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Home , Alprenolol, Andexanet alfa, Axelopran, Azimilide, Betahistine, Butyrophenone

INDEX

Figures and tables are indicated by “f” and “t” following page numbers.

AAD. See Antibiotic-associated diarrhea delirium and, 326t morbidity and mortality for, 956 AAN (American Academy of Neurology), 264–265 hirsutism and, 194, 195t, 199t overview, 955 Abacavir neutropenia/ and, 1089t patient education on, 957 acidosis and, 1003t ototoxicity and, 1234t prevention of, 956–957 allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 75t, and, 281t risk factors for, 956 88, 112 photosensitivity and, 144t Acute kidney injury (AKI), 941–960 anxiety and, 400t, 403 tardive dyskinesia and, 265 acute interstitial nephritis, 955–957 cutaneous diseases and, 111t, 113t taste disorders and, 1259t, 1261t acute tubular necrosis, 949–955 genetic variability and, 16t visual disturbances and, 296t community-acquired, 941–942, 944 genetic variations affecting, 36t Acetohydroxamic acid, 1066t, 1070t defined, 941 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 690 glomerulonephritis, 958–960 human leukocyte antigen and, 37, 38 cognitive disorders and, 359, 360 hemodynamic-mediated, 942–949 malignant hyperthermia and, 1186 delirium and, 329 hospital-acquired, 941–942 myocardial /acute coronary syndromes myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes nephrolithiasis, 957–958 and, 472t and, 473t Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 1283, 1286, nausea/ and, 909t and, 1153 1291 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t and, 418 Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 1283–1287, oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t sexual dysfunction and, 766 1289–1292 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1127 in sleep cycles, 349 Acute tubular necrosis (ATN), 949–955 ototoxicity and, 1234t Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 335 causative agents of, 943t, 949–950 pharmacogenomic tests for, 35 , 440, 1243 clinical presentation of, 946t, 951 Abatacept, 1270t Acetyl-L-carnitine, 286, 287t, 288 differential diagnosis of, 951 Abciximab, 238t, 239, 1029t, 1050t, 1052t, 1053 Acetylsalicylic acid. See epidemiology of, 950 Abiraterone, 698t, 836t Acid–base disorders. See Acidosis; Alkalosis management of, 955 Absolute neutrophil count (ANC), 1087, 1092, 1094, Acidosis, 1001–1011 mechanisms of, 950–951 1096 anion gap metabolic, 1002t, 1004t, 1007t morbidity and mortality for, 952 ABVD regimen, 1285, 1286, 1291 causative agents of, 1001, 1002–1003t patient education on, 955 clinical presentation of, 1005–1007, 1006t prevention of, 952–955 alopecia and, 168t differential diagnosis of, 1006, 1007t risk factors for, 951–952 and, 632t, 638t epidemiology of, 1001 Acyclovir, 168t, 196t, 944–945t, 957, 967, 1188t, photosensitivity and, 144t ketoacidosis, 1002t, 1004t 1191, 1295 sinus /atrioventricular block and, 577t lactic, 1002t, 1004, 1004t, 1007–1008, 1010–1011 Adalimumab systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 128t, management of, 1008–1011, 1009f, 1010t, 1011f alopecia and, 173t 132 mechanisms of, 1001, 1004–1005, 1004t and, 383 ACE inhibitors. See Angiotensin-converting enzyme morbidity and mortality for, 1007 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t inhibitors patient education on, 1011 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, Acenocoumarol, 1029t prevention of, 1007–1008, 1008t 433t Acetaminophen renal tubular, 1003–1004t, 1004, 1006, 1010, 1011f oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t acidosis and, 1002t respiratory, 1001, 1003–1004t, 1005–1007, oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t, 453, 455t, 461 1007–1008t, 1010–1011 serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t chronic kidney disease and, 968–970, 973, 976 risk factors for, 1007, 1008t sexual dysfunction and, 761t cutaneous diseases and, 101, 102–103t Acitretin, 166, 173t, 791, 1273 skin cancer and, 1297 drug interactions with, 39 Acne, 102t, 105, 107t, 108, 114, 114t, 384 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t hemolytic anemia and, 1105t ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and thyroid diseases and, 698–699t, 701t, 710 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t, 853, 856, Gynecologists), 626, 1302, 1303 valvular/pericardial disease and, 660t, 662 864–866 Aconite, 573t visual disturbances and, 296t hypothermia and, 1216 Aconite alkaloids, 524–525t, 525 Addison disease, 734–735 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes ACTH. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone Adefovir, 966, 966t, 970t, 1003t, 1050t and, 489 Actinomycin, 847t, 907t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t Activated charcoal, 245, 580, 587–588, 701t, 1039 acute kidney injury and, 951, 953 oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t Acute akathisia. See Akathisia atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 581, 582–583t, ototoxicity and, 1233, 1234–1235t Acute coronary syndromes. See Myocardial 583–586, 585t pancreatitis and, 878t, 881 ischemia/acute coronary syndromes atrial and, 591 peripheral neuropathy and, 288 Acute . See Dystonia AV node re-entrant tachycardia and, 594 smoking and, 32 Acute , 232, 240 hypotension and, 644 teratogenicity of, 1321, 1326 Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), 955–957 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, thrombocytopenia and, 1050t, 1052t causative agents of, 943t, 956 524–525t, 525–526 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 797 clinical presentation of, 946t, 956 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Acetate, 1013–1014t differential diagnosis of, 956 and, 472t, 477t, 479 Acetazolamide epidemiology of, 956 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, acidosis and, 1003t management of, 957 570t, 573t, 577–579 aplastic anemia and, 1100t mechanisms of, 945t, 956 structural similarities with hydralazine, 127

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ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder) differential diagnosis of, 257, 257t Alendronate agents, 219t, 221–222, 401 epidemiology of, 254–255 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 581, 582t, 584 Adjuvant , 1167–1169t, 1172, 1173t management of, 258–259, 259t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t Adolescents. See Pediatric patients mechanisms of, 255–256, 256t osteonecrosis of jaw and, 1274t Ado-trastuzumab, 169t, 836t morbidity and mortality for, 258 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1129t, 1130 Adrenal diseases. See Hypothalamic, pituitary, and overview, 253–254 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 812–814, adrenal diseases patient education on, 259 816, 818 β-receptor blockers. See β-adrenergic prevention of, 258, 258t visual disturbances and, 296t receptor blockers (β-blockers) risk factors for, 258, 258t Alfalfa, 144t Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) AKI. See Acute kidney injury , 906t Cushing syndrome and, 731t, 732 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), 859, 862, 868, , 296t, 472t, 632t, 639t, 1050t, 1234t cutaneous diseases and, 108 1058 Aliskiren, 633t, 638t, 942 hirsutism and, 194, 195t, 199t Albiglutide, 879t , 144t hypersensitivity reactions to, 77t Albumin, 364, 784, 787, 868–871, 1242 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 859, 862 pancreatitis and, 882 Albuterol Alkalosis, 1012–1018 primary adrenal insufficiency and, 735 acidosis and, 1002t causative agents of, 1012, 1013t secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 735, 741 anxiety and, 404 clinical presentation of, 1014–1015, 1015t stimulation test for, 738 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t, 584 differential diagnosis of, 1015, 1016t synthesis of, 729 atrial tachycardia and, 588–589t, 589 epidemiology of, 1012 Adverse drug reactions (ADRs). See also Drug- AV node re-entrant tachycardia and, 592–594, management of, 1016–1017, 1018f, 1018t induced diseases 592–594t mechanisms of, 1012–1014, 1014t allergies. See Drug allergies myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes morbidity and mortality for, 1015–1016 categorization of, 23, 59–60 and, 473t patient education on, 1017 causality/correlation in, 23 psychosis and, 416t, 418t respiratory, 1012–1017, 1013–1016t differential diagnosis of, 51, 63–65 teratogenicity of, 1320 risk factors for, 1015, 1017t documentation of, 65–66 visual disturbances and, 296t Alkylating agents drug–drug interactions, 38–40, 39t use chemotherapy-induced anemia and, 1101t, 1109, food–drug interactions, 40–41 anxiety and, 409 1109t gender differences in, 31–32 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 581, 582–583t, infertility and, 783t, 786t, 800 hospital admissions due to, 28 584–586, 585–586t leukemia and, 1284, 1289, 1290 hypersensitivity. See Drug hypersensitivity Brugada syndrome and, 547, 547t, 549 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087, 1091 reactions (DHRs) cognitive disorders and, 362 sexual dysfunction and, 767, 770 manifestations of, 19 delirium and, 326t, 330, 337 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t in histories, 60, 62 diarrhea and, 825, 827 ALL (acute lymphoblastic leukemia), 1283, 1286, mortality associated with, 29 duration of detection in urine, 420t 1291 Naranjo Scale for, 64, 65, 65t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1139, 1146 Allergic-mediated blood disorders, 75t, 80, 83–84, in new drug approval process, 48 and, 516 83t 9 points of consideration for, 63–64 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 864 Allergic reactions. See Drug allergies postmarketing surveillance for. See Postmarketing hyperprolactinemia and, 744t Allodynia, 1141 surveillance hypertrichosis and, 197t Allopurinol prevalence of, 4 hypotension and, 643, 648 acute kidney injury and, 943–944t, 957 probability ratings for, 64, 64–65t, 65 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238–240, 238t, allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 74–75t, quantitative impact of, 23 240t, 244t 85, 88, 109–110 reporting systems for, 24, 49–56, 66–67 macrocytic anemia and, 1107, 1108 alopecia and, 171t risk-benefit balance of, 20 in medication histories, 60 cutaneous diseases and, 101, 102–103t, 111, 111t, teratogens and. See Teratogenicity nausea/vomiting and, 915 113t WHO–UMC system for, 64, 64t, 65 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1125, 1126, 1128, drug fever and, 1188t, 1191 Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS), 4, 6, 24, 1130 genetic variations affecting, 36t 31, 381, 882 pancreatitis and, 887, 890, 892 gout/hyperuricemia and, 1136–1137, 1136t, 1144, Adverse events, defined, 66. See also Adverse drug peripheral neuropathy and, 281t, 285 1145 reactions (ADRs) psychosis and, 417t, 423 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t AEDs. See Antiepileptic drugs as risk factor for drug-induced diseases, 33 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes AERD (aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease), sexual dysfunction and, 771, 772, 798 and, 473t 453, 455, 457–463 sleep disorders and, 349–350t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t AERS. See Adverse Event Reporting System and, 230–231t, 232, 233, 235t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266, 1266t Afatinib, 169t teratogenicity and, 1311, 1316, 1318, 1321, 1327, oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270, 1270t Aflatoxin, 849t 1331–1333 peripheral neuropathy and, 281t Ageusia, 1258 withdrawal treatment protocols, 424t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t Aging populations. See Elderly populations Aldesleukin, 698t, 907t, 1065t, 1067, 1069t taste disorders and, 1259t, 1261t Agranulocytosis. See Neutropenia and Aldosterone visual disturbances and, 296t, 316 agranulocytosis acidosis and, 1003t Allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome, 109–110 AHA. See American Heart Association alcohol use and, 232 Allyl compounds, 849t AHS ( hypersensitivity syndrome), alkalosis and, 1012–1013 Aloe vera, 698t, 850t, 1273 87, 95, 109 function of, 729 Alogliptin, 506, 509, 879t, 884 AIA. See Aspirin-induced asthma hypertension and, 620 Alopecia, 165–193. See also Alopecia areata AIDS. See HIV/AIDS hypoaldosteronism/hyperaldosteronism, 751 androgenetic, 165, 176, 180, 181–182t, 183–186, AIN. See Acute interstitial nephritis hypotension and, 637 184t , 547t, 548, 847t primary adrenal insufficiency and, 734 causative agents of, 166–177, 167–174t Akathisia (acute and tardive), 254–259 Alectinib, 144t clinical presentation of, 165, 176f, 180–183, causative agents of, 254, 255t, 405 Alemtuzumab, 7t, 169t, 172t, 698–699t, 701t, 710, 181–182t clinical presentation of, 256–258, 257t 715, 983t, 1193t differential diagnosis of, 183, 184t

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epidemiology of, 177–178 Amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, 793–795 management of, 186–192, 187–189t causative agents of, 782t, 793 alopecia and, 167t mechanisms of, 178–180, 179–180t clinical presentation of, 787t, 793 asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t morbidity and mortality for, 185 differential diagnosis of, 788t, 793–794 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582–583t, patient education on, 192–193 epidemiology of, 793 583–587, 585t, 587t prevention of, 185–186, 185t management of, 790t, 794 atrial tachycardia and, 590, 591 psoriatic, 179t, 180 mechanisms of, 785t, 793 bleeding disorders and, 1031 risk factors for, 183–184, 184t morbidity and mortality for, 794 Brugada syndrome and, 549 scarring, 174, 177, 179t, 184t patient education on, 794–795 cognitive disorders and, 358t traction, 183, 184t prevention of, 789t, 794 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1253, trichotillomania and, 183, 184t risk factors for, 788t, 794 1254–1255t Alopecia areata American Academy of Neurology (AAN), 264–265 delirium and, 326t clinical presentation of, 180, 181–182t, 183 American Cancer Society, 929, 1286, 1298, 1300, depression and, 385 defined, 166 1302, 1303 diabetes insipidus and, 991t differential diagnosis of, 184t American College of Obstetricians and drug interactions with, 38 management of, 187–188t, 191, 192 Gynecologists (ACOG), 626, 1302, 1303 heart failure and, 507, 511, 513 mechanisms of, 178, 179t, 180 American Diabetes Association, 506, 513, 689, 1174 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t, 861t, 864 , 7t, 39t, 836t American Heart Association (AHA) hypotension and, 634t, 640t, 645t ALP (alkaline phosphatase), 859, 862 blood pressure classification guidelines from, interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, Alpha lipoic acid, 1262 618–619, 619t 432t, 435t, 436–441 α1-proteinase inhibitor, 7t on -induced chest pain, 488 iodine content of, 706t α-adrenergic , 633t, 645t, 646, 747, 759t on glitazone use, 506, 513 malignant hyperthermia and, 1213 α-adrenergic antagonists, 748t, 759–761t, 764–765t, on musculoskeletal pain, 489 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 523, 766 on NSAID use, 476 524–525t, 530 α-glucosidase inhibitors, 515, 822–823t on phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and nitrate myopathy and, 1150t, 1151, 1155 α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, 1242t therapy, 484 ototoxicity and, 1234t

α1-antagonists, 502t on risk factors for acute coronary syndrome, 479 pancreatitis and, 878t, 885

α1-receptor inhibitors, 488 on stepped-care approach, 231 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t α-receptor agonists, 452t, 620t, 621, 625t, 626, 627 on stroke risk factors, 234 photosensitivity and, 144t, 152, 154, 155 5-α reductase inhibitors, 188t, 190, 193, 206t, on thiazolidinedione use, 476 sexual dysfunction and, 759t 207, 382, 758–760t, 763–764t American Psychiatric Association, 264, 336, 1174 SIADH and, 981, 983t α-tocopherol, 868, 1242t, 1243 Amifostine sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and,

α2- agonists, 647 acute kidney injury and, 954–955 570t, 572, 573t, 577

α2-adrenergic receptor antagonists, 647 heart failure and, 515 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t

α2-agonists, 348t, 350t hypotension and, 635t, 640t, 641–642, 645t thrombocytopenia and, 1050t, 1052t

α2-reductase inhibitors, 205 nausea/vomiting and, 907t thyroid diseases and, 698–699t, 701t, 704–705, Alprazolam, 144t, 327t, 329t, 368, 380, 407, 1259t ototoxicity and, 1242t 708, 710, 713–716 , 1050t peripheral neuropathy and, 287t torsades de pointes and, 532t, 540t, 541 Alprostadil, 761t, 765t Amikacin, 1234t, 1241 visual disturbances and, 295, 296t, 313, 315–317 ALT (alanine aminotransferase), 859, 862, 868, , 633t, 638t, 993, 993t, 1003t , 533t, 539t, 570t, 577t 1058 ε-aminocaproic acid, 221 Alteplase, 662, 663t, 664, 1029t Aminocaproic acid akathisia and, 259 , 169t, 907t heart failure and, 502t, 509 alopecia and, 172t Aluminum-containing antacids, 835, 1151 myopathy and, 1150t, 1152, 1152t, 1156 Brugada syndrome and, 547t Aluminum hydroxide, 701t, 1013–1014t ototoxicity and, 1234t cognitive disorders and, 365 Aluminum- hydroxide, 1262 thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1067, delirium and, 326t, 329t Alverine, 850t 1068t drug fever and, 1188t , 7t, 840, 840t, 841 Aminoglutethimide heart failure and, 504t, 510t Alzheimer disease agents, 633t alopecia and, 173t, 179t hyperprolactinemia and, 743t Amanitin, 849t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t hypotension and, 634t, 639t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t ototoxicity and, 1234t akathisia and, 259 SIADH and, 983t peripheral neuropathy and, 288 delirium and, 327t, 329t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t photosensitivity and, 144t depression and, 390 thrombocytopenia and, 1050t syndrome and, 1203–1204t drug interactions with, 40 Aminoglycosides SIADH and, 982t dystonia and, 270 acidosis and, 1003t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, heart failure and, 502t, 509 acute kidney injury and, 943t, 945t, 949–953, 573t, 578t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t 955 torsades de pointes and, 533t, 540t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1196, 1200, alkalosis and, 1013–1014t weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1170 1200t chronic kidney disease and, 965 AML (acute myeloid leukemia), 1283–1287, 1289–1292 parkinsonism and, 273 delirium and, 328t photosensitivity and, 144t diarrhea and, 823t asthma/bronchospasm and, 463 psychosis and, 416t, 418t drug fever and, 1187 gingival hyperplasia and, 1263, 1263t serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t drug interactions with, 38 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 688 SIADH and, 983t ototoxicity and, 1233, 1239, 1239t, 1241–1243 heart failure and, 505, 510, 515 sleep disorders and, 348t , 144t hypotension and, 632t, 639t tardive dyskinesia and, 264 Aminopenicillins, 87, 90, 101, 103t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t torsades de pointes and, 533t, 539t Aminophylline, 218t, 953, 1234t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t visual disturbances and, 296t , 1324–1325 ototoxicity and, 1234t weight gain and, 1175 Aminosalicylate sodium, 1270t photosensitivity and, 144t Ambrisentan, 7t Aminosalicylic acids, 943t, 1050t taste disorders and, 1259t

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Amoxapine ototoxicity and, 1234t Anemia, 1099–1111 akathisia and, 255–256t, 258t pancreatitis and, 878t, 882 aplastic, 1100–1104 alopecia and, 172t thrombocytopenia and, 1050t chemotherapy-induced, 1109–1111 depression and, 392 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809 defined, 1099 dystonia and, 269t Ampicillin–clavulanate, 1276 hemolytic, 83–84, 86, 1104–1107 hyperprolactinemia and, 743t Amprenavir, 92 macrocytic, 1107–1109 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t , 169t, 847t microcytic, 1102t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t Amygdalin, 1002t normocytic, 1102t parkinsonism and, 271t, 273t Amylin analogs, 1175t overview, 1099–1100 seizures and, 221 Amyl nitrate, 634t, 640t Anencephaly, 1327–1329, 1328f SIADH and, 982t ANA (antinuclear antibody test), 130–135 Anesthetics tardive dyskinesia and, 260t, 264t Anabolic steroids acidosis and, 1003t alopecia and, 167t, 176, 179t, 180 alopecia and, 179t cutaneous diseases and, 111t anxiety and, 400t, 402 cognitive disorders and, 359t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t cutaneous diseases and, 108 general, 850t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes hirsutism and, 198, 199t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 864 and, 472t hypertrichosis and, 198 hypotension and, 634t serum sickness-like reactions and, 1192, 1193t, 1194 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes hypothermia and, 1215 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 130 and, 473t inhaled. See Inhaled anesthetics torsades de pointes and, 542 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1129t intravenous, 907t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809 psychosis and, 415, 416t, 418t local, 530, 1262, 1314 Amoxicillin–clavulanate, 37, 846t, 861t, 1188t sexual dysfunction and, 758t, 762–763t, 765t malignant hyperthermia and, 1209–1210, 1209t, Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, 1259t, 1266t Anagen effluvium, 176, 178–183, 179t, 181–182t, 1212–1214 aspartate, 167t 184t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Amphetamine derivatives, 748t , 144t, 432t, 502t, 510t, 1026t, 1029t and, 472t Analgesic nephropathy, 965, 966t, 968–970, 970t, nausea/vomiting and, 906–907t, 911t, 913–914, alkalosis and, 1013–1014t 972–976, 974t 921, 923 alopecia and, 167t, 179t Analgesics ototoxicity and, 1243 anxiety and, 400t, 401, 405t, 409 acute kidney injury and, 958 seizures and, 218t, 220, 226 drug fever and, 1188t for withdrawal, 411 spinal, 911t, 914 duration of detection in urine, 420t chronic kidney disease and, 965, 966t, 968–970, taste disorders and, 1262 growth hormone deficiency and, 748 970t, 972–976, 974t topical, 818 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t pectoris, 471, 474–475, 480–485, 481t, 487t, hypertension and, 618t, 620t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes 488–489 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 240t and, 472t, 486, 487t, 489 Angioedema, 32, 72–73t, 77–83, 83–84t, 87, 96–98, myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes . See Opioid analgesics 99t and, 473t, 477t ovarian hyperstimulation and, 789, 790t Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors psychosis and, 415, 416t, 418t peripheral neuropathy and, 288 acidosis and, 1003t as risk factor for drug-induced diseases, 33 seizures and, 218t, 220 acute kidney injury and, 942, 943t, 944–949, 945t, seizures and, 219 thrombocytopenia and, 1049 952, 953 sexual dysfunction and, 783t, 786t visual disturbances and, 313 alopecia and, 167t, 179t stroke and, 230–231t, 232 Analogies, in epidemiology, 23 anxiety and, 403 taste disorders and, 1259t, 1261t Anaphylaxis asthma/bronchospasm and, 451, 452t, 455t, teratogenicity of, 1321 causative agents, 72–73t, 95–96 457–458t, 457–464, 461t thyroid diseases and, 701t clinical presentation of, 82–83, 83t chronic kidney disease and, 975–976 visual disturbances and, 296t differential diagnosis of, 84t comorbidity and, 34 Amphotericin, 472t, 846t epidemiology of, 76–77 cutaneous diseases and, 103t, 109 Amphotericin B hospital admissions due to, 25 delirium and, 327t acidosis and, 1003t as immediate reaction, 80 depression and, 378 acute kidney injury and, 943t, 945t, 949–953, 955 management of, 98–100, 99t drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26, 26t allergic reactions to, 72t mechanisms of, 81 drug interactions with, 40 chronic kidney disease and, 965 risk factors for, 86 genetic variability and, 15, 16, 16t diabetes insipidus and, 991, 991t Anastrozole, 126t, 169t, 1064t, 1068t, 1123t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 682t, drug fever and, 1186 ANC (absolute neutrophil count), 1087, 1092, 1094, 685t heart failure and, 502t, 509 1096 gout/hyperuricemia and, 1138 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t Andexanet alfa, 245 heart failure and, 512, 515, 516 ototoxicity and, 1234t Androgen antagonists, 798 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t taste disorders and, 1259t Androgen-deprivation therapy, 358t hypersensitivity reactions to, 32, 77, 77t, thrombocytopenia and, 1050t Androgenetic alopecia, 165, 176, 180, 181–182t, 81–83, 87, 96–97 Amphotericin B colloidal complex, 950, 953 183–186, 184t hypertension and, 625 Amphotericin B deoxycholate, 23, 943t Androgenic agents, 1065t, 1068–1069t hypotension and, 632t, 642–644, 645t Amphotericin B lipid-based formulations, 23, 943t, Androgenic steroids, 102t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes 949–950, 953 Androgens and, 472t, 486, 489 Amphotericin B liposomal, 950, 953, 991, 991t alopecia and, 167t, 176, 179t, 183, 190 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270 Ampicillin anxiety and, 403 ovarian hyperstimulation and, 789 acute kidney injury and, 943t, 959 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t pancreatitis and, 878t, 880, 886t, 887, 891 allergic reactions to, 87 hirsutism and, 193–194, 198, 199t psychosis and, 416t, 422 cutaneous diseases and, 111t primary adrenal insufficiency and, 734 sexual dysfunction and, 772 drug fever and, 1188t secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 735 SIADH and, 981, 983t heart failure and, 503t, 509 sexual dysfunction and, 763 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 132 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t thyroid diseases and, 701t teratogenicity of, 1316, 1334t

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Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) carbapenems. See Carbapenems depression and, 376t acidosis and, 1003t cephalosporin. See Cephalosporins drug fever and, 1187, 1192 acute kidney injury and, 942, 943t, 944–949, cognitive disorders and, 358t drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26t 945t, 953 and, 836t gingival hyperplasia and, 1264t asthma/bronchospasm and, 454, 463 delirium and, 333 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 861t drug interactions with, 40 depression and, 377, 384 hydantoin, 133 gout/hyperuricemia and, 1138 diarrhea and. See Antibiotic-associated diarrhea hypersensitivity reactions to, 87, 95, 109 heart failure and, 516 (AAD) hypertrichosis and, 196t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t drug fever and, 1187, 1190, 1192 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195 hypersensitivity reactions to, 77t, 96–97 drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266 hypertension and, 625 fluoroquinolone. See Fluoroquinolones ototoxicity and, 1243 hypotension and, 632t food interactions with, 41 psychosis and, 418t pancreatitis and, 878t, 880 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 870–871 sexual dysfunction and, 764t, 772 sexual dysfunction and, 772 hypersensitivity reactions and, 1186 SIADH and, 981 Angiotensin-receptor neprilysin inhibitors, 633t infertility and, 800 sleep disorders and, 348t Angiotensin II, 620, 647, 945 macrolides, 220, 328t, 541–542, 822t, 823 suicidality and, 375, 387 Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. See neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087, 1094, systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 130, 133 Angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) 1095 teratogenicity of, 1315 Anidulafungin, 296t oral erythema multiforme and, 1269 thrombocytopenia and, 1049 Aniline derivatives, 849t osteonecrosis of jaw and, 1276 weight gain and, 1166t, 1168–1169t, 1169–1170, Anion gap metabolic acidosis, 1002t, 1004t, 1007t penicillins. See Penicillins 1173t, 1175t Anions, 1002t, 1004, 1004t, 1013t psychosis and, 422 Anorectic agents, 659, 662–663 quinolones, 101, 220 alopecia and, 175 Antacids seizures and, 218t anxiety and, 405, 410 alkalosis and, 1013 serum sickness-like reactions and, 1192, 1194 constipation and, 835, 836–837t constipation and, 835 sulfonamide, 92–95, 93f cyclic, 219 heart failure and, 503t, 510t thrombocytopenia and, 1052 delirium and, 325, 326–327t myopathy and, 1151, 1153, 1156 vulvovaginal candidiasis and, 782t, 785t, 790–792 diarrhea and, 821, 822t pancreatitis and, 881 Antibody formation, 709–710 drug-induced depression and, 376t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 818 Anticancer agents. See Antineoplastic agents drug interactions with, 33 food interactions with, 41 alopecia and, 185 cognitive disorders and, 358–359t, 359–361, 364, glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 684t breast cancer and, 1300 366–368 hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 743–744t heart failure and, 501, 502t, 507, 508, 511, 514, constipation and, 835, 836–837t hypotension and, 634t 514t, 515 delirium and, 325, 328t, 329, 331–333, 335 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 239 infertility and, 783t, 786t nausea/vomiting and, 927, 927t MAOIs. See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors lymphoma and, 1295 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1201 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes nausea/vomiting and, 925, 926 psychosis and, 415, 416t, 418t, 421, 422, 424t and, 472t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087, 1091 seizures and, 219, 220 ototoxicity and, 1243 Anthralin cream, 187t, 191 sexual dysfunction and, 764–765t, 766 seizures and, 218t, 219–221 Antiadrenergic agents, 378, 515 sleep disorders and, 353 sexual dysfunction and, 758–765t, 761, 772, 783t, Antiandrogens, 190–194, 205–207, 432t, 759t, 1064t, visual disturbances and, 295, 296t, 315, 329 786t, 797, 798, 800 1068t, 1071 SIADH and, 981, 985, 988 agents, 634t alopecia and, 166, 167t, 179t, 183–184 sleep disorders and, 352, 353 Antianxiety agents, 175, 761t bleeding disorders and, 1025–1026, 1026t, 1028, SNRIs. See Serotonin– reuptake Antiarrhythmics 1029t, 1032–1033, 1038–1039 inhibitors alopecia and, 167t, 179t cutaneous diseases and, 105 SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 583, 587 dosing and pharmacokinetic properties of, suicidality and, 375, 380, 387, 389–391 cognitive disorders and, 358t, 359 1035–1036, 1035t TCAs. See antidepressants delirium and, 326t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 868 tetracyclic, 218t, 759–760t, 1170 drug fever and, 1187 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 237–238, 240, thyroid diseases and, 713 food interactions with, 41 242t, 243–246, 244t visual disturbances and, 313 heart failure and, 501, 502t, 504, 504t, 507, 511, ovarian hyperstimulation and, 789, 790t weight gain and, 1166t, 1168–1169t, 1170–1171, 513, 514t reversal algorithms, 1036, 1038f 1173t, 1175t hypotension and, 634t stroke and, 236–237 Antidiabetic therapies, 26t, 634t, 884, 1175t, 1304 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 523, thrombocytopenia and, 1057–1059 Antidiuretic hormone. See Syndrome of 525, 528–529 thromboembolic diseases and, 1063, 1064t, 1067, inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087 1068t, 1071, 1075–1078 (SIADH); Vasopressin seizures and, 218t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 814 , for drug-induced psychosis, 424, 424t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 133 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 662 Antiemetics thyroid diseases and, 716 visual disturbances and, 313 akathisia and, 254, 255, 255t torsades de pointes and, 538 Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS), cognitive disorders and, 359 Antiasthmatics, 326t 87, 95, 109 delirium and, 325 Antibacterial agents, 125t, 150, 951–952, 1095 . See also Seizures dystonia and, 266t, 269 Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), 821, alopecia and, 168t, 179t hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 743–744t, 745 822–823t, 823, 825, 827, 830 anxiety and, 402, 404, 411 hypotension and, 634t Antibiotics. See also specific antibiotics aplastic anemia and, 1100 nausea/vomiting and, 910, 919–930 acute kidney injury and, 952, 956 aromatic, 95, 109, 111t, 113t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1096 anxiety and, 403 cognitive disorders and, 358–359t, 361, 365, 367 ovarian hyperstimulation and, 789, 790t aplastic anemia and, 1100, 1103 constipation and, 835 parkinsonism and, 271t, 273 β-lactam. See β-lactam antibiotics delirium and, 325, 326t tardive dyskinesia and, 260t, 261–263

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Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) stroke and, 236 drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26t akathisia and, 255t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 135 heart failure and, 514 alopecia and, 175, 178 teratogenicity of, 1317 infertility and, 800 cognitive disorders and, 367 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes cutaneous diseases and, 111 Anti-infectives and, 472t depression and, 378–379, 386, 389 anxiety and, 399, 403 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087, 1091 dystonia and, 270 cutaneous diseases and, 101 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1123t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 864 depression and, 375, 376t, 377 ototoxicity and, 1243 hypotension and, 634t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes peripheral neuropathy and, 279, 280t, 288 infertility and, 783t, 786t, 800, 802 and, 472t seizures and, 218t, 221, 223, 226 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1122, nausea/vomiting and, 909t sexual dysfunction and, 762t, 765t, 767, 770–771, 1123t, 1126t, 1127 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t 774 pancreatitis and, 883 visual disturbances and, 313 thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t, 1071 parkinsonism and, 271t Anti-inflammatory agents. See also Nonsteroidal vaginal bleeding disorders and, 793 peripheral neuropathy and, 289 anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) visual disturbances and, 313 psychosis and, 422 alopecia and, 191 Antinuclear antibody test (ANA), 130–135 seizures and, 217, 218t, 221, 224–226 aplastic anemia and, 1100 Antiobesity drug therapy, 1174–1175 sexual dysfunction and, 783t, 786t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1141, 1145 Antioxidants, 437, 856, 866, 953, 1158, 1243 SIADH and, 983t hemolytic anemia and, 1104 Antiparkinson agents side effects of, 254 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t cognitive disorders and, 358t, 359, 362 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 133 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, delirium and, 325 tardive dyskinesia and, 262 433 heart failure and, 510t teratogenicity of, 1315, 1319, 1328, 1330–1331 pancreatitis and, 887 hypotension and, 635t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t, 793 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 135 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1196 visual disturbances and, 312 Antimalarial agents parkinsonism and, 273 Antiestrogens, 176, 381, 781, 783, 1300, 1301 anxiety and, 403 sexual dysfunction and, 759t, 764t Antifibrinolytic drugs, 221, 1039 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1255, sleep disorders and, 348t, 350t Antifungal agents 1255t Antiplatelet drugs acute kidney injury and, 949, 955 cutaneous diseases and, 109 aplastic anemia and, 1100t alopecia and, 168t, 177, 179t depression and, 377 bleeding disorders and, 1025, 1026t, 1029, 1029t, cognitive disorders and, 358t myopathy and, 1151 1033, 1039 delirium and, 333 seizures and, 218t, 226 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 239–245 , 103t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 135 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1095 visual disturbances and, 295, 313, 318–319 and, 480, 486, 487t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087 vulvovaginal candidiasis and, 792 chemotherapy-induced anemia and, 1109 Antigen-presenting cells (APCs), 78, 79, 87, 105 infertility and, 800 alopecia and, 179t leukemia and, 1286 anxiety and, 400t, 405, 410 for allergic reactions, 100 lymphoma and, 1293 atypical. See Atypical antipsychotics asthma/bronchospasm and, 461 macrocytic anemia and, 1107 , 266 cognitive disorders and, 359 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087, 1091 cognitive disorders and, 358–359t, 359, 369 constipation and, 835, 837t Antimicrobial agents constipation and, 835, 836t cutaneous diseases and, 113 acute kidney injury and, 949 conventional, 742, 743t, 745–746, 1167t, 1169t, delirium and, 325 cutaneous diseases and, 100–101 1171 heart failure and, 515 delirium and, 328t delirium and, 325, 326t, 335–338, 340 hypotension and, 634t diarrhea and, 828 dystonia and, 265, 268 nausea/vomiting and, 927, 927t drug fever and, 1187, 1189, 1191 hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 743–744t, 745–747 ototoxicity and, 1243–1244 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846–847t hypertrichosis and, 197t, 199 ovarian hyperstimulation and, 789, 790t hypotension and, 634–635t hypotension and, 635t, 642, 645t photosensitivity and, 143, 155 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, hypothermia and, 1215–1218 seizures and, 219 433 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes serum sickness-like reactions and, 1194 ototoxicity and, 1243 and, 472t sexual dysfunction and, 759t, 764t pancreatitis and, 885 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195, 1196, visual disturbances and, 295 thrombocytopenia and, 1049 1200, 1201 Antihyperglycemics, 501, 505–506, 511, 513, 821, upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 811 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088 822t Antimicrotubular agents, 1101t, 1109t . See Antihyperlipidemics, 313 Antimigraine agents, 376t, 380, 472t, 477t, 1204 psychosis and, 418, 423, 424 Antihypertensives Antimitotic drugs, 1091 seizures and, 218t, 221, 225 acute kidney injury and, 942 Antimonials, 846t, 878t serotonin syndrome and, 1209 constipation and, 836t Antimuscarinic agents sexual dysfunction and, 757, 758–760t, 761, delirium and, 327t akathisia and, 258, 259 763–764t, 772, 783t, 786t, 797–800 depression and, 378, 385, 391 dystonia and, 265–266, 268–270 SIADH and, 982–983t, 985 drug fever and, 1187 parkinsonism and, 273 sleep disorders and, 353 food interactions with, 41 tardive dyskinesia and, 261, 262, 265 suicidality and, 375, 380 gout/hyperuricemia and, 1138 Antineoplastic agents. See also Chemotherapy agents tardive dyskinesia and, 260, 262, 264, 265 hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 743t alopecia and, 177 thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1067, 1070t hypertension and, 618t, 621, 625 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 581 torsades de pointes and, 540–542 hypertrichosis and, 196t cognitive disorders and, 358–359t typical. See Typical antipsychotics hypotension and, 632–633t, 637, 644, 647, 648 constipation and, 835, 836t visual disturbances and, 295 sexual dysfunction and, 761, 766, 772, 783t, 786t, diarrhea and, 821, 822–823t, 823, 825 weight gain and, 1166–1169t, 1170–1174, 1173t, 797–800 drug fever and, 1189 1175t

