6] Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Sharm El Sheikh Action Plan. Available at: http:// www.focac.org/eng/ltda/dsjbzjhy/hywj/t626387.htm [7] China’s Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change. Available at: http:// www.ccchina.gov.cn/WebSite/CCChina/UpFile/File571.pdf. Bangladesh 1.Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) Version 2.0. (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2014)”. World Resources Institute 2.‘Block budgetary allocation’ of $ 100 million each year for three years (FY2009-10 to FY2011-12) and 50 million in FY2012-13. 3.Climate fund includes: BCCTF $350 million+ BCCRF $190 million +PPCR 110 million+ PPCR co-finance $572+CDMP-II$78 million = $1300 million. 4.Ministry of Environment and Forests (2009) Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Ac- tion Plan. Jamaica 1.Economic and Social Survey Jamaica 2015 2.Climate Change Policy Framework for Jamaica 3.Economic and Social Survey Jamaica 6.Vision 2030 is Jamaica’s long term national development plan aimed at putting the country in a position to achieve developed country status by 2030 5.The Climate Change Division is under the Ministry of Economic Growth and Job Cre- ation. China’s Urban Climate Change Resilience: Sponge Cities for Flood Prevention and Mitigation [1] The United Nations. Remarks at World Habitat Day event: “Resilient Design for Sus- tainable Urbanization”. Available at: http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocus/sgspeech- es/statments_full.asp?statID=2018#.Vh3AVvmqpHw [2] World Bank. Urban Development: Sector Results Profile. Available at: http://www. worldbank.org/en/results/2013/04/14/urban-development-results-profile [3] Marcus Moench, Stephen Tyler. (2012). A Framework for Urban Climate Resilience. Climate and Development. 4:4. [4] Asian Development Bank. Urban Climate Change Resilience – A Synopsis. Available at: http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/149164/urban-climate-change-resilience-synopsis.pdf [5] King et al. (2012). The Response of China, India, and Brazil to Climate Change: a perspective for South Africa. Centre for Development and Enterprise (CDE). [6] Flood Control Law of the People’s Republic of China. Available at: http://www.npc. gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/11/content_1383581.htm [7] Zhenqiang Xu. (2015). Policy Evolution and Local Practice of Sponge Cities with Chi- nese Characteristics. Shanghai Urban Management, (01): 49-54. [8] Mark Harris. (2015, October 1). China’s sponge cities: soaking up water to reduce flood risks. The Guardian. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/oct/01/china-sponge-cities-los-angeles-water-urban-design-drought-floods-urbanisation-rooftop-gardens [9] China’s Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change. Available at: http:// www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-10/29/content_1134378.htm [10] China’s Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change (2011). Available at: http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2011-11/22/content_2000047.htm [11] National Plan for Climate Change Adaptation (2014-2020). Available at: http:// www.sdpc.gov.cn/gzdt/201411/W020141104591413713551.pdf [12] 2014 annual report on China’s Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change. Available at: http://www.ccchina.gov.cn/archiver/ccchinacn/UpFile/Files/De- fault/20141126133431386711.pdf [13] Technical Guidance on Sponge City Construction. Available at: http://www.mohurd. gov.cn/wjfb/201411/W020141102041225.pdf [14] Guidance on Promoting Sponge City Construction. Available at: http://www.gov.cn/ zhengce/content/2015-10/16/content_10228.htm [15] China Plans to Invest 86.5 Billion Yuan to Build 16 Demonstration Sponge Cities. Available at: http://finance.sina.com.cn/china/20151009/201923432531.shtml [16] Shanghai promotes the construction of sponge city. Available at: http://huanbao. bjx.com.cn/news/20151023/674581.shtml