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Antipyretics patient education on, 1104 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t chronic kidney disease and, 966t, 968, 970t, 972t, prevention of, 1103, 1103t hypothermia and, 1216 974t risk factors for, 1102, 1103t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 240t, 242t, drug fever and, 1186, 1190, 1191 , 418t 243, 244 hypothermia and, 1216 Aprepitant, 926, 922, 923, 924t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 524t serum sickness-like reactions and, 1186 , 847t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Antipyrine, 701t Aprotinin, 8, 72t, 1064t, 1067, 1068t and, 472t, 479, 480, 486, 487t, 488, 489 Antiretroviral therapy. See also Highly active ARBs. See Angiotensin-receptor blockers neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t antiretroviral therapy (HAART) , 472t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t alopecia and, 183 , 472t, 1029t, 1058 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t cognitive disorders and, 358t, 362 Aripazine, 245 ototoxicity and, 1234t combined, 1172 pancreatitis and, 881, 886t, 887–888 diarrhea and, 823t acidosis and, 1002t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 578 drug fever and, 1190 alopecia and, 172t stroke and, 236 hyperprolactinemia and, 744t anxiety and, 400t, 405 for systemic lupus erythematosus, 135 myopathy and, 1151, 1154, 1159 constipation and, 836t taste disorders and, 1259t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1123t delirium and, 338 teratogenicity of, 1326 peripheral neuropathy and, 279, 283, 285, 288, depression and, 376t thrombocytopenia and, 1053, 1056 289 hypertrichosis and, 197t thromboembolic diseases and, 1075 sexual dysfunction and, 797, 798 hypotension and, 635t, 639t thyroid diseases and, 701t thyroid diseases and, 701, 704 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809–818, weight gain and, 1167–1168t, 1172 ototoxicity and, 1234t 810–811t, 816t Antirheumatic agents, 174, 178, 1049, 1087, 1175t photosensitivity and, 144t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 796 Antiserotonergic agents, 256, 259 sexual dysfunction and, 765t, 772 visual disturbances and, 297t Antispasmodics, 359, 1243 SIADH and, 982t Aspirin desensitization, 461–462 Antithrombotic therapy, 235, 245–246, 476, 1028, tardive dyskinesia and, 265 Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), 1057 thyroid diseases and, 710 453, 455, 457–463 Antithymocyte globulin (OKT3), 1193t, 1284t, torsades de pointes and, 533t, 540t Aspirin-induced asthma (AIA) 1288t, 1292–1294 visual disturbances and, 296t causative agents of, 451, 452t Antithyroid agents. See Thyroid weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1170, 1175, 1175t clinical presentation of, 457–459 Antitoxins, 1192, 1194 , 635t as drug allergy or hypersensitivity reaction, 82, Antituberculosis agents, 288, 377, 710, 1138 Aristolochic acid (Chinese herbs), 965, 966t, 87, 98 Antitussives, 464 969–976, 970t, 972t, 974t epidemiology of, 453 Antivascular endothelin growth factor agents, 620t , 400t, 409 management of, 462 Antivenoms, 1192, 1194 Aromatase inhibitors mechanisms of, 455, 455t, 456, 456f Antivirals alopecia and, 176 morbidity and mortality for, 460 alopecia and, 168t, 179t breast cancer and, 1300 prevention of, 461, 461t chronic kidney disease and, 966–967 depression and, 376t, 381–382 risk factors for, 458t, 459–460 delirium and, 333 endometrial cancer and, 1303 Aspirin tetrad, 455 depression and, 376t, 377–378 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1123t AST (aspartate aminotransferase), 862, 865, 868, drug fever and, 1187 thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1068t 1058 hypertrichosis and, 196t Aromatic , 132 , 541 lymphoma and, 1295 Aromatic anticonvulsants, 95, 109, 111t, 113t Asthma and bronchospasm, 451–464. See also in sulfa drug class, 92 . See Supraventricular arrhythmias; Aspirin-induced asthma (AIA) Anxiety, 399–411 Ventricular arrhythmias causative agents of, 72–73t, 451, 452–453t causative agents of, 399–404, 400–401t Arsenic, 171t, 177, 1255t, 1266t clinical presentation of, 457–459, 457t clinical presentation of, 406–408, 406t, 408t Arsenicals, 849t differential diagnosis of, 457, 458t differential diagnosis of, 407, 407t , 524t, 532t, 539t, 907t epidemiology of, 451, 453–454 epidemiology of, 404, 404t Ascorbic acid, 810t, 811, 1105t management of, 218t, 462–463 management of, 410–411 , 1166t, 1169t mechanisms of, 455–457, 455t, 456f mechanisms of, 404–406, 405t . See also L-asparaginase morbidity and mortality for, 460–461 morbidity and mortality for, 409–410 drug fever and, 1188t patient education on, 463–464 patient education on, 411 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t prevention of, 461–462, 461t prevention of, 410, 410t pancreatitis and, 878t, 886t risk factors for, 458t, 459–460 risk factors for, 408–409, 408t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t, 1075t Atazanavir, 168t, 533t, 539t, 1234t, 1266t , 486, 631, 1243 Aspartame, 72t APCs (antigen-presenting cells), 78, 79, 87, 105 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 862, 865, 868, alopecia and, 168t 1058 delirium and, 327t alopecia and, 167t Aspirin. See also Aspirin-induced asthma (AIA) hyperprolactinemia and, 743t bleeding disorders and, 1029t adverse events associated with, 20 hypotension and, 632t, 638t, 646t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 237, 238t, 245 allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 72t, 77t, oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t thromboembolic diseases and, 1076, 1077t 81, 97–98 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t, 662 bleeding disorders and, 1025–1027, 1026t, 1029, 577t, 579 Aplastic anemia, 1100–1104 1029t, 1030, 1033, 1039 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t causative agents of, 1100, 1100t cardioprotective effects of, 50 teratogenicity of, 1317 clinical presentation of, 1101–1102, 1102t chronic kidney disease and, 968 ATN. See Acute tubular necrosis differential diagnosis of, 1102, 1102t comorbidity and, 34 , 219t, 221, 400t, 401, 646t, 647, 761t, epidemiology of, 1100 drug fever and, 1188t, 1191 984t management of, 1103–1104 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 688 mechanisms of, 1100–1101, 1101t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1136t, 1137 alopecia and, 171t morbidity and mortality for, 1102–1103 heart failure and, 510t constipation and, 836t

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Atorvastatin (continued) Aurothiopropanosulfonate, 432t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 239 Autism, 21, 29, 1315 hypotension and, 643 myopathy and, 1157 Autoantibodies, 1052–1053, 1106 malignant hyperthermia and, 1212, 1212t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t AV (atrioventricular) block. See Sinus bradycardia/ oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t pancreatitis and, 878t, 886t atrioventricular block seizures and, 226 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t Avelumab, 7t visual disturbances and, 297t, 313 sleep disorders and, 348t AVNRT. See Atrioventricular node re-entrant contrast, 1266t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t tachycardia Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 1295–1297 taste disorders and, 1259t Axelopran, 840–841 Basiliximab, 72t, 1065t, 1069t, 1295 visual disturbances and, 297t Axicabtagene, 7t BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) vaccine, 197t, Atovaquone-proguanil, 144t Axitinib, 169t, 698–699t, 709, 836t, 883 1270t Atracurium, 72t, 636t, 638t, 644 , 432t, 660t, 907t BCNU. See Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 581–588 Azaribine, 473t BCNU/CCNU, 847t causative agents for, 581, 582–583t Azathioprine Beclomethasone, 473t, 739 clinical presentation of, 584–585, 584t allergic reactions to, 72t Beclomethasone dipropionate, 731t, 736t, 738 differential diagnosis of, 585, 585t alopecia and, 172t Beers Criteria, 31, 368 epidemiology of, 581, 583 cutaneous diseases and, 102t, 108 Belatacept, 172t, 836t management of, 586–588, 587t drug fever and, 1188t Benazepril, 144t, 167t, 632t, 638t, 878t mechanisms of, 583–584, 583t genetic variations affecting, 36t , 907t morbidity and mortality for, 586 gout/hyperuricemia and, 1145 , 197t patient education on, 588 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t, 866 Benzalkonium chloride, 452t, 454, 455t prevention of, 586, 586t hyperprolactinemia and, 744t , 144t, 472t risk factors for, 585–586, 585t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, Atrial tachycardia, 588–592 440 acidosis and, 1003t, 1011t causative agents of, 588, 588t leukemia and, 1284, 1284t, 1286 akathisia and, 259 clinical presentation of, 589, 589t lymphoma and, 1284t, 1288t, 1292, 1293 anxiety and, 400t, 402, 404, 405t, 407, 410, 411 differential diagnosis of, 589, 589t macrocytic anemia and, 1108t cognitive disorders and, 358–359t, 360–362, 364, epidemiology of, 588 pancreatitis and, 878t, 879, 880, 886t, 891, 891t 366–369 management of, 590–591, 591t pharmacogenomic tests for, 35 delirium and, 325, 327t, 333, 336, 337 mechanisms of, 589, 589t photosensitivity and, 144t depression and, 378, 380 morbidity and mortality for, 590 skin cancer and, 1284t, 1288t, 1297, 1298 duration of detection in urine, 420t patient education on, 591–592 taste disorders and, 1259t dystonia and, 270 prevention of, 590, 590t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 815 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t, 871 risk factors for, 589–590, 589t Azilsartan, 632t hypothermia and, 1215, 1216 Atrioventricular (AV) block. See Sinus bradycardia/ , 538 malignant hyperthermia and, 1213, 1213t atrioventricular block Azithromycin myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Atrioventricular node re-entrant tachycardia cutaneous diseases and, 103t and, 487t, 488, 489 (AVNRT), 592–595 delirium and, 328t nausea/vomiting and, 927, 927t causative agents of, 592, 592t gingival hyperplasia and, 1265 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1197, clinical presentation of, 593, 593t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes 1200t, 1201 differential diagnosis of, 593, 593t and, 472t, 474 psychosis and, 417t, 423, 424, 424t epidemiology of, 592 ototoxicity and, 1234t secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 737 management of, 594, 595t SIADH and, 984t seizures and, 95, 217, 218t, 224–226 mechanisms of, 592–593 taste disorders and, 1259t serotonin syndrome and, 1208, 1208t morbidity and mortality for, 594 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 542 sexual dysfunction and, 758–759t patient education on, 594–595 Azole antifungals, 792, 846t sleep disorders and, 352–353 prevention of, 594, 594t Azole antiparasitics, 846t teratogenicity of, 1319, 1320 risk factors for, 593–594, 593t Aztreonam, 90, 92, 1234t visual disturbances and, 313, 315 , 317, 328–329t, 472t, 530, 580, 1234t, withdrawal from, 421, 424t 1256t Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, 197t, Benzonatate, 297t Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 1270t , 167t agents, 219t, 221–222, 401 Bacitracin, 1234t Benztropine, 328–329t, 348t, 1188t Atypical antipsychotics , 432t acidosis and, 1002t anxiety and, 400t Bergamot oil, 144t akathisia and, 254–256, 255–256t, 258, 258t, 259 asthma/bronchospasm and, 463 Beryllium, 849t alopecia and, 175 hypothermia and, 1215–1217, 1216t β-adrenergic agonists, 747, 748t

delirium and, 336, 340 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1197 β2-adrenergic agonists, 635t, 1002t, 1319 development of, 254 peripheral neuropathy and, 288 β-adrenergic receptor blockers (β-blockers) dystonia and, 266t, 269, 269t, 270 seizures and, 217 akathisia and, 258, 259 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 679, 680t, 683, sexual dysfunction and, 759–760t, 783t, 786t alopecia and, 168t, 178, 179t 684t, 690 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, anxiety and, 400t, 404, 410 hypothermia and, 1215–1217 570t, 577t asthma/bronchospasm and, 451, 452t, 453–457, neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195–1199 tardive dyskinesia and, 265 455t, 458t, 459–464, 461t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088 Balsalazide, 660t, 662 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 586 parkinsonism and, 270–273, 271t, 273t atrial tachycardia and, 591 sexual dysfunction and, 758–760t, 761t, 764t acidosis and, 1003t comorbidity and, 34 stroke and, 233 anxiety and, 400t, 402 cutaneous diseases and, 103t, 106, 109 tardive dyskinesia and, 260t, 261, 263–265, 264t cognitive disorders and, 359t, 360, 362 delirium and, 327t torsades de pointes and, 541, 542 cutaneous diseases and, 102t depression and, 376t, 378, 391 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1170 depression and, 379 drug interactions with, 40 Auranofin, 1089t duration of detection in urine, 420t dystonia and, 270

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glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 682t, Birth control. See Contraceptives interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, 684–685t Birth defects. See Teratogenicity 437 heart failure and, 501, 502t, 504t, 509, 510, 512, , 840t pancreatitis and, 878t, 883 516 Bishop’s weed, 144t, 297t peripheral neuropathy and, 280t, 282t, 285, 286, hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t Bismuth, 171t, 177, 1254–1255t, 1270t 288 hypertension and, 620t, 621, 625–627, 625t Bismuth subsalicylate, 827t, 829 SIADH and, 983t hypertrichosis and, 196t , 512, 632t, 638t, 1317 Bosentan, 7t, 636t, 640t, 852t hypotension and, 632t, 643, 645t, 647 Bisphosphonates Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, malignant hyperthermia and, 1213 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 581, 583, 584 94, 104, 219 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes constipation and, 836t Bosutinib, 907t, 1087 and, 472t, 477t, 480, 485, 486, 487t, 488, 489 osteonecrosis of jaw and, 1273–1276, 1274–1275t Botulinum toxin, 265, 270, 297t, 1066t, 1070t, 1259t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1129, 1129t, 1130 Bradykinin, 82, 96, 457, 460, 887 psychosis and, 422 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809–812, BRAF (B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) sexual dysfunction and, 758–759t, 761, 763–764t, 810–811t, 814, 816, 816t, 818–819 inhibitors, 1284t, 1295–1298 767, 772 visual disturbances and, 312, 318 B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (BRAF) sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 569, Bisulfites, 455 inhibitors, 1284t, 1295–1298 570t, 572, 573–574t, 576–577, 579, 580 Bitter melon, 682t, 685t BRCA gene mutation, 1299, 1300 sleep disorders and, 348t, 350t, 351 Bitter orange, 144t, 297t, 400t, 404, 409 Breakthrough bleeding, 793, 794 smoking and, 33 Bivalirudin, 239, 487t, 1029t, 1032, 1033, 1058 Breast cancer, 1298–1301 teratogenicity of, 1316, 1317 Black box warnings, 38, 230, 261, 475, 841, 922 causative agents of, 1285t, 1298–1299 thyroid diseases and, 716, 717 Black cohosh, 850t clinical presentation of, 1290t, 1299 visual disturbances and, 313 Black mustard, 297t differential diagnosis of, 1290t, 1299 β-carotene, 850t Bladder cancer, 1303–1305 epidemiology of, 1299 , 452t causative agents of, 1285t, 1303 management of, 1300 Betaine glucuronate, 868 clinical presentation of, 1290t, 1304 mechanisms of, 1288t β-lactam antibiotics differential diagnosis of, 1290t, 1304 morbidity and mortality for, 1300 acute kidney injury and, 943t, 956 epidemiology of, 1303–1304 patient education on, 1301 allergic reactions to, 74t, 84, 87, 89–90, 89t management of, 1305 prevention of, 1294t, 1300 diarrhea and, 821 mechanisms of, 1288t, 1304 risk factors for, 1291t, 1299–1300 drug interactions with, 38 morbidity and mortality for, 1304 Brentuximab, 169t, 878t, 883–884, 886t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088, 1089t, patient education on, 1305 , 634t 1091t, 1094 prevention of, 1294t, 1304–1305 , 400t, 405, 635t, 1166t, 1169t taste disorders and, 1259t, 1261t risk factors for, 1291t, 1304 Brinzolamide, 1003t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809 Bleeding diathesis, 240 Brodalumab, 7t Betamethasone, 195–196t, 473t, 474, 731t, 736t, Bleeding disorders, 1025–1039 Bromelin, 452t 739t, 741 causative agents of, 1025–1026, 1026t , 846t Betamethasone propionate, 1273 clinical presentation of, 1030–1031, 1030t , 108 , 168t, 462, 577t, 632t, 638t definitions of, 1027, 1027t Bromine, 701t Betel nut, 221 differential diagnosis of, 1030, 1031t Bevacizumab epidemiology of, 1026–1028 alopecia and, 171t, 175 alopecia and, 169t management of, 1036–1037t, 1036–1039, 1038f anxiety and, 408 constipation and, 836t mechanisms of, 1028–1030, 1028f, 1029t delirium and, 327t, 329t heart failure and, 502t, 508, 512 morbidity and mortality for, 1032–1034 heart failure and, 502t, 509 hypertension and, 618t patient education on, 1039 hyperprolactinemia and, 746 osteonecrosis of jaw and, 1273–1276, 1274t prevention of, 1034–1035t, 1034–1036 hypotension and, 635t, 640t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t risk factors for, 1031–1032, 1031–1032t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t 432t thyroid diseases and, 698t, 715 alopecia and, 169t, 176 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes visual disturbances and, 297t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t and, 473t , 144t, 191, 698t, 701t, 710, 714 drug fever and, 1186, 1188t nausea/vomiting and, 911t , 878t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1196, 1200, Bicalutamide, 144t, 432t, 836t, 1123t infertility and, 783t, 786t 1200t Bicarbonate interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, ototoxicity and, 1234t acidosis and, 1001, 1004–1006, 1009, 1010 431, 432t, 434, 435t, 437–440 psychosis and, 418t alkalosis and, 1012–1017 leukemia and, 1285 serotonin syndrome and, 1206 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 812, 817 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes sexual dysfunction and, 783t, 786t Biguanides, 822–823t, 1002t and, 472t sleep disorders and, 348t Bile acid sequestrants, 836t, 869 ototoxicity and, 1234t thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t , 197, 197t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t thyroid diseases and, 701t Biologic agents Blood disorders, allergic-mediated, 75t, 80, 83–84, valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 659, 660t, alopecia and, 176, 178 83t 663 anaphylaxis and, 95–96 Blood modifiers, 472t visual disturbances and, 297t heart failure and, 501, 502t, 507–508, 511–512, Blood pressure classification guidelines, 618–619, , 1089t 514, 514t 619t, 621 Bronchodilators, 404, 454, 460–461, 1320 hypotension and, 635t Blue cohosh, 502t, 510t Bronchospasm. See Asthma and bronchospasm interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, Boceprevir, 173t, 179t, 1258, 1259t Brown v. American Home Products Corporation Diet 433 Bone marrow aplasia, 1109 Drugs (2000), 9, 9t serum sickness-like reactions and, 1192 Bone remodeling, 1120, 1122, 1126 Brugada syndrome, 546–549 Biologic gradient, 22 causative agents of, 546, 547t Biostatistical analysis, 21 alopecia and, 169t clinical presentation of, 547–548, 547t Bipolar disorder, 378–380 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t differential diagnosis of, 548

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Brugada syndrome, (continued) CA-AKI (community-acquired acute kidney injury), Calcium polycarbophil, 840t epidemiology of, 546 941–942, 944 Calcium salts, 287, 287t management of, 549 , 169t Calcium supplements, 835 mechanisms of, 546–547 Camellia senesis, 850t morbidity and mortality for, 548 alopecia and, 171t Camphor, 850t patient education on, 549 heart failure and, 502–503t, 510t , 1101t, 1109t prevention of, 549 hyperprolactinemia and, 746 Canagliflozin, 144t, 1002t, 1121t, 1123t risk factors for, 548, 548t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 659–664, Cancer, 1283–1305. See also Antineoplastic agents; Budesonide, 171t, 196t, 731t, 732, 736t, 738, 739, 660t, 663t, 668–669t, 668–670 Chemotherapy agents 879 Cabozantinib, 7t, 169t, 635t, 698–699t bladder cancer, 1303–1305 , 502t Cade oil, 850t breast cancer, 1298–1301 Buformin, 1002t Caffeine in cost-of-illness model, 28 Bulk-forming , 840, 840t anxiety and, 400t, 401, 404, 405t, 407–409, 411 delirium and, 333 , 633t, 638t, 878t, 1234t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t endometrial cancer, 1301–1303 atrial tachycardia and, 588–589t, 589 leukemia, 1283–1292 Brugada syndrome and, 547t AV node re-entrant tachycardia and, 592t lymphoma, 1292–1295 hypotension and, 634t chronic kidney disease and, 973 overview, 1283 malignant hyperthermia and, 1212, 1212t diarrhea and, 825, 827 risk factors for, 32 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, in food–drug interactions, 40 skin cancer, 1295–1298 524–525t, 530 hypertension and, 618t, 620t Cancer treatment-induced diarrhea (CTID), 821, ototoxicity and, 1234t hypotension and, 644 827–828, 827t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, infertility and, 783t, 786t, 800–802 Candesartan, 632t, 638t 570t, 573t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 240, 242 Candesartan cilexetil, 1234t taste disorders and, 1259t malignant hyperthermia and, 1211 Cangrelor, 1029, 1029t visual disturbances and, 297t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 527f , 33, 287t, 415, 473t, 912, 929, 1216, , 7t, 533t, 539t, 906t, 1203–1204t, myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes 1216t 1205 and, 473t . See Marijuana osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1128, 1130 Canthaxanthin, 297t allergic reactions to, 74t, 84 psychosis and, 416t, 425 , 126t, 280t, 472t, 570t, 577t, 848t, 881, alopecia and, 172t seizures and, 225, 231t 1109t anxiety and, 400t, 405t, 409 sleep disorders and, 349t Capreomycin, 1234t constipation and, 836t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 810 Capsaicin, 289, 473t delirium and, 327t Calcineurin inhibitors, 620t, 624–625, 967–969, Captopril depression and, 391, 392 972–975, 1292–1293 acute kidney injury and, 942 hypertension and, 618t Calcipotriene, 144t allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 76 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 524t Calcitonin, 823t, 1129t, 1130 alopecia and, 167t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Calcium aplastic anemia and, 1100t and, 472t acute kidney injury and, 951 cutaneous diseases and, 103t nausea/vomiting and, 909t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1122, 1128, 1129, delirium and, 327t ototoxicity and, 1234t 1130 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t psychosis and, 416t, 418t, 422 pancreatitis and, 878t, 888 hypotension and, 632t, 638t seizures and, 218t, 219–221, 222t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 580 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t Calcium carbonate, 701t, 881, 1013–1014t and, 472t sexual dysfunction and, 765t, 772 Calcium-channel blockers neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t, 1093 SIADH and, 982t, 990 acute kidney injury and, 953 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t sleep disorders and, 349, 349–350t, 353 alopecia and, 168t, 179t ototoxicity and, 1234t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t, 132 asthma/bronchospasm and, 463 pancreatitis and, 878t, 880, 886t, 887 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1170, 1175t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 586 photosensitivity and, 144t Burning bush, 297t constipation and, 835 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t , 172t, 175, 761t, 1203–1204t delirium and, 327t taste disorders and, 1259t, 1261t depression and, 378 thrombocytopenia and, 1050t alopecia and, 169t, 177 gingival hyperplasia and, 1263–1265, 1264t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 684t akathisia and, 255–256t, 258t 1254t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1138 allergic reactions to, 75t, 88, 95, 112 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t heart failure and, 501, 502t, 504, 504t, 505, alopecia and, 168t, 175, 178 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, 509–511, 515 aplastic anemia and, 1100t 431, 432t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t leukemia and, 1284, 1291 hypertension and, 625 AV node re-entrant tachycardia and, 592t nausea/vomiting and, 907t hypotension and, 632–633t cognitive disorders and, 360, 365, 367, 369 oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes cutaneous diseases and, 101, 102–103t, 111–112, osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1123t and, 472t, 478, 485, 488–489 111t, 113t seizures and, 218t sexual dysfunction and, 759t, 772 depression and, 378 sexual dysfunction and, 759t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, drug fever and, 1188t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 660–661t, 574, 580 genetic variability and, 16t 662 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 132 genetic variations affecting, 36t visual disturbances and, 297t, 316 teratogenicity of, 1316, 1317 gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t Butane, 473t thyroid diseases and, 716 heart failure and, 502t, 510t 4-butanolide, 1213 torsades de pointes and, 544 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t , 906t visual disturbances and, 297t, 313 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t, 861t Butyrolactone gamma, 1213 , 1066t, 1070t hirsutism and, 195t, 199t , 266, 541, 743t, 927t, 929 Calcium iodide, 706t human leukocyte antigen and, 38

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neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088 of cognitive disorders, 357, 358t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t parkinsonism and, 271t of color changes of oral mucosa and teeth, 1253, oral erythema multiforme and, 1266, 1266t peripheral neuropathy and, 280–281t 1254–1255t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124–125t of congenital heart defects, 1321–1322 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1122, 1123t, 1127 taste disorders and, 1261 of constipation, 835, 836t ototoxicity and, 1234t , 7t of Cushing syndrome, 730, 731t pancreatitis and, 878t, 883 Carglumic acid, 7t of cutaneous diseases, 100–104, 102–104t peripheral neuropathy and, 286–287, 287t, 289 , 400t, 405, 1166t of delirium, 325, 326–328t pharmacogenomic tests for, 35 , 400t, 402, 404, 405t, 407 of depression, 375–377, 376–377t photosensitivity and, 144t Carmustine of diabetes insipidus, 991, 991t psychosis and, 416t chronic kidney disease and, 966t, 970t of diarrhea, 821–822, 822t seizures and, 218t, 224 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t of drug allergies, 71–76, 72–75t serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t hypotension and, 635t, 640t of drug fever, 1186–1187, 1188–1189t sexual dysfunction and, 758t, 762–763t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, of dysmenorrhea, 782t, 796 SIADH and, 981, 983t, 985, 988–990, 988t 432t, 434, 436, 437, 439, 440 of dystonia, 265, 266t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, leukemia and, 1288t of endometrial cancer, 1285t, 1301 570t, 573t, 578t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes of female sexual dysfunction, 783t, 797–798 skin reactions related to, 32 and, 472t of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, 1332 sleep disorders and, 348t nausea/vomiting and, 907t, 916t of gastroschisis, 1326 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t visual disturbances and, 298t of gingival hyperplasia, 1253, 1262–1263, 1263t tardive dyskinesia and, 254 Carnitine, 515 of glomerulonephritis, 943t, 958 taste disorders and, 1259t Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, 1157 of glucose and insulin dysregulation, 679–681, teratogenicity of, 1315, 1319, 1328, 1330, 1331 Carotene, 1254t 680–683t thrombocytopenia and, 1050t Carp capsules, 850t of gout and hyperuricemia, 1135, 1136t thyroid diseases and, 699t, 701t, 715 cART (combined antiretroviral therapy), 1172 of growth hormone deficiency, 747, 748t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 793 , 572, 577t of heart failure, 501–505, 502–504t visual disturbances and, 297–298t, 312, 315 of hemodynamic-mediated AKI, 942, 943–944t weight gain and, 1166t, 1169–1170, 1169t alopecia and, 168t of hemolytic anemia, 86, 1104, 1105–1106t, 1109 Carbapenems heart failure and, 512, 515 of hepatic and cholestatic diseases, 845, 846–853t allergic reactions to, 90, 92 hypotension and, 632t, 638t of hirsutism, 194, 195t diarrhea and, 822t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes of hyperprolactinemia, 742, 743–744t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t and, 488 of hypersensitivity reactions, 76, 77t, 1186 seizures and, 218t, 220, 222, 222t, 224–226 ototoxicity and, 1234t of hypertension, 617, 618t Carbenicillin, 1188t photosensitivity and, 144t of hypertrichosis, 193–197, 196–197t Carbidopa–levodopa, 273, 348t, 631, 635t, 640t, sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 578t of hypotension, 631, 632–636t 702t, 1196, 1201 sleep disorders and, 348t of hypothermia, 1186, 1215, 1216t Carbimazole, 173t, 175, 178, 703t, 848t, 885, 1089t Cascara sagrada, 850t of infertility, 762t, 783t, 800 Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 92, 1003t, 1088 Caspofungin, 846t of interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis,

Carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO), CAST (Cardiac Suppression Trial), 528 431, 432–433t 435–436, 438–440 Catatonia, 267, 1197, 1198, 1201, 1206 of intracerebral hemorrhage, 232, 237–239, 238t Carbon tetrachloride, 849t, 866 of learning disabilities, 1315 acidosis and, 1002t of leukemia, 1284–1286, 1284t acute kidney injury and, 943t, 950 adrenal glands in secretion of, 729 of limb deficiency defects, 1324 allergic reactions to, 72t alkalosis and, 1013t of low birth weight, 1316 alopecia and, 169t, 177 heart failure and, 511, 512 of lymphoma, 1284t, 1292–1293 cognitive disorders and, 358t hypotension and, 643, 647 of macrocytic anemia, 1107, 1108t genetic variability and, 16t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 240 of male sexual dysfunction, 757–761, 758–762t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t stroke and, 232 of malignant hyperthermia, 1186, 1209–1210, myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes , 415 1209t and, 472t Causality, determination of, 22–23 of menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia, 782t, 795 nausea/vomiting and, 907t, 916t, 925 Causative agents of microcephaly, 1330 ototoxicity and, 1234t, 1243 of acidosis, 1001, 1002–1003t of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, 523, peripheral neuropathy and, 280t of acute interstitial nephritis, 943t, 956 524t SIADH and, 983t of acute tubular necrosis, 943t, 949–950 of myocardial ischemia/acute coronary taste disorders and, 1259t of akathisia, 254, 255t, 405 syndromes, 471–474, 472–473t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t of alkalosis, 1012, 1013t of myopathy, 1150–1151, 1150t , 452t of alopecia, 166–177, 167–174t of nausea and vomiting, 905–910, 906–909t Carboxymethylcellulose, 72t of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, 782t, 793 of nephrolithiasis, 944t, 957 Carcinogenic effects, 60 of anxiety, 399–404, 400–401t of neural tube defects, 1328 Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST), 528 of aplastic anemia, 1100, 1100t of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1195, 1195t Cardiovascular agents of asthma and bronchospasm, 72–73t, 451, of neutropenia and agranulocytosis, 1087–1088, anxiety and, 399 452–453t 1089–1090t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 581 of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 581, 582–583t of oral erythema multiforme, 1266, 1266–1268t depression and, 375, 376t, 378 of atrial tachycardia, 588, 588t of oral lichenoid reactions, 1270, 1270–1272t drug fever and, 1187, 1189, 1192 of AV node re-entrant tachycardia, 592, 592t of orofacial clefts, 1319, 1335 drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26, 26t of bladder cancer, 1285t, 1303 of osteonecrosis of jaw, 1273, 1274t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t of bleeding disorders, 1025–1026, 1026t of osteoporosis and osteomalacia, 1120, 1121t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, of Brugada syndrome, 546, 547t of ototoxicity, 1233–1239, 1234–1238t 433 of cancer breast, 1285t, 1298–1299 of ovarian hyperstimulation, 781, 782t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes of chemotherapy-induced anemia, 1109, 1109t of pancreatitis, 877–879, 878–879t and, 472t of chronic kidney disease, 965–967, 966t of parkinsonism, 270, 271t

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Causative agents (continued) sexual dysfunction and, 759t anxiety and, 399, 403 of peripheral neuropathy, 279, 280–281t, 1155 stroke and, 230 aplastic anemia and, 1100, 1101, 1101t of photosensitivity, 143, 144–148t in sulfa drug class, 92 bladder cancer and, 1305 of psychosis, 415, 416–417t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 812, 817 breast cancer and, 1300 of secondary adrenal insufficiency, 735, 736t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 790t depression and, 375, 377t, 382, 384, 388 of seizures, 217, 218–219t visual disturbances and, 298t drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26 of serotonin syndrome, 1202, 1203t Celery, 298t endometrial cancer and, 1303 of serum sickness-like reactions, 74t, 95, 1192, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847–848t 1193t collaboration needs and, 14 hypertrichosis and, 196t of SIADH, 981, 982–984t on fetal alcohol syndrome, 1332 hypotension and, 635–636t of sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block, folic acid recommendations from, 1329 infertility and, 800–802 569–572, 570–571t, 573t on isotretinoin-exposed pregnancies, 1320 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, of skin cancer, 1284t, 1295–1296 on deaths, 6 431, 433, 437 of sleep disorders, 347, 348–349t on oral contraceptive risk–benefit ratio, 485 leukemia and, 1283–1287, 1291, 1292 of stroke, 229–231, 230t postmarketing surveillance by, 53–54, 56 lymphoma and, 1295 of systemic lupus erythematosus, 123, 124–127t, 662 Centers for Education and Research on Therapeutics macrocytic anemia and, 1108 of tardive dyskinesia, 259, 260t (CERTs), 55 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087, of taste disorders, 1258, 1259–1260t Centrally acting , 764t 1091–1094, 1091t, 1095t, 1096 of thrombocytopenia, 1049–1050, 1050–1051t Central nervous system (CNS) agents ototoxicity and, 1233, 1239–1240, 1239t, 1243 of thromboembolic diseases, 1063, 1064–1066t alopecia and, 167t pancreatitis and, 881–882 of thyroid diseases, 697–701, 698–700t, 704 anxiety and, 399, 401–402 peripheral neuropathy and, 279, 283, 285–289 of torsades de pointes, 530–531, 532–534t cognitive disorders and, 369 SIADH and, 981, 983t of upper gastrointestinal ulceration, 809–810, 810t depression and, 376t, 378–381 skin cancer and, 1296, 1298 of valvular and pericardial heart disease, 659–662, drug fever and, 1189, 1192 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 132 660–661t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t taste disorders and, 1261, 1262 of visual disturbances, 295–313, 296–312t Cephalexin, 328t, 1188t, 1193t thrombocytopenia and, 1050, 1056, 1057t, of vulvovaginal candidiasis, 782t, 790–791 Cephalosporins 1059 of weight gain, 1165, 1166–1167t allergic reactions to, 72t, 74–75t, 87, 90, 92 thromboembolic diseases and, 1074 CCLE (chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus), 132 cutaneous diseases and, 101, 103t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 793–795 CCNU. See delirium and, 328t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 662, CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and diarrhea and, 822t 664, 668, 668t, 670 Prevention drug fever and, 1187 weight gain and, 1167–1169t, 1172, 1173t CDI. See Clostridium difficile infection graded challenge procedure for, 88 Chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA), 1109–1111 Cediranib, 699t hemolytic anemia and, 1104, 1105t causative agents of, 1109, 1109t Cefaclor, 74t, 84, 92, 1192, 1193t, 1194 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 870 clinical presentation of, 1102t, 1110 Cefazolin, 144t, 328t, 1101t, 1105t, 1188t, 1193t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088, 1089t differential diagnosis of, 1110 Cefepime, 125t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t epidemiology of, 1109 Cefoperazone, 1188t seizures and, 218t, 220 management of, 1111 Cefotaxime, 92, 1101t, 1105t, 1188t structural similarities and differences in, 93f mechanisms of, 1101t, 1110 Cefotetan, 1101t, 1105t thrombocytopenia and, 1052t morbidity and mortality for, 1110 Cefoxitin, 1101t, 1105t Cephalothin, 92, 328t, 1101t, 1105t patient education on, 1111 Cefprozil, 1193t Ceritinib, 7t, 907t prevention of, 1110–1111 Ceftazidime, 92, 144t, 1105t, 1188t , 13 risk factors for, 1103t, 1110 Ceftizoxime, 1101t, 1105t, 1188t Certolizumab, 126t, 173t, 1270t, 1297 Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting Ceftriaxone CERTs (Centers for Education and Research on (CINV) alopecia and, 72t Therapeutics), 55 causative agents of, 907–909t, 910 drug fever and, 1188t Cervical dystonia, 267, 267f clinical presentation of, 916, 916t hemolytic anemia and, 1101t, 1105t epidemiology of, 910 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t allergic reactions to, 72t management of, 928–929, 929t serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t alopecia and, 174t, 179t mechanisms of, 911t, 914 taste disorders and, 1259t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t morbidity and mortality for, 919–920 Cefuroxime myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes patient education on, 930–931 drug fever and, 1188t and, 473t prevention of, 921t, 924–927, 925t hemolytic anemia and, 1101t, 1105t photosensitivity and, 144t risk factors for, 33, 918–919, 918t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t visual disturbances and, 298t Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t Cetuximab, 72t, 96, 102t, 169t, 196t, 432t (CIPN), 283, 285–289 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t Chamomile, 298t, 353 Chest pain. See Angina pectoris Celandine, 850t Chaparral leaf, 850t Children. See Pediatric patients Chaso, 850t Chinese herbs. See Aristolochic acid allergic reactions to, 74t Chaulmoogra, 298t , 533t, 539t asthma/bronchospasm and, 453, 461 CHD (coronary heart disease), 514, 622, 623 cardiovascular disease associated with, 53 Chelating agents, 196t anxiety and, 403 cutaneous diseases and, 102–103t Chemicals, environmental, 845, 849–850t drug fever and, 1188t, 1191 delirium and, 327t Chemoprotectant agents, 635t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t heart failure and, 503t, 509, 510t Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), 912–914, 913f interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t Chemotherapy agents. See also Chemotherapy- and, 432t hypertension and, 618t induced anemia (CIA); Chemotherapy-induced leukemia and, 1284, 1288t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes nausea and vomiting (CINV) peripheral neuropathy and, 280t and, 472t, 475 acute kidney injury and, 955 seizures and, 218t photosensitivity and, 144t alopecia and, 169–171t, 176–178, 179t, 182, 183, SIADH and, 983t psychosis and, 416t 185–187 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t

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Chloramphenicol oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t thrombocytopenia and, 1050t aplastic anemia and, 1100t photosensitivity and, 144t thyroid diseases and, 701t delirium and, 328t SIADH and, 983t visual disturbances and, 299t drug fever and, 1187 thrombocytopenia and, 1050t Cinchona alkaloids, 1049 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t, 861t thyroid diseases and, 703t , 271t, 273t, 1270t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t , 125t Cinoxacin, 472t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t Chlorthalidone CINV. See Chemotherapy-induced nausea and ototoxicity and, 1234t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 688 vomiting peripheral neuropathy and, 280t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1138 CIOMS (Council for International Organizations of thrombocytopenia and, 1052t hypotension and, 633t, 638t Medical Sciences), 51, 52 visual disturbances and, 298t ototoxicity and, 1234t CIPN (chemotherapy-induced peripheral Chlordiazepoxide, 144t, 424t, 1089t pancreatitis and, 878t, 883 neuropathy), 283, 285–289 Chlordiazepoxide–clidinium , 1050t photosensitivity and, 144t, 150 Chlorella, 144t, 298t sexual dysfunction and, 762 acute kidney injury and, 943t Chlorhexidine, 72t, 1234t, 1254t, 1259t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 74t, 76,

Chloride channel agonists, 840 Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), 890, 1122, 1126, 1262 77t, 81, 84, 87 Chlormethiazole, 851t Cholera vaccine, 1270t cutaneous diseases and, 103t Chlormezanone, 101 Cholestatic injury, 855t, 857–858, 859t, 861t, 862. delirium and, 328t Chloroform, 849t See also Hepatic and cholestatic diseases hemolytic anemia and, 1105t Chloroquine -lowering agents, 171t, 179t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1253, Cholestyramine osteonecrosis of jaw and, 1276 1254t acidosis and, 1002t ototoxicity and, 1234t cutaneous diseases and, 103t alopecia and, 171t pancreatitis and, 882 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t diarrhea and, 823t, 827t, 829 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t myopathy and, 1150t, 1152t, 1153 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 869 photosensitivity and, 144t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t thyroid diseases and, 701t psychosis and, 416t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t Chondroitin/chondroitin , 12, 822, 835 serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t ototoxicity and, 1234t Chromium, 701t, 849t SIADH and, 984t peripheral neuropathy and, 280t Chronic allograft nephropathy, 969, 973–975 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t photosensitivity and, 144t Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE), torsades de pointes and, 532t, 539t psychosis and, 416t, 418t 132 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 810–811t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 965–976 visual disturbances and, 299t 573t causative agents of, 965–967, 966t torsades de pointes and, 532t clinical presentation of, 970–972, 971t asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t visual disturbances and, 295, 298t, 312, 313, comorbidity and, 33–34 diarrhea and, 823t 318–319 differential diagnosis of, 971, 971t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Chlorothiazide epidemiology of, 967–969 and, 473t, 474 allergic reactions to, 94 management of, 975–976, 976t regulatory actions involving, 13 hypotension and, 633t, 638t mechanisms of, 969–970, 970t restrictive drug distribution system for, 7t pancreatitis and, 878t, 883 morbidity and mortality for, 973–974 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 539–540t, 541 photosensitivity and, 144t patient education on, 976 thrombocytopenia and, 1050t prevention of, 974–975, 974t acidosis and, 1003t Chlorpheniramine, 220, 298t, 852t, 1089t risk factors for, 972–973, 972t acute kidney injury and, 943t, 945t, 950–952, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension 954–955 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t (CTEPH), 1074 alkalosis and, 1013–1014t delirium and, 337 Chrysanthemum, 144t allergic reactions to, 72t drug fever and, 1188t Churg-Strauss syndrome, 85 alopecia and, 169t, 176 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t Chymopapain, 72t chronic kidney disease and, 966t, 970t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t, 861t, 869 CIA. See Chemotherapy-induced anemia drug fever and, 1188t hypotension and, 635t, 639t Ciclopirox, 1234t genetic variability and, 16t hypothermia and, 1216, 1216t Cidofovir, 966t, 970t, 991t, 1003t, 1234t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t malignant hyperthermia and, 1213, 1213t Cigarettes. See Smoking hyperprolactinemia and, 744t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, Cilostazol, 1026t, 1029, 1029t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, 524–525t 439 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t, allergic reactions to, 75t leukemia and, 1284, 1284t, 1286, 1287 1198 alopecia and, 171t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes photosensitivity and, 144t, 150 delirium and, 328t and, 472t seizures and, 221 drug fever and, 1188t nausea/vomiting and, 907t, 910, 914, 916, 916t, serotonin syndrome and, 1208, 1208t hemolytic anemia and, 1105t 920, 925, 926 SIADH and, 982t, 985 hyperprolactinemia and, 743t ototoxicity and, 1234t, 1240, 1242, 1243 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 127, myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes pancreatitis and, 878t, 881 128t, 130 and, 473t peripheral neuropathy and, 279, 280t, 282, 285 tardive dyskinesia and, 260 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t, 1091, seizures and, 222t thrombocytopenia and, 1050t 1091t sexual dysfunction and, 762t thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t SIADH and, 981, 983t torsades de pointes and, 532t, 540t pancreatitis and, 878t, 880 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, visual disturbances and, 298–299t sexual dysfunction and, 758t, 762–763t, 765t, 570t, 577t weight gain and, 1167t, 1169t, 1171 783t, 786t stroke and, 230–231t, 233 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, taste disorders and, 1259t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t, 1091 570t, 573t, 577t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t transport mechanisms for, 37

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Citalopram diabetes insipidus, 992, 992t SIADH, 986–988, 986t alopecia and, 172t diarrhea, 823–825, 824t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block, depression and, 391 drug allergies, 82–85, 83–84t 574–576, 575t hyperprolactinemia and, 743t drug fever, 1187t, 1189–1190, 1189t skin cancer, 1290t, 1296–1297 hypertrichosis and, 197t dysmenorrhea, 787t, 797 sleep disorders, 349–350, 350t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 524t dystonia, 257t, 266–268, 267f stroke, 233–234, 233–234t serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t endometrial cancer, 1290t, 1301–1302 systemic lupus erythematosus, 129–133, 129t, sexual dysfunction and, 772 female sexual dysfunction, 787t, 798–799 131–132t SIADH and, 982t, 990 fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, 1332, 1332t tardive dyskinesia, 257t, 262 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, gastroschisis, 1326–1327, 1326f taste disorders, 1256t, 1261 570t, 573t, 576, 577t gingival hyperplasia, 1256t, 1264 thrombocytopenia, 83–84, 1054–1056, 1054t sleep disorders and, 348t glomerulonephritis, 946t, 958–959 thromboembolic diseases, 1071–1073, 1071t torsades de pointes and, 532t, 539–540t glucose and insulin dysregulation, 683, 686, 686t thyroid diseases, 711–713, 711t weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1171 gout and hyperuricemia, 1140–1141, 1140t torsades de pointes, 536–537, 536–537t Citrate, 1013–1014t growth hormone deficiency, 748–749, 749t upper gastrointestinal ulceration, 812–814, CKD. See Chronic kidney disease heart failure, 512–513, 513t 813t , 1106 hemodynamic-mediated AKI, 945–946, 946t valvular and pericardial heart disease, 664–668, hemolytic anemia, 83–84, 1102t, 1106 665t, 666–667f delirium and, 328t hepatic and cholestatic, 858–862, 859–861t visual disturbances, 315–317, 316t drug interactions with, 39t hirsutism, 193–194, 199–201, 200–201t vulvovaginal candidiasis, 787t, 791 genetic variability and, 16t hyperprolactinemia, 742, 744–745, 745t weight gain, 1168–1173, 1169t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes hypertension, 621–622, 621t Clinicians, 10–11, 50–51 and, 472t hyperthermia, 1186, 1187t Clioquinol, 144t, 706t ototoxicity and, 1234t hypertrichosis, 194, 198f, 200t, 201–202 Clobazam, 125t, 1216t SIADH and, 988 hypotension, 637, 641, 641t Clobetasol/clobetasol propionate, 731t, 733, 736t, taste disorders and, 1258, 1259t hypothermia, 1216–1217, 1217t 739, 1273 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 539–540t, 542 infertility, 768t, 769, 770, 787t, 801 , 908t Clavulanic acid, 73t. See also Amoxicillin–clavulanic interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis, Clofazimine, 7t, 144t, 1253, 1254–1255t acid 434–436, 435–436t Cleft lip/cleft palate, 1318–1319f, 1318–1321 intracerebral hemorrhage, 233, 240–241, 241t alopecia and, 171t Clindamycin learning disabilities, 1315–1316 drug fever and, 1188t allergic reactions to, 75t leukemia, 1289, 1290t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 861t diarrhea and, 821, 822t limb deficiency defects, 1325 myopathy and, 1150t, 1152t drug fever and, 1187 low birth weight, 1317–1318 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t lymphoma, 1290t, 1293–1294 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t macrocytic anemia, 1102t, 1108 sexual dysfunction and, 763t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266, 1266t male sexual dysfunction, 767–771, 768t thyroid diseases and, 701t ototoxicity and, 1234t malignant hyperthermia, 1187t, 1210–1211, 1210t Clomiphene, 299t, 400t, 403, 701t, 882 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809, menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia, 787t, 795 Clomiphene citrate, 782t, 784, 785t 810–811t microcephaly, 1330f, 1331 Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, 526–527t, alopecia and, 172t Consortium (CPIC) guidelines, 35 526–528, 527f delirium and, 326t, 329t Clinical presentation of disease myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes, depression and, 392 acidosis, 1005–1007, 1006t 480–482, 481t, 483t heart failure and, 504t, 510t acute interstitial nephritis, 946t, 956 myopathy, 1153–1155, 1154t hyperprolactinemia and, 743t acute tubular necrosis, 946t, 951 nausea and vomiting, 912t, 915–916, 916t hypotension and, 634t, 639t akathisia, 256–258, 257t nephrolithiasis, 946t, 957 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t alkalosis, 1014–1015, 1015t neural tube defects, 1327–1328f, 1329 photosensitivity and, 145t alopecia, 165, 176f, 180–183, 181–182t neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1187t, serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t, 1207 amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, 787t, 793 1196–1198, 1196t, 1206 SIADH and, 982t anxiety, 406–408, 406t, 408t neutropenia and agranulocytosis, 1092–1093, thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t aplastic anemia, 1101–1102, 1102t 1092t thyroid diseases and, 701t asthma and bronchospasm, 457–459, 457t oral erythema multiforme, 1253, 1256t, weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 584–585, 584t 1268–1269 atrial tachycardia, 589, 589t oral lichenoid reactions, 1256t, 1272–1273 alopecia and, 173t AV node re-entrant tachycardia, 593, 593t orofacial clefts, 1318–1319f, 1321 anxiety and, 407, 410 bladder cancer, 1290t, 1304 osteonecrosis of jaw, 1256t, 1275 cognitive disorders and, 360 bleeding disorders, 1030–1031, 1030t osteoporosis and osteomalacia, 1124–1125, 1124t delirium and, 327t, 329t breast cancer, 1290t, 1299 ototoxicity, 1240–1241, 1240t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t Brugada syndrome, 547–548, 547t ovarian hyperstimulation, 784, 787t ototoxicity and, 1234t chemotherapy-induced anemia, 1102t, 1110 pancreatitis, 888–890, 889t tardive dyskinesia and, 264 chronic kidney disease, 970–972, 971t parkinsonism, 257t, 262, 272 taste disorders and, 1262 cognitive disorders, 361–363, 361t, 363t peripheral neuropathy, 282–285, 283t teratogenicity of, 1331 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth, photosensitivity, 151–152t, 151–153, 152f 1255–1257, 1256t psychosis, 419–420t, 419–421 akathisia and, 259 congenital heart defects, 1323–1324 secondary adrenal insufficiency, 737–738, 738t alopecia and, 174t constipation, 837–838, 838t seizures, 222–223, 223t constipation and, 836t Cushing syndrome, 386, 732–733, 732t, 749 serotonin syndrome, 1187t, 1197–1198, delirium and, 327t cutaneous diseases, 106–110, 107–108t 1205–1206, 1205t depression and, 376t, 378, 385, 385t delirium, 330–331, 330–331t, 420 serum sickness-like reactions, 83t, 1187t, dystonia and, 270 depression, 386–387, 387t 1193–1194, 1193t hypotension and, 633t, 639t, 646t, 647

1356

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myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Coal tar, 145t Collagenase clostridium histolyticum, 7t and, 472t Coasting phenomenon, 283, 286 Colony-stimulating factor (CSF), 74t, 171t, 179t,

SIADH and, 984t Cobalamin (vitamin B12), 284, 1107, 1108, 1256 1287, 1291. See also Granulocyte colony- sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, Cobimetinib, 145t, 1296 stimulating factor (G-CSF) 570t, 573–574t, 576, 577–578t Cocaine Color changes of oral mucosa and teeth, 1253–1258 sleep disorders and, 348t anxiety and, 400t, 401 causative agents of, 1253, 1254–1255t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t clinical presentation of, 1255–1257, 1256t visual disturbances and, 299t Brugada syndrome and, 547t differential diagnosis of, 1256–1257, 1257t Clopidogrel duration of detection in urine, 420t epidemiology of, 1255 allergic reactions to, 72t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t, 864 management of, 1258 aplastic anemia and, 1100t hyperprolactinemia and, 744t mechanisms of, 1255, 1255t bleeding disorders and, 1029, 1029t, 1031, 1031t hypertension and, 618t, 620t morbidity and mortality for, 1257 comorbidity and, 34 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, patient education on, 1258 genetic variations affecting, 36t 433 prevention of, 1257–1258 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 239, 240, risk factors for, 1257, 1258t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 244 240t Colpachi, 850t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 524t Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), 1172 and, 472t, 480, 486, 489 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1197 Comfrey, 850t photosensitivity and, 145t psychosis and, 416t Community-acquired acute kidney injury serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t as risk factor for drug-induced diseases, 33 (CA-AKI), 941–942, 944 stroke and, 236 sexual dysfunction and, 758–759t, 761t Comorbid diseases, 33–34 thrombocytopenia and, 1054 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, Complete heart block, 569 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 810–811t, 570t, 572, 573t, 578t Compound epitope formation, 1052 812, 815 sleep disorders and, 349t Congenital anomalies, defined, 1314. See also , 327t, 329t stroke and, 230–231t, 231, 232 Teratogenicity Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), 817, 821–823, teratogenicity of, 1316, 1318, 1321, 1324, 1327, Congenital heart defects, 1321–1324 825–830, 827t 1331, 1334t Conivaptan, 989–990, 989t Clotrimazole, 790t, 792 thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t Conjugated estrogens, 702t, 790t, 1302 Clotting derangements, 232–233 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 540t Consistency, in epidemiology, 22 Cloxacillin, 809, 1188t Cocaine-induced myocardial ischemia/acute Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Cloxacillin/nafcillin, 846t coronary syndrome, 474–475, 478–489, 483t, (CONSORT), 15 487t Constipation, 835–841. See also Opioid-induced acidosis and, 1002t constipation (OIC) akathisia and, 255 constipation and, 836t causative agents of, 835, 836t AV node re-entrant tachycardia and, 592t genetic variations affecting, 36t clinical presentation of, 837–838, 838t cannabinoids and, 33 hypotension and, 636t, 638t differential diagnosis of, 837, 838t constipation and, 836t nausea/vomiting and, 906t epidemiology of, 835–837 delirium and, 326t, 329t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t management of, 839–841, 840t development of, 253–254 ototoxicity and, 1233, 1235t mechanisms of, 837, 837t diabetes insipidus and, 991, 991t pancreatitis and, 878t, 886t morbidity and mortality for, 839 drug fever and, 1186 Coenzyme Q10, 515, 1158 patient education on, 839, 840 and, 254 Cognitive disorders, 357–369. See also Delirium; prevention of, 839, 839t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 683 Dementia risk factors for, 838–839, 838t heart failure and, 502t, 509 causative agents of, 357, 358t Contraceptives hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t clinical presentation of, 361–363, 361t, 363t intrauterine devices, 171t, 179t, 782t, 785t, 795, hypotension and, 635t, 639t differential diagnosis of, 363, 363t 796 hypothermia and, 1215, 1216, 1216t epidemiology of, 357–359 oral. See Oral contraceptives myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes management of, 368–369, 368t patches, 229 and, 472t mechanisms of, 359–361, 359t smoking and, 33 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t morbidity and mortality for, 366 Contrast media, 219t, 965, 1066t, 1067, 1070t, 1075t. neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088, 1089t, patient education on, 369 See also Radiocontrast media 1091, 1091t, 1093–1095, 1095t prevention of, 366–368, 366t Contrayerva, 299t pancreatitis and, 878t, 883, 887 risk factors for, 364–366, 364t Conventional antipsychotics, 742, 743t, 745–746, parkinsonism and, 270–272 Coherence, in epidemiology, 22 1167t, 1169t, 1171 photosensitivity and, 145t Colchicine Conventional neuroleptics psychosis and, 424 alopecia and, 171t akathisia and, 254, 255, 255–256t, 258, 258t restrictive drug distribution system for, 7t diabetes insipidus and, 991t development of, 253 seizures and, 218t, 221, 222t, 225 diarrhea and, 823t dystonia and, 265–266, 266t, 268, 269, 269t sexual dysfunction and, 765t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1141, 1144, 1145 parkinsonism and, 270–273, 271t, 273t SIADH and, 982t, 990 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t, 868 tardive dyskinesia and, 260–263, 260t, 264t, 265 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, Copper, 177, 1254t 570t, 578t 440 Coronary artery disease, 471, 473–475, 478–486, smoking and, 32 myopathy and, 1150t, 1152t, 1153, 1156 489, 501 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t Coronary artery vasodilators, 479 tardive dyskinesia and, 265 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t Coronary heart disease (CHD), 514, 622, 623 thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t peripheral neuropathy and, 281t Coronary steal, 479 torsades de pointes and, 533t, 540t thyroid diseases and, 701t Corticosteroid myopathy, 1150t, 1151, 1152t, 1153, valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 660t, 662 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 670 1155–1159 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1171, 1175 , 836t Corticosteroids CNS agents. See Central nervous system agents , 701t, 836t, 869 acute kidney injury and, 957, 959 Coagulation factor VIIA, 472t Colistin, 452t, 943t, 950 allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 75t, 77t

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Corticosteroids (continued) Cough and cold preparations, 238t, 517 alopecia and, 171t, 179t, 188t, 191 Council for International Organizations of Medical alopecia and, 169t, 176, 177 anxiety and, 404 Sciences (CIOMS), 51, 52 asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t asthma/bronchospasm and, 460, 461 COX-1 inhibitors. See -1 selective bladder cancer and, 1285t, 1288t, 1303–1305 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 581, 586 inhibitors cognitive disorders and, 358t chronic kidney disease and, 967, 976 COX-2 inhibitors. See Cyclooxygenase-2 selective color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t cognitive disorders and, 360, 361 inhibitors depression and, 384 Cushing syndrome and, 733, 734 CPIC (Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation diabetes insipidus and, 991t cutaneous diseases and, 101, 102t, 108, 113 Consortium) guidelines, 35 heart failure and, 502t, 508, 510t delirium and, 325, 326t Cremophor (polyethoxyethylated )- hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t depression and, 376t, 382, 386–388, 388t, 390, containing products, 77t, 81 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, 391 CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone), 729, 431, 432t, 439, 440 drug fever and, 1191 734–735, 737–739, 741 leukemia and, 1284, 1284t, 1286, 1287, 1288t, drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26t Crizotinib, 145t, 299t, 908t, 1259t 1291 food interactions with, 41 Cromolyn, 452t, 463 lymphoma and, 1295 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 683, 688, 690 Cromolyn sodium, 515, 660t, 662 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes growth hormone deficiency and, 750 CSF. See Colony-stimulating factor and, 472t heart failure and, 502t CTEPH (chronic thromboembolic pulmonary nausea/vomiting and, 908t, 916t, 925, 926 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t, 866, 868 hypertension), 1074 oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t hirsutism and, 199t CTID (cancer treatment-induced diarrhea), 821, osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1123t hypertension and, 618t, 620t 827–828, 827t sexual dysfunction and, 759t hypertrichosis and, 196t CTZ (chemoreceptor trigger zone), 912–914, 913f SIADH and, 981, 983t, 989 for immune complex diseases, 100 , 440 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t inhaled, 733, 738–741, 1127 Cushing syndrome, 730–734 taste disorders and, 1259t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, causative agents of, 730, 731t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 660–661t, 439–442 clinical presentation of, 386, 732–733, 732t, 749 662, 668 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes differential diagnosis of, 732–733, 733t visual disturbances and, 299t and, 473t epidemiology of, 730 weight gain and, 1172 myopathy and, 1150t, 1151, 1152t, 1153, management of, 734 Cycloserine, 376t, 377, 400t, 416t, 418t, 1235t 1155–1159 mechanisms of, 730–732, 731t Cyclosporine nausea/vomiting and, 925, 927t, 929 morbidity and mortality for, 733 acidosis and, 1003t oral erythema multiforme and, 1269 overview, 730 acute kidney injury and, 943t, 952 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1273 patient education on, 734 alopecia and, 172t, 174, 191 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1127 prevention of, 733–734, 734t aplastic anemia and, 1104 pancreatitis and, 878t, 882, 885, 888, 891t risk factors for, 733, 733t chronic kidney disease and, 965, 966t, 967–969, photosensitivity and, 155 Cutaneous diseases, 100–114 970t, 971–976, 972t, 974t psychosis and, 415, 416t, 420, 421 causative agents of, 100–104, 102–104t cutaneous diseases and, 102t, 114 secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 735, clinical presentation of, 106–110, 107–108t gingival hyperplasia and, 1262–1264, 1263–1264t 738–741 differential diagnosis of, 106, 108t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 684t, 688 serum sickness-like reactions and, 1194 epidemiology of, 104–105 gout/hyperuricemia and, 1136t, 1137, 1140, 1145 sexual dysfunction and, 762t management of, 113–114, 114t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t sleep disorders and, 349–350t mechanisms of, 105–106 hirsutism and, 194, 198 for systemic lupus erythematosus, 135 morbidity and mortality for, 112 hyperprolactinemia and, 744t teratogenicity of, 1316, 1317, 1319, 1320 patient education on, 114 hypertension and, 618t, 620, 620t, 624, 625, 625t thrombocytopenia and, 1059 prevention of, 112, 113t hypertrichosis and, 194, 196t, 198, 199, 202 thyroid diseases and, 716 risk factors for, 110–112, 111t lymphoma and, 1284t, 1288t, 1292–1295 topical, 734 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 130 myopathy and, 1150t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809–812, terminology related to, 100, 101t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1123t, 1127 810–811t, 814–817, 816t Cyanoacrylate, 1064t, 1068t ototoxicity and, 1235t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 670 Cycad nut, 849t pancreatitis and, 891t visual disturbances and, 299t, 313, 315–318 Cyclic antidepressants, 219 peripheral neuropathy and, 281t vulvovaginal candidiasis and, 782t, 785t, 791 , 852t seizures and, 219t, 222t Corticotropin, 195t, 199t, 731t , 145t, 416t, 418t, 984t skin cancer and, 1284t, 1288t, 1297, 1298 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 729, Cyclofenil, 848t thrombocytopenia and, 1054, 1056 734–735, 737–739, 741 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 selective inhibitors, 233, thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t Cortisol 453, 455, 463, 812, 815, 945 thyroid diseases and, 699t anxiety and, 409 Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selective inhibitors upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 815 Cushing syndrome and, 729, 732 acute kidney injury and, 942, 944–945t, 945–949 visual disturbances and, 299t hypertrichosis and, 198–199 asthma/bronchospasm and, 453, 461, 463 CYP2D6, 918–919, 1272 primary adrenal insufficiency and, 734 bleeding disorders and, 1030 Cypress spurge, 299t secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 735, cognitive disorders and, 361 737–741 delirium and, 327t depression and, 390 stroke and, 232 heart failure and, 501, 503t, 509, 512, 516 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t Cortisone, 195–196t, 385t, 739t hypertension and, 620t photosensitivity and, 145t Cosmetic treatments myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes serotonin syndrome and, 1207–1208, 1208t for alopecia, 189t, 192 and, 472t, 473, 475, 477t, 479, 480, 489 thyroid diseases and, 703t for hirsutism and hypertrichosis, 204–205, stroke and, 230, 231, 233 Cyproterone, 188t, 190–191, 206, 206t, 1064t, 1068t 204–205t, 207–208 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 810t, 811, , 744t, 848t Cost burden of drug-induced diseases, 26–29, 27t 812, 815, 817 Cysteamine, 7t Cost-of-illness model, 27–28 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 797 Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), 455, 462 Co-trimoxazole, 472t, 846t, 864, 1263t, 1266t visual disturbances and, 318 Cystic fibrosis, 87

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Cytarabine ototoxicity and, 1235t Delirium, 325–340 anxiety and, 403 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t causative agents of, 325, 326–328t heart failure and, 503t, 509 thrombocytopenia and, 1050t clinical presentation of, 330–331, 330–331t, 420 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1068t defined, 357 nausea/vomiting and, 908t, 916t thyroid diseases and, 701t differential diagnosis of, 331, 331–332t ototoxicity and, 1235t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t epidemiology of, 325, 328–329, 357–358 pancreatitis and, 878t, 881 Dantrolene management of, 335–340, 336t, 369 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t dystonia and, 270 mechanisms of, 329–330, 329t, 360 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 570t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t morbidity and mortality for, 333–334, 366 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 660–661t, malignant hyperthermia and, 1212–1214, 1213t patient education on, 340 662, 668 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1200–1201, prevention of, 334–335, 334t visual disturbances and, 300t, 313 1200t risk factors for, 331–333, 332t Cytokines ototoxicity and, 1235t Demeclocycline, 8–9, 145t, 989t, 990, 991t in allergic reactions, 79, 81, 87 photosensitivity and, 145t Dementia in alopecia areata, 166 serotonin syndrome and, 1208 clinical presentation of, 362, 363 anxiety and, 409, 410 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 660t, 662, differential diagnosis of, 331, 332t in atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 584 664 management of, 340 in bone remodeling, 1120 Dapagliflozin, 634t, 1002t mechanisms of, 329, 360 chronic kidney disease and, 969 Dapsone risk factors for, 332–334 depression and, 386 allergic reactions to, 75t, 87 Demographic factors related to drug-induced in hepatic and cholestatic diseases, 857 cutaneous diseases and, 103t diseases, 31–32 lymphoma and, 1293 genetic variations affecting, 36t Denileukin, 1065t, 1069t in nausea and vomiting, 922 heart failure and, 503t, 509 Denominator, in incidence of drug-induced disease, in thermoregulation, 1186 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t 25 thrombocytopenia and, 1053 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t, 861t Denosumab, 126t, 1129t, 1130, 1273–1274, 1274t, Cytosine, 1188t nausea/vomiting and, 930 1276 Cytotoxic agents neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) alopecia and, 177, 178, 182 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t acute kidney injury and, 951 diarrhea and, 823, 825 ototoxicity and, 1235t bladder cancer and, 1304 gout/hyperuricemia and, 1136t, 1137–1138, peripheral neuropathy and, 280t breast cancer and, 1299 1144t pharmacogenomic tests for, 35 chemotherapy agents and, 1286, 1287, 1290 infertility and, 800–802 photosensitivity and, 145t endometrial cancer and, 1301 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, psychosis and, 416t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 856 431 visual disturbances and, 300t macrocytic anemia and, 1107 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Daptomycin, 953 myopathy and, 1152–1153 and, 474 Darbepoetin, 472t, 625t, 1064t, 1068t, 1075t, 1111t neoplastic injury and, 858 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087, 1091, Darbepoetin-α, 618t, 621, 626, 1111 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1091 1091t, 1092, 1094, 1095t DARRTS (Document Archiving, Reporting, and peripheral neuropathy and, 282 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 793, 794 Regulatory Tracking System) system, 13 in photosensitivity, 150 Darunavir, 92, 1266t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 127, 130, 132 , 169t, 699t, 1087 Depolarizing muscle relaxants, 1209t, 1210, 1212 alopecia and, 167t , 300t Depot medroxyprogesterone. See bleeding disorders and, 1029t, 1035, 1038–1039 Medroxyprogesterone depot drug interactions with, 39 alopecia and, 169t, 176 Depression, 375–392 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 245 drug fever and, 1188t causative agents of, 375–377, 376–377t stroke and, 237 heart failure and, 514 clinical presentation of, 386–387, 387t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t differential diagnosis of, 387, 387t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 810–811t, nausea/vomiting and, 908t, 916t epidemiology of, 377–385 810–812, 814 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t management of, 390–392, 391t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t, 662 DDIs (drug–drug interactions), 38–40, 39t, mechanisms of, 385–386, 385t VTE dosing recommendations, 1077t 153–154 morbidity and mortality for, 389 Dabrafenib, 169t, 1284t, 1296 Deafness. See Hearing loss patient education on, 392 Decision-tree model, 28, 28t prevention of, 390, 390t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t , 836t risk factors for, 387–389, 388t hypotension and, 636t, 640t Decongestants, 401 Dermatologic agents, 375 leukemia and, 1284, 1285 Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) Dermatomyositis, 1150, 1152t, 1153, 1155 nausea/vomiting and, 908t, 916t clinical presentation of, 1071–1073, 1071t Desensitization extracts, 452t photosensitivity and, 145t differential diagnosis of, 1072, 1072t Desensitization procedures, 64–65, 88–90, 92, thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t management of, 1076 95–96, 98, 1191 Daclizumab, 967 morbidity and mortality for, 1074 Desflurane, 850t, 906t, 1209t , 169t, 916t, 1270t overview, 1063 Desglymidodrine, 646 Dalbavancin, 836t patient education on, 1077–1078 Dalfampridine, 7t pretest probability of, 1072t alopecia and, 173t Dalteparin, 167t, 1034, 1055 risk factors for, 1074 Brugada syndrome and, 547t Danaparoid, 1058, 1059 Deferasirox, 7t delirium and, 326t, 329t Danazol Deferiprone, 7t hypotension and, 634t, 639t alopecia and, 167t, 180 Deferoxamine, 73t, 300t, 1050t, 1235t, 1242 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, anxiety and, 403 Defibrotide, 635t, 1026t, 1029t 524–525t cutaneous diseases and, 102t, 108 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 167t, 184, 195t, neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 849t 199, 201 ototoxicity and, 1235t hirsutism and, 194, 195t , 1266t photosensitivity and, 145t

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Desipramine (continued) Diarrhea, 821–830 A Dictionary of Epidemiology (Last), 20 SIADH and, 982t antibiotic-associated, 821, 822–823t, 823, 825, Didanosine weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t 827, 830 acidosis and, 1002–1003t Desmopressin cancer treatment-induced, 821, 827–828, 827t alopecia and, 168t bleeding disorders and, 1039 causative agents of, 821–822, 822t diabetes insipidus and, 991t diabetes insipidus and, 992 clinical presentation of, 823–825, 824t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 870 criteria for grading severity of, 828, 828t and, 472t hypotension and, 646t differential diagnosis of, 825, 826t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes epidemiology of, 822–823 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1123t and, 473t management of, 827–829, 827t ototoxicity and, 1235t thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1067, 1068t mechanisms of, 823, 823t pancreatitis and, 878t, 880, 886t, 890–892, 891t Desogestrel, 1075 morbidity and mortality for, 826 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t Desoximetasone, 145t patient education on, 830 Dienestrol, 790t , 145t, 348t, 618t, 620t, 982t prevention of, 826–827, 826t Dietary goitrogens, 701t, 713 , 7t, 264 risk factors for, 825, 826t Dietary supplements, 238t, 969, 970, 972–976 Dexamethasone and iodipamide meglumine, 706t Diethyldithiocarbamate, 1243 alopecia and, 171t Diatrizoate meglumine, 706t, 1050t Diethylpropion, 167t cognitive disorders and, 360 Diatrizoate meglumine/sodium, 706t Diethylstilbestrol, 1064t, 1068t Cushing syndrome and, 732 Diatrizoate sodium, 706t Differential diagnosis hirsutism and, 195t of acidosis, 1006, 1007t hypertrichosis and, 196t allergic reactions to, 75t of acute interstitial nephritis, 956 leukemia and, 1287 anxiety and, 407 of acute tubular necrosis, 951 nausea/vomiting and, 922–927, 924t, 927–929t, 929 cognitive disorders and, 360, 368, 369 of adverse drug reactions, 51, 63–65 pharmacologic characteristics of, 739t delirium and, 329t, 337 of akathisia, 257, 257t secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 736t, 741 drug interactions with, 39t of alkalosis, 1015, 1016t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 570t hypothermia and, 1216t of alopecia, 183, 184t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1200t, 1201 of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, 788t, thyroid diseases and, 702t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t 793–794 topical, 731t ototoxicity and, 1235t of anxiety, 407, 407t Dexamphetamine, 1203–1204t seizures and, 226 of aplastic anemia, 1102, 1102t serotonin syndrome and, 1208, 1208t of asthma and bronchospasm, 457, 458t chronic kidney disease and, 973 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 585, 585t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes 570t, 578t of atrial tachycardia, 589, 589t and, 473t smoking and, 32 of AV node re-entrant tachycardia, 593, 593t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 659, 660t, thrombocytopenia and, 1050t of bladder cancer, 1290t, 1304 663–664, 663t, 668–670, 668t thyroid diseases and, 701t of bleeding disorders, 1030, 1031t Dexfenfluramine–, 9 visual disturbances and, 300t of breast cancer, 1290t, 1299 Dexlansoprazole, 966t of Brugada syndrome, 548 , 570t, 577t, 1208t, 1209 alopecia and, 174t, 179t of chemotherapy-induced anemia, 1110 , 167t, 400t, 401 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 679, 680t, 684t of chronic kidney disease, 971, 971t Dexrazoxane, 515 hypertrichosis and, 194, 195, 197t, 198, 199, 202 of cognitive disorders, 363, 363t hypotension and, 633t, 640t of color changes of oral mucosa and teeth, alopecia and, 167t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes 1256–1257, 1257t anxiety and, 401 and, 472t of congenital heart defects, 1323–1324 growth hormone deficiency and, 748t thrombocytopenia and, 1050t of constipation, 837, 838t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes visual disturbances and, 300t of Cushing syndrome, 732–733, 733t and, 473t Dibucaine, 145t of cutaneous diseases, 106, 108t visual disturbances and, 300t Dichloroethylene, 849t of delirium, 331, 331–332t , 416t, 418t, 425, 1203–1204t, Dichlorphenamide, 145t of depression, 387, 387t 1204t of diabetes insipidus, 992, 992t Dextrose, 580, 870 acute kidney injury and, 944 of diarrhea, 825, 826t DHEA. See Dehydroepiandrosterone allergic reactions to, 73t of drug allergies and hypersensitivity reactions, DHRs. See Drug hypersensitivity reactions alopecia and, 172t 82, 84t Diabetes insipidus, 991–993 aplastic anemia and, 1100t of drug fever, 1190, 1190t causative agents of, 991, 991t bleeding disorders and, 1033 of dysmenorrhea, 788t, 797 clinical presentation of, 992, 992t delirium and, 327t of dystonia, 257t, 267, 268 differential diagnosis of, 992, 992t heart failure and, 510t of endometrial cancer, 1290t, 1301–1302 epidemiology of, 991 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t of female sexual dysfunction, 788t, 799 management of, 993, 993t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, 1332 mechanisms of, 991 human leukocyte antigen and, 37 of gastroschisis, 1326–1327 morbidity and mortality for, 993 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes of gingival hyperplasia, 1257t, 1264 overview, 981 and, 472t, 475 of glomerulonephritis, 958–959 patient education on, 993 oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t of glucose and insulin dysregulation, 686, 687t prevention of, 993, 993t ototoxicity and, 1235t of gout and hyperuricemia, 1141, 1141t risk factors for, 992–993, 993t pancreatitis and, 881 of growth hormone deficiency, 749, 749t Diabetes mellitus, 679, 681, 683, 687–688, 690, 952 photosensitivity and, 145t of heart failure, 512, 513t Diabetic neuropathy, 288–289 SIADH and, 984t of hemodynamic-mediated AKI, 946, 946t Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t of hemolytic anemia, 1106 Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), 256, 330, 357, thrombocytopenia and, 1050t of hepatic and cholestatic diseases, 860, 861t 375, 399, 420 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 813 of hirsutism, 201, 201t Diamorphine, 906t visual disturbances and, 300t of hyperprolactinemia, 744–745, 745t

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of hypertension, 201t, 622, 622t Digoxin Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DTaP) vaccine, 197t, of hypertrichosis, 201, 201t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 586 1267t of hypotension, 641, 642t atrial tachycardia and, 588–590t, 588–591 Dipyridamole of hypothermia, 1217 cognitive disorders and, 358t, 365 asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t of infertility, 770t, 788t, 801 comorbidity and, 34 bleeding disorders and, 1026t, 1029, 1029t of interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis, delirium and, 326t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 244 436, 436t depression and, 378, 385 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 524t, of intracerebral hemorrhage, 241, 241t drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26t 526 of learning disabilities, 1315–1316 drug interactions with, 38 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes of leukemia, 1289, 1290t genetic variability and, 16t and, 472t, 477t, 479 of limb deficiency defects, 1325 heart failure and, 516 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088, 1089t of low birth weight, 1317–1318 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 523, sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, of lymphoma, 1290t, 1293–1294 524–525t, 526, 529, 530 570t, 573t, 577 of macrocytic anemia, 1102t, 1108 nausea/vomiting and, 910, 911t, 930 stroke and, 236 of male sexual dysfunction, 769, 770t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088, 1089t taste disorders and, 1259t, 1261t of malignant hyperthermia, 1211, 1211t oral erythema multiforme and, 1266t Dipyrone, 102t of menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia, 788t, psychosis and, 416t Direct-acting arterial vasodilators, 645t 795 sexual dysfunction and, 758–759t, 763–764t, Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs of microcephaly, 1331 783t, 786t (DMARDs), 174, 178, 1175t of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, 527, sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 527t 570t, 572, 573t, 577–579, 577t, 579t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 682t, 685t of myocardial ischemia/acute coronary thrombocytopenia and, 1050t heart failure and, 502t, 507, 510t, 511, 515 syndromes, 482, 483t transport mechanisms for, 37 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t of myopathy, 1154, 1154t Digoxin immune antibody fragments, 502t, 509, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, of nausea and vomiting, 915, 916t 591 524–525t, 529 of nephrolithiasis, 946t, 957 Dihydro-2(3H)-furanone, 1215 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes of neural tube defects, 1329 , 472t, 906t and, 472t of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1197–1198, , 472t, 646t, 647, 1066t, 1070t peripheral neuropathy and, 280t 1198t Dihydrotestosterone, 183, 538, 763 sexual dysfunction and, 759t of neutropenia and agranulocytosis, 1092, 1092t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, of oral erythema multiforme, 1257t, 1269 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t, 586, 570t, 573t, 577t of oral lichenoid reactions (OLR), 1257t, 1273 587t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t of orofacial clefts, 1321 atrial tachycardia and, 591 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 539t of osteonecrosis of jaw, 1257t, 1275 drug fever and, 1188t Distal renal tubular acidosis, 1003–1004t, 1004, of osteoporosis and osteomalacia, 1124, 1124t gingival hyperplasia and, 1263, 1263t 1006, 1010, 1011f of ototoxicity, 1240t, 1241 heart failure and, 502t, 505, 509, 510t, 515 Disulfiram of ovarian hyperstimulation, 784, 788t hypertrichosis and, 196t drug interactions with, 39t of pancreatitis, 889, 889t hypotension and, 633t, 639t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t of parkinsonism, 257t, 272 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes nausea/vomiting and, 915 of peripheral neuropathy, 284–285, 284t and, 472t, 489 peripheral neuropathy and, 281t of photosensitivity, 151, 151t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t psychosis and, 416t, 418t of psychosis, 419, 419t ototoxicity and, 1235t taste disorders and, 1259t of secondary adrenal insufficiency, 737, 738t photosensitivity and, 145t Diuretics of seizures, 223, 223t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, acute kidney injury and, 944t, 947–949, 952–954, of serotonin syndrome, 1206, 1206t 570t, 572, 573t, 577, 578t, 580 959 of serum sickness-like reactions, 84t, 1194, 1194t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t alkalosis and, 1012, 1015, 1017 of SIADH, 987, 987t taste disorders and, 1259t, 1261t asthma/bronchospasm and, 463 of sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block, 575, , 924t, 1267t constipation and, 835, 836–837t 576t Dimethylacetamide, 849t drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26, 26t of skin cancer, 1290t, 1296 1,3 dimethylamylamine, 582t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1136t, 1138, 1144t of sleep disorders, 349, 351t Dimethylformamide, 849t heart failure and, 508, 511, 512, 517 of stroke, 233, 234t , 300t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 868, 870, 872 of systemic lupus erythematosus, 132, 132t Dinutuximab, 636t, 984t hypotension and, 633t, 642–644 of tardive dyskinesia, 257t, 262 Dioxane, 849t loop. See Loop diuretics of taste disorders, 1257t, 1261 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes of thrombocytopenia, 1055, 1055t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 682t, 685t and, 472t of thromboembolic diseases, 1072, 1072t heart failure and, 503t, 506, 511, 513, 514t myopathy and, 1150t, 1151, 1152t, 1153 of thyroid diseases, 711, 712, 712t pancreatitis and, 879t, 884 nonpotassium-sparing, 34 of torsades de pointes, 536–537, 537t osmotic, 636t of upper gastrointestinal ulceration, 813–814, delirium and, 328t ototoxicity and, 1233, 1239, 1239t, 1241, 1243 813t hypotension and, 634t, 640t ovarian hyperstimulation and, 789, 790t of valvular and pericardial heart disease, 665–668, nausea/vomiting and, 927t photosensitivity and, 143, 150, 150t, 154 667t ototoxicity and, 1243–1244 potassium-sparing, 625, 949, 1003t, 1138 of visual disturbances, 316, 316t photosensitivity and, 145t sexual dysfunction and, 757, 759–760t, 761, 764t, of vulvovaginal candidiasis, 788t, 791 psychosis and, 416t, 425 766 of weight gain, 1169, 1170t seizures and, 219, 220 . See Thiazide diuretics , 145t, 510t, 1235t, 1270t taste disorders and, 1262 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 670 Digitalis, 22, 26, 300t, 376t, 385, 385t torsades de pointes and, 533t DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), Digitalis glycoside toxicity, 589, 589t , 1263t 174, 178, 1175t Digitoxin, 590 Diphenylcyclopropenone, 191 DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid DigniCap, 186, 189t Diphtheria antitoxin (equine), 7t DOAC regimen, 1076

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Dobutamine psychosis and, 416t, 417, 422 Dronabinol, 400t, 416t, 418t, 929, 929t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582–583t, 584, valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 659, 669 585t, 586 antagonists heart failure and, 502t, 507, 511 AV node re-entrant tachycardia and, 592, anxiety and, 400t, 405, 405t, 408, 410 photosensitivity and, 145t 592–593t, 593 hyperprolactinemia and, 745, 746 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, drug fever and, 1188t nausea/vomiting and, 927, 927t, 929 570t, 577t hypotension and, 635t, 639t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1199 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 539t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 523, psychosis and, 418, 422

524–525t, 529, 530 Dopamine D2 receptors, 261, 271–272, 338, 798, akathisia and, 255, 255–256t, 258t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes 912, 1196, 1198 delirium and, 338 and, 472t Dopamine-receptor–blocking agents (DRBAs) hypotension and, 634t akathisia and, 255–256 nausea/vomiting and, 922, 923, 924t, 927–928t, allergic reactions to, 74t dystonia and, 265–267, 269, 270 928 alopecia and, 169t parkinsonism and, 270–273 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t tardive dyskinesia and, 259, 261–263 torsades de pointes and, 532t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t agents, 327t, 415, 422, 701t, 1197 Drospirenone, 191, 206t, 1075 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, , 472t Drotrecogin alfa, 3 433t, 435t Dovitinib, 570t , 7t, 646–647, 646t nausea/vomiting and, 908t Down syndrome, 577, 1314, 1323 Drug allergies, 71–100 pancreatitis and, 881 , 1013–1014, 1013–1014t categorization of, 60 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t , 300t, 416t, 509, 632t, 639t, 762 causative agents, 71–76, 72–75t SIADH and, 983t clinical presentation of, 82–85, 83–84t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t alopecia and, 173t comparison with hypersensitivity reactions, 71, taste disorders and, 1259t delirium and, 326t, 329t 72t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t drug fever and, 1188t defined, 71 visual disturbances and, 300t, 316 hypotension and, 634t, 639t differential diagnosis of, 82, 84t Document Archiving, Reporting, and Regulatory myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes epidemiology of, 76–78 Tracking System (DARRTS) system, 13 and, 472t Gell and Coombs classification of, 79–81, 80t Documentation of drug-induced diseases, 65–66 ototoxicity and, 1235t immediate vs. nonimmediate, 80–82 sodium, 840t photosensitivity and, 145t management of, 98–100, 99t SIADH and, 982t, 990 mechanisms of, 78–81 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 587, 587t sleep disorders and, 353 morbidity and mortality for, 88 heart failure and, 507, 511, 513 torsades de pointes and, 533t, 540t patient education on, 88, 100 restrictive drug distribution system for, 7t weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t prevention of, 88–90, 92, 94–96 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 538, 539t , 169t risk factors for, 85–87, 85t , 473t, 533t, 918, 922, 924t, 928–929t Drug–drug interactions (DDIs), 38–40, 39t, , 473t, 474, 532t, 539–540t, 743t, 745 alopecia and, 169t, 176 153–154 Donepezil atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t Drug fever, 1186–1192 hypotension and, 633t, 640t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t causative agents of, 1186–1187, 1188–1189t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t constipation and, 836t clinical presentation of, 1187t, 1189–1190, 1189t ototoxicity and, 1235t depression and, 384 differential diagnosis of, 1190, 1190t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, heart failure and, 502t, 507, 510t, 511, 514, 515 epidemiology of, 1187 570t, 573t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t management of, 1191, 1191t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t leukemia and, 1284–1286, 1284t, 1288t, 1291 mechanisms of, 1187 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 540t lymphoma and, 1295 morbidity and mortality for, 1190 Dopamine nausea/vomiting and, 908t, 916t patient education on, 1192 acute kidney injury and, 953 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t prevention of, 1190–1191 alopecia and, 171t taste disorders and, 1259t risk factors for, 1190 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) delirium and, 329, 332, 333 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t causative agents, 76, 77t, 1186 hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 745 visual disturbances and, 300t comparison with drug allergies, 71, 72t as inhibitory factor for , 742 Doxycycline defined, 71 nausea/vomiting and, 914 allergic reactions to, 95 differential diagnosis of, 84t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195–1198 ototoxicity and, 1235t epidemiology of, 76–78 psychosis and, 418, 419, 422 pancreatitis and, 879t, 882 human leukocyte antigen and, 37, 38 serotonin syndrome and, 1208 photosensitivity and, 145t, 153 immediate vs. nonimmediate, 81 SIADH and, 984t SIADH and, 990 management of, 99t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 580 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t mechanisms of, 81–82 in sleep cycles, 349 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809, 813 patient education on, 88, 100 stroke and, 232 , 220 prevention of, 96–98, 97t tardive dyskinesia and, 261 D-penicillamine risk factors for, 85t, 87–88 in thermoregulation, 1185, 1186, 1215–1216 asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t Drug-induced diseases. See also specific diseases thyroid diseases and, 701t chronic kidney disease and, 966t, 970t adverse reactions and. See Adverse drug reactions Dopamine agonists myopathy and, 1150, 1150t, 1151, 1152t, 1153 (ADRs) alopecia and, 171t, 175, 178, 179t, 184, 186 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t, 130 comorbidity and, 33–34 anxiety and, 400t, 405, 405t, 408 DPP-4 inhibitors. See Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 cost burden of, 26–29, 27t hyperprolactinemia and, 746, 747 inhibitors defined, 24 hypotension and, 633t, 645t DRBAs. See Dopamine-receptor–blocking agents demographic factors related to, 31–32 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1196, 1200, DRESS (drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic differential diagnosis of. See Differential diagnosis 1201 symptoms), 87, 102–103t, 105, 107–108t, documentation of, 65–66 parkinsonism and, 273 109–110, 114t, 1186 education on. See Patient education

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epidemiology of, 21–23, 25. See also Dysgeusia, 1258, 1261, 1262 management of, 773t Epidemiology Dysmenorrhea, 796–797 mechanisms of, 764–765t, 766–767 evaluation of patients for, 60–67, 61–62t, 64–65t causative agents of, 782t, 796 Elderly populations gender variations in, 32, 34–38, 36t clinical presentation of, 787t, 797 bone loss in, 1122 levels of evidence for, 63 differential diagnosis of, 788t, 797 cognitive disorders in, 364, 367–368 lifestyle factors related to, 32–33 epidemiology of, 796 constipation among, 836–837, 839 management of. See Management of disease management of, 790t, 797 delirium in, 333, 334 mechanisms of. See Mechanisms of disease mechanisms of, 786t, 796 diarrhea in, 823 medication errors and. See Medication errors morbidity and mortality for, 797 hypertension in, 623 morbidity and mortality in. See Morbidity and patient education on, 797 hypotension in, 641 mortality prevention of, 789t, 797 prevalence of drug-induced diseases in, 31 nonadherence to medications and, 28, 41 risk factors for, 788t, 797 systemic lupus erythematosus in, 133 postmarketing surveillance for. See Postmarketing Dystonia (acute and tardive), 265–270 tardive dyskinesia in, 260, 263 surveillance causative agents of, 265, 266t taste disorders in, 1261 prevention of. See Prevention strategies cervical, 267, 267f Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 265, 391, 1197, public health impact of, 21, 24–26, 29 clinical presentation of, 257t, 266–268, 267f 1200, 1200t, 1201 quantitative impact of, 23 differential diagnosis of, 257t, 267, 268 Electroencephalograms (EEGs), 220, 222, 223 reporting systems for, 24, 66–67 epidemiology of, 265–266 Electrolysis, 205, 207, 208 risk factors for. See Risk factors management of, 270, 270t Electrolyte disturbances, 34, 1153 of. See Clinical presentation mechanisms of, 266 Elevated blood pressure, 617, 619t, 621–625. See also of disease morbidity and mortality for, 269 Hypertension sources of, 19–20 overview, 253–254 Eli Lilly Company v. United States Department of Drug pseudoallergies, 71 patient education on, 270 Justice (2009), 9t, 10 Drug-related hospitalizations, 25–29, 26t, 38 prevention of, 269, 269t Eltrombopag, 171t, 1059 Drugs. See also specific names and classes of drugs risk factors for, 268, 268t Embolic mechanisms of stroke, 231–232 adverse reactions to. See Adverse drug reactions Emesis. See Nausea and vomiting (ADRs) Echinacea, 835 Emetogenic agents, 910, 914, 915, 920–921, 925, 926 allergies to. See Drug allergies Echinacea purpurea, 300t Emollient laxatives, 840, 840t approval process for, 11–12, 48 Echocardiograms, transthoracic, 665, 666–667f Empaglifozin, 515, 1002t discontinuation of, 472t, 480, 625t Echothiophate iodide, 706t Emtricitabine, 991t duration of detection in urine, 420, 420t Economic costs of drug-induced diseases, 26–29, 27t Enalapril errors related to. See Medication errors Ecstasy acute kidney injury and, 948 fast track approval of, 59 drug fever and, 1188t alopecia and, 167t as haptens, 1052 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 864 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t hypersensitivity reactions. See Drug myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes delirium and, 327t hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) and, 473t hypotension and, 632t, 638t illicit. See Illicit drug use serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes metabolism pathways for, 35, 37 SIADH and, 981, 984t, 985–987, 989 and, 472t, 477t, 478 orphan, 48 stroke and, 230t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t safety of. See Safety of drugs teratogenicity of, 1321 ototoxicity and, 1235t surveillance of. See Postmarketing surveillance thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t pancreatitis and, 878t, 880, 886t, 887 teratogenic. See Teratogenicity valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 660t, 663t, peripheral neuropathy and, 281t tolerance to, 88–89 664 photosensitivity and, 145t toxicity of. See Toxicity ECT. See Electroconvulsive therapy SIADH and, 983t transport mechanisms for, 37, 1313 Eculizumab, 7t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t withdrawal from, 415, 417t, 420–422, 424, 424t Edatrexate, 169t taste disorders and, 1259t, 1261t Drug target receptors, 37 , 238t, 245, 1029t, 1076, 1077t Enalaprilat, 478, 1235t Drug tolerance, 88–89 EDTA. See Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid , 472t, 502t, 507, 510t, 528 DSM-5. See Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Education of patients. See Patient education Encephalocele, 1327–1329, 1328f Mental Disorders, 5th Edition EEGs (electroencephalograms), 220, 222, 223 Endocrine agents, 848–849t DTaP (diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus) vaccine, 197t, Efalizumab, 1050t Endogenous Cushing syndrome, 730, 733 1267t Efaproxiral, 169t Endometrial cancer, 1301–1303 D-tubocurare, 636t, 638t causative agents of, 1285t, 1301 D-tubocurarine, 452t anxiety and, 400t, 403, 404 clinical presentation of, 1290t, 1301–1302 Dulaglutide, 879t depression and, 376t, 377–378, 385t, 386, 388, differential diagnosis of, 1290t, 1301–1302 388t, 390, 391 epidemiology of, 1301 constipation and, 836t diabetes insipidus and, 991t management of, 1303 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t drug interactions with, 39t mechanisms of, 1288t, 1301 hyperprolactinemia and, 743t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t morbidity and mortality for, 1302 peripheral neuropathy and, 288 ototoxicity and, 1235t patient education on, 1303 serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t photosensitivity and, 145t prevention of, 1294t, 1302–1303 sexual dysfunction and, 772 psychosis and, 416t risk factors for, 1291t, 1302 SIADH and, 981, 982t, 990 torsades de pointes and, 533t Endothelin, 951 sleep disorders and, 348t Eflornithine, 207 Endothelin-1, 232, 478 smoking and, 32 EGFRs. See Epidermal growth factor receptor Endothelin modifiers, 636t visual disturbances and, 300t inhibitors Endothelin receptor antagonists, 440 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t Ejaculation disorders Endotoxins, 1185 Dutasteride, 188t, 190, 206t, 207, 503t causative agents of, 760t End stage renal disease (ESRD), 965, 967, 968, 972, Duty to warn, 10–11 clinical presentation of, 768t, 769, 770 974, 975 DVT. See Deep vein thrombosis defined, 757 , 472t, 850t, 906t, 1209t, 1210 Dyclonine, 1262 differential diagnosis of, 770t Enoxacin, 145t

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Enoxaparin, 77t, 167t, 239, 487t, 1034, 1055 of hemodynamic-mediated AKI, 942, 944 Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors , 582t, 592t of hemolytic anemia, 1104 (EGFRs), 102t, 105–106, 108, 432t, 433, 435t Entacapone, 348t, 635t, 640t of hepatic and cholestatic diseases, 845, 853 . See Seizures Entecavir, 966–967, 966t, 970t of hirsutism, 197–198 Epinephrine, 98, 99, 454, 473t, 580, 1002t Enteral nutrition, 1003t of hyperprolactinemia, 742 Epipodophyllotoxins, 1285–1286, 1291 Environmental chemicals, 845, 849–850t of hypertension, 617–619 Environmental goitrogens, 701t of hypertrichosis, 197–198 alopecia and, 169t Ephedra of hypotension, 631, 637 heart failure and, 502t, 510t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 240, 240t, of hypothermia, 1215 leukemia and, 1288t 243 of infertility, 800 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes of interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis, and, 472t and, 473t 433–434 nausea/vomiting and, 908t seizures and, 219t, 221, 225 of intracerebral hemorrhage, 239–240 photosensitivity and, 145t Ephedra alkaloids, 618t of learning disabilities, 1315 Epitope, 1052, 1053 of leukemia, 1286–1287 Eplerenone, 1003t anxiety and, 400t, 404, 409 levels of evidence in, 20–21, 21t Epoetin alpha, 646t, 647, 1111 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 240 of limb deficiency defects, 1324–1325 Epoprostenol, 636t, 640t, 645t, 700t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 524t, of low birth weight, 1316–1317 Eprosartan, 632t, 638t, 1259t 527f of lymphoma, 1293 EPS. See Extrapyramidal symptoms myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes of macrocytic anemia, 1107 Epsilon aminocaproic acid, 1156 and, 473t of male sexual dysfunction, 761–762 Eptifibatide, 1029t, 1050t, 1052t, 1053, 1064t, 1068t nausea/vomiting and, 924t of malignant hyperthermia, 1210 Erectile dysfunction psychosis and, 416t, 418t of menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia, 795 causative agents of, 757, 759–760t stroke and, 232 of microcephaly, 1330–1331 clinical presentation of, 768, 768t, 769 Epidemiology of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, 523 defined, 757 of acidosis, 1001 in morbidity and mortality explanations, 21, 22, differential diagnosis of, 770t of acute interstitial nephritis, 956 25, 26 epidemiology of, 761–762 of acute tubular necrosis, 950 of myocardial ischemia/acute coronary management of, 773t of akathisia, 254–255 syndromes, 474–476 mechanisms of, 763–764t, 766 of alkalosis, 1012 of myopathy, 1151 Ergocalciferol, 1259t of alopecia, 177–178 of nausea and vomiting, 910 Ergonovine, 472t, 620t of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, 793 of nephrolithiasis, 957 alkaloids of anxiety, 404, 404t of neural tube defects, 1328 hypertension and, 618t, 620t of aplastic anemia, 1100 of neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1196 hypotension and, 547 of asthma and bronchospasm, 451, 453–454 of neutropenia and agranulocytosis, 1088, 1091 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 581, 583 of oral erythema multiforme, 1266 and, 474, 477t, 478, 485 of atrial tachycardia, 588 of oral lichenoid reactions, 1270 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 659, of AV node re-entrant tachycardia, 592 of orofacial clefts, 1319–1320 661–663 of bladder cancer, 1303–1304 of osteonecrosis of jaw, 1273–1274 of bleeding disorders, 1026–1028 of osteoporosis and osteomalacia, 1120 hypotension and, 647 of breast cancer, 1299 of ototoxicity, 1239 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes of Brugada syndrome, 546 of ovarian hyperstimulation, 781, 783 and, 472t of chemotherapy-induced anemia, 1109 overview, 20 thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t of chronic kidney disease, 967–969 of pancreatitis, 879–885 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 659–664, of cognitive disorders, 357–359 of parkinsonism, 270–271 660–661t, 663t, 668, 668–669t of color changes of oral mucosa and teeth, 1255 of peripheral neuropathy, 279 Ergotamine tartrate, 646t of congenital heart defects, 1322–1323 pharmacoepidemiology, 20, 54 , 169t, 908t of constipation, 835–837 of photosensitivity, 143, 148 Erlotinib of Cushing syndrome, 730 postmarketing surveillance as tool in, 53, 54 alopecia and, 169t, 177, 179t of cutaneous diseases, 104–105 of psychosis, 417 chemotherapy-induced anemia and, 1109t defined, 20 of secondary adrenal insufficiency, 735 cutaneous diseases and, 102t of delirium, 325, 328–329, 357–358 of seizures, 217, 219–222 hypertrichosis and, 196t of depression, 377–385 of serotonin syndrome, 1202 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, of diabetes insipidus, 991 of serum sickness-like reactions, 1192 432t, 438 of diarrhea, 822–823 of SIADH, 985 ototoxicity and, 1235t of drug allergies and hypersensitivity reactions, of sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block, 572 thyroid diseases and, 699t 76–78 of skin cancer, 1296 visual disturbances and, 300t of drug fever, 1187 of sleep disorders, 347 Errors. See Medication errors of drug-induced diseases, 21–23, 25 of stroke, 231 ERT (estrogen-replacement therapy), 621 of dysmenorrhea, 796 of systemic lupus erythematosus, 123, 127 Ertapenem, 92, 328t of dystonia, 265–266 of tardive dyskinesia, 260–261 Erythematous rash, 107–108t of endometrial cancer, 1301 of taste disorders, 1258, 1261 of female sexual dysfunction, 798 of thrombocytopenia, 1050, 1052 acute kidney injury and, 943t of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, 1332 of thromboembolic diseases, 1063, 1066 adverse effects of, 11 of gastroschisis, 1326 of thyroid diseases, 704 comorbidity and, 34 of gingival hyperplasia, 1263 of torsades de pointes, 534–535 cutaneous diseases and, 102t of glomerulonephritis, 958 of upper gastrointestinal ulceration, 810–811 diarrhea and, 823, 823t of glucose and insulin dysregulation, 681, 683 of valvular and pericardial heart disease, 662–663 drug fever and, 1188t of gout and hyperuricemia, 1135 of visual disturbances, 313 gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t of growth hormone deficiency, 747 of vulvovaginal candidiasis, 791 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t of heart failure, 505–509 of weight gain, 1165, 1167–1168 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t

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myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes thyroid diseases and, 702t and, 474 torsades de pointes and, 538 allergic reactions to, 73t nausea/vomiting and, 909t, 911t, 915, 920, 930 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785–786t, alopecia and, 169t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t 794, 796 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270t Estropipate cream, 790t hypotension and, 636t, 640t, 645t osteonecrosis of jaw and, 1276 , 352, 1259t infertility and, 783t, 786t ototoxicity and, 1235t Etanercept leukemia and, 1284t, 1285–1287, 1288t pancreatitis and, 879t, 886t allergic reactions to, 74t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes serotonin syndrome and, 1204 alopecia and, 173t and, 472t sexual dysfunction and, 762t, 765t cutaneous diseases and, 103t, 109, 113 nausea/vomiting and, 908t torsades de pointes and, 532t, 536, 538, 540t, depression and, 383 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t 541–542 heart failure and, 503t, 509, 510t SIADH and, 983t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 810–811t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t Erythromycin estolate, 861t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), 620t, 626, 433t Etravirine, 1267t 822t, 1110, 1111, 1111t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t Etretinate, 166, 173t, 852t, 1050t, 1150t, 1152t Erythropoietin oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t Eucalyptus, 219t, 221 chemotherapy-induced anemia and, 1110 skin cancer and, 1297 Evaluation of patients, 60–67, 61–62t, 64–65t dosing of, 1111t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t, 128t Everolimus, 169t, 196t, 432t, 438, 700t, 1188t, 1293, hypertension and, 625t Ethacrynate, 638t 1298 hypertrichosis and, 194, 195, 196t, 198 Ethacrynic acid, 633t, 879t, 1235t, 1242t, 1243 Excessive hair growth. See Hirsutism; Hypertrichosis myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Ethambutol Excipients, 73t and, 472t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1136t, 1138–1139 Exemestane, 169t peripheral neuropathy and, 287t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t Exenatide thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1068t, 1075t peripheral neuropathy and, 280t, 288 alopecia and, 174t, 179t Erythropoietin-α, 618t, 621, 626 taste disorders and, 1259t nausea/vomiting and, 909t, 915 ESAs. See Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents thrombocytopenia and, 1050t pancreatitis and, 879t, 884 visual disturbances and, 300t, 315 Experiments, in epidemiology, 22 alopecia and, 173t Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), 253–254, 262, 269, serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t 271–272, 338–340 sexual dysfunction and, 762t, 772 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 681, 682t, 685t Eye disturbances. See Visual disturbances SIADH and, 982t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1136t, 1139, 1144t , 1150t, 1152t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t Ezogabine, 168t 570t, 577t metabolism of, 33 sleep disorders and, 348t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Factor VIII inhibitor/prothrombin complex thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t and, 473t concentrates, 472t thyroid diseases and, 699t, 710 nausea/vomiting and, 915 Fainting. See Syncope torsades de pointes and, 532t, 539t seizures and, 217, 219 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t sexual dysfunction and, 758–759t, 761–765t delirium and, 328t , 587t, 632t, 638t visual disturbances and, 301t hemolytic anemia and, 1105t Esomeprazole, 126t, 965, 966t, 984t Ethinyl estradiol, 191, 206t, 229, 702t, 1067, 1075 hyperprolactinemia and, 743t ESRD. See End stage renal disease Ethinyl estradiol–levonorgestrel, 909t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t , 352 Ethinyl estradiol–norethindrone, 909t ototoxicity and, 1235t Esterified estrogens, 178 Ethiodized oil, 706t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, Estradiol, 538, 784, 787, 790t, 793, 800 Ethionamide 573t, 577t Estramustine, 169t, 1065t, 1069t, 1075t alopecia and, 174t, 179t thrombocytopenia and, 1050t Estrogen-replacement therapy (ERT), 621 depression and, 376t, 377 torsades de pointes and, 533t, 539t Estrogens hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t weight gain and, 1174 alopecia and, 176, 178, 180, 191 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t FAS (fetal alcohol syndrome), 1331–1333 anxiety and, 400t, 402, 405t, 406 ototoxicity and, 1235t FASD (fetal alcohol spectrum disorders), asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t photosensitivity and, 145t 1331–1333, 1332t breast cancer and, 1285t, 1288t, 1298–1301 taste disorders and, 1259t Fast track drug approval, 59 conjugated, 702t, 790t, 1302 thyroid diseases and, 699t, 702t, 710 Fat emulsion, 761t, 765t depression and, 382, 385–386, 388 Ethionine, 849t FDA. See Food and Drug Administration, U.S. endometrial cancer and, 1285t, 1288t, 1301, 1302 , 124t, 254, 1089t, 1263t, 1319 FDAAA (Food and Drug Administration esterified, 178 Ethyl bromide/chloride, 849t Amendments Act of 2007), 5, 55, 67 growth hormone deficiency and, 750, 751 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 452t, 454, FD&C (Food, Drug, and Cosmetic) Act of 1938, hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 849t 1055, 1259t, 1261t 5, 47, 48 hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 743–744t Ethynodiol, 191 FDASIA (Food and Drug Administration Safety and hypertension and, 618t, 620–621, 620t, 624–626 Ethynodiol diacetate, 206t Innovation Act of 2012), 5, 7, 12 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Etidronate, 301t, 452t, 1235t, 1274t FDEs (fixed drug eruptions), 102t, 105–108, and, 473t, 475, 477t, 482 107–108t, 114t nausea/vomiting and, 911t alopecia and, 172t Febuxostat, 171t, 1136–1137, 1136t, 1144 pancreatitis and, 878t, 882–883, 885, 886t aplastic anemia and, 1100t Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906, 5 photosensitivity and, 145t heart failure and, 510t Felbamate sexual dysfunction and, 758–759t, 762–765t, 790t, hemolytic anemia and, 1105t acute kidney injury and, 958 799–800 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t alopecia and, 168t stroke and, 229 ototoxicity and, 1235t aplastic anemia and, 1100t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 817 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1068t, 1071, visual disturbances and, 301t seizures and, 218t, 224 1074–1075, 1077 , 573t, 735, 736–737t, 737, 907t SIADH and, 983t

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Felbamate (continued) Fixed drug eruptions (FDEs), 102t, 105–108, sleep disorders and, 348t 107–108t, 114t allergic reactions to, 74t tardive dyskinesia and, 254 alopecia and, 173t Feldman v. Lederle Laboratories (1984), 8, 9t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t, 584, atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t , 1263t 587, 587t AV node re-entrant tachycardia and, 592t, 594 gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t Brugada syndrome and, 546, 547t, 548 constipation and, 836t heart failure and, 505, 510, 515 heart failure and, 502t, 507, 510t, 511, 515 delirium and, 326t, 329t hypotension and, 633t, 639t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, drug fever and, 1188t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes 524–525t, 528–530 drug interactions with, 39t and, 472t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1091, 1091t hyperprolactinemia and, 743t photosensitivity and, 145t ototoxicity and, 1235t hypotension and, 646t, 647 Females. See Gender differences; Gynecologic sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes diseases 570t, 573t, 577–578t and, 472t Female sexual dysfunction, 797–800 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 539–540t nausea/vomiting and, 909t, 920 causative agents of, 783t, 797–798 , 7t ototoxicity and, 1235t clinical presentation of, 787t, 798–799 , 472t, 848t photosensitivity and, 145t differential diagnosis of, 788t, 799 Flucloxacillin, 37, 846t seizures and, 220, 222t epidemiology of, 798 Fluconazole, 1267t serotonin syndrome and, 1202, 1203–1204t, 1207 management of, 790t, 799–800 alopecia and, 168t, 177 serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t, 1194 mechanisms of, 786t, 798 bleeding disorders and, 1031 sexual dysfunction and, 772 morbidity and mortality for, 799 cutaneous diseases and, 102–103t SIADH and, 982t patient education on, 800 drug interactions with, 39t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, prevention of, 789t, 799 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes 577–578t risk factors for, 788t, 799 and, 472t, 474 sleep disorders and, 348t, 353 , 1271t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t taste disorders and, 1259t , 659, 660t, 663–664, 663t, 668–670, thrombocytopenia and, 1050t teratogenicity of, 1323 668t, 852t torsades de pointes and, 532t, 539t torsades de pointes and, 533t, 539–540t Fenfluramine–phentermine, 9 vulvovaginal candidiasis and, 790t, 792 visual disturbances and, 301t , 145t, 849t, 879, 1050t, 1136–1137, Flucytosine, 145t, 846t, 1089t weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1174 1152t, 1156, 1235t , 570t, 577t, 636t, 640t, 1106, 1235t Fluoxymesterone, 167t, 195t , 472t, 633t, 640t, 645t, 953–954 Fludrocortisone, 195–196t, 645–648, 646t, Flupenthixol, 265 , 510t, 956, 1235t 1013–1014t , 265 Fluindione, 1029t alopecia and, 172t , 400t, 424t delirium and, 326t constipation and, 836t , 271t, 273t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 851t delirium and, 326t , 736–737t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195, 1195t hypotension and, 636t, 638t Fluorine, 702t photosensitivity and, 145t nausea/vomiting and, 906t Fluoroquinolones SIADH and, 982t restrictive drug distribution system for, 7t allergic reactions to, 73–74t weight gain and, 1167t secondary adrenal insufficiency and, anxiety and, 400t, 403 , 1259t 736–737t delirium and, 328t , 510t, 646t, 647 serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t depression and, 376t, 377 Flutamide SIADH and, 984t diarrhea and, 821, 822t alopecia and, 188t, 190, 191 Fenugreek, 682t, 685t drug fever and, 1188t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t Ferriman–Gallwey scoring system for hirsutism, glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 682t, 685t hirsutism and, 206, 206t 200, 200f hemolytic anemia and, 1104, 1105t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, Ferrous gluconate, 909t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t, 870 432t Ferrous salts, 852t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1095 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Ferrous sulfate, 463, 702t, 809–810, 810–811t, photosensitivity and, 143, 150 and, 472t 909t, 1259t psychosis and, 418t photosensitivity and, 145t Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), seizures and, 218t, 222t, 224, 225 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t 1331–1333, 1332t teratogenicity of, 1334t Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 1331–1333 alopecia and, 169t, 176, 176f thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1068t Fever. See Drug fever; Hyperthermia color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t Fluticasone, 74t, 439, 732, 733, 739 FFP (fresh frozen plasma), 245, 1037t diarrhea and, 825, 826 Fluticasone furoate, 731t , 1150t, 1152, 1156 heart failure and, 503t, 510t Fluticasone propionate, 731t, 736t, 738 Fibrinogen inhibitors, 1053, 1057 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t , 124t, 145t, 878t, 886t Fibrinolytics, 661t, 662, 664, 668–669t, 669 infertility and, 783t, 786t Fidaxomicin, 829 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes alopecia and, 173t Filgrastim, 171t, 1094, 1284t, 1288t and, 472t drug interactions with, 39t Finasteride oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t hyperprolactinemia and, 743t alopecia and, 188t, 190–191 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes depression and, 376t, 382 photosensitivity and, 145t and, 472t hirsutism and, 206t, 207 seizures and, 218t seizures and, 220 myopathy and, 1150t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t teratogenicity of, 1334t taste disorders and, 1259t, 1261t sexual dysfunction and, 772 Fingolimod, 172t, 301t, 570t, 572–574, 573–574t, thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t SIADH and, 982t 582t thyroid diseases and, 702t sleep disorders and, 348t First-degree AV block, 569, 575, 578, 579 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t visual disturbances and, 301t Fish oil, 680t, 684t visual disturbances and, 301t, 316 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t 5 Rights of Medication Administration, 42 weight gain and, 1172 Focal atrial tachycardia. See Atrial tachycardia

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Folate, 1107, 1108, 1328, 1329 Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of hyperthermia and, 1186 FOLFIRI regimen, 433 2007 (FDAAA), 5, 55, 67 hypothermia and, 1215, 1216 FOLFOX regimen, 433 Food and Drug Administration Safety and seizures and, 222, 226 Folic acid Innovation Act of 2012 (FDASIA), 5, 7, 12 serotonin syndrome and, 1205 drug fever and, 1188t Food–drug interactions, 40–41 tardive dyskinesia and, 261 gingival hyperplasia and, 1264, 1265 , 473t, 879 Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), 1215, 1215–1216t, hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 866 Fosamprenavir, 92, 1267t 1217 macrocytic anemia and, 1107–1109 Fosaprepitant, 926 Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), 1186, teratogenicity of, 1328, 1329 Foscarnet 1215–1216t, 1215–1217 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 767, 770, 783, acidosis and, 1003t Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, 570t, 731t 793, 800, 1065t, 1069t acute kidney injury and, 944t, 952, 957 Ganciclovir, 145t, 416t, 984t, 1089t, 1188t Follitropin-alfa, 1065t, 1069t allergic reactions to, 87 GAO (Government Accountability Office), Fondaparinux, 487t, 1026t, 1029t, 1039, 1055, 1076 diabetes insipidus and, 991t, 993 12–13 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic (FD&C) Act of 1938, heart failure and, 503t, 509 Garcinia cambogia, 850t 5, 47, 48 SIADH and, 984t Garlic, 850t Food allergies, 824–825 thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t Gastric motility agents, 255t, 260t, 261, 266t, 271t Food and Drug Administration, U.S. (FDA) Fosinopril, 145t, 632t, 638t, 1254t Gastrointestinal (GI) drugs, 26t, 742, 850t Adverse Event Reporting System of, 4, 6, 24, 31, , 88, 112, 634t, 640t, 645t, 991t Gastrointestinal ulceration. See Upper 381, 882 Free fatty acids, 702t gastrointestinal ulceration on anorexiant drug–related cardiac valvulopathy, Fresh frozen plasma (FFP), 245, 1037t Gastroschisis, 1326–1327, 1326f 663, 664 FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone Gatifloxacin, 328t, 532t, 539t on aristolochic acid, 969, 975 2(3H)-furanone, 1215 GBL (gamma-butyrolactone), 1215, 1215–1216t, on bipolar disorder, 378 1217 on bisphosphonates, 581, 583 acute kidney injury and, 944t, 954, 957 G-CSF. See Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on cabergoline labeling, 662 aplastic anemia and, 1100t Gefitinib Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, 13 AV node re-entrant tachycardia and, 592–594, alopecia and, 169t, 177, 179t clinically relevant weight gain as defined by, 1167 592–594t cutaneous diseases and, 102t on COX-2 inhibitors, 230, 231, 942 constipation and, 836t, 837 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, on dietary supplements, 969, 975, 976 drug fever and, 1188t 432t, 434, 437, 438 DigniCap approval by, 186 graded challenge procedure for, 88 restrictive drug distribution system for, 7t electrolysis approval by, 205 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 870 Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, on erythrocyte stimulating agents, 1111 hypotension and, 633t, 638t 79–81, 80t on estrogen labeling, 475 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t fast track approval by, 59 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t alopecia and, 169t on GBL-containing products, 1215 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t on hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma, 1292 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1123t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, on HIT treatments, 1058 ototoxicity and, 1235t, 1242, 1243 432t, 435t treatments approved by, 353 pancreatitis and, 878t, 883, 886t, 891 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes interpretation of reports to, 474 photosensitivity and, 145t, 150 and, 472t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis SIADH and, 989, 989t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t therapies approved by, 431, 440 taste disorders and, 1258, 1259t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t on isotretinoin and depression, 384, 387 thyroid diseases and, 702t visual disturbances and, 301t medication error prevention efforts by, 42 visual disturbances and, 301t medication guidelines required by, 392 Fusidic acid, 847t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 849t, 868 MedWatch program from, 6, 15, 50, 66–67 Fusion proteins, 95 myopathy and, 1152t, 1156 on product labeling, 261 The Future of Drug Safety (IOM), 53 sexual dysfunction and, 759t, 763t on montelukast-induced anxiety, 404 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t on NSAIDs and stoke risk, 230, 231 GABA. See Gamma-aminobutyric acid Gemifloxacin, 145t orthostatic hypotension treatments approved by, Gender differences 646–647 alopecia and, 168t in alopecia, 178, 180, 181t, 183, 184 on pancreatitis, 884, 885 anxiety and, 400t, 402, 404, 407 in asthma and bronchospasm, 459–460 on labeling, 661 cognitive disorders and, 367 in constipation, 836 banned by, 242 depression and, 379 cutaneous diseases and, 111 postmarketing surveillance by. See Postmarketing hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t in drug allergies and hypersensitivity reactions, surveillance nausea/vomiting and, 923–924 86, 87 warnings from, 922 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t gingival hyperplasia and, 1264 on quinine, 1052 peripheral neuropathy and, 289 in gout and hyperuricemia, 1143 regulatory functions of, 19 for seizure disorders, 95 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 242–243 risk-benefit balance used by, 20 sexual dysfunction and, 759t in malignant hyperthermia, 1210 on rosiglitazone, 476 tardive dyskinesia and, 254 in nausea and vomiting, 917 safety activities and regulations, 4–8, 4f, 14–15 teratogenicity of, 1319, 1331 in neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1196 Science Board report from, 14, 15 visual disturbances and, 301t oral erythema multiforme and, 1269 Sentinel Network of, 55, 57, 67 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169, 1169t, 1170, oral lichenoid reactions and, 1273 SIADH treatments approved by, 989–990 1173t in prevalence of drug-induced diseases, on SSRI-induced hyponatremia, 988 Galantamine, 633t, 640t 31–32 on teratogenicity, 32, 1311–1312, 1320 Gallamine, 452t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 132, 133 -related TdP reported to, 539 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) taste disorders and, 1261 on testosterone use, 476 cognitive disorders and, 360 in thyroid diseases, 704, 713 on thyroid diseases in infants, 709 delirium and, 329 torsades de pointes and, 538 advisory issued by, 402 depression and, 386 General anesthetics, 850t withdrawal of products from market, 3 dystonia and, 266 Genetic biomarkers, 16

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Genetic factors glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 679, 680t, 684t Goitrogens, 701t, 713 anemia and, 1099–1100 growth hormone deficiency and, 747, 748t Gold anxiety and, 408–409 hemolytic anemia and, 1107 acute kidney injury and, 943t, 959 in bleeding disorders, 1031 hirsutism and, 194, 206t, 207 alopecia and, 172t, 177 in cognitive disorders, 365 inhaled, 731t, 733–735, 736t, 738, 741, 1127 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, cutaneous diseases and, 111–112 injectable, 731t, 736t 1254–1255t in drug allergies and hypersensitivity reactions, myopathy and, 1156 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 853t 86–87 nasal, 731t, 733–735, 736t, 738, 741 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t in drug-induced diseases, 15–16, 16t, 32, 34–38, nausea/vomiting and, 922 visual disturbances and, 301t 36t oral, 731t, 736t, 739–741 Gold salts gingival hyperplasia and, 1265 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1120–1122, 1121t, aplastic anemia and, 1100t in hypotension, 643 1123t, 1125–1127, 1126t, 1130 chronic kidney disease and, 966t, 970t in interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis pancreatitis and, 882 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 861t and, 437 pharmacologic characteristics of, 739t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t leukemia and, 1290 production of, 729 peripheral neuropathy and, 281t myopathy and, 1156–1157 secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 735–736, systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t in peripheral neuropathy, 285 737t, 738–741 thrombocytopenia and, 1050t, 1052t serotonin syndrome and, 1206–1207 systemic, 1121t, 1123t, 1126t, 1127 Gold sodium thiomalate, 472t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 129 thyroid diseases and, 702t Gold therapy, 174, 959, 1052–1053 torsades de pointes and, 540–541 topical, 731t, 733–735, 736t, 739, 741 Golimumab, 173t, 1297 Gentamicin weight gain and, 1167t, 1172, 1173t, 1175t Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists acute kidney injury and, 952–953, 955 Glucosamine-chondroitin, 452t alopecia and, 171t, 176, 179t allergic reactions to, 73t Glucosamine/glucosamine sulfate, 822, 835 anxiety and, 400t, 403, 405t, 406 alopecia and, 174t, 179t Glucose and insulin dysregulation, 679–690. See depression and, 376t, 381, 385, 387, 390, 391 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t also Diabetes insipidus; Diabetes mellitus; glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 684t ototoxicity and, 1235t, 1241, 1243 ; Hypoglycemia growth hormone deficiency and, 747–748, 748t visual disturbances and, 301t, 319 causative agents of, 679–681, 680–683t hirsutism and, 206t, 207 Geriatric populations. See Elderly populations clinical presentation of, 683, 686, 686t hyperprolactinemia and, 743–744t Germander, 850t differential diagnosis of, 686, 687t infertility and, 790t, 801 Gestational timing, 1314 epidemiology of, 681, 683 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1123t Gestodene, 1075 management of, 689–690, 690t ovarian hyperstimulation and, 781, 782t, 783, GH. See Growth hormone mechanisms of, 683, 684–685t 785t, 789, 790t GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate), 1186, 1215–1216t, morbidity and mortality for, 688–689 sexual dysfunction and, 758–759t, 762–765t 1215–1217 patient education on, 690 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 794, 796 GHIH (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone), 747 prevention of, 689, 689t Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone), risk factors for, 687–688, 687–688t antagonists, 758–759t, 763–764t 747, 748 Glucose Race Age Sex Pressure Stroke Severity Gonadotropins, 781, 782t, 783, 784, 785t GI (gastrointestinal) drugs, 26t, 742, 850t (GRASPS) clinical risk score, 241–242 Gordolobo tea, 850t Ginger, 924, 927 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) Goserelin, 171t, 403, 782t, 785t, 796, 1064t, 1068t Gingival hyperplasia, 1262–1265 deficiency, 15, 1099–1100, 1106, 1190 Gotu kola, 146t causative agents of, 1253, 1262–1263, 1263t Glue sniffing, 473t Gout and hyperuricemia, 1135–1146 clinical presentation of, 1256t, 1264 Glue thistle, 850–851t causative agents of, 1135, 1136t differential diagnosis of, 1257t, 1264 Glutamate, 261, 329, 332–333, 360, 386, 418, 1329 classification of, 1141, 1142–1143t epidemiology of, 1263 Glutamine, 287t clinical presentation of, 1140–1141, 1140t management of, 1265 differential diagnosis of, 1141, 1141t mechanisms of, 1264, 1264t anemia and, 1100 epidemiology of, 1135 morbidity and mortality for, 1265 chronic kidney disease and, 970 management of, 171t, 179t, 1144–1145, 1145f patient education on, 1265 heart failure and, 515 mechanisms of, 1135–1140, 1136t prevention of, 1265, 1265t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 856, 864, 866 morbidity and mortality for, 1143 risk factors for, 1258t, 1264–1265 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1091 patient education on, 1046 Ginkgo biloba, 219t, 221, 264, 301t, 524t, 822 ototoxicity and, 1242t, 1243 prevention of, 1143–1144, 1144t , 219t, 682t, 685t, 782t, 785t, 795 Glyburide, 146t, 505, 983t, 1050t risk factors for, 1143, 1143t Glatiramer acetate, 383 Glycerin, 840t, 1235t Government Accountability Office (GAO), 12–13 Glial-derived neurotrophic factor, 1242t Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists Graded challenge procedures, 88–90, 92, 95, 98 , 146t, 983t bleeding disorders and, 1026t, 1027–1029, 1029t, , 35, 146t, 983t, 1270, 1271t 1033, 1039 constipation and, 836t Glitazones, 503t, 505–506, 511, 513, 514t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 239, 240t, nausea/vomiting and, 918, 919, 922, 924t, 926, Glomerulonephritis, 943t, 946t, 958–960 242t, 243 928, 928–929t Glucagon, 98, 580, 870 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes sexual dysfunction and, 783t, 786t Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and, 486, 487t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 570t diarrhea and, 822t thrombocytopenia and, 1052, 1057 Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 682t, 685t Glycopyrrolate, 930 cutaneous diseases and, 101, 102–103t nausea/vomiting and, 911t, 915 Glycyrrhizic acid, 1013–1014t leukemia and, 1284, 1287, 1289, 1291 pancreatitis and, 879t, 884 GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony- neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1094–1096 weight gain and, 1175t stimulating factor), 1064t, 1068t, 1094–1096 thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1068t Glucocorticoid excess. See Cushing syndrome GnRH agonists. See Gonadotropin-releasing Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor Glucocorticoids hormone agonists (GM-CSF), 1064t, 1068t, 1094–1096 anxiety and, 400t, 402, 408 GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) Granulocytopenia, 83–84 cognitive disorders and, 358–359t, 360 antagonists, 758–759t, 763–764t Grapefruit juice, 40–41 Cushing syndrome and, 730, 731t, 732–734 Goa powder, 301t GRASPS (Glucose Race Age Sex Pressure Stroke delirium and, 329 Goiter, 697, 704, 705, 708, 711, 713, 714 Severity) clinical risk score, 241–242

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Gregg, Norman, 1312 serotonin syndrome and, 1209 management of, 1107 Grepafloxacin, 541 sexual dysfunction and, 758–760t, 764t, 798 mechanisms of, 1101t, 1104, 1106 Griseofulvin SIADH and, 982t, 990 morbidity and mortality for, 1106 cutaneous diseases and, 102t stroke and, 230t patient education on, 1107 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t tardive dyskinesia and, 261, 265 prevention of, 1106–1107 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t thrombocytopenia and, 1051t risk factors for, 1103t, 1106 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t thyroid diseases and, 702t Hemorrhagic stroke. See Intracerebral hemorrhage oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t torsades de pointes and, 532t, 536, 537f, 538, (ICH) photosensitivity and, 146t 540t, 542 Hemostatic agents, 1037t, 1039, 1064t, 1067, 1068t serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t weight gain and, 1167t, 1169t, 1171 Henbane, 302t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t, 130 /heparinoids. See also Heparin-induced Growth hormone (GH). See also Growth hormone hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 850t thrombocytopenia (HIT); Low-molecular- deficiency hypotension and, 634t weight heparin (LMWH); Unfractionated cutaneous diseases and, 103t malignant hyperthermia and, 1209t, 1210, 1211 heparin glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 684t nausea/vomiting and, 906t acidosis and, 1003t synthesis of, 729, 747 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, allergic reactions to, 75t thyroid diseases and, 702t 570t, 578t alopecia and, 166, 167t, 177, 178, 183 Growth hormone deficiency, 747–751 Hansen disease, 6 contaminated, 4 causative agents of, 747, 748t Haptens drug fever and, 1188t clinical presentation of, 748–749, 749t acute kidney injury and, 956, 958 as inflammatory mediator, 81 differential diagnosis of, 749, 749t in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, 76, interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, epidemiology of, 747 78–79, 81 440 management of, 750, 750t aplastic anemia and, 1101 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 239, 240, mechanisms of, 747–748, 748t in drug fever, 1187 240t, 242t, 243, 245 morbidity and mortality for, 749 drugs as, 1052 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes patient education on, 750–751 hemolytic anemia and, 1104 and, 472t, 480, 486, 487t prevention of, 750, 750t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1091 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1124t, risk factors for, 745t, 749 photosensitivity and, 149 1126t Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH), 747 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 127 ovarian hyperstimulation and, 789 Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), Haronga, 302t sexual dysfunction and, 761t, 765t 747, 748 Health Alert Network, 53 stroke and, 235 , 573t, 577t, 633t, 639t Health care costs of drug-induced diseases, 26–29, thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1067, 1068t, , 302t, 376t, 378, 385, 385t, 759t, 765t 27t 1075t , 416t, 633t, 639t, 836t Health economic assessments, 27, 27t thyroid diseases and, 702t , 124t Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act visual disturbances and, 302t Guarana, 400t, 404, 405t, 409 of 1996 (HIPAA), 66–67 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) Gynecologic diseases, 781–802 Hearing loss, 1233, 1239–1243, 1240t causative agents of, 1050, 1051t, 1067 infertility, 800–802 Heart disease. See Coronary heart disease (CHD); clinical presentation of, 1054t, 1055 ovarian hyperstimulation, 781–790 Valvular and pericardial heart disease management of, 1057–1059, 1076 sexual dysfunction, 797–800 Heart failure, 501–517 mechanisms of, 1052t, 1053 vaginal bleeding disorders, 793–797 causative agents of, 501–505, 502–504t morbidity and mortality for, 1056 vulvovaginal candidiasis, 790–792 clinical presentation of, 512–513, 513t prevention of, 1056–1057, 1057t comorbidity with drug-induced diseases, 34 risk factors for, 1056, 1056t HA-AKI (hospital-acquired acute kidney injury), differential diagnosis of, 512, 513t Hepatic and cholestatic diseases, 845–873 941–942 epidemiology of, 505–509 causative agents of, 845, 846–853t HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy), 701, management of, 516 clinical presentation of, 858–862, 859–861t 704, 710, 920 mechanisms of, 509–512, 510t comorbidity with drug-induced diseases, 34 Hair growth, excessive. See Hirsutism; morbidity and mortality for, 514–515 differential diagnosis of, 860, 861t Hypertrichosis patient education on, 516–517 epidemiology of, 845, 853 Hair growth cycle, 165, 166f, 178 prevention of, 515–516, 515t management of, 865–872, 867t Hair loss. See Alopecia risk factors for, 513–514, 514t mechanisms of, 854–855t, 855–858 Halo effect, 22 Heavy metals/toxins, 171t, 179t, 1255t morbidity and mortality for, 865 Halofantrine, 532t Hematopoietic agents, 1064t, 1068t patient education on, 872–873 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), prevention of, 865, 865t alopecia and, 173t 1104, 1292 risk factors for, 862–865, 863t anxiety and, 405 Hemodynamic-mediated AKI, 942–949 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 130 cannabinoids and, 33 causative agents of, 942, 943–944t Hepatitis B vaccine, 126t, 1235t, 1267t, 1271t cognitive disorders and, 369 clinical presentation of, 945–946, 946t Hepatocellular injury, 854t, 856–857, 862 delirium and, 326t, 337–340 differential diagnosis of, 946, 946t Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL), 1292, drug fever and, 1188t epidemiology of, 942, 944 1293 drug interactions with, 40 management of, 948–949 Hepatotoxicity, 33–34, 39, 845, 853, 855–857, dystonia and, 266 mechanisms of, 944–945, 945t 865–868 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t morbidity and mortality for, 947–948 HER (human epidermal growth factor receptor), hyperprolactinemia and, 742 patient education on, 949 177 hypotension and, 635t, 639t prevention of, 948, 948t Herbal preparations. See also specific substances hypothermia and, 1216t risk factors for, 946–947, 947t alkalosis and, 1017 nausea/vomiting and, 924t, 927t, 929t Hemolytic anemia, 1104–1107 anxiety and, 399, 402 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195, causative agents of, 86, 1104, 1105–1106t, 1109 constipation and, 835 1195t, 1199 clinical presentation of, 83–84, 1102t, 1106 delirium and, 330 photosensitivity and, 146t, 154 differential diagnosis of, 1106 diarrhea and, 822, 825, 827 seizures and, 218t epidemiology of, 1104 heart failure and, 517

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Herbal preparations (continued) congenital heart defects and, 1324 sex. See Sex hormones hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 845, 850–851t cutaneous diseases and, 110, 111 steroid. See Steroids interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, delirium and, 333 thromboembolic diseases and, 1067, 1077 433 depression and, 378 thyroid, 401t, 403, 411, 473t, 703t, 1126t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 243, 246 drug fever and, 1190 thyroid releasing, 697, 698f psychosis and, 415, 420, 423 hypersensitivity reactions and, 86, 87 thyroid stimulating, 697, 698f, 700–701, 704, seizures and, 219t, 221 hypertrichosis and, 199 707–715 sexual dysfunction and, 774 insulin resistance and, 690 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 795 thrombocytopenia and, 1049 levels of evidence for, 21 weight gain and, 1167t, 1169t, 1172–1173 visual disturbances and, 313 macrocytic anemia and, 1107 Horse chestnut, 302t Herb paris, 302t myopathy and, 1154, 1156, 1159 Hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (HA-AKI), Herd immunity, 29 nausea/vomiting and, 920, 929–930 941–942 pancreatitis and, 879–880, 882, 890, 891 Hospital admissions, drug-related, 25–29, 26t, 38 acute kidney injury and, 959 parkinsonism and, 272 HPA axis. See Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t peripheral neuropathy and, 279, 282, 285, 288, HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine, 1296 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t 289 HRT. See Hormone-replacement therapy interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, photosensitivity and, 153 HSCT (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation), 433 thrombocytopenia and, 1049 1104, 1292 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 240 thyroid diseases and, 701, 704, 710 HSTCL (hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma), 1292, myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes HLA. See Human leukocyte antigen 1293

and, 473t HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors 5-HT3 antagonists, 836t ototoxicity and, 1239 acute kidney injury and, 954 Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER), 177 stroke and, 230–231t, 232 constipation and, 836t Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) thyroid diseases and, 702t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 684t, 689 aplastic anemia and, 1104 Hetastarch, 75t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, cutaneous diseases and, 111–112 Hexachloroethane, 849t 432t, 435t in drug allergies and hypersensitivity reactions, Hexachlorophene, 146t psychosis and, 418t 32, 35, 37–38, 86, 88 HIE (hyperinsulinemia-euglycemia) therapy, 580 sexual dysfunction and, 758t, 763t malignant hyperthermia and, 1186 High blood pressure. See Hypertension systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 132 oral erythema multiforme and, 1269 Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 701, HMG-CoA (hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme pancreatitis and, 881 704, 710, 920 A) reductase inhibitors, 385, 880 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 129, 134 Hill, Austin Bradford, 22 Hodgkin lymphoma, 1284–1286, 1291–1293 Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, 1296 HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Hogweed, 302t Human relaxin, 782t, 785t, 795 Accountability Act of 1996), 66–67 Holiday heart syndrome, 581 Huperzine A, 302t Hippocrates, 20 Hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) Hyaluronic acid, 302t Hirsutism, 193–208 alopecia and, 176, 178, 184 Hyaluronidase, 1235t causative agents of, 194, 195t breast cancer and, 1298–1301 Hydantoin, 133, 197t clinical presentation of, 193–194, 199–201, 200–201t endometrial cancer and, 1301, 1302 Hydralazine differential diagnosis of, 201, 201t hirsutism and, 194 acute kidney injury and, 943t epidemiology of, 197–198 hypertension and, 621 allergic reactions to, 74t, 85, 86 Ferriman–Gallwey scoring system for, 200, 200f myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes cutaneous diseases and, 103t management of, 203–207, 204–206t and, 474, 475, 482 drug fever and, 1188t mechanisms of, 198, 199t sleep disorders and, 351 drug interactions with, 40 morbidity and mortality for, 203 stroke and, 229, 230t, 235t genetic variations affecting, 36t patient education on, 207–208 thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1068t, 1074, heart failure and, 503t, 509 prevention of, 203, 203t 1075t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t risk factors for, 202, 202t vulvovaginal candidiasis and, 782t, 785t, 791 hypotension and, 633t, 640t, 644 Hirudin, 239 Hormones myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes

Histamine H1-receptor antagonists, 98, 353, 644, adrenocorticotropic. See Adrenocorticotropic and, 472t, 477t 869, 1207–1208 hormone (ACTH) neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t

Histamine H2-receptor antagonists alopecia and, 175–176 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t acute kidney injury and, 943t α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, 1242t peripheral neuropathy and, 281t, 285 allergic reactions and, 75t, 98 antidiuretic. See Vasopressin sexual dysfunction and, 761t, 765t alopecia and, 171t, 179t anxiety and, 399, 402–403, 406 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 127–130, cognitive disorders and, 358–359t, 366 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1255t 128t, 131t, 133–134 delirium and, 325, 328t corticotropin-releasing, 729, 734–735, 737–739, valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t, 662 depression and, 385 741 , 126t, 132 hemolytic anemia and, 1104, 1105t depression and, 375, 376t, 381–382 Hydriodic acid syrup, 706t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 850t, 864 follicle-stimulating. See Follicle-stimulating Hydrocephaly, 1329, 1331 hyperprolactinemia and, 743–744t hormone (FSH) Hydrochlorothiazide pancreatitis and, 880, 887 GH-inhibiting, 747 allergic reactions to, 94 psychosis and, 416t GH-releasing, 747, 748 desensitization to, 95 sexual dysfunction and, 759t GnRH agonists. See Gonadotropin-releasing diabetes insipidus and, 991t, 993, 993t thrombocytopenia and, 1054 hormone agonists drug fever and, 1188t , 81, 511, 644, 1192 GnRH antagonists, 758–759t, 763–764t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1138 HIT. See Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia growth. See Growth hormone; Growth hormone hypotension and, 633t, 638t HIV/AIDS. See also Antiretroviral therapy deficiency neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t anxiety and, 404 hyperprolactinemia and, 743t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t appetite in, 33 luteinizing, 729, 766, 767, 783, 793, 800 ototoxicity and, 1235t cognitive disorders and, 362 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes pancreatitis and, 878t, 879, 880, 883, 886t, 891 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1253 and, 473t photosensitivity and, 146t, 150

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systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 132 mechanisms of, 683, 684t Hypogeusia, 1258 thrombocytopenia and, 1051t morbidity and mortality for, 688–689 Hypoglycemia visual disturbances and, 302t patient education on, 690 causative agents of, 679, 681, 682–683t , 836t, 906t, 921, 1233, 1235t risk factors for, 687, 687t clinical presentation of, 686, 686t Hydrocortisone Hyperinsulinemia-euglycemia (HIE) therapy, 580 differential diagnosis of, 686, 687t alopecia and, 171t Hyperkalemia, 946, 948, 949, 956, 959 epidemiology of, 681, 683 for cutaneous diseases, 113 Hyperprolactinemia, 742–747 management of, 690, 690t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 868 causative agents of, 742, 743–744t mechanisms of, 683, 685t hirsutism and, 195t clinical presentation of, 742, 744–745, 745t morbidity and mortality for, 688–689 hypertrichosis and, 196t differential diagnosis of, 744–745, 745t patient education on, 690 pharmacologic characteristics of, 739t epidemiology of, 742 risk factors for, 687–688, 688t photosensitivity and, 146t management of, 746, 747t Hypoglycemic agents, 26t, 92, 761, 983t secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 740, 741 mechanisms of, 742, 744t Hypotension, 631–648 Hydrocortisone butyrate, 731t, 736t morbidity and mortality for, 746 causative agents of, 631, 632–636t Hydrocortisone sodium succinate, 452t patient education on, 746–747 clinical presentation of, 637, 641, 641t , 218t, 636t, 638t, 736–737t, 836t, prevention of, 746, 746t differential diagnosis of, 641, 642t 906t risk factors for, 745–746, 745t epidemiology of, 631, 637 , 146t Hypersensitivity reactions. See Drug hypersensitivity management of, 644–648, 645–646t 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG- reactions (DHRs) mechanisms of, 637, 638–640t CoA) reductase inhibitors, 385, 880 Hypersensitivity syndromes, 75t, 84t, 99t, 109 morbidity and mortality for, 643 Hydroxychloroquine Hypersensitivity vasculitis, 74t, 83–84t, 84–85 orthostatic, 233, 631, 637, 641–648, 646t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t Hypertension, 617–627 patient education on, 648 cutaneous diseases and, 103t acute, 232, 240 prevention of, 643–644, 643t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t causative agents of, 617, 618t risk factors for, 641–643, 642t myopathy and, 1150t, 1152t, 1153 chronic thromboembolic pulmonary, 1074 Hypothalamic, pituitary, and adrenal diseases, neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t clinical presentation of, 621–622, 621t 729–751 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t differential diagnosis of, 201t, 622, 622t Cushing syndrome, 730–734 ototoxicity and, 1235t epidemiology, 617–619 growth hormone deficiency, 747–751 seizures and, 218t, 225 management of, 624–626, 625t, 942 hyperprolactinemia, 742–747 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 573t mechanisms of, 619–621, 620t hypoaldosteronism/hyperaldosteronism, 751 torsades de pointes and, 533t morbidity and mortality for, 623 overview, 729 visual disturbances and, 295, 302t, 312, 313, patient education on, 626–627 primary adrenal insufficiency, 734–735 318–319 prevention of, 623–624, 624t secondary adrenal insufficiency, 734–741 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). See also Serotonin primary, 617, 622–624, 622t, 626 Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis depression and, 378 rebound, 621, 625t, 626, 627 activation of, 738 hypotension and, 647 risk factors for, 622–623, 622t anxiety and, 409 hypothermia and, 1216 secondary, 617, 622, 622t, 624, 626 depression and, 382, 385, 386 nausea/vomiting and, 912, 914, 918–920, Hyperthermia, 1185–1212 diagnostic testing of, 732, 734 922–929, 927t categorization of, 1185 hyperprolactinemia and, 742 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1196 clinical presentation of, 1186, 1187t structure and function of, 729, 730f psychosis and, 418 from drug fever, 1186–1192 suppression of, 734–736, 740, 741 secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 737 malignant, 1209–1214 Hypothermia, 1214–1218 serotonin syndrome and, 1203, 1204, 1208 from neuroleptic malignant syndrome, causative agents of, 1186, 1215, 1216t SIADH and, 986 1195–1202 clinical presentation of, 1216–1217, 1217t stroke and, 232 from serotonin syndrome, 1202–1209 differential diagnosis of, 1217 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 795 from serum sickness-like reactions, 1192–1195 epidemiology of, 1215 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 659, 663, Hyperthyroidism management of, 1217–1218 664, 669 causative agents of, 697, 699–700t, 700–701 mechanisms of, 1215–1216 5-hydroxytryptophan, 256, 302t, 478, 986 clinical presentation of, 711–713, 711t morbidity and mortality for, 1217 Hydroxyurea differential diagnosis of, 711, 712t overview, 1214–1215 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t epidemiology of, 704 patient education on, 1218 drug fever and, 1188t management of, 715t, 716–717 prevention of, 1217 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t mechanisms of, 705, 707 risk factors for, 1217 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, morbidity and mortality for, 714 Hypothermia therapy, 186, 189t 432t patient education on, 717 Hypothyroidism macrocytic anemia and, 1107 prevention of, 714–715 causative agents of, 697–701, 698–699t, 704 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes risk factors for, 713–714 clinical presentation of, 711–712, 711t and, 472t Hypertrichosis, 193–208 differential diagnosis of, 711, 712t pancreatitis and, 890 causative agents of, 193–197, 196–197t epidemiology of, 704 photosensitivity and, 146t clinical presentation of, 194, 198f, 200t, 201–202 management of, 715–716, 715t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t differential diagnosis of, 201, 201t mechanisms of, 34, 708–709 , 533t, 761t epidemiology of, 197–198 morbidity and mortality for, 714 Hyoscine patches, 302t management of, 204–205t, 207 patient education on, 717 Hyperacusis, 1233 mechanisms of, 198–199, 199t prevention of, 714–715 Hyperaldosteronism, 751 morbidity and mortality for, 203 risk factors for, 713–714 Hyperglycemia patient education on, 207–208 Hypouricemics, 313 causative agents of, 679–681, 680–681t prevention of, 203, 203t , 944–946 clinical presentation of, 683, 686, 686t risk factors for, 202, 203t differential diagnosis of, 686, 687t Hyperuricemia. See Gout and hyperuricemia Ibandronate, 302t, 1129t, 1130, 1274t epidemiology of, 681, 683 . See -hypnotics , 532t management of, 690, 690t, 870 Hypoaldosteronism, 751 Ibritumomab, 7t

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Ibuprofen in medication histories, 60 chronic kidney disease and, 967, 975 acidosis and, 1002t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes comorbidity and, 34 acute kidney injury and, 944, 947 and, 473t, 479, 480, 484, 485, 489 depression and, 382 allergic reactions to, 73t psychosis and, 415, 418, 420, 423 diarrhea and, 823t alopecia and, 172t as risk factor for drug-induced diseases, 33 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 688 aplastic anemia and, 1100t seizures and, 217 hypertension and, 624 asthma/bronchospasm and, 463 sexual dysfunction and, 774 hypertrichosis and, 196t bleeding disorders and, 1033 stroke and, 231, 232, 235t lymphoma and, 1292–1295 constipation and, 836t Illicium henryi, 221 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1273 cutaneous diseases and, 102t , 255, 1166t, 1169t, 1195t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1127 delirium and, 327t , 7t, 473t, 636t, 640t, 1051t pancreatitis and, 880, 885, 890, 891t drug fever and, 1188t seizures and, 219t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 688 alopecia and, 169t skin cancer and, 1295–1298 gout/hyperuricemia and, 1145 aplastic anemia and, 1100t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 132, 135 heart failure and, 510t bone marrow aplasia and, 1109 thrombocytopenia and, 1050 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t chemotherapy-induced anemia and, 1109t Impila, 850t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, Incretin-based therapies, 884–885, 888 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes 1254t, 1255t Indapamide, 146t, 533t, 633t, 638t, 1267t and, 472t, 475 cutaneous diseases and, 103t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t growth hormone deficiency and, 747 acute kidney injury and, 944–945t, 957, 958 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t heart failure and, 503t, 510t alopecia and, 168t ototoxicity and, 1235t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, chronic kidney disease and, 967 photosensitivity and, 146t, 150 433t, 440 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1123t SIADH and, 984t nausea/vomiting and, 908t sexual dysfunction and, 783t, 786t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087 Indomethacin thrombocytopenia and, 1051t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t alopecia and, 172t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 811 photosensitivity and, 146t anxiety and, 403–404 visual disturbances and, 302t SIADH and, 984t aplastic anemia and, 1100t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t asthma/bronchospasm and, 463 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 587, 587t thyroid diseases and, 699–700t, 702t, 709 cutaneous diseases and, 106 heart failure and, 507, 511, 513 visual disturbances and, 303t delirium and, 327t hypotension and, 634t Imidazole antifungal agents, 103t diabetes insipidus and, 993, 993t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, Imipenem, 92, 220 heart failure and, 510t 524–525t Imipenem–cilastatin, 909t, 1188t, 1191 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 570t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t torsades de pointes and, 532t, 535, 536, 538, alopecia and, 173t hypotension and, 646t, 647 543–544 anxiety and, 406 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t ICH. See Intracerebral hemorrhage cognitive disorders and, 369 ototoxicity and, 1236t ICON (International Consensus) on Drug Allergy, constipation and, 836t peripheral neuropathy and, 281t 71, 80 delirium and, 326t, 329t psychosis and, 416t ICS (inhaled corticosteroids), 733, 738–741, 1127 drug fever and, 1188t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 813 , 169t, 570t, 577t, 908t heart failure and, 504t, 507, 510t visual disturbances and, 303t , 245, 1037t, 1038–1039 hypotension and, 634t, 639t Infants. See Pediatric patients Idiosyncratic reactions, 60 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, Infertility, 800–802 Idoxuridine, 706t 524–525t causative agents of, 762t, 783t, 800 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t clinical presentation of, 768t, 769, 770, 787t, 801 acidosis and, 1003t ototoxicity and, 1236t differential diagnosis of, 770t, 788t, 801 acute kidney injury and, 943t photosensitivity and, 146t epidemiology of, 800 alopecia and, 169t seizures and, 220 management of, 774t, 790t, 801–802 anxiety and, 400t, 403 serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t mechanisms of, 765t, 767, 786t, 800 chronic kidney disease and, 966t, 970t sexual dysfunction and, 772 morbidity and mortality for, 801 diabetes insipidus and, 991t SIADH and, 982t, 990 patient education on, 774, 802 heart failure and, 503t, 509 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, prevention of, 789t, 801 leukemia and, 1284 573t, 578t risk factors for, 788t, 801 nausea/vomiting and, 908t, 916t torsades de pointes and, 533t, 540t Infliximab osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1123t weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1170 allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 73–74t, ototoxicity and, 1236t Imiquimod, 174t, 180t 77t, 96 pancreatitis and, 879t, 881 Immediate drug reactions, 80–82 alopecia and, 173t peripheral neuropathy and, 280t Immune checkpoint inhibitors, 822t, 825 cutaneous diseases and, 102–103t, 109, 113 psychosis and, 416t Immune complex diseases, 81, 84, 100, 110 depression and, 383, 386 SIADH and, 983t Immune modulators, 313, 473t heart failure and, 502t, 508, 509, 512 Illicit drug use. See also specific drugs Immunizations. See Vaccines hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t anxiety and, 399, 401 Immunoglobulins, 230t, 1065t, 1069t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, delirium and, 330 Immunologic agents 433t diarrhea and, 825 constipation and, 836t myopathy and, 1153 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 845, 851t, 864 depression and, 375, 377t, 382–384, 386–388, 391 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1089t hyperthermia and, 1186 thromboembolic diseases and, 1065–1066t, oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t hypothermia and, 1217, 1218 1069–1070t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, Immunosuppressants peripheral neuropathy and, 281t 433 alopecia and, 172t, 174, 179t, 191 serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 239 aplastic anemia and, 1104 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 573t

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skin cancer and, 1297 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t, 132 Iodoquinol, 706t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t, 128t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1070t Iohexol, 706t, 1066t, 1070t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t thyroid diseases and, 699–700t, 709, 714 Iomeprol, 1066t, 1070t thyroid diseases and, 699–700t, 702t Interferon-γ Iopamidol, 706t, 1066t, 1070t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 662 alopecia and, 178 Iopromide, 706t Inhaled anesthetics cutaneous diseases and, 103t Iothalamate, 1066t, 1070t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 864 thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t Iothalamate meglumine, 706t malignant hyperthermia and, 1209–1210, 1209t, thyroid diseases and, 702t Iothalamate sodium, 706t 1212 Interleukin-1, 702t, 857, 1185, 1186 Ioversol, 473t, 706t nausea/vomiting and, 906–907t, 911t, 913, Interleukin-2 Ioxaglate, 1066t, 1070t 915–916, 921, 923 asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t Ioxaglate meglumine/sodium, 706t Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), 733, 738–741, 1127 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t Ipecac, 1150t, 1152t Inhaled glucocorticoids, 731t, 733–735, 736t, 738, depression and, 377t, 382, 384, 386 Ipecac syrup, 929 741, 1127 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t Ipilimumab, 170t, 699–700t, 825 Injectable glucocorticoids, 731t, 736t hypotension and, 635t, 640t, 645t Ipratropium/, 463, 582t, 592, Innocent bystander hypothesis, 1052 lymphoma and, 1295 592t INR (international normalized ratio), 237 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Irbesartan, 632t, 638t, 878t, 1236t Insomnia, 347, 349–353 and, 473t Institute for Safe Medication Practices, 24, 884 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t alopecia and, 170t Institute of Medicine. See National Academy of thyroid diseases and, 702t, 716 diarrhea and, 823, 825, 826 Medicine visual disturbances and, 303t genetic variations affecting, 36t Insulin. See also Glucose and insulin dysregulation Interleukin-3, 1065t, 1070t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t allergic reactions to, 73t, 75t Interleukin-6, 386, 439, 702t, 1186 metabolic pathway for, 35, 37 comorbidity and, 34 Intermenstrual bleeding, 793 nausea/vomiting and, 908t, 916t hyperglycemia and, 870 International Conferences on Harmonization, 52 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, hypoglycemia and, 681, 682t, 685t International Consensus (ICON) on Drug Allergy, 570t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t 71, 80 thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t International normalized ratio (INR), 237 Iron chelators, 1103, 1242t tolerance test for, 737–738 Interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis, 431–442 Iron dextran, 1193t weight gain and, 1167–1169t, 1172, 1173t causative agents of, 431, 432–433t Iron overdose, 1002t Intercalating agents, 1285 clinical presentation of, 434–436, 435–436t Iron preparations, 73t, 836t, 920, 1254t Interferon differential diagnosis of, 436, 436t Iron supplements, 909t alopecia and, 172t, 175, 178, 179t, 183 epidemiology of, 433–434 Isavuconazonium, 168t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 684t management of, 439–441, 441f Ischemia. See Myocardial ischemia/acute coronary hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 853t, 857 mechanisms of, 434, 435t syndromes hypertrichosis and, 196–197t, 199 morbidity and mortality for, 438 Ischemic stroke. See Stroke interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, patient education on, 441–442 Isocarboxazid, 40, 982t, 1203–1204t 432t prevention of, 438–439, 439t , 472t, 634t, 850t, 906t, 1209t, 1210 myopathy and, 1150t risk factors for, 437–438, 437t mucate, 230t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1093 Intra-arterial thrombolytic agents, 238t ototoxicity and, 1236t Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), 237–246 acidosis and, 1002t visual disturbances and, 303t causative agents of, 232, 237–239, 238t allergic reactions to, 73t Interferon-2b, 74t clinical presentation of, 233, 240–241, 241t alopecia and, 174t, 180t Interferon-α differential diagnosis of, 241, 241t cutaneous diseases and, 108 alopecia and, 172t, 175, 178 epidemiology of, 239–240 drug fever and, 1188t, 1191 asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t management of, 244–246 drug interactions with, 39, 39t cognitive disorders and, 358–359t mechanisms of, 232, 240, 240t genetic variations affecting, 36t cutaneous diseases and, 103t morbidity and mortality for, 244 gout/hyperuricemia and, 1138 depression and, 377t, 382–383, 385t, 386–391, patient education on, 246 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t 388t prevention of, 244, 244t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t, 864 diarrhea and, 822t risk factors for, 241–244, 242t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t Intranasal , 230t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t heart failure and, 503t, 510t Intranasal phenoxazoline, 230t ototoxicity and, 1236t hemolytic anemia and, 1105t Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs), 171t, pancreatitis and, 878t, 882, 886t hypertrichosis and, 196–197t 179t, 782t, 785t, 795, 796 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t, 282, 282t, 285, myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG), 76, 286, 288 and, 473t 113–114, 473t, 829 psychosis and, 416t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t Iocetamic acid, 706t seizures and, 219, 220, 222t pancreatitis and, 878t, 884, 886t Iodamide meglumine, 706t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 127, peripheral neuropathy and, 281t Iodides, 102t, 108, 704, 706t, 708, 1267t 128t, 129, 133 seizures and, 218t, 222t Iodinated compounds, 699–700t, 702t thrombocytopenia and, 1051t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t, 132 Iodinated , 705, 706t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t, 662 taste disorders and, 1259t Iodinated radiocontrast dyes, 219t, 452t, 700t, 703t, visual disturbances and, 303t thrombocytopenia and, 1051t 709, 716–717 iodide, 706t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t Iodine, 175, 705, 706t, 708, 711, 713, 714 Isoproterenol, 454, 473t, 544–545, 747, 748t thyroid diseases and, 699–700t, 702t, 704–705, Iodine-containing vitamins, 706t Isosorbide dinitrate, 40, 472t, 505, 634t, 640t, 1259t 708–709, 713–714, 716–717 Iodipamide meglumine, 706t Isosorbide mononitrate, 634t, 640t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 662 Iodixanol, 706t Isotonic glucose solutions, 1151 Interferon-β Iodized organic oils, 706t Isotretinoin allergic reactions to, 96 Iodized salt, 706t allergic reactions to, 74t depression and, 377t, 382, 383, 386 Iodoform gauze, 706t alopecia and, 166, 173t

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Isotretinoin (continued) alkalosis and, 1013–1014t, 1017 asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t allergic reactions to, 73t bulk-forming, 840, 840t depression and, 377t, 384, 385, 385t, 387, 388 alopecia and, 172t emollient, 840, 840t ototoxicity and, 1236t asthma/bronchospasm and, 463 lubricant, 840t photosensitivity and, 146t delirium and, 327t myopathy and, 1150t, 1152t restrictive drug distribution system for, 7t heart failure and, 510t osmotic, 840, 840t sexual dysfunction and, 758t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t saline, 840, 840t taste disorders and, 1260t photosensitivity and, 146t, 150 , 839, 840, 840t, 920, 930 teratogenicity of, 1319–1322, 1324, 1325 , 172t, 303t, 815, 846t, 958, 1236t L-carnitine, 682t, 685t, 868, 1009 thyroid diseases and, 702t Kidney disease. See Acute kidney injury (AKI); Lead, 171t, 177, 1254–1255t, 1316 visual disturbances and, 303t Chronic kidney disease (CKD) Learning disabilities, 1315–1316 , 472t, 570t, 577t, 633t, 639t Leflunomide acidosis and, 1003t allergic reactions to, 74t hyperprolactinemia and, 743t alopecia and, 172t, 174 Cushing syndrome and, 733 hypotension and, 632t, 638t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t heart failure and, 503t, 510t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes macrocytic anemia and, 1108t ototoxicity and, 1236t and, 488 ototoxicity and, 1236t pancreatitis and, 879t myopathy and, 1150t peripheral neuropathy and, 281t photosensitivity and, 146t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t photosensitivity and, 146t serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t sleep disorders and, 348t regulatory actions involving, 13 torsades de pointes and, 533t, 539, 539t stroke and, 236 Legal environment for drug safety, 8–11, 9t Intrauterine growth restrictions (IUGRs), systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t Lemon oil, 146t 1316–1317 , 472t Lenalidomide IUDs. See Intrauterine contraceptive devices , 416t, 524t, 1236t alopecia and, 170t Ivabradine Lactic acidosis, 1002t, 1004, 1004t, 1007–1008, interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t, 584 1010–1011 432t, 435t heart failure and, 510 , 822, 823, 840t, 871 leukemia and, 1284, 1284t, 1286–1287, 1289 hypertension and, 618t Lamivudine, 168t, 280t, 879t, 1002t, 1123t, 1236t lymphoma and, 1292 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, restrictive drug distribution system for, 7t 570t, 572, 574, 574t, 577t allergic reactions to, 75t, 95 thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t, torsades de pointes and, 533t, 539t alopecia and, 168t 1075t IVIG (intravenous immunoglobulin G), 76, cutaneous diseases and, 101, 102–104t, 111, thyroid diseases and, 699–700t, 702t, 715 113–114, 473t, 829 111t, 113t Lenvatinib, 7t, 170t, 908t Ivy gourd, 682t, 685t delirium and, 326t Lepirudin, 73t, 1058 , 170t, 472t depression and, 378, 379 Leprosy, 6 gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t Letrozole, 170t, 176, 1064t, 1068t, 1123t Jaw. See Osteonecrosis of jaw hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t Leucovorin, 825, 826 Jones v. Irvin and K-Mart (1986), 9t, 11 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, Leukemia, 1283–1292 Ju bu huan, 850t 524t acute lymphoblastic, 1283, 1286, 1291 The Jungle (Sinclair), 5 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t acute myeloid, 1283–1287, 1289–1292 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t causative agents of, 1284–1286, 1284t Kanamycin, 1236t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1127 clinical presentation of, 1289, 1290t Karela. See Bitter melon ototoxicity and, 1236t differential diagnosis of, 1289, 1290t , 303t, 353, 851t peripheral neuropathy and, 289 epidemiology of, 1286–1287 Kefauver–Harris Amendments of 1962, 5 SIADH and, 983t management of, 1291–1292 Kelp, 699t, 705, 706t, 708 sleep disorders and, 348t mechanisms of, 1287–1289, 1288t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t morbidity and mortality for, 1291 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes taste disorders and, 1260t overview, 1283 and, 472t teratogenicity of, 1319, 1330, 1331 patient education on, 1292 nausea/vomiting and, 907t, 914 visual disturbances and, 303t, 312, 313 prevention of, 1291, 1294t peripheral neuropathy and, 288 weight gain and, 1175t risk factors for, 1290, 1291t psychosis and, 416t, 418, 418t LAMPS (large automated multipurpose Leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 85 sexual dysfunction and, 783t, 786t population‑based systems), 55–56 Leukotriene antagonists, 74t, 463 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, Lansoprazole, 126t, 533t, 966t, 1254t Leuprolide 570t, 578t Lantana camara, 851t anxiety and, 403 Ketoacidosis, 1002t, 1004t Lapatinib, 170t, 177, 179t, 187, 472t, 508, 1109t depression and, 385t, 390 Large automated multipurpose population-based myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1253, systems (LAMPS), 55–56 and, 473t 1254t Laser therapy, 189t, 192, 205, 207, 208 myopathy and, 1150t drug interactions with, 39 L-asparaginase thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1068t gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t allergic reactions to, 72t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 796 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 684t Leuprolide acetate, 126t, 699–700t and, 472t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Leuprorelin, 73t, 700t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270, 1271t and, 472t , 983t, 1051t, 1188t, 1260t ototoxicity and, 1236t pancreatitis and, 881, 887, 892 Levels of evidence, 20–21, 21t, 63 photosensitivity and, 146t thyroid diseases and, 702t secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 735–737, Last, John, 20 alopecia and, 168t 736–737t , 197, 197t depression and, 376t, 379, 388 sexual dysfunction and, 758t, 762–763t, 765t Laxatives dystonia and, 270 thyroid diseases and, 702t abuse of, 840 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1127 torsades de pointes and, 533t, 539 acidosis and, 1002t psychosis and, 416t

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sexual dysfunction and, 758t, 772 Linezolid , 7t, 849t SIADH and, 983t, 988 acidosis and, 1002t Lomustine, 384, 432t, 908t, 916t, 966t, 970t tardive dyskinesia and, 265 aplastic anemia and, 1100t Loop diuretics teratogenicity of, 1319 delirium and, 328t acute kidney injury and, 943–944t, 947, 953, 954 weight gain and, 1175t peripheral neuropathy and, 280t, 282t alkalosis and, 1013–1014t Levodopa. See also Carbidopa–levodopa serotonin syndrome and, 1202, 1203–1204t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1138 alopecia and, 171t, 175 thrombocytopenia and, 1051–1052t, 1056, 1056t graded challenge procedure for, 95 anxiety and, 400t, 405 visual disturbances and, 304t heart failure and, 505, 511 delirium and, 327t, 329t Linghzi, 851t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t dystonia and, 270 Linifanib, 699t ototoxicity and, 1239, 1241 gout/hyperuricemia and, 1136t, 1139 Liothyronine, 173t, 369, 707t pancreatitis and, 883 nausea/vomiting and, 911t Liotrix, 707t sexual dysfunction and, 759t, 764t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t Lipokinetix, 851t SIADH and, 989t psychosis and, 418t 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, 462 in sulfa drug class, 92 serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t Liraglutide, 879t, 884, 909t, 915 , 39, 533t, 827t, 828 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t , 167t Lopinavir, 984t, 1051t taste disorders and, 1260t Lisinopril , 146t, 539t, 853t, 1013–1014t Levofloxacin alopecia and, 167t cutaneous diseases and, 104t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t anxiety and, 407, 410 delirium and, 328t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 688 cognitive disorders and, 369 drug interactions with, 40 hypotension and, 632t, 638t delirium and, 327t, 329t, 337 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes hypothermia and, 1218 hypersensitivity reactions to, 77t and, 472t nausea/vomiting and, 929, 929t hypotension and, 635t, 640t, 645t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t, oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t ototoxicity and, 1236t 1200t peripheral neuropathy and, 280t pancreatitis and, 878t, 879, 880, 886t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t photosensitivity and, 146t photosensitivity and, 146t ototoxicity and, 1236t taste disorders and, 1260t SIADH and, 983t seizures and, 226 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 538, 539t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t serotonin syndrome and, 1208, 1208t , 532t, 539t taste disorders and, 1260–1261t SIADH and, 984t Levomethadyl, 541 Lithium visual disturbances and, 304t , 982t acidosis and, 1003t Lorcainide, 502t, 507, 510t Levonorgestrel, 782t, 785t, 795, 909t, 1067 acute kidney injury and, 943t, 945t, 959 , 664 , 472t, 524t, 582t akathisia and, 255–256t, 258t Losartan Levothyroxine alopecia and, 173t, 175, 178, 183 acute kidney injury and, 942 alopecia and, 173t Brugada syndrome and, 547t asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t, 454 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 849t chronic kidney disease and, 965, 966t, 968–970, gout/hyperuricemia and, 1138 iodine content of, 707t 970t, 972–976, 972t, 974t hypotension and, 632t, 638t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1123t cognitive disorders and, 358t, 365, 367–369 pancreatitis and, 878t psychosis and, 416t cutaneous diseases and, 102–103t, 108, 109 photosensitivity and, 146t thyroid diseases and, 703t, 709, 710, 715, 716 delirium and, 327t taste disorders and, 1260t LH. See Luteinizing hormone depression and, 391 Lovage, 304t Libido disorders diabetes insipidus and, 991–993, 991t causative agents of, 757, 758t, 798 gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t alopecia and, 171t clinical presentation of, 767–768, 768t, 769 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 524t ototoxicity and, 1236t defined, 757 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes pancreatitis and, 878t, 886t differential diagnosis of, 770t and, 473t photosensitivity and, 146t management of, 773t nausea/vomiting and, 909t sleep disorders and, 348t mechanisms of, 763, 763t, 766 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195, systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t Licorice, 304t, 503t, 510t, 517, 618t, 620t, 1151 1195t, 1199, 1200 visual disturbances and, 304t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270, 1271t Low birth weight, 1311, 1316–1318 allergic reactions to, 75t ototoxicity and, 1236t Low blood pressure. See Hypotension anxiety and, 400t peripheral neuropathy and, 281t Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), 189t, 192 cognitive disorders and, 358t, 365 serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) comorbidity and, 34 sexual dysfunction and, 758–759t, 761t alopecia and, 166, 178 delirium and, 326t side effects of, 254 bleeding disorders and, 1026t, 1028, 1029t, 1032, heart failure and, 502t, 510t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t, 133 1036 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 530 tardive dyskinesia and, 262 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 239, 240t, ototoxicity and, 1236t taste disorders and, 1260–1261t 242t, 245 peripheral neuropathy and, 289 teratogenicity of, 1321–1322, 1334t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes psychosis and, 416t thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t and, 486 seizures and, 218t thyroid diseases and, 699–700t, 702t, 704, osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1124t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 707–709, 713–714, 717 ovarian hyperstimulation and, 789 571t, 578t visual disturbances and, 304t thrombocytopenia and, 1052t, 1055–1058, taste disorders and, 1262 weight gain and, 1167–1169t, 1171–1172, 1173t 1056–1057t Lifestyle factors related to drug-induced diseases, diseases. See Hepatic and cholestatic diseases thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1067, 1075, 32–33 LLLT (low-level laser therapy), 189t, 192 1076 Lily of the valley, 304t LMWH. See Low-molecular-weight heparin , 326t, 547t, 582t, 635t, 639t, 852t, 1195t Limb deficiency defects, 1324–1326 Lobaplatin, 170t LSD ( diethylamide), 415, 418, 473t, Lime oil, 146t Local anesthetics, 530, 1262, 1314 1188t Linagliptin, 879t Lomefloxacin, 146t, 280t L-, 1203–1204t

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Lubiprostone, 840, 840t management of, 1213–1214, 1213–1214t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes, Lubricant laxatives, 840t mechanisms of, 1210 485–489, 487t Lugol’s solution, 706t morbidity and mortality for, 1212 myopathy, 1158–1159 Lupus. See Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patient education on, 1214 nausea and vomiting, 927–929t, 927–930 Lupus diathesis, 129, 133 prevention of, 1212–1213, 1212t nephrolithiasis, 958 Lupus-like reactions, 84, 86 risk factors for, 1211–1212, 1211t neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1200–1201, , 254, 376t, 635t, 639t, 1166t, 1171, 1175t Malotilate, 868 1200–1201t Luteinizing hormone (LH), 729, 766, 767, 783, 793, Mammalian target-of-rapamycin (mTOR) neutropenia and agranulocytosis, 1095–1096 800 inhibitors, 432t, 680t, 684t, 1295, 1298 oral erythema multiforme, 1269 Lymphoma, 1292–1295 Management of disease oral lichenoid reactions, 1273 causative agents of, 1284t, 1292–1293 acidosis, 1008–1011, 1009f, 1010t, 1011f osteonecrosis of jaw, 1276 clinical presentation of, 1290t, 1293–1294 acute interstitial nephritis, 957 osteoporosis and osteomalacia, 1129–1130, 1129t differential diagnosis of, 1290t, 1293–1294 acute tubular necrosis, 955 ototoxicity, 1243–1244 epidemiology of, 1293 akathisia, 258–259, 259t ovarian hyperstimulation, 787–790, 790t hepatosplenic T-cell, 1292, 1293 alkalosis, 1016–1017, 1018f, 1018t pancreatitis, 892 Hodgkin, 1284–1286, 1291–1293 alopecia, 186–192, 187–189t parkinsonism, 273, 273t management of, 1295 amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, 790t, 794 peripheral neuropathy, 287–289 mechanisms of, 1288t, 1293 anxiety, 410–411 photosensitivity, 155, 155t morbidity and mortality for, 1294 aplastic anemia, 1103–1104 psychosis, 423–424, 424t non-Hodgkin, 1286, 1292–1294, 1303 asthma and bronchospasm, 218t, 462–463 secondary adrenal insufficiency, 740–741, 740t patient education on, 1295 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 586–588, 587t seizures, 225–226 post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, atrial tachycardia, 590–591, 591t serotonin syndrome, 1201t, 1207–1209, 1208t 1293, 1295 AV node re-entrant tachycardia, 594, 595t serum sickness-like reactions, 1191t, 1194 prevention of, 1294–1295, 1294t bladder cancer, 1305 SIADH, 989–990, 989t risk factors for, 1291t, 1294 bleeding disorders, 1036–1037t, 1036–1039, 1038f sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 415, 418, 473t, breast cancer, 1300 579–580, 579t 1188t Brugada syndrome, 549 skin cancer, 1298 -aspirin, 459 chemotherapy-induced anemia, 1111 sleep disorders, 352–353 chronic kidney disease, 975–976, 976t stroke, 235–237 Macitentan, 7t cognitive disorders, 368–369, 368t systemic lupus erythematosus, 135, 135t Macrocytic anemia, 1107–1109 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth, 1258 tardive dyskinesia, 264–265, 265t causative agents of, 1107, 1108t constipation, 839–841, 840t taste disorders, 1262 clinical presentation of, 1102t, 1108 Cushing syndrome, 734 teratogenicity, 1334–1335 differential diagnosis of, 1102t, 1108 cutaneous diseases, 113–114, 114t thrombocytopenia, 1057–1059 epidemiology of, 1107 delirium, 335–340, 336t, 369 thromboembolic diseases, 237, 1076–1077 management of, 1108–1109 depression, 390–392, 391t thyroid diseases, 715–717, 715t mechanisms of, 1101t, 1107–1108 diabetes insipidus, 993, 993t torsades de pointes, 544–545, 545f morbidity and mortality for, 1108 diarrhea, 827–829, 827t upper gastrointestinal ulceration, 818 patient education on, 1109 drug allergies, 98–100, 99t valvular and pericardial heart disease, 669–670, prevention of, 1108 drug fever, 1191, 1191t 670t risk factors for, 1103t, 1108 dysmenorrhea, 790t, 797 visual disturbances, 318–319 Macrolides, 220, 328t, 541–542, 822t, 823, 1088 dystonia, 270, 270t vulvovaginal candidiasis, 790t, 792 Magnesium endometrial cancer, 1303 weight gain, 1174–1175, 1175t acute kidney injury and, 955 female sexual dysfunction, 790t, 799–800 Mandrake, 304t diarrhea and, 822, 823 gingival hyperplasia, 1265 Manganese, 1254t hypotension and, 636t, 640t glomerulonephritis, 959 myopathy and, 1151, 1153, 1156 glucose and insulin dysregulation, 689–690, 690t acute kidney injury and, 953, 954 torsades de pointes and, 543–544 gout and hyperuricemia, 171t, 179t, 1144–1145, heart failure and, 503t, 509 , 1013–1014t 1145f hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 871 Magnesium salts, 287, 287t, 840t growth hormone deficiency, 750, 750t hypotension and, 636t, 638t Ma huang, 219t, 225, 243, 415, 425, 851t heart failure, 516 ototoxicity and, 1236t Major depressive disorder (MDD), 375, 379, 380, hemodynamic-mediated AKI, 948–949 Manufacturers, role in postmarketing surveillance, 386–390 hemolytic anemia, 1107 50–52 Male pattern baldness. See Androgenetic alopecia hepatic and cholestatic, 865–872, 867t MAOIs. See Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Males. See Gender differences hirsutism, 203–207, 204–206t Male sexual dysfunction, 757–775 hyperprolactinemia, 746, 747t depression and, 392 causative agents of, 757–761, 758–762t hypertension, 624–626, 625t, 942 drug fever and, 1188t clinical presentation of, 767–771, 768t hypertrichosis, 204–205t, 207 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes differential diagnosis of, 769, 770t hypotension, 644–648, 645–646t and, 472t epidemiology of, 761–762 hypothermia, 1217–1218 photosensitivity and, 146t management of, 772–774, 773–774t infertility, 774t, 801–802 seizures and, 220, 222t mechanisms of, 763–765t, 763–767 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis, weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1170 morbidity and mortality for, 771 439–441, 441f Margosa oil, 851t patient education on, 774–775 intracerebral hemorrhage, 244–246 Marijuana prevention of, 771–772, 772t leukemia, 1291–1292 duration of detection in urine, 420t risk factors for, 771, 771t lymphoma, 1295 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Malignant hyperthermia, 1209–1214 macrocytic anemia, 1108–1109 and, 473t causative agents of, 1186, 1209–1210, 1209t male sexual dysfunction, 772–774, 773–774t nausea/vomiting and, 929 clinical presentation of, 1187t, 1210–1211, 1210t malignant hyperthermia, 1213–1214, 1213–1214t as risk factor for drug-induced diseases, 33 differential diagnosis of, 1211, 1211t menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia, 790t, 796 sexual dysfunction and, 759t, 761t epidemiology of, 1210 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, 530, 531f stroke and, 230t

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teratogenicity of, 1324, 1326 infertility, 765t, 767, 786t, 800 prevalence of, 42 visual disturbances and, 304t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis, 434, reporting systems for, 24 Masterwort, 304t 435t risk factors for, 42 Maternity status. See Pregnancy intracerebral hemorrhage, 232, 240, 240t sources of, 19, 26, 41–42 MDD (major depressive disorder), 375, 379, 380, learning disabilities, 1315 Medication histories, 60–62, 61–62t 386–390 leukemia, 1287–1289, 1288t Medication nonadherence, 28, 41 MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine). See limb deficiency defects, 1325 Medications. See Drugs; specific names and types of Ecstasy low birth weight, 1317 medications MDR-TB (multidrug resistant tuberculosis), 288 lymphoma, 1288t, 1293 Mediterranean glue thistle, 851t MDS (myelodysplastic syndrome), 1283, 1286–1287, macrocytic anemia, 1101t, 1107–1108 MEDMARX system, 56 1289 male sexual dysfunction, 763–765t, 763–767 Medroxyprogesterone, 176, 782t, 785t, 1013, 1167t Measles, 29 malignant hyperthermia, 1210 Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), 731t, 732, 736, Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, 21, menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia, 785t, 795 736t, 741 1267t microcephaly, 1331 Medroxyprogesterone depot, 1121t, 1123t, 1169t, Measles vaccine, 197t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, 525–526, 1172–1173, 1173t, 1175t , 1090t, 1188t 525t MedWatch program, 6, 15, 50, 66–67 Mechanisms of disease myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes, , 73t, 510t, 1236t acidosis, 1001, 1004–1005, 1004t 476–480, 477t acute interstitial nephritis, 945t, 956 myopathy, 1151–1153, 1152t anxiety and, 400t, 403 acute tubular necrosis, 950–951 nausea and vomiting, 910–915, 911t, 913f depression and, 376t, 377 akathisia, 255–256, 256t nephrolithiasis, 957 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes alkalosis, 1012–1014, 1014t neural tube defects, 1328–1329 and, 472t alopecia, 178–180, 179–180t neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1196 ototoxicity and, 1236t amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, 785t, 793 neutropenia and agranulocytosis, 1091, 1091t peripheral neuropathy and, 280t anxiety, 404–406, 405t oral erythema multiforme, 1268, 1268t psychosis and, 416t aplastic anemia, 1100–1101, 1101t oral lichenoid reactions, 1270, 1272, 1272t Megestrol, 503t, 510t, 1065t, 1069t asthma and bronchospasm, 455–457, 455t, 456f orofacial clefts, 1320–1321 Megestrol acetate atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 583–584, 583t osteonecrosis of jaw, 1274, 1274t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 684t atrial tachycardia, 589, 589t osteoporosis and osteomalacia, 1120, 1122, myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes AV node re-entrant tachycardia, 592–593 1123–1124t and, 473t, 474 bladder cancer, 1288t, 1304 ototoxicity, 1239–1240, 1239t secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 731t, 732, bleeding disorders, 1028–1030, 1028f, 1029t ovarian hyperstimulation, 783–784, 785t 736, 736t, 741 breast cancer, 1288t pancreatitis, 885–888, 886t Meglumine antimoniate, 878t Brugada syndrome, 546–547 parkinsonism, 271–272, 271t MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitors, chemotherapy-induced anemia, 1101t, 1110 peripheral neuropathy, 281–282, 282t 1295, 1296 chronic kidney disease, 969–970, 970t photosensitivity, 149–151, 149f, 150t Melanoma, 1295–1298 cognitive disorders, 359–361, 359t psychosis, 417–419, 418t , 265, 335, 337, 349, 353, 1242t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth, 1255, secondary adrenal insufficiency, 735–737, 737t , 172t, 453, 461, 510t, 1051t 1255t seizures, 222, 222t , 432t, 983t, 1284, 1287, 1288t congenital heart defects, 1323 serotonin syndrome, 1202–1205, 1204t , 571t, 577t, 984t constipation, 837, 837t serum sickness-like reactions, 80, 81, 1192–1193 Men. See Gender differences; Male sexual Cushing syndrome, 730–732, 731t SIADH, 985–986 dysfunction cutaneous diseases, 105–106 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block, 572, Meningomyelocele, 1327, 1327f delirium, 329–330, 329t, 360 574, 574t Menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia, 795–796 depression, 385–386, 385t skin cancer, 1288t, 1296 causative agents of, 782t, 795 diabetes insipidus, 991 sleep disorders, 347, 349, 350t clinical presentation of, 787t, 795 diarrhea, 823, 823t stroke, 231–233, 231t differential diagnosis of, 788t, 795 drug allergies and hypersensitivity reactions, systemic lupus erythematosus, 127–129, 128t epidemiology of, 795 78–82, 80t tardive dyskinesia, 261 management of, 790t, 796 drug fever, 1187 taste disorders, 1261, 1261t mechanisms of, 785t, 795 dysmenorrhea, 786t, 796 thrombocytopenia, 1052–1054, 1052t morbidity and mortality for, 796 dystonia, 266 thromboembolic diseases, 1067–1071, patient education on, 796 endometrial cancer, 1288t, 1301 1068–1071t prevention of, 789t, 796 female sexual dysfunction, 786t, 798 thyroid diseases, 697, 698f, 701–703t, 704–710, risk factors for, 788t, 796 fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, 1332 706–707t , 452t gastroschisis, 1326 torsades de pointes, 535–536 Meperidine gingival hyperplasia, 1264, 1264t upper gastrointestinal ulceration, 811–812, 811t acute kidney injury and, 958 glomerulonephritis, 958 valvular and pericardial heart disease, 663–664, asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t glucose and insulin dysregulation, 683, 684–685t 663t cognitive disorders and, 366 gout and hyperuricemia, 1135–1140, 1136t visual disturbances, 313–315, 314–315t delirium and, 326t growth hormone deficiency, 747–748, 748t vulvovaginal candidiasis, 785t, 791 nausea/vomiting and, 906t heart failure, 509–512, 510t weight gain, 1168, 1168t psychosis and, 416t hemodynamic-mediated AKI, 944–945, 945t Mechlorethamine, 304t, 908t, 916t, 1284–1286, seizures and, 218t, 222, 222t, 224 hemolytic anemia, 1101t, 1104, 1106 1288t serotonin syndrome and, 1202, 1203–1204t hepatic and cholestatic, 854–855t, 855–858 , 1243–1244 , 124t, 1263t hirsutism, 198, 199t , 1267t , 472t, 571t hyperprolactinemia, 742, 744t Medication errors Mepolizumab, 462 hypertension, 619–621, 620t cost of, 27, 29 , 404, 1090t hypertrichosis, 198–199, 199t decision-tree model in assessment of, 28, 28t Mequinol-, 146t hypotension, 637, 638–640t defined, 41 6-, 878t, 880, 886t, 891t, 1188t, 1193t hypothermia, 1215–1216 monitoring systems for, 56 Mercaptopurine, 16, 35, 36t, 848t, 1003t, 1145, 1292

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Mercury, 171t, 177, 1255t, 1271t pancreatitis and, 885 depression and, 391 Meropenem, 74t, 92, 220, 1193t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t growth hormone deficiency and, 748, 748t Mesalamine teratogenicity of, 1334t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t aplastic anemia and, 1100t thyroid diseases and, 703t, 715–717 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes cutaneous diseases and, 104t , 868, 1243 and, 473t diabetes insipidus and, 991, 991t , 1260t psychosis and, 416t, 418t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 850t , 907t seizures and, 219t, 221 macrocytic anemia and, 1108t sexual dysfunction and, 761t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes allergic reactions to, 74t sleep disorders and, 349t and, 472t alopecia and, 170t, 172t, 174, 176, 186, 191 stroke and, 230–231t, 232 pancreatitis and, 881, 891t asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t Methylprednisolone systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t depression and, 384 acute kidney injury and, 957 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t, 662, drug fever and, 1188t alopecia and, 171t 664 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 853t, 856, 864, asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t Mesna, 1304–1305 866, 868 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t, 586, 586t , 541 infertility and, 783t, 786t AV node re-entrant tachycardia and, 592t Metabolic acidosis. See Acidosis interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, hirsutism and, 195t Metabolic alkalosis. See Alkalosis 432t, 435t, 437, 438 hypertrichosis and, 196t Metabolic myopathy. See Necrotizing myopathy macrocytic anemia and, 1107, 1109 hypotension and, 644 Metabolism of drugs, 35, 37 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes for immune complex diseases, 100 Metaproterenol, 582t and, 472t nausea/vomiting and, 924t , 1203–1204t nausea/vomiting and, 908t, 916t pancreatitis and, 888 , 703t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t pharmacologic characteristics of, 739t Metformin osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1123t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 571t acidosis and, 1002t, 1007, 1010 photosensitivity and, 146t, 154 thrombocytopenia and, 1059 heart failure and, 505, 506, 515 seizures and, 218t, 222t thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t hemolytic anemia and, 1105t teratogenicity of, 1324, 1325, 1330, 1331, 1334t Methyltestosterone, 102t, 167t, 176, 178, 195t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 849t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t Methylthiouracil, 124t macrocytic anemia and, 1107, 1108, 1108t visual disturbances and, 304t nausea/vomiting and, 909t weight gain and, 1172 hypertension and, 620t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t Methoxsalen, 146t, 150 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, taste disorders and, 1260t Methoxyflurane, 861t, 1209t 432t thyroid diseases and, 702t Methsuximide, 1263t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes visual disturbances and, 304t Methyclothiazide, 146t and, 472t weight gain and, 1174, 1175, 1175t Methyl bromide/chloride/dichloride, 849t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t Methylcellulose, 840t thyroid diseases and, 703t constipation and, 836t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 659, hyperprolactinemia and, 743t allergic reactions to, 75t 660–661t, 662–664, 668, 668t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t Metoclopramide and, 472t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t akathisia and, 255, 255–256t, 258t nausea/vomiting and, 906t delirium and, 327t anxiety and, 400t ototoxicity and, 1233, 1239 depression and, 376t, 378, 385, 385t depression and, 385 sexual dysfunction and, 763t, 783t, 786t drug fever and, 1188t, 1190 diarrhea and, 823, 823t SIADH and, 984t hemolytic anemia and, 1101t, 1105t, 1106 drug fever and, 1188t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t, 861t dystonia and, 266t, 269, 269t 571t, 578t hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 743–744t hirsutism and, 195t, 199t smoking and, 32 hypotension and, 633t, 639t hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 743t, 745 thyroid diseases and, 702t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes torsades de pointes and, 532t, 540t, 542, 544 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270, 1271t and, 473t, 474 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t, 795 pancreatitis and, 878t, 882, 886t nausea/vomiting and, 910, 919, 923, 927–929, as withdrawal treatment, 424t parkinsonism and, 271t, 273t 927–929t photosensitivity and, 146t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195, 1195t alopecia and, 167t sexual dysfunction and, 759t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t anxiety and, 401 SIADH and, 984t parkinsonism and, 271t, 273, 273t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 524t sleep disorders and, 348t serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 127, sexual dysfunction and, 758t, 763t and, 473t, 486 128t, 130 tardive dyskinesia and, 260t, 261–263, 264t psychosis and, 417 tardive dyskinesia and, 265 thyroid diseases and, 702t teratogenicity and, 1327 taste disorders and, 1260t torsades de pointes and, 533t, 539–540t visual disturbances and, 304t thrombocytopenia and, 1051t Metolazone, 92, 633t, 638t, 1066t, 1070t, 1260t , 304t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t Methazolamide, 146t, 783t, 786t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t, 662 alopecia and, 168t Methicillin, 956, 1188t , 146t, 1105t, 1203–1204t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 587t Methimazole Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). See atrial tachycardia and, 591 allergic reactions to, 74–75t Ecstasy comorbidity and, 34 alopecia and, 173t, 175 , 472t delirium and, 327t aplastic anemia and, 1100t Methylergonovine, 472t, 1236t heart failure and, 512 asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t , 840, 840t, 841, 928 hypotension and, 632t, 638t, 646t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 849t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088, 1091, alopecia and, 167t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t 1093–1094 anxiety and, 400t, 401, 405t psychosis and, 417t

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sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes MOPP regimen, 1284t, 1285, 1286 578t, 579 and, 472t, 477t Morbidity and mortality systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t ototoxicity and, 1236t for acidosis, 1007 teratogenicity of, 1317 Rogaine development and, 50 for acute interstitial nephritis, 956 Metrizamide, 707t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t for acute tubular necrosis, 952 Metronidazole thrombocytopenia and, 1051t adverse reactions and, 29 acidosis and, 1002t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t, 662, for akathisia, 258 bleeding disorders and, 1031 668–669t, 669 for alkalosis, 1015–1016 cutaneous diseases and, 102t Mipomersen, 7t, 849t for alopecia, 185 diarrhea and, 828–829 for amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, 794 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 871 akathisia and, 254, 259 for anxiety, 409–410 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes delirium and, 327t for aplastic anemia, 1102–1103 and, 472t ototoxicity and, 1236t for asthma and bronchospasm, 460–461 nausea/vomiting and, 909t, 911t, 915 pancreatitis and, 891 for atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 586 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t photosensitivity and, 146t for atrial tachycardia, 590 osteonecrosis of jaw and, 1276 secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 736–737t, for atrioventricular node re-entrant tachycardia, ototoxicity and, 1236t 737 594 pancreatitis and, 878t, 880, 885, 886t, 891t sexual dysfunction and, 772 for bladder cancer, 1304 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t SIADH and, 982t, 990 for bleeding disorders, 1032–1034 serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1170 for breast cancer, 1300 taste disorders and, 1260t , 817, 822–823t, 1236t, 1324 for Brugada syndrome, 548 torsades de pointes and, 533t, 539t Mistletoe, 851t for chemotherapy-induced anemia, 1110 visual disturbances and, 305t Mitochondrial myopathy, 1150, 1152–1154, 1152t, for chronic kidney disease, 973–974 Metyrapone, 180, 195t 1159 for cognitive disorders, 366 Mevalonic acid, 866 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors, for color changes of oral mucosa and teeth, 1257 , 218t, 502t, 507, 510t, 634t 1295, 1296 for congenital heart defects, 1324 Mezlocillin, 1188t Mitomycin, 170t, 848t for constipation, 839 , 259, 392 , 146t, 432t, 1054 costs for drug-related diseases, 27–28 Miconazole, 790t, 792 , 702t, 735, 736–737t, 737, 741 for Cushing syndrome, 733 Microcephaly, 1330–1331, 1330f for cutaneous diseases, 112 Microcytic anemia, 1102t alopecia and, 170t for delirium, 333–334, 366 , 34, 39, 77t, 226, 305t, 927t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t for depression, 389 , 646, 646t, 647, 872 heart failure and, 503t, 510t for diabetes insipidus, 993 , 7t, 702t leukemia and, 1285, 1288t, 1291 for diarrhea, 826 Milk of magnesia, 1273 nausea/vomiting and, 908t for drug allergies, 88 Milk thistle, 868 Mivacurium, 73t, 452t, 636t, 638t, 644 for drug fever, 1190 , 1203–1204t Mixed amphetamine salts, 401 for dysmenorrhea, 797 MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine, 21, for dystonia, 269 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t 1267t for endometrial cancer, 1302 hypotension and, 636t, 640t, 644, 645t Mobitz type I/type II second-degree AV block, 575 epidemiology in explanations of, 21, 22, 25, 26 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 524t Moclobemide, 743t, 1203–1204t, 1207 for female sexual dysfunction, 799 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes , 104t, 400t, 409, 417t for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, 1333 and, 472t Moexipril, 146t, 632t, 638t for gastroschisis, 1327 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, , 743t, 852t, 1195t, 1199 for gingival hyperplasia, 1265 571t, 577t Mometasone, 731t, 732, 736t, 739 for glomerulonephritis, 959 Mineralocorticoids, 645, 1012, 1015, 1017 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) for glucose and insulin dysregulation, 688–689 , 193, 840t cognitive disorders and, 360 for gout and hyperuricemia, 1143 Minerals, 702t delirium and, 327t for growth hormone deficiency, 749 Minocycline food interactions with, 40 for heart failure, 514–515 allergic reactions to, 74–75t, 84, 85, 95 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t for hemodynamic-mediated AKI, 947–948 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1253, hypertension and, 618t, 620t for hemolytic anemia, 1106 1254t, 1255 psychosis and, 417–418t for hepatic and cholestatic diseases, 865 cutaneous diseases and, 103t serotonin syndrome and, 1202, 1203–1204t, for hirsutism, 203 drug fever and, 1188t 1205–1207 for hyperprolactinemia, 746 hemolytic anemia and, 1104 sexual dysfunction and, 759–760t for hypertension, 623 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 861t sleep disorders and, 348t, 350t for hypertrichosis, 203 ototoxicity and, 1236t weight gain and, 1171 for hypotension, 643 pancreatitis and, 879t, 882 Monoclonal antibodies, 95, 439, 822t, 1129t, 1192, for hypothermia, 1217 photosensitivity and, 146t 1194 for infertility, 801 serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, 523–530 for interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis, systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 127–130, causative agents of, 523, 524t 438 128t, 133 clinical presentation of, 526–527t, 526–528, 527f for intracerebral hemorrhage, 244 thyroid diseases and, 700t, 710 differential diagnosis of, 527, 527t for learning disabilities, 1316 epidemiology of, 523 for leukemia, 1291 adverse effects of, 193 management of, 530, 531f for limb deficiency defects, 1325–1326 alopecia and, 186, 187, 187t, 190, 191 mechanisms of, 525–526, 525t for low birth weight, 1318 heart failure and, 503t, 510t morbidity and mortality for, 529 for lymphoma, 1294 hirsutism and, 194, 198 patient education on, 530 for macrocytic anemia, 1108 hypertrichosis and, 194–195, 196–197t, 198, prevention of, 529–530, 529t for male sexual dysfunction, 771 202, 203 risk factors for, 528–529, 528t for malignant hyperthermia, 1212 hypotension and, 633t, 640t Montelukast, 385, 400t, 404, 462, 853t for menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia, 796

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Morbidity and mortality (continued) Moxifloxacin, 104t, 146t, 532t, 984t, 1051t, 1236t, for microcephaly, 1331 1260t acute kidney injury and, 944 for monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, 529 MPA. See Medroxyprogesterone acetate alopecia and, 172t for myocardial ischemia/acute coronary mTOR inhibitors. See Mammalian target-of- heart failure and, 510t syndromes, 482–484 rapamycin inhibitors ototoxicity and, 1236t for myopathy, 1157 Mulberry, 221 photosensitivity and, 146t, 150 for nausea and vomiting, 919–920 Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), 288 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 817 for neural tube defects, 1329 Multifocal atrial tachycardia, 588, 590, 591, 591t N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1199 Multiple sclerosis agents, 172t, 179t acute kidney injury and, 954 for neutropenia and agranulocytosis, 1094 Mumps, 29 asthma/bronchospasm and, 452t, 455, 455t for oral erythema multiforme, 1269 Muromonab, 77t, 1066t, 1070t heart failure and, 515 for oral lichenoid reactions, 1273 Muromonab-CD3, 635t, 1236t, 1284t, 1288t, hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 866 for orofacial clefts, 1321 1292 hypersensitivity reactions to, 77t for osteonecrosis of jaw, 1275 subtype 1 (M1) receptors, 912 ototoxicity and, 1242t for osteoporosis and osteomalacia, 1126–1127 Muscle relaxants, 270, 1209t, 1210, 1212, 1212t, serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t for ototoxicity, 1242 1213 N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), 33, 39, for ovarian hyperstimulation, 784 Mushroom poisoning, 851t, 864 856, 864, 970 for pancreatitis, 890–891, 891t , 1149, 1151, 1155, 1159 N-acetylprocainamide, 134 for parkinsonism, 273 Mycophenolate , 168t, 461, 577t, 632t, 638t for peripheral neuropathy, 285–286 alopecia and, 172t, 174 Nadroparin, 167t for photosensitivity, 154 chronic kidney disease and, 967, 974 Nafarelin, 700t for psychosis, 422 depression and, 382 Nafcillin, 125t, 1188t for secondary adrenal insufficiency, 740 drug fever and, 1188t , 906t for seizures, 224–225 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, Nalidixic acid, 147t, 305t, 1002t, 1051t for serotonin syndrome, 1207 571t, 577t , 840, 840t for serum sickness-like reactions, 1194 skin cancer and, 1298 , 840, 840t for SIADH, 989 teratogenicity of, 1319, 1320, 1330, 1331 for sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block, 578 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 815 for constipation, 840–841, 840t for skin cancer, 1297 Mycophenolate mofetil, 432t, 1127 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 869 for sleep disorders, 351–352 Mycophenolic acid, 822t nausea/vomiting and, 927t for stroke, 234 Mydriatics, 315 psychosis and, 424t for systemic lupus erythematosus, 134 Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 1283, restrictive drug distribution system for, 7t for tardive dyskinesia, 263 1286–1287, 1289 seizures and, 218t for taste disorders, 1262 Myelosuppressive therapy, 1110 , 174t, 180t, 349t for thrombocytopenia, 1056 Myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes, Nandrolone, 102t, 167t, 176, 195t, 402, 1065t, 1069t for thromboembolic diseases, 1074 471–489 NANSAIDs (nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti- for thyroid diseases, 714 causative agents of, 471–474, 472–473t inflammatory drugs), 239, 816 for torsades de pointes, 541–542 clinical presentation of, 480–482, 481t, 483t , 1051t for upper gastrointestinal ulceration, 816 cocaine-induced, 474–475, 478, 481–489, 483t, NAPQI. See N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine for valvular and pericardial heart disease, 669 487t for visual disturbances, 317 differential diagnosis of, 482, 483t alopecia and, 172t for vulvovaginal candidiasis, 791–792 epidemiology of, 474–476 bleeding disorders and, 1033 for weight gain, 1173 management of, 485–489, 487t comorbidity and, 34 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (CDC), 53 mechanisms of, 476–480, 477t drug fever and, 1188t Moricizine, 502t, 507, 510t, 528 morbidity and mortality for, 482–484 gout/hyperuricemia and, 1145 patient education on, 489 heart failure and, 510t acute kidney injury and, 958 prevention of, 484–485, 484t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t risk factors for, 482, 483t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes comorbidity and, 34 Myocilin, 317 and, 475, 479 constipation and, 836t Myopathy, 1149–1160 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t delirium and, 326t, 335 causative agents of, 1150–1151, 1150t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t hyperprolactinemia and, 743t clinical presentation of, 1153–1155, 1154t ototoxicity and, 1236t hypotension and, 636t, 638t corticosteroid, 1150t, 1151, 1152t, 1153, pancreatitis and, 881 hypothermia and, 1215, 1218 1155–1159 photosensitivity and, 147t, 150 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes defined, 1149 sexual dysfunction and, 760t, 783t, 786t and, 472t, 487t, 489 differential diagnosis of, 1154, 1154t stroke and, 230 nausea/vomiting and, 906t, 928 epidemiology of, 1151 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t ototoxicity and, 1233 management of, 1158–1159 thrombocytopenia and, 1051t seizures and, 218t mechanisms of, 1151–1153, 1152t visual disturbances and, 305t SIADH and, 984t mitochondrial, 1150, 1152–1154, 1152t, 1159 Naranjo Scale, 64, 65, 65t thyroid diseases and, 703t morbidity and mortality for, 1157 , 380 Mortality. See Morbidity and mortality necrotizing myopathy, 1150, 1152–1155, 1152t, Morus alba L, 221 1158 acidosis and, 1003t, 1005, 1007 Motesanib, 699t, 708 painless, 1150–1153, 1152t, 1155 acute kidney injury and, 958 Mountain laurel, 305t patient education on, 1160 delirium and, 325 Movement disorders, 253–273 prevention of, 1157–1158, 1158t hypotension and, 643 akathisia (acute and tardive), 254–259 risk factors for, 1155–1157, 1156t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes dystonia (acute and tardive), 265–270 Myositis, 1149, 1151, 1157 and, 489 overview, 253–254 seizures and, 225 parkinsonism, 270–273 , 929t sexual dysfunction and, 798 tardive dyskinesia, 259–265 Nab-, 908t visual disturbances and, 305t

1380

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Nasal decongestants, 401 differential diagnosis of, 1329 NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Nasal glucocorticoids, 731t, 733–735, 736t, 738, 741 epidemiology of, 1328 Excellence), 333, 336 Natalizumab, 7t, 96, 1193t mechanisms of, 1328–1329 Nicotinamide hydroiodide, 707t National Academy of Medicine, 12, 19, 51, 53, 55 morbidity and mortality for, 1329 Nicotine. See Smoking National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), risk factors for, 1329 Nicotine patch, 984t 1320, 1323 Neurocardiogenic syncope, 637, 641 Nicotinic acid, 680t, 684t, 703t, 1136t, 1139, 1144t, National Cancer Institute, 825, 826 Neurocognitive disorders. See Cognitive disorders 1152 National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), Neurokinin A, 82, 457 1111, 1283, 1292, 1303, 1305 Neurokinin (NK-1) receptors, 912, 914, 923–927, alopecia and, 168t National Coordinating Council for Medication 929 asthma/bronchospasm and, 463 Error Reporting and Prevention, 42 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), delirium and, 327t National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 1195–1202 drug fever and, 1188t (NICE), 333, 336 causative agents of, 1195, 1195t gingival hyperplasia and, 1262, 1263t National Institute of Mental Health, 262 clinical presentation of, 1187t, 1196–1198, 1196t, heart failure and, 502t, 505, 509–510, 510t, 515 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 14, 230, 236, 1206 hypertrichosis and, 196t 241 differential diagnosis of, 1197–1198, 1198t hypotension and, 633t, 639t Natriuretic peptides, 636t epidemiology of, 1196 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Nausea and vomiting, 905–931 management of, 1200–1201, 1200–1201t and, 472t, 477t, 478 afferent pathways of, 912, 913f mechanisms of, 1196 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t causative agents of, 905–910, 906–909t morbidity and mortality for, 1199 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t chemotherapy-induced. See Chemotherapy- patient education on, 1202 ototoxicity and, 1236t induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) prevention of, 1199–1200, 1199t photosensitivity and, 147t clinical presentation of, 912t, 915–916, 916t risk factors for, 1198, 1198t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t differential diagnosis of, 915, 916t Neuroleptics, 360, 1195–1202, 1205. See also tardive dyskinesia and, 265 epidemiology of, 910 Conventional neuroleptics taste disorders and, 1260–1261t management of, 927–929t, 927–930 Neuromuscular blocking agents teratogenicity of, 1317 mechanisms of, 910–915, 911t, 913f hypotension and, 636t Niferidil, 524t morbidity and mortality for, 919–920 malignant hyperthermia and, 1211, 1212, NIH (National Institutes of Health), 14, 230, 236, opioid-induced. See Opioid-induced nausea and 1213t 241 vomiting myopathy and, 1156 Nilotinib, 170t, 699–700t, 883, 1087, 1109t patient education on, 930–931 nausea/vomiting and, 907t, 911t, 914, 921 Nilutamide, 432t postoperative. See Postoperative nausea and Neuromyopathy, 1150, 1151, 1152t, 1153, 1155 , 846t vomiting (PONV) Neuropathy. See Peripheral neuropathy , 633t, 639t, 1236t, 1263t prevention of, 920–927, 921t, 924–925t Neuropsychiatric agents, 851–852t 9 points of consideration for adverse events, 63–64 risk factors for, 917–918t, 917–919 Neutropenia and agranulocytosis, 1087–1096 Nintedanib, 440 NBDPS (National Birth Defects Prevention Study), causative agents of, 1087–1088, 1089–1090t , 472t, 633t, 639t, 1263t 1320, 1323 clinical presentation of, 1092–1093, 1092t Nitazoxanide, 829 NCCN. See National Comprehensive Cancer differential diagnosis of, 1092, 1092t Nitrates, 478, 484–486, 488, 510, 574, 642–643, 645t Network epidemiology of, 1088, 1091 , 953 NCS (nerve-conduction studies), 284 management of, 1095–1096 Nitric oxide, 261, 766, 857, 866, 868 NDAs (New Drug Applications), 48, 51 mechanisms of, 1091, 1091t Nitroaliphatic compounds, 849t , 578t, 632t, 638t morbidity and mortality for, 1094 Nitroaromatic compounds, 849t Necrotizing myopathy, 1150, 1152–1155, 1152t, patient education on, 1096 Nitrofurantoin 1158 prevention of, 1094–1095, 1095t alopecia and, 174t, 180t , 772, 852t, 1202, 1203–1204t risk factors for, 1093–1094, 1093t drug fever and, 1188t , 218t, 472t Nevirapine hemolytic anemia and, 1105t Nelfinavir, 533t, 539–540t, 1123t allergic reactions to, 75t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t, 861t Neomycin, 871, 1236t cutaneous diseases and, 101, 104t, 111t, 113t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, Neoplastic injury, 855t, 858, 859t, 861t, 862. See also hyperprolactinemia and, 744t 432t, 435t Cancer oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t macrocytic anemia and, 1108t Neostigmine, 452t, 571t, 574t New Drug Applications (NDAs), 48, 51 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes NEPA (netupitant–), 926 New molecular entities (NMEs), 8 and, 472t Nephrolithiasis, 957–958 NGF (nerve growth factor)-1, 288 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t causative agents of, 944t, 957 NHL (non-Hodgkin lymphoma), 1286, 1292–1294, peripheral neuropathy and, 280t clinical presentation of, 946t, 957 1303 sexual dysfunction and, 762t, 765t differential diagnosis of, 946t, 957 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t epidemiology of, 957 acidosis and, 1002t Nitroglycerin management of, 958 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 679, 680t, hypotension and, 633t, 634t, 640t mechanisms of, 957 684t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes patient education on, 958 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 849t, 864 and, 472t, 481, 484, 487t, 488, 489 prevention of, 958 myopathy and, 1156 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, risk factors for, 958 visual disturbances and, 305t 571t, 574t Nephrotoxicity, 37 taste disorders and, 1260t Neprilysin inhibitors, 516, 633t gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t thrombocytopenia and, 1051t Nerve-conduction studies (NCS), 284 hypotension and, 633t, 639t, 644 Nitroprusside Nerve growth factor (NGF)-1, 288 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes acidosis and, 1002t Nesiritide, 636t, 640t, 644, 645t and, 478 hypotension and, 633t, 640t, 644 Netupitant–palonosetron (NEPA), 926 ototoxicity and, 1236t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Neural tube defects, 1327–1329 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, and, 472t, 477t, 488 causative agents of, 1328 571t, 573t, 577t ototoxicity and, 1236t clinical presentation of, 1327–1328f, 1329 stroke and, 236 , 432t, 966t, 970t, 1284

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Nitrous oxide myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Obesity, 1165, 1171–1175. See also Weight gain malignant hyperthermia and, 1212, 1212t and, 472t, 473, 475, 476, 477t, 485, 489 Obeticholic acid, 7t nausea/vomiting and, 907t, 911t, 914, 917, 921, neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087, 1088, Obinutuzumab, 1271t 923 1090t Ocriplasmin, 305t peripheral neuropathy and, 281t nonaspirin, 239, 816 psychosis and, 417–418t nonselective. See Nonselective NSAIDs diabetes insipidus and, 991t seizures and, 225 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270 diarrhea and, 827t, 828 Nivolumab, 825 ototoxicity and, 1233 growth hormone deficiency and, 747 , 328t, 1105t, 1174 ovarian hyperstimulation and, 789 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 850t, 871–872 NK-1 (neurokinin) receptors, 912, 914, 923–927, , 101 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 571t 929 pancreatitis and, 881, 887–888 thrombocytopenia and, 1051t NMEs (new molecular entities), 8 peripheral neuropathy and, 288 thyroid diseases and, 699t, 703t N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 261, 418, 1205, photosensitivity and, 143, 150, 150t, 154, 155 Ocular toxicities. See Visual disturbances 1239 seizures and, 224 Office of the Inspector General (OIG), 13–14 NMS. See Neuroleptic malignant syndrome sexual dysfunction and, 759t Ofloxacin, 104t, 147t, 280t, 328t, 533t, 539t, 991t NMSC (nonmelanoma skin cancer), 1296–1298 stroke and, 230, 230–231t, 231, 233, 235t OIC. See Opioid-induced constipation NNRTIs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase for systemic lupus erythematosus, 135 Oil of cloves, 851t inhibitors), 358t, 377–378, 690, 847t teratogenicity of, 1334t OKT3. See Antithymocyte globulin Nonacetylated salicylates, 489, 812 thrombocytopenia and, 1052, 1052t Nonadherence to medications, 28, 41 thyroid diseases and, 703t acidosis and, 1002t Nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809–819, alopecia and, 173t (NANSAIDs), 239, 816 810–811t, 816t cannabinoids and, 33 Nondepolarizing muscle relaxants, 1209t, 1210, vaginal bleeding disorders and, 790t, 797 constipation and, 836t 1212, 1212–1213t, 1213 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 670 delirium and, 326t, 329t, 338–340 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 1286, 1292–1294, visual disturbances and, 313 diabetes insipidus and, 991, 991t 1303 weight gain and, 1175t extrapyramidal symptoms and, 254 Noni juice, 851t Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial ischemia, glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 683, 690 Nonimmediate drug reactions, 80, 81 471 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), 1296–1298 Nonsulfonylurea secretagogues, 682t, 685t hyperprolactinemia and, 743t Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol, 229 hypotension and, 635t, 639t (NNRTIs), 358t, 377–378, 690, 847t Norepinephrine hypothermia and, 1216t Nonpotassium-sparing diuretics, 34 acidosis and, 1002t nausea/vomiting and, 926, 927, 929, 929t Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, 347 anxiety and, 406 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195, Nonselective NSAIDs cocaine-induced blockade of, 478, 488 1195t, 1198 acute kidney injury and, 945, 947 cognitive disorders and, 360 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t heart failure and, 509 delirium and, 333 off-label use of, 10 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes depression and, 385 pancreatitis and, 879t and, 472t, 475, 479, 489 heart failure and, 512 parkinsonism and, 271 stroke and, 231 hypertension and, 619, 621 photosensitivity and, 147t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 810t psychosis and, 418, 422 restrictive drug distribution system for, 7t Nonselective antagonists, 840t sexual dysfunction and, 766, 767 sexual dysfunction and, 761t, 772 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) in sleep cycles, 349 SIADH and, 982t acidosis and, 1003t Norethandrolone, 783t, 786t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, acute kidney injury and, 942, 943–945t, 944–949, Norethindrone, 176, 909t 571t, 578t 953, 956, 958–959 Norfloxacin, 147t, 472t, 1236t smoking and, 32 allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 74t, 77t, Norgestimate, 191, 206t, 229 stroke and, 230–231t 81, 87, 97–98 Normal transit constipation (NTC), 837 tardive dyskinesia and, 265 alopecia and, 172t, 179t Normocytic anemia, 1102t taste disorders and, 1260t anxiety and, 401t, 403–404 thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t aplastic anemia and, 1100t alopecia and, 173t torsades de pointes and, 533t, 539–540t, 541 asthma/bronchospasm and, 451, 453, 453t, Brugada syndrome and, 547t weight gain and, 1169t, 1171, 1174, 1175 455–458, 455t, 460, 461, 463 cognitive disorders and, 365 , 7t, 1284, 1284t, 1287, 1289 bleeding disorders and, 1025, 1026, 1026t, 1029t, heart failure and, 504t, 510t Oleckna v. Daytona Discount Pharmacy (2015), 9t, 11 1030, 1033, 1039 ototoxicity and, 1236t Oligomenorrhea. See Amenorrhea and chronic kidney disease and, 965, 968–970 photosensitivity and, 147t oligomenorrhea cognitive disorders and, 358–359t, 361 serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t Olmesartan, 632t, 638t constipation and, 836t SIADH and, 982t OLR. See Oral lichenoid reactions cutaneous diseases and, 101, 103t weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1170 Olsalazine, 823t delirium and, 325, 327t NREM (nonrapid eye movement) sleep, 347 Omacetaxine, 170t depression and, 385 NSAIDS. See Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory Omalizumab, 73t, 96, 462–463, 1193t diarrhea and, 823t drugs Omeprazole drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26t NTC (normal transit constipation), 837 chronic kidney disease and, 965, 966t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 688 Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) cutaneous diseases and, 103t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1141, 1144, 1145 acidosis and, 1002–1003t, 1007, 1009–1011 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t heart failure and, 501, 503–504t, 508–509, 512, glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 684t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t 516, 517 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t ototoxicity and, 1237t hemolytic anemia and, 1105t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1123t pancreatitis and, 879t, 880 hypertension and, 618t, 620t, 623 peripheral neuropathy and, 282, 282t sexual dysfunction and, 760t hypertrichosis and, 197t Numerator, in incidence of drug-induced disease, 25 SIADH and, 984t hypotension and, 647 Nutritional supplements, 415, 420, 423 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t hypothermia and, 1216 Nux vomica, 221 thyroid diseases and, 703t

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Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, 368 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1253, , 703t Onabotulinumtoxin A, 174t, 180t 1254t ORS (oral rehydration solution), 829 Oncology. See Cancer cutaneous diseases and, 108 Orthostatic hypotension, 233, 631, 637, 641–648, depression and, 376t, 382, 386, 388, 388t, 391 646t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t genetic variability and, 16t Osmotic diuretics, 636t depression and, 385 gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t Osmotic laxatives, 840, 840t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 869 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, Osteomalacia. See Osteoporosis and osteomalacia hypersensitivity reactions to, 77t 684t Osteonecrosis of jaw, 1273–1276 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 864 causative agents of, 1273, 1274t and, 473t hirsutism and, 194, 195t, 199t, 203, 205–206 clinical presentation of, 1256t, 1275 nausea/vomiting and, 918, 919, 922, 923, 924t, hyperaldosteronism and, 751 differential diagnosis of, 1257t, 1275 925–929, 927–929t hypertension and, 618t, 620–622, 620t, 624–626, epidemiology of, 1273–1274 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 539–540t 625t management of, 1276 Ophthalmic disturbances. See Visual disturbances infertility and, 790t, 801 mechanisms of, 1274, 1274t Opioid analgesics myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes morbidity and mortality for, 1275 cognitive disorders and, 365, 367 and, 473–475, 473t, 477t, 480–482, 483t, 485 patient education on, 1276 delirium and, 325 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t prevention of, 1275–1276, 1275t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 871 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t risk factors for, 1258t, 1275 nausea/vomiting and, 912, 920–921, 930 skin cancer and, 1284t Osteoporosis and osteomalacia, 1119–1130 peripheral neuropathy and, 289 smoking and, 33 causative agents of, 1120, 1121t serotonin syndrome and, 1202, 1204–1205 stroke and, 229–230, 230t, 235t clinical presentation of, 1124–1125, 1124t Opioid antagonists, 927t, 928 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t differential diagnosis of, 1124, 1124t Opioid-induced constipation (OIC), 6, 835, tardive dyskinesia and, 262 epidemiology of, 1120 836–837t, 837–841, 915, 920, 930 thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1067, 1068t, management of, 1129–1130, 1129t Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting 1074–1075, 1075t mechanisms of, 1120, 1122, 1123–1124t causative agents of, 906t, 910 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t, 790t, morbidity and mortality for, 1126–1127 clinical presentation of, 915 793, 794, 796 overview, 1119–1120 epidemiology of, 910 visual disturbances and, 305t, 313 patient education on, 1130 management of, 927–928, 927t vulvovaginal candidiasis and, 782t, 785t, 791 prevention of, 1127–1128, 1128t mechanisms of, 911t, 912 weight gain and, 1172–1173, 1175t risk factors for, 1125–1126, 1126t morbidity and mortality for, 919 Oral erythema multiforme, 1265–1269 Ototoxicity, 1233–1244 patient education on, 930 categorization of, 1265–1266 causative agents of, 1233–1239, 1234–1238t prevention of, 920–921 causative agents of, 1266, 1266–1268t clinical presentation of, 1240–1241, 1240t risk factors for, 917, 917t clinical presentation of, 1253, 1256t, 1268–1269 differential diagnosis of, 1240t, 1241 differential diagnosis of, 1257t, 1269 epidemiology of, 1239 acidosis and, 1011t epidemiology of, 1266 genetic factors and, 37 akathisia and, 259 management of, 1269 management of, 1243–1244 alopecia and, 172t mechanisms of, 1268, 1268t mechanisms of, 1239–1240, 1239t anxiety and, 401t, 402, 404, 405t morbidity and mortality for, 1269 morbidity and mortality for, 1242 cognitive disorders and, 358–359t, 366, 369 patient education on, 1269 patient education on, 1244 constipation and. See Opioid-induced prevention of, 1269 prevention of, 1242–1243, 1242t constipation (OIC) risk factors for, 1258t, 1269 risk factors for, 1241–1242, 1241t delirium and, 325, 326t, 335 Oral glucocorticoids, 731t, 736t, 739–741 Ovarian hyperstimulation, 781–790 duration of detection in urine, 420t Oral hypoglycemic agents, 761, 983t causative agents of, 781, 782t hyperprolactinemia and, 743–744t Oral lichenoid reactions (OLR), 1269–1273 clinical presentation of, 784, 787t hypersensitivity reactions to, 77t, 81 causative agents of, 1270, 1270–1272t differential diagnosis of, 784, 788t hypotension and, 636t, 642, 644, 645t clinical presentation of, 1256t, 1272–1273 epidemiology of, 781, 783 hypothermia and, 1216, 1216t differential diagnosis of, 1257t, 1273 management of, 787–790, 790t malignant hyperthermia and, 1212, 1212t, 1213 epidemiology of, 1270 mechanisms of, 783–784, 785t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes management of, 1273 morbidity and mortality for, 784 and, 472t mechanisms of, 1270, 1272, 1272t patient education on, 790 nausea/vomiting and. See Opioid-induced nausea morbidity and mortality for, 1273 prevention of, 784, 787, 789t and vomiting overview, 1269 risk factors for, 784, 788t ototoxicity and, 1233, 1239, 1239t patient education on, 1273 Overweight, 1165, 1171–1175. See also Weight gain for pain. See Opioid analgesics prevention of, 1273 Oxacillin, 1188t psychosis and, 417t, 422, 424t risk factors for, 1258t, 1273 risk evaluation and mitigation strategies for, 6 Oral mucosa color changes. See Color changes of acidosis and, 1003t secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 737 oral mucosa and teeth allergic reactions to, 73t sedation effects of, 357 Oral rehydration solution (ORS), 829 alopecia and, 170t sexual dysfunction and, 758t, 760t, 763t Orexin antagonists, 353 chemotherapy-induced anemia and, 1109t smoking and, 33 Orlistat, 822–823t, 823, 827, 849t, 879t, 1175 genetic variability and, 16t in thermoregulation, 1186 Orofacial clefts, 1318–1321 hemolytic anemia and, 1109 thyroid diseases and, 703t causative agents of, 1319, 1335 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, vaginal bleeding disorders and, 797 clinical presentation of, 1318–1319f, 1321 432t, 435t withdrawal treatment protocols, 424t differential diagnosis of, 1321 nausea/vomiting and, 908t tincture, 827t, 828 epidemiology of, 1319–1320 pancreatitis and, 881 Oprelvekin, 1056 mechanisms of, 1320–1321 peripheral neuropathy and, 279, 280t, 282t, 283, Oral contraceptives morbidity and mortality for, 1321 285–288 alopecia and, 171t, 175–176, 179t, 184, 186, 188t, risk factors for, 1321 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 539t 191 Orotic acid, 849t Oxandrolone, 167t, 195t, 402 breast cancer and, 1299 Orphan drugs, 48 , 147t, 172t, 846t, 1237t

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Oxcarbazepine Pantoprazole on Brugada syndrome, 549 allergic reactions to, 75t, 95 allergic reactions to, 73t on chemotherapy-induced anemia, 1111 alopecia and, 168t chronic kidney disease and, 965, 966t on chronic kidney disease, 976 Brugada syndrome and, 547t cutaneous diseases and, 101, 104t on cognitive disorders, 369 cognitive disorders and, 360 photosensitivity and, 147t on color changes of oral mucosa and teeth, 1258 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t on constipation, 839, 840 ototoxicity and, 1237t torsades de pointes and, 533t, 540t on Cushing syndrome, 734 peripheral neuropathy and, 286–287, 287t Papaverine, 532t, 761t, 765t, 771, 1002t, 1066t, 1070t on cutaneous diseases, 114 seizures and, 218t, 224 Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 153, 154 on delirium, 340 SIADH and, 981, 983t, 985–988, 988t, 990 Para-aminosalicylic acid, 125t, 710, 850t, 861t on depression, 392 teratogenicity of, 1319 , 1052t, 1326 on diabetes insipidus, 993 thyroid diseases and, 699t , 1186 on diarrhea, 830 Oxitropium, 463 Paraquat, 849t, 861t on drug allergies and hypersensitivity reactions, , 125t, 1051t Parenteral lipids, 853t, 868 88, 100 , 906t, 984t, 1203–1204t, 1205 Parenteral nutrition, 1003t on drug fever, 1192 Oxymetazoline, 230t Parkinsonism, 270–273 on dysmenorrhea, 797 Oxymetholone, 167t, 195t, 402 causative agents of, 270, 271t on dystonia, 270 , 906t, 1233, 1237t clinical presentation of, 257t, 262, 272 on endometrial cancer, 1303 Oxyphenisatin, 861t differential diagnosis of, 257t, 272 on female sexual dysfunction, 800 , 453t, 473t, 729, 782t, 786t, 796 epidemiology of, 270–271 on gingival hyperplasia, 1265 Ozagrel, 463 management of, 273, 273t on glomerulonephritis, 960 mechanisms of, 271–272, 271t on glucose and insulin dysregulation, 690 morbidity and mortality for, 273 on gout and hyperuricemia, 1046 PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid), 153, 154 overview, 253–254 on growth hormone deficiency, 750–751 Pacemakers, 572, 576–578, 580 patient education on, 273 on heart failure, 516–517 Paclitaxel prevention of, 273, 273t on hemodynamic-mediated AKI, 949 allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 73t, 75t, risk factors for, 272, 272t on hemolytic anemia, 1107 77t, 97t Paromomycin, 1237t on hepatic and cholestatic diseases, 872–873 alopecia and, 170t on hirsutism, 207–208 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t alopecia and, 173t on hyperprolactinemia, 746–747 cutaneous diseases and, 102t constipation and, 836t on hypertension, 626–627 heart failure and, 503t, 508, 510t delirium and, 327t, 329t on hypertrichosis, 207–208 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, depression and, 390 on hypotension, 648 433t, 435t hyperprolactinemia and, 743t on hypothermia, 1218 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes hypotension and, 646t on infertility, 774, 802 and, 472t nausea/vomiting and, 909t on interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis, nausea/vomiting and, 908t ototoxicity and, 1237t 441–442 ototoxicity and, 1237t photosensitivity and, 147t on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), 246 pancreatitis and, 881 serotonin syndrome and, 1202, 1203–1204t on leukemia, 1292 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t, 285 sexual dysfunction and, 772 on lymphoma, 1295 photosensitivity and, 147t SIADH and, 982t, 985, 988 on macrocytic anemia, 1109 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, sleep disorders and, 348t on male sexual dysfunction, 774–775 571t, 573t, 577–578t teratogenicity of, 1323 on malignant hyperthermia, 1214 taste disorders and, 1260t thyroid diseases and, 699t on menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia, 796 thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t visual disturbances and, 306t on monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, 530 visual disturbances and, 305t, 316 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1171 on myocardial ischemia/acute coronary weight gain and, 1172 Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, 588–591 syndromes, 489 Painless myopathy, 1150–1153, 1152t, 1155 Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. See on myopathy, 1160 Pain medications. See Analgesics Atrioventricular node re-entrant tachycardia on nausea and vomiting, 930–931 , 170t (AVNRT) on nephrolithiasis, 958 , 254, 271, 761t, 1166t, 1169t, 1195t, Parsnip, 306t on neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1202 1197 Pasireotide, 174t, 180t on neutropenia and agranulocytosis, 1096 Palonosetron, 922, 924–927, 924t Passionflower, 353 on oral erythema multiforme, 1269 Pamidronate, 305–306t, 1237t, 1274, 1274t Patient education on oral lichenoid reactions, 1273 PAMORA (peripheral acting mu-opioid receptor on acidosis, 1011 on osteonecrosis of jaw, 1276 antagonists), 840–841, 840t on acute interstitial nephritis, 957 on osteoporosis and osteomalacia, 1130 Pancreatitis, 877–892 on acute tubular necrosis, 955 on ototoxicity, 1244 causative agents of, 877–879, 878–879t on adverse event documentation, 65–66 on ovarian hyperstimulation, 790 clinical presentation of, 888–890, 889t on akathisia, 259 on pancreatitis, 892 differential diagnosis of, 889, 889t on alkalosis, 1017 on parkinsonism, 273 epidemiology of, 879–885 on alopecia, 192–193 on peripheral neuropathy, 289 management of, 892 on amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, 794–795 on photosensitivity, 155–156 mechanisms of, 885–888, 886t on anxiety, 411 on psychosis, 425 morbidity and mortality for, 890–891, 891t on aplastic anemia, 1104 on secondary adrenal insufficiency, 741 patient education on, 892 on asthma and bronchospasm, 463–464 on seizures, 226 prevention of, 891–892, 891t on atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 588 on serotonin syndrome, 1209 risk factors for, 890, 890t on atrial tachycardia, 591–592 on serum sickness-like reactions, 1195 Pancuronium, 907t, 1156, 1201, 1237t on AV node re-entrant tachycardia, 594–595 on SIADH, 990 Pancuronium bromide, 453t on bladder cancer, 1305 on sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block, Panitumumab, 102t, 170t, 432t on bleeding disorders, 1039 580–581 , 7t on breast cancer, 1301 on skin cancer, 1298

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on sleep disorders, 353 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 870 Pharmacodynamic drug–drug interactions, 38, 40 on stroke, 237 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Pharmacoepidemiology, 20, 54 on systemic lupus erythematosus, 135–136 and, 472t Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase, 35 on tardive dyskinesia, 265 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1091 Pharmacogenomics Research Network, 35 on taste disorders, 1262 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t Pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions, 38–40 on teratogenicity, 1335 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t , 968, 970 on thrombocytopenia, 1059 seizures and, 218t, 220, 222, 222t, 225 Phenazopyridine, 1105t on thromboembolic diseases, 1077–1078 serum sickness-like reactions and, 1192, 1193t (PCP), 401, 401t, 415, 418, 418t, 851t on thyroid diseases, 717 structural similarities and differences in, 91f Phenelzine on torsades de pointes, 545 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t delirium and, 327t on upper gastrointestinal ulceration, 818–819 thrombocytopenia and, 1052, 1052t food interactions with, 40 on valvular and pericardial heart disease, 670 torsades de pointes and, 542 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes on visual disturbances, 319 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809 and, 472t on vulvovaginal candidiasis, 792 Pennyroyal/pennyroyal oil, 219t, 221, 851t, 866 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t on weight gain, 1175 Pentamidine peripheral neuropathy and, 281t Patients asthma/bronchospasm and, 453t photosensitivity and, 147t evaluation of, 60–67, 61–62t, 64–65t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t sexual dysfunction and, 772 medication histories for, 60–62, 61–62t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 679, 680t, 682t, SIADH and, 982t physical examination of, 62–63 683, 684–685t sleep disorders and, 348t in postmarketing surveillance, 51 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t Patrinia root, 353 hypersensitivity reactions to, 81 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1171 Pazopanib, 170t, 699–700t, 709, 908t hypotension and, 634t, 640t, 645t Phenformin, 1002t PCCs. See Prothrombin complex concentrates pancreatitis and, 878t, 882, 885, 886t, 890, 892 Phenindione, 1271t PCP. See Phencyclidine SIADH and, 984t , 306t PDUFA ( User Fee Act of 2007), sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 573t 6, 12, 14 taste disorders and, 1260t allergic reactions to, 75t PE. See Pulmonary embolism torsades de pointes and, 532t, 539t alopecia and, 168t Pediatric patients. See also Teratogenicity , 453t, 571t, 1186 cognitive disorders and, 357, 358t, 360, 365 cognitive disorders and, 362, 365 , 226, 871 cutaneous diseases and, 101, 103–104t, 111t, 113t diarrhea in, 826 Pentosan, 1064t, 1067, 1068t depression and, 376t, 379, 385t, 386 growth hormone deficiency in, 748–749, 749t , 147t, 984t drug fever and, 1188t hypertrichosis in, 194, 198, 199, 202 Pentoxifylline, 853t, 868, 953, 1051t gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t learning disabilities in, 1315–1316 Perchlorate, 703t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 869 leukemia in, 1291 Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), 486, 488 macrocytic anemia and, 1109 medication errors in, 42 Pergolide oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t in pancreatitis, 879 alopecia and, 171t, 175 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1122, 1123t, 1127 seizures in, 217, 219–222, 224 heart failure and, 503t, 510t ototoxicity and, 1237t serum sickness-like reactions in, 1194 hypotension and, 635t, 640t secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 737 systemic lupus erythematosus in, 133 sleep disorders and, 348t seizures and, 218t, 224, 226 Pegfilgrastim, 171t, 1094 taste disorders and, 1260t sexual dysfunction and, 763t Peginterferon α-2a, 147t, 390, 822t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 659–661, tardive dyskinesia and, 254 Peginterferon α-2b, 147t 660t, 663–664, 663t, 668–670, 668t teratogenicity of, 1319 Peginterferon β-1b, 383 Pericardial heart disease. See Valvular and thyroid diseases and, 703t PEG lavage solution, 503t, 510t pericardial heart disease , 102t Pegylated interferon, 365, 699–700t, 703t, 707 Perindopril, 472t, 632t, 638t, 1254t Phenothiazines Pembrolizumab, 825 Periodic Safety Update Reports, 52 delirium and, 337 , 170t, 432t, 908t Perioperative agents, 910, 912–915, 917–919, dystonia and, 266 , 852t, 864 921–924, 928, 930 hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 743t Penicillamine Peripheral-acting arterial vasodilators, 633t hypertrichosis and, 197t acute kidney injury and, 943t, 959 Peripheral acting mu-opioid receptor antagonists hypotension and, 631 allergic reactions to, 74t (PAMORA), 840–841, 840t nausea/vomiting and, 927t, 929 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 853t, 861t Peripheral α-blockers, 632t, 647 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t hypertrichosis and, 194, 196t Peripheral neuropathy, 279–289 photosensitivity and, 143, 150, 150t, 154 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, causative agents of, 279, 280–281t, 1155 seizures and, 218t, 222t 432t chemotherapy-induced, 283, 285–289 sexual dysfunction and, 757, 758t, 760–765t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes clinical presentation of, 282–285, 283t tardive dyskinesia and, 262 and, 472t defined, 279 visual disturbances and, 316 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t differential diagnosis of, 284–285, 284t Phenoxazoline, 230t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t epidemiology of, 279 Phenprocoumon, 1029t peripheral neuropathy and, 281t management of, 287–289 , 1263t taste disorders and, 1260–1261t mechanisms of, 281–282, 282t Phentermine, 9, 659, 660t, 663, 973 Penicillins morbidity and mortality for, 285–286 , 488, 703t, 747, 748t, 761t allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 73t, 75t, patient education on, 289 76–77, 79, 85–90, 92, 95 prevention of, 286–287, 286–287t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t, 861t cutaneous diseases and, 102t, 111t risk factors for, 285, 285t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t delirium and, 328t , 125t, 326t, 703t, 982t, 1167t, 1195t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t diarrhea and, 822t Pertuzumab, 7t, 170t ototoxicity and, 1237t drug fever and, 1187, 1188t, 1191 PFTs (pulmonary function tests), 435–436, 439 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t drug-induced hospitalizations from, 25 P-glycoprotein (Pgp), 37, 39, 40, 969 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t, 662 heart failure and, 503t Pharmaceutical manufacturers, 8–10, 50–52 visual disturbances and, 306t hemolytic anemia and, 1104 Pharmacist duty to warn, 10–11 , 473t, 477t, 618t, 620t

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Phenylpropanolamine management of, 155, 155t hypotension and, 643 alcohol use and, 232 mechanisms of, 149–151, 149f, 150t myopathy and, 1157 atrial tachycardia and, 588t morbidity and mortality for, 154 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272 AV node re-entrant tachycardia and, 592t patient education on, 155–156 racial differences in, 15–16 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 240t, prevention of, 154–155, 154t Polymyositis, 1150, 1152t, 1153, 1155, 1159 242–243 risk factors for, 153–154, 153t Polymyxin B, 77t, 1237t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Photosensitizing agents, 150t, 151, 153 Polysomnography (PSG), 349 and, 473t Phototherapy, 191 Polysorbate 80, 73t seizures and, 225 Phototoxicity/photoallergy. See Photosensitivity Pomalidomide, 7t, 1286–1287 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 573t Physical examinations, 62–63 Ponatinib, 1065t, 1069t, 1087 , 378, 380, 424t, 571t, 574t, 582t PONV. See Postoperative nausea and vomiting acute kidney injury and, 943t, 959 Phytonadione, 73t Population-based postmarketing surveillance, allergic reactions to, 74–75t, 85, 87–88 P-i concept, 79 47–49, 54–56 aplastic anemia and, 1100t , 463 Porfimer, 147t, 151, 154 interactions with, 33 , 547t, 548 , 533t, 539t cognitive disorders and, 360, 365, 367 , 254 Postherpetic , 288–289 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1253, , 532t, 540t, 635t, 639t, 703t, 982t Postmarketing surveillance, 47–57 1254t Pimpinella, 306t clinicians in, 50–51 cutaneous diseases and, 101, 103–104t, 111t, , 125t, 632t, 638t, 646t, 647 database for, 67 112, 113t Pioglitazone future challenges in, 56–57 delirium and, 326t bladder cancer and, 1285t, 1288t, 1303–1305 importance of, 25, 47 depression and, 376t, 378, 379, 386 heart failure and, 503t, 506, 510t manufacturers in, 50–52 diabetes insipidus and, 991t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes patient role in, 51 drug fever and, 1188t and, 476 population-based, 47–49, 54–56 drug interactions with, 38 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1124t proactive/sentinel, 54, 55, 57, 67 genetic variations affecting, 36t , 533t regulatory agencies in, 52–53 gingival hyperplasia and, 1253, 1263–1265, 1263t, Piperacillin, 75t, 87, 90, 103t, 1051t, 1188t reporting systems for, 24, 49–56 1265t Piperacillin–tazobactam, 328t, 1105t science of, 53–56 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 684t , 170t Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t, 861t Pirfenidone, 147t, 440 causative agents of, 910 hirsutism and, 194, 195t, 199t , 906t clinical presentation of, 915–916 hypertrichosis and, 194, 196t, 198, 198f, 199, 202 epidemiology of, 910 hypotension and, 634t, 640t, 645t alopecia and, 172t management of, 928, 928t macrocytic anemia and, 1101t, 1107, 1108t, 1109 bleeding disorders and, 1033 mechanisms of, 912–914 metabolic pathway for, 35 cutaneous diseases and, 104t morbidity and mortality for, 919 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t heart failure and, 510t patient education on, 930 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t prevention of, 921–924, 921t, 924t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t risk factors for, 917–918, 917–918t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1122, 1123t, 1127 ototoxicity and, 1237t (PTLD), 1293, 1295 ototoxicity and, 1237t pancreatitis and, 879t, 881 Potassium bicarbonate–potassium citrate, 1010t peripheral neuropathy and, 281t photosensitivity and, 147t Potassium-channel blockers, 538 secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 737 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t Potassium chloride, 809, 810–811t, 811–813, 816t seizures and, 218t, 224, 226 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 813 Potassium citrate, 1010, 1010t sexual dysfunction and, 763t Pisa syndrome, 268 Potassium citrate–citric acid, 1010t sleep disorders and, 348t Pituitary diseases. See Hypothalamic, pituitary, and , 706–707t, 1188t, 1237t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t adrenal diseases Potassium perchlorate, 715, 1090t tardive dyskinesia and, 254 Placental transfer mechanisms, 1313–1314 Potassium-sparing diuretics, 625, 949, 1003t, 1138 teratogenicity of, 1315–1316, 1319, 1324–1325, Platelet inhibitors, 1049 Povidone-iodine, 73t, 705, 707t 1328, 1330–1331, 1335 Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), 191 PPIs. See Proton pump inhibitors thrombocytopenia and, 1051t Platinum analogues, 782–783t, 785–786t, 800 , 125t thyroid diseases and, 703t Platinum-based therapies, 1101t, 1109t, 1233 , 908t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 793 Platinum compounds, 282t, 285, 286, 1284 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t Plausibility, in epidemiology, 22 alopecia and, 175 visual disturbances and, 306t, 312, 315, 318 Podagra, 1140 anxiety and, 405 weight gain and, 1169, 1175t Podophyllin, 280t heart failure and, 503t Phosphate salts, 840t Poisoning agents, 177 hyperprolactinemia and, 746 Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors Polidocanol, 197t hypotension and, 635t, 640t hypotension and, 636t, 642 Poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitors, 1289 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1196 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Polyarteritis nodosa, 85 psychosis and, 418t and, 478, 484 Polyaspartic acid, 953 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 669 sexual dysfunction and, 761t, 765t, 769, 800 Polyethoxyethylated castor oil-containing products, Pramlintide, 682t, 685t visual disturbances and, 312–313, 317, 318 77t, 81 Prasugrel, 73t, 1029, 1029t, 1033 Phosphorus, 849t , 840t, 984t , 124t, 171t, 281t, 878t, 886t, 1260t Photo-onycholysis, 152 Polymorphisms , 125t, 472t, 632t, 639t, 1237t, 1271t Photosensitivity, 143–156 allergic reactions and, 86 PRCA (pure red-cell aplasia), 11 causative agents of, 143, 144–148t anxiety and, 408–409 Prednisolone clinical presentation of, 151–152t, 151–153, 152f in asthma and bronchospasm, 460 acute kidney injury and, 957 defined, 143 cancer and, 1290 Cushing syndrome and, 731t differential diagnosis of, 151, 151t in drug response differences, 11, 34, 37–38, 365 heart failure and, 502t, 510t epidemiology of, 143, 148 gingival hyperplasia and, 1265 hirsutism and, 195t

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hypertrichosis and, 196t for cognitive disorders, 366–368, 366t for sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block, ototoxicity and, 1237t for color changes of oral mucosa and teeth, 578–579, 579t pharmacologic characteristics of, 739t 1257–1258 for skin cancer, 1294t, 1297–1298 secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 741 for constipation, 839, 839t for sleep disorders, 352, 352t skin cancer and, 1297 for Cushing syndrome, 733–734, 734t for stroke, 234, 235t thrombocytopenia and, 1059 for cutaneous diseases, 112, 113t for systemic lupus erythematosus, 134–135, 134t Prednisolone acetate, 731t, 736t for delirium, 334–335, 334t for tardive dyskinesia, 263–264, 264t Prednisone for depression, 390, 390t for taste disorders, 1262 acute kidney injury and, 957 for diabetes insipidus, 993, 993t for teratogenicity, 1333–1334 alopecia and, 188t, 191 for diarrhea, 826–827, 826t for thrombocytopenia, 1056–1057, 1057t cognitive disorders and, 360 for drug allergies and hypersensitivity reactions, for thromboembolic diseases, 1074–1075, 1075t delirium and, 326t, 329t 88–90, 92, 94–98, 97t for thyroid diseases, 714–715, 715t depression and, 382 for drug fever, 1190–1191 for torsades de pointes, 542–544, 543t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 866 for dysmenorrhea, 789t, 797 for upper gastrointestinal ulceration, 816–818, hypertrichosis and, 196t for dystonia, 269, 269t 816t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, for endometrial cancer, 1294t, 1302–1303 for valvular and pericardial heart disease, 669, 440, 441 for female sexual dysfunction, 789t, 799 669t leukemia and, 1285 for gingival hyperplasia, 1265, 1265t for visual disturbances, 317–318, 318t lymphoma and, 1295 for glomerulonephritis, 959 for vulvovaginal candidiasis, 789t, 792 myopathy and, 1153, 1156, 1159 for glucose and insulin dysregulation, 689, 689t for weight gain, 1173–1174, 1174t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1120 for gout and hyperuricemia, 1143–1144, 1144t Priapism pharmacologic characteristics of, 739t for growth hormone deficiency, 750, 750t causative agents of, 757, 761t photosensitivity and, 155 for heart failure, 515–516, 515t clinical presentation of, 768t, 769 secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 736t, 741 for hemodynamic-mediated AKI, 948, 948t defined, 757 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 571t for hemolytic anemia, 1106–1107 differential diagnosis of, 770t thrombocytopenia and, 1059 for hepatic and cholestatic diseases, 865, 865t management of, 773t thromboembolic diseases and, 1070t for hirsutism, 203, 203t mechanisms of, 765t, 767 thyroid diseases and, 716 for hyperprolactinemia, 746, 746t patient education on, 774 weight gain and, 1169t, 1172 for hypertension, 623–624, 624t Primaquine, 1237t for hypertrichosis, 203, 203t Primary adrenal insufficiency, 734–735 alopecia and, 168t for hypotension, 643–644, 643t Primary hypertension, 617, 622–624, 622t, 626 anxiety and, 401t, 402, 404, 407 for hypothermia, 1217 , 124t, 168t, 376t, 379, 1188t, 1263t, 1319 cognitive disorders and, 367 for infertility, 789t, 801 Proactive/sentinel surveillance, 54, 55, 57, 67 delirium and, 326t for interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis, Probenecid, 853t, 1093, 1105t, 1136 depression and, 379 438–439, 439t Probiotics, 827, 829, 830 dystonia and, 270 for intracerebral hemorrhage, 244, 244t , 515 heart failure and, 503t, 509 for leukemia, 1291, 1294t ototoxicity and, 1237t for lymphoma, 1294–1295, 1294t allergic reactions to, 75t peripheral neuropathy and, 289 for macrocytic anemia, 1108 Brugada syndrome and, 547t, 548, 549 sexual dysfunction and, 760t, 764t for male sexual dysfunction, 771–772, 772t drug fever and, 1188t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, for malignant hyperthermia, 1212–1213, 1212t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t 571t for menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia, 789t, hypotension and, 634t, 640t, 645t visual disturbances and, 306t 796 malignant hyperthermia and, 1213 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169, 1169t, 1170 for monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, Pregnancy, 32, 1313–1314. See also Teratogenicity 529–530, 529t 524–525t, 530 Prehypertension. See Elevated blood pressure for myocardial ischemia/acute coronary myopathy and, 1150t Premarin, 1254t syndromes, 484–485, 484t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088, Premarketing data, limitations of, 47–48 for myopathy, 1157–1158, 1158t 1090–1091t, 1091 Prescription Drug User Fee Act of 2007 (PDUFA), for nausea and vomiting, 920–927, 921t, 924–925t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t 6, 12, 14 for nephrolithiasis, 958 pancreatitis and, 879t Presyncope, 631, 637 for neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1199–1200, systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 127–130, Preventing Medication Errors (IOM), 19 1199t 128t, 131t, 133–134 Prevention strategies. See also Patient education for neutropenia and agranulocytosis, 1094–1095, taste disorders and, 1260t for acidosis, 1007–1008, 1008t 1095t thrombocytopenia and, 1051–1052t, 1053 for acute interstitial nephritis, 956–957 for oral erythema multiforme, 1269 thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t for acute tubular necrosis, 952–955 for oral lichenoid reactions, 1273 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 538, 539t for akathisia, 258, 258t for osteonecrosis of jaw, 1275–1276, 1275t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t, 662 for alopecia, 185–186, 185t for osteoporosis and osteomalacia, 1127–1128, penicillin G, 1260t for amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, 789t, 794 1128t for anxiety, 410, 410t for ototoxicity, 1242–1243, 1242t drug fever and, 1188t for aplastic anemia, 1103, 1103t for ovarian hyperstimulation, 784, 787, 789t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t for asthma and bronchospasm, 461–462, 461t for pancreatitis, 891–892, 891t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, for atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 586, 586t for parkinsonism, 273, 273t 432t for atrial tachycardia, 590, 590t for peripheral neuropathy, 286–287, 286–287t leukemia and, 1285 for AV node re-entrant tachycardia, 594, 594t for photosensitivity, 154–155, 154t nausea/vomiting and, 908t for bladder cancer, 1294t, 1304–1305 for psychosis, 422–423, 423t peripheral neuropathy and, 280t for bleeding disorders, 1034–1035t, 1034–1036 for secondary adrenal insufficiency, 740, 740t for breast cancer, 1294t, 1300 for seizures, 225, 225t akathisia and, 255, 255–256t, 258t for Brugada syndrome, 549 for serotonin syndrome, 1207, 1207t dystonia and, 266t, 269t for chemotherapy-induced anemia, 1110–1111 for serum sickness-like reactions, 1194 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t for chronic kidney disease, 974–975, 974t for SIADH, 989, 989t hypotension and, 634t, 639t

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Prochlorperazine (continued) Protease inhibitors nausea/vomiting and, 923, 924t, 927–929t acidosis and, 1002t, 1007, 1008, 1010 comorbidity and, 34 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195, 1195t asthma/bronchospasm and, 453t depression and, 377 parkinsonism and, 271t, 273t Brugada syndrome and, 547t diarrhea and, 822t serotonin syndrome and, 1208 cutaneous diseases and, 102t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 679, 680t, tardive dyskinesia and, 260t, 261, 264t hypotension and, 634t, 640t 684t, 690 malignant hyperthermia and, 1212 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t alkalosis and, 1013, 1013–1014t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 744t allergic reactions to, 75t and, 472t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes alopecia and, 167t, 171t nausea/vomiting and, 907t, 921, 923 and, 472t, 473, 477t, 479 anxiety and, 401t, 402, 405t, 406 seizures and, 218t, 220 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t depression and, 386 serotonin syndrome and, 1208t, 1209 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1123t gingival hyperplasia and, 1263 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, sexual dysfunction and, 760t hirsutism and, 195t 571t, 573t, 578t taste disorders and, 1260t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes torsades de pointes and, 532t thyroid diseases and, 710 and, 475 visual disturbances and, 306t Proteinuria, 34 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t Propolis, 306t Prothionamide, 710 ovarian hyperstimulation and, 784, 787 Propoxyphene, 846t, 906t, 1233, 1237t Prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs), 230t, torsades de pointes and, 538, 544 245, 1037t, 1064t, 1068t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785–786t, akathisia and, 256, 259 Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) 794, 796 alopecia and, 168t acute kidney injury and, 943t Progestins asthma/bronchospasm and, 463 bleeding disorders and, 1036 alopecia and, 171t, 176, 180, 184, 191 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 587t chronic kidney disease and, 965–966, 966t breast cancer and, 1285t, 1288t, 1298–1301 comorbidity and, 34 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 850t Cushing syndrome and, 731t, 733 cutaneous diseases and, 106 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes endometrial cancer and, 1302 delirium and, 328t and, 489 hirsutism and, 194, 203, 205 drug interactions with, 39t myopathy and, 1150t, 1151, 1152t hypertension and, 621, 624, 626 heart failure and, 502t, 509, 510t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1123t photosensitivity and, 145t hypotension and, 632t, 638t, 646t, 647 pancreatitis and, 880 secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 736, neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088, 1090t sexual dysfunction and, 758t 736–737t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1271t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t stroke and, 229 serotonin syndrome and, 1208 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 817, 818 teratogenicity of, 1334t serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t , 147t, 173t, 326t, 329t, 504t, 510t, 982t thromboembolic diseases and, 1067, 1075 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, Proximal renal tubular acidosis, 1003–1004t, 1004, Prohapten/hapten theory, 78–79 578t, 579 1006, 1010, 1011f Prolactin, 729, 742, 798. See also sleep disorders and, 348t PRP (platelet-rich plasma), 191 Hyperprolactinemia systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t, 130 , 840t , 852t teratogenicity of, 1317 Pseudoallergies, 71 Promethazine thyroid diseases and, 703t adverse effects related to, 10 Propylene glycol, 1002t, 1008, 1008t, 1010 anxiety and, 401t, 404, 409 akathisia and, 255–256t, 258t Propylthiouracil cutaneous diseases and, 102t hypotension and, 634t, 639t acute kidney injury and, 943t hypertension and, 618t, 620t hypothermia and, 1216, 1216t allergic reactions to, 74–75t, 85 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 240t nausea/vomiting and, 922, 924t, 927–929t alopecia and, 173t, 175 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t asthma/bronchospasm and, 453t and, 473t ototoxicity and, 1237t, 1244 chronic kidney disease and, 966t, 970t psychosis and, 417–418t, 425 photosensitivity and, 147t, 150 drug fever and, 1188t stroke and, 232 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 126t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 849t, 861t teratogenicity of, 1326 tardive dyskinesia and, 261 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t, 1091 PSG (polysomnography), 349 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t , 415, 418, 864 asthma/bronchospasm and, 453t ototoxicity and, 1237t Psoralens, 150, 150t, 154, 191, 194, 197t, 202 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t, 584, 586, systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 128t, 130 Psoriasis, 103t, 106, 107t, 109, 113, 114, 114t 587, 587t taste disorders and, 1260–1261t Psoriatic alopecia, 179t, 180 Brugada syndrome and, 547t thyroid diseases and, 703t, 715–716 Psychosis, 415–425 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, analogs, 194, 197, 197t causative agents of, 415, 416–417t

1254t , 82, 456, 473t, 512, 887 clinical presentation of, 419–420t, 419–421

drug fever and, 1188t Prostaglandin F2, 473t defined, 415 heart failure and, 502t, 507, 510t, 511, 515 differential diagnosis of, 419, 419t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t acute kidney injury and, 945, 947 epidemiology of, 417 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, asthma/bronchospasm and, 455–457 management of, 423–424, 424t 524–525t, 528–530 chronic kidney disease and, 969, 970, 973 mechanisms of, 417–419, 418t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes hypotension and, 636t morbidity and mortality of, 422 and, 472t nausea/vomiting and, 912, 922 patient education on, 425 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t ototoxicity and, 1239 prevention of, 422–423, 423t peripheral neuropathy and, 281t pancreatitis and, 887 risk factors for, 421–422, 421t SIADH and, 984t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 811–812, withdrawal and, 415, 417t, 420–422, 424, 424t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 815 Psychostimulants, 254, 385 571t, 573t, 577–578t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 795 Psychotropic medications systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t Prostata, 851t akathisia and, 255t taste disorders and, 1260t , 73–74t, 76, 77t, 81, 1036, 1037t alopecia and, 172–173t, 175, 185 derivatives, 846t , 245, 1064t, 1068t Brugada syndrome and, 549

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delirium and, 336 drug interactions with, 39 photosensitivity and, 147t drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26t genetic variability and, 16t SIADH and, 983t dystonia and, 266t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 682t, 685t taste disorders and, 1260t nausea/vomiting and, 909t hemolytic anemia and, 1101t, 1105t Ranibizumab, 1003t, 1065t, 1069t parkinsonism and, 271t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t psychosis and, 422 hypotension and, 634t cognitive disorders and, 366 tardive dyskinesia and, 260t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 529 delirium and, 328t thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090–1091t, drug fever and, 1188t Psyllium, 75t, 306t, 453t, 840t 1091 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t PTLD (post-transplant lymphoproliferative oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t disorders), 1293, 1295 ototoxicity and, 1237t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t

P2Y12 inhibitors, 487t, 1026t, 1029, 1029t, 1033 photosensitivity and, 147t photosensitivity and, 147t Public health, impact of drug-induced diseases on, psychosis and, 417t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 21, 24–26, 29 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 571t, 577t Pulmonary embolism (PE) 577, 578t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 127t clinical presentation of, 1071–1073, 1071t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t, 127, thrombocytopenia and, 1051t differential diagnosis of, 1072, 1072t 128t, 130 visual disturbances and, 307t management of, 1076 thrombocytopenia and, 1051–1052t, 1052 , 534t, 539t morbidity and mortality for, 1074 torsades de pointes and, 532t, 538, 539–540t Rapamycin, 1127 overview, 1063 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809, 810t, Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 347, 349 patient education on, 1077–1078 811, 813 Rasagiline, 635t, 640t, 1203–1204t pretest probability of, 1072, 1072t Quinine Rasburicase, 36t, 1105t, 1138 Pulmonary fibrosis. See Interstitial lung disease/ allergic reactions to, 75t Rashes, 100, 104–106, 107–108t pulmonary fibrosis cutaneous diseases and, 102t RDDS (restrictive drug distribution system), 5–7, 7t Pulmonary function tests (PFTs), 435–436, 439 drug fever and, 1188t Rebound hypertension, 621, 625t, 626, 627 Pulmonary toxicity, 431, 434, 436–442 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 682t, 685t Recombinant activated factor VIIa (rFVIIa), 230t, Pure red-cell aplasia (PRCA), 11 hemolytic anemia and, 1101t, 1105t, 1106 245, 870, 1037t, 1039, 1064t, 1068t, 1075t Pyrazinamide, 147t, 847t, 1136t, 1138–1140, 1188t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090–1091t Recombinant human growth hormone, 680t, 684t Pyrazolones, 968 oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t Recombinant proteins, 95 Pyrethrin, 453t ototoxicity and, 1237t, 1239, 1239t Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA), Pyrethrum, 306t photosensitivity and, 147t 235–237, 238t, 241, 244 Pyridostigmine, 571t, 573–574t, 646t, 647 thrombocytopenia and, 1051–1052t, 1052, 1054, Red man syndrome, 76, 97t

Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) 1056 Regorafenib, 170t, 699t depression and, 386 torsades de pointes and, 534t, 539–540t Regulatory agencies, role in postmarketing peripheral neuropathy and, 281t, 282, 286 Quinolones, 101, 220, 316 surveillance, 52–53 photosensitivity and, 147t, 154 Quinupristin–dalfopristin, 984t Regulatory environment for drug safety, 4–8, 4f tardive dyskinesia and, 265 Rehydration management, 829 teratogenicity of, 1321 Rabbit syndrome, 262, 265 , 571t, 573t, 906t Pyrimethamine, 147t, 1090t Rabeprazole, 966t REMS. See Risk evaluation and mitigation strategies Pyrogens, 1185–1187 Racial differences REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, 347, 349 in constipation, 837 Renal disease. See Acute kidney injury (AKI); QT interval prolongation, 530–531, 534–544 cutaneous diseases and, 111–112 Chronic kidney disease (CKD); End stage renal Quantitative impact of drug-induced diseases, 23 in drug allergies and hypersensitivity reactions, 87 disease (ESRD) intracerebral hemorrhage and, 241 Renal tubular acidosis (RTA), 1003–1004t, 1004, acidosis and, 1002t in nausea and vomiting, 917 1006, 1010, 1011f alkalosis and, 1013–1014t, 1014 in polymorphisms, 15–16 Renin, 232, 512 alopecia and, 173t in prevalence of drug-induced diseases, 32, 38 Renin inhibitors, 633t, 1003t constipation and, 836t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 133 , 849t delirium and, 326t, 329t, 338, 339 Radiocontrast media Reporting systems for adverse events, 24, 49–56, 66–67 depression and, 376t acute kidney injury and, 943t, 945t, 950–955 hyperprolactinemia and, 743t allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 76–77, delirium and, 327t hypotension and, 635t, 639t 77t, 81, 87, 97t, 98 depression and, 376t, 378, 385, 385t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t asthma/bronchospasm and, 451 hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 743–744t psychosis and, 424 iodinated, 219t, 452t, 700t, 703t, 709, 716–717 hypotension and, 633t, 639t sexual dysfunction and, 761t, 765t, 772 thyroid diseases and, 705, 709, 716–717 parkinsonism and, 271t, 273t SIADH and, 982t Raloxifene sexual dysfunction and, 760t tardive dyskinesia and, 265 depression and, 386 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t endometrial cancer and, 1302 tardive dyskinesia and, 265 thyroid diseases and, 699t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1129t, 1130 visual disturbances and, 307t torsades de pointes and, 534t, 539–540t thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1068t, 1074, Respiratory acidosis, 1001, 1003–1004t, 1005–1007, visual disturbances and, 306t 1075t 1007–1008t, 1010–1011 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t thyroid diseases and, 703t Respiratory alkalosis, 1012–1017, 1013–1016t Quiescence, 1122 Raltegravir, 103t, 401t, 403, 1127, 1267t Restrictive drug distribution system (RDDS), 5–7, 7t Quinacrine, 1090t, 1254t, 1272t , 335, 337, 353 Reteplase, 663t, 1029t Quinapril, 167t, 632t, 638t, 878t, 1254t Ramipril Retinoic acid. See Tretinoin Quinethazone, 147t acute kidney injury and, 942 Retinoic acid derivatives, 377t, 384–385 alopecia and, 167t allergic reactions to, 75t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t alopecia and, 166, 173t, 174, 179t, 186, 191 atrial tachycardia and, 590 hypotension and, 632t, 638t hypertrichosis and, 197t delirium and, 326t ototoxicity and, 1237t teratogenicity of, 1334t drug fever and, 1188t pancreatitis and, 878t, 879 vulvovaginal candidiasis and, 791

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Retinol. See Vitamin A for chemotherapy-induced anemia, 1103t, 1110 for ototoxicity, 1241–1242, 1241t Reversal agents, 1037t for chronic kidney disease, 972–973, 972t for ovarian hyperstimulation, 784, 788t for cognitive disorders, 364–366, 364t for pancreatitis, 890, 890t clinical presentation of, 1154 for color changes of oral mucosa and teeth, 1257, for parkinsonism, 272, 272t defined, 1149 1258t patient evaluation of, 63 dystonia and, 267 for congenital heart defects, 1324 for peripheral neuropathy, 285, 285t epidemiology of, 1151 for constipation, 838–839, 838t for photosensitivity, 153–154, 153t malignant hyperthermia and, 1209–1212 for Cushing syndrome, 733, 733t for psychosis, 421–422, 421t management of, 1158, 1159 for cutaneous diseases, 110–112, 111t for secondary adrenal insufficiency, 738–740, morbidity and mortality for, 1157 for delirium, 331–333, 332t 739t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1197, for depression, 387–389, 388t for seizures, 223–224, 224t 1200 for diabetes insipidus, 992–993, 993t for serotonin syndrome, 1206–1207, 1206t serotonin syndrome and, 1206, 1207 for diarrhea, 825, 826t for serum sickness-like reactions, 1194 and, 880, 888, 1151 for drug allergies and hypersensitivity reactions, for SIADH, 988–989, 988t Ribavirin 85–88, 85t for sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block, cognitive disorders and, 365 for drug fever, 1190 576–578, 576–578t depression and, 390 for dysmenorrhea, 788t, 797 for skin cancer, 1291t, 1297 hemolytic anemia and, 1106t for dystonia, 268, 268t for sleep disorders, 350–351, 351t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t for endometrial cancer, 1291t, 1302 for stroke, 234, 234t pancreatitis and, 879t, 884, 890 for female sexual dysfunction, 788t, 799 for systemic lupus erythematosus, 133–134, 133t thyroid diseases and, 707 for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, 1332–1333 for tardive dyskinesia, 263, 263t Riboflavin, 1009 for gastroschisis, 1327 for taste disorders, 1258t, 1261 Rickets, 1120 for gingival hyperplasia, 1258t, 1264–1265 for thrombocytopenia, 1056, 1056t Rifabutin, 125t, 984t for glomerulonephritis, 959 for thromboembolic diseases, 1073–1074, 1073t Rifampin for glucose and insulin dysregulation, 687–688, for thyroid diseases, 713–714, 713t acute kidney injury and, 943t, 956, 959 687–688t for torsades de pointes, 40, 537–541, 537t, allergic reactions to, 87 for gout and hyperuricemia, 1143, 1143t 539–540t cutaneous diseases and, 102t for growth hormone deficiency, 745t, 749 for upper gastrointestinal ulceration, 814–816, diabetes insipidus and, 991, 991t for heart failure, 513–514, 514t 815t diarrhea and, 829 for hemodynamic-mediated AKI, 946–947, 947t for valvular and pericardial heart disease, drug fever and, 1188t, 1191 for hemolytic anemia, 1103t, 1106 668–669, 668t drug interactions with, 38 for hepatic and cholestatic diseases, 862–865, for visual disturbances, 317, 317t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 684t 863t for vulvovaginal candidiasis, 788t, 791 hemolytic anemia and, 1106t for hirsutism, 202, 202t for weight gain, 1173, 1173t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t, 869 for hyperprolactinemia, 745–746, 745t myopathy and, 1150t for hypertension, 622–623, 622t acidosis and, 1002t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t for hypertrichosis, 202, 203t akathisia and, 255 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t for hypotension, 641–643, 642t allergic reactions to, 73t ototoxicity and, 1237t for hypothermia, 1217 alopecia and, 173t secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 736–737t, for infertility, 788t, 801 anxiety and, 405 737 for interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis, delirium and, 326t, 338–340 serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t 437–438, 437t extrapyramidal symptoms and, 254 thrombocytopenia and, 1051t for intracerebral hemorrhage, 241–244, 242t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t thyroid diseases and, 699t, 703t for learning disabilities, 1316 hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 743t, 745 Rifaximin, 829, 871 for leukemia, 1290, 1291t hypotension and, 635t, 639t Rilpivirine, 991t for limb deficiency defects, 1325 hypothermia and, 1215, 1216, 1216t , 848t, 852t, 991t for low birth weight, 1318 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195, , 1237t for lymphoma, 1291t, 1294 1195t, 1197, 1201 Riociguat, 7t, 636t for macrocytic anemia, 1103t, 1108 parkinsonism and, 270–272 Risedronate, 307t, 818, 1129t, 1130, 1274t for male sexual dysfunction, 771, 771t photosensitivity and, 147t Risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS), 5, for malignant hyperthermia, 1211–1212, 1211t sexual dysfunction and, 765t, 772, 798 6, 12–14, 647, 1111 for menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia, 788t, SIADH and, 982t, 990 Risk factors 796 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, for acidosis, 1007, 1008t for microcephaly, 1331 571t, 577–578t for acute interstitial nephritis, 956 for monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, taste disorders and, 1260t for acute tubular necrosis, 951–952 528–529, 528t teratogenicity of, 1321–1322 for akathisia, 258, 258t for myocardial ischemia/acute coronary thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t for alkalosis, 1015, 1017t syndromes, 482, 483t torsades de pointes and, 533t, 539–540t for alopecia, 183–184, 184t for myopathy, 1155–1157, 1156t visual disturbances and, 307t for amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, 788t, 794 for nausea and vomiting, 917–918t, 917–919 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1171 for anxiety, 408–409, 408t for nephrolithiasis, 958 , 680t, 684t, 853t for aplastic anemia, 1102, 1103t for neural tube defects, 1329 Ritonavir for asthma and bronchospasm, 458t, 459–460 for neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 1198, 1198t Cushing syndrome and, 733 for atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 585–586, 585t for neutropenia and agranulocytosis, 1093–1094, nausea/vomiting and, 909t for atrial tachycardia, 589–590, 589t 1093t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1123t, 1127 for AV node re-entrant tachycardia, 593–594, for oral erythema multiforme, 1258t, 1269 ototoxicity and, 1237t 593t for oral lichenoid reactions, 1258t, 1273 photosensitivity and, 147t for bladder cancer, 1291t, 1304 for orofacial clefts, 1321 serotonin syndrome and, 1204 for bleeding disorders, 1031–1032, 1031–1032t for osteonecrosis of jaw, 1258t, 1275 SIADH and, 984t for breast cancer, 1291t, 1299–1300 for osteoporosis and osteomalacia, 1125–1126, thrombocytopenia and, 1051t for Brugada syndrome, 548, 548t 1126t thyroid diseases and, 703t

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Rituximab Periodic Safety Update Reports, 52 patient education on, 226 allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 73–74t, postmarketing surveillance for. See Postmarketing prevention of, 225, 225t 77t, 96 surveillance risk factors for, 223–224, 224t hemolytic anemia and, 1107 public assumptions regarding, 19 Selective estrogen-receptor modulators (SERMs), interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, recommendations for improvement, 12–15 1064t, 1068t, 1071, 1129t 432t, 438 regulatory environment for, 4–8, 4f Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) lymphoma and, 1295 Sage, 219t, 221 akathisia and, 254–256, 255–256t, 258t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes SAI. See Secondary adrenal insufficiency alopecia and, 175 and, 473t St. John’s wort, 147t, 173t, 307t, 353, 703t, anxiety and, 401, 401t, 405t, 406 myopathy and, 1153 1203–1204t bleeding disorders and, 1025–1026, 1026t, 1029t, neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t Sairei-to, 851t 1030, 1034 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t , 454, 473t, 1002t cognitive disorders and, 358–359t, 360, 368 serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t, 1194 , 703t delirium and, 326–327t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t Salicylates depression and, 376t, 390–392 acidosis and, 1002t diarrhea and, 822t alopecia and, 167t alkalosis and, 1013–1014t, 1017 drug interactions with, 33 bleeding disorders and, 1029t aplastic anemia and, 1100t dystonia and, 267 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 237, 238t, 245 chronic kidney disease and, 970 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t thromboembolic diseases and, 1076, 1077t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 681, 682t, 685t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 239, 240t, upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 811 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t 242t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t, 662 hypersensitivity reactions to, 97–98 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Rocuronium, 73t, 907t nonacetylated, 489, 812 and, 472t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t nausea/vomiting and, 911t acute kidney injury and, 942 ototoxicity and, 1237t, 1239, 1239t, 1242t, 1243 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1123t allergic reactions to, 74t pancreatitis and, 881 parkinsonism and, 270 cardiovascular disease associated with, 53 thyroid diseases and, 703t seizures and, 220 cognitive disorders and, 361 toxicity and, 1185 serotonin syndrome and, 1202, 1203–1204t, heart failure and, 503t, 509, 510t , 327t 1204–1207 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Saline laxatives, 840, 840t sexual dysfunction and, 758–762t, 765t, 767, and, 472t, 475 , 473t 799 stroke and, 230, 231 , 461, 812 SIADH and, 982t, 985, 987–990, 988t withdrawal from market, 3 Saquinavir, 147t, 168t, 1123t, 1268t sleep disorders and, 348t, 350t Rogaine, 50 Sargramostim, 1094, 1288t stroke and, 230–231t, 232, 235t Rolapitant, 926 Sassafras, 851t suicides associated with, 53 Romiplostim, 1059 Saw palmetto, 822, 835, 851t tardive dyskinesia and, 262 Saxagliptin, 503t, 506, 509, 879t, 884 teratogenicity of, 1321–1323 alopecia and, 171t, 175 Scalp cooling, 186, 189t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809, heart failure and, 503t Scarring alopecia, 174, 177, 179t, 184t 810–811t, 811, 812, 816t hyperprolactinemia and, 746 SCARS (severe cutaneous adverse reactions), 101, vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t, 790t, hypotension and, 635t, 640t 104–105, 111, 112 795, 796 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1196 SCC (squamous cell carcinoma), 1295–1298 weight gain and, 1170–1171 ototoxicity and, 1237t . See Psychosis psychosis and, 418t SCLE (subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus), hypotension and, 635t, 640t SIADH and, 984t 132 photosensitivity and, 147t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 669 , 328–329t, 922, 924t, 927t, 929t, 1244 serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t , 524–525t Scopolia, 307t sleep disorders and, 348t Rosiglitazone Secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI), 734–741 tardive dyskinesia and, 265 bladder cancer and, 1304 causative agents of, 735, 736t taste disorders and, 1260t heart failure and, 503t, 505–506, 510t clinical presentation of, 737–738, 738t , 515, 714, 850t, 1284t, 1296 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes differential diagnosis of, 737, 738t Seniors. See Elderly populations and, 473, 473t, 476, 477t, 480 epidemiology of, 735 Senna, 851t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1124t management of, 740–741, 740t Senna fruit, 840t SIADH and, 983t mechanisms of, 735–737, 737t Sentinel surveillance, 54, 55, 57, 67 visual disturbances and, 307t morbidity and mortality for, 740 Serious adverse events, defined, 66. See also Adverse , 281t, 689 overview, 734–735 drug reactions (ADRs) , 405, 418t patient education on, 741 SERMs (selective estrogen-receptor modulators), , 472t, 474, 532t, 539t prevention of, 740, 740t 1064t, 1068t, 1071, 1129t RTA. See Renal tubular acidosis risk factors for, 738–740, 739t Serotonin. See also 5-hydroxytryptamine rt-PA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator), Secondary hypertension, 617, 622, 622t, 624, 626 anxiety and, 406, 409, 410 235–237, 238t, 241, 244 Second-degree AV block, 569, 572, 575, 578 delirium and, 329 Rue, 307t Sedative-hypnotics, 325, 335, 351, 352, 758t, depression and, 385–386 , 379 763–764t dystonia and, 266 Rule of Too, 48 , 271t, 797, 1005 hyperprolactinemia and, 742 Ruxolitinib, 7t Seizures, 217–226. See also Anticonvulsants nausea/vomiting and, 913–915 causative agents of, 217, 218–219t psychosis and, 418, 419 Sacubitril, 77t, 96, 633t clinical presentation of, 222–223, 223t serum sickness-like reactions and, 1192 Safety of drugs, 3–16 differential diagnosis of, 223, 223t in sleep cycles, 349 challenges and opportunities related to, 15–16 epidemiology of, 217, 219–222 stroke and, 232 data collection on, 15 management of, 225–226 in thermoregulation, 1185, 1186, 1215–1216 in legal environment, 8–11, 9t mechanisms of, 222, 222t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 795 overview, 3–4 morbidity and mortality for, 224–225 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 663, 664

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Serotonin antagonists, 703t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 571t, 577, 578t 432t (SNRIs) torsades de pointes and, 532t, 540t lymphoma and, 1293, 1295 akathisia and, 254 Sex hormones, 381, 538, 741, 1122, 1172 pancreatitis and, 891t anxiety and, 401, 401t, 405t, 406 Sex steroids, 381, 729, 746, 849t, 1172 skin cancer and, 1298 depression and, 376t Sexual dysfunction. See Female sexual dysfunction; thrombocytopenia and, 1054, 1056 diarrhea and, 822t Male sexual dysfunction thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t SGLT2 inhibitors. See Sodium-glucose Sitagliptin, 506, 879t, 884 sexual dysfunction and, 759–760t cotransporter-2 inhibitors SJS. See Stevens–Johnson syndrome SIADH and, 981 Shankhapushpi, 219t, 221 SJS-TEN overlap, 110 sleep disorders and, 348t, 350t Shark cartilage, 851t Skin cancer, 1295–1298 stroke and, 230–231t, 232, 235t Shen-min, 851t causative agents of, 1284t, 1295–1296 weight gain and, 1170–1171 Shiitake mushroom, 147t clinical presentation of, 1290t, 1296–1297 Serotonin syndrome, 1202–1209 Sho-saiko-to, 851t differential diagnosis of, 1290t, 1296 causative agents of, 1202, 1203t SIADH. See Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic epidemiology of, 1296 clinical presentation of, 1187t, 1197–1198, hormone secretion management of, 1298 1205–1206, 1205t mechanisms of, 1288t, 1296 differential diagnosis of, 1206, 1206t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 849t morbidity and mortality for, 1297 epidemiology of, 1202 hypertension and, 618t, 620t patient education on, 1298 management of, 1201t, 1207–1209, 1208t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes prevention of, 1294t, 1297–1298 mechanisms of, 1202–1205, 1204t and, 473t risk factors for, 1291t, 1297 morbidity and mortality for, 1207 psychosis and, 417–418t Skin necrosis, 104t, 105, 107–108t patient education on, 1209 serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t Skull cap, 851t prevention of, 1207, 1207t thyroid diseases and, 700t SLCO1B1, 15, 37 risk factors for, 1206–1207, 1206t Side effects. See Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) SLE. See Systemic lupus erythematosus , 265 Signs and symptoms. See Clinical presentation of Sleep apnea, 351 disease Sleep cycles, 347, 349 alopecia and, 173t Sleep disorders, 347–353 cutaneous diseases and, 101, 104t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582t causative agents of, 347, 348–349t delirium and, 327t, 329t development of, 50 clinical presentation of, 349–350, 350t depression and, 390, 391 hypotension and, 636t, 640t, 642 differential diagnosis of, 349, 351t gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes epidemiology of, 347 hyperprolactinemia and, 743t and, 473t, 478, 485 management of, 352–353 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t mechanisms of, 347, 349, 350t and, 472t ototoxicity and, 1237t morbidity and mortality for, 351–352 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t sexual dysfunction and, 790t, 798, 800 patient education on, 353 ototoxicity and, 1237t thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1071t prevention of, 352, 352t photosensitivity and, 147t visual disturbances and, 307t, 312–313 risk factors for, 350–351, 351t serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t, 1207 Silver, 1254–1255t Slow transit constipation (STC), 837 sexual dysfunction and, 772 Silver sulfadiazine, 113 Small for gestational age infants, 1316, 1317 SIADH and, 982t, 985 Silymarin, 868 Smallpox vaccine, 197t, 473t sleep disorders and, 348t Simeprevir, 147t Smoking systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t acute kidney injury and, 947 teratogenicity of, 1323 drug interactions with, 39t alkalosis and, 1013t thyroid diseases and, 699t, 703t, 710 food interactions with, 41 anxiety and, 400t, 404, 409, 411 visual disturbances and, 307t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 239 asthma/bronchospasm and, 459 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1171 myopathy and, 1151, 1157, 1158 bladder cancer and, 1304 Serum-sickness-like disease (SSLD), 84, 99t pancreatitis and, 878t, 886t cognitive disorders and, 364 Serum sickness-like reactions (SSLRs), 1192–1195 peripheral neuropathy and, 281t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1253, causative agents of, 74t, 95, 1192, 1193t photosensitivity and, 147t 1254t, 1255 clinical presentation of, 83t, 1187t, 1193–1194, rhabdomyolysis and, 1151 depression and cessation of, 381 1193t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 864 differential diagnosis of, 84t, 1194, 1194t taste disorders and, 1260t interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, epidemiology of, 1192 thrombocytopenia and, 1051t, 1054 437, 442 management of, 1191t, 1194 transport mechanisms for, 37 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 240, 240t, mechanisms of, 80, 81, 1192–1193 Sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block, 569–581 244t morbidity and mortality for, 1194 causative agents of, 569–572, 570–571t, 573t in medication histories, 60 patient education on, 1195 clinical presentation of, 574–576, 575t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes prevention of, 1194 differential diagnosis of, 575, 576t and, 473, 473t, 479, 481, 482, 489 risk factors for, 1194 epidemiology of, 572 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1126, 1128, 1130 Sevelamer, 703t, 1002t, 1004t management of, 579–580, 579t ototoxicity and, 1236t Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARS), 101, mechanisms of, 572, 574, 574t as risk factor for drug-induced diseases, 32–33 104–105, 111, 112 morbidity and mortality for, 578 sexual dysfunction and, 771, 772 patient education on, 580–581 stroke and, 230–231t, 232–233, 235 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 850t prevention of, 578–579, 579t teratogenicity and, 1311, 1316, 1318, 1321, 1324, malignant hyperthermia and, 1209t risk factors for, 576–578, 576–578t 1327, 1334t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Sinus pauses, 569, 572, 575, 577, 578 Snow, John, 20 and, 472t Sirolimus SNRIs. See Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake nausea/vomiting and, 907t drug fever and, 1188t inhibitors seizures and, 218t, 220, 225 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 853t Sodium benzoate, 73t, 453t, 454

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Sodium bicarbonate, 954, 1009, 1010, 1010t, 1013, photosensitivity and, 147t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1138 1013–1014t, 1017 sexual dysfunction and, 758t, 760t, 762–763t, 765t hemolytic anemia and, 1104 Sodium-channel blockers systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t hypertrichosis and, 197t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 587 teratogenicity of, 191 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t Brugada syndrome and, 546, 548 thyroid diseases and, 703t oral erythema multiforme and, 1268t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 523, vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t 525–526, 528–529 visual disturbances and, 307t ototoxicity and, 1237t peripheral neuropathy and, 286 Spontaneous adverse reactions reporting system systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t, 130 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 574 (SRS), 49–51, 53, 55, 56 Streptozocin Sodium chloride, 872, 953, 954, 1002t, 1017 Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 1295–1298 acidosis and, 1003t Sodium citrate–citric acid, 1010t SSLD (serum-sickness-like disease), 84, 99t chronic kidney disease and, 966t, 970t Sodium-containing antacids, 503t, 510t SSLRs. See Serum sickness-like reactions drug fever and, 1189t Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t 24, 682t, 685t, 1002t, 1175t Stanozolol, 167t, 195t, 402, 1013–1014t nausea/vomiting and, 909t, 916t Sodium iodide, 706–707t Star anise, 219t, 221 Stress testing agents, 472t , 7t, 376t, 380 Star fruit, 219t, 221 Stroke, 229–237. See also Intracerebral hemorrhage Sodium polystyrene, 812, 814 Statins (ICH) Sodium polystyrene sulfonate, 703t, 949, acute kidney injury and, 954 causative agents of, 229–231, 230t 1013–1014t anxiety and, 401t, 403 clinical presentation of, 233–234, 233–234t , 453t depression and, 385 in cost-of-illness model, 27–28 Sodium stibogluconate, 878t genetic variations affecting, 36t differential diagnosis of, 233, 234t Sodium , 1002t, 1242t, 1243 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 689 epidemiology of, 231 Sodium . See Valproate sodium hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 849t management of, 235–237 , 307t, 533t, 539t, 836t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 239, 240t, mechanisms of, 231–233, 231t Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators, 636t 242t morbidity and mortality for, 234 Somatostatin, 77t, 747 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes patient education on, 237 Somatostatin analogs, 680t, 682t, 684–685t, 747, and, 486, 489 prevention of, 234, 235t 748t myopathy and, 1150t, 1151, 1152, 1152t, 1156–1159 risk factors for, 234, 234t Somatropin, 702t, 750 pancreatitis and, 878t, 880, 886t, 888 Strophanthus, 307t Sonidegib, 170t peripheral neuropathy and, 279, 282t Strychnine, 221 Sorafenib sleep disorders and, 348t, 350t ST-segment elevation myocardial ischemia, 471, alopecia and, 170t Status dystonicus, 268, 269 486, 488 chemotherapy-induced anemia and, 1109t Stavudine, 280t, 704, 879t, 890, 1002t, 1189t, 1237t Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE), 132 hypertension and, 618t STC (slow transit constipation), 837 Sublingual nitrates/nitroglycerin, 481, 484–486 hypertrichosis and, 196t Steatosis, 854t, 857, 859t, 862, 868 Substance P, 82, 457, 914 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, STEPS (System for Thalidomide Education and Substituted , 927t 433t, 438 Prescribing Safety) program, 6 Succinylcholine, 81, 571t, 636t, 638t, 1209t, 1210, myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Steroids 1211 and, 472t anabolic. See Anabolic steroids Sucralfate, 703t, 818 nausea/vomiting and, 908t androgenic, 102t , 906t oral erythema multiforme and, 1268t anxiety and, 402–403, 405t Suicide and suicidality, 53, 258, 375, 377–384, 387, pancreatitis and, 878t, 883 pancreatitis and, 882, 888 389–392, 423 thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1069t psychosis and, 422 Sulfacetamide, 1106t thyroid diseases and, 699–700t, 707, 709 secondary adrenal insufficiency and, 741 Sulfadiazine, 113, 123, 127t, 147t, 945t, 1268t , 812, 814, 822, 826, 827, 1002t sex, 381, 729, 746, 849t, 1172 Sulfa drugs, 92, 94–95, 1266 thrombocytopenia and, 1059 Sulfamethoxazole. See also Trimethoprim– atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 586 topical, 187t sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) hypotension and, 634t weight gain and, 1168t, 1172 acidosis and, 1003t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) allergic reactions to, 86, 87, 94 524–525t, 530 causative agents of, 49, 94, 95, 103–104t cutaneous diseases and, 102t photosensitivity and, 147t clinical presentation of, 84, 106, 107–108t, 109, glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 682t, 685t sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 110 hemolytic anemia and, 1106t 571t, 572, 573t, 577t epidemiology of, 104, 105 pancreatitis and, 878t, 886t torsades de pointes and, 532t, 538, 539t, 545 genetic factors related to, 32 as prohapten, 78 Sparfloxacin, 147t, 533t, 539t management of, 113, 114t Sulfanilamide, 5 Specificity, in epidemiology, 22 morbidity and mortality for, 112 Sulfapyridine, 881 Spectinomycin, 1237t risk factors for, 111 Sulfasalazine Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, 574 Stimulant laxatives, 839, 840, 840t, 920, 930 alopecia and, 172t, 174, 191 Spina bifida, 1314, 1320, 1327–1329, 1327f Stimulants aplastic anemia and, 1100t Spinal anesthesia, 911t, 914 alopecia and, 167t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 850t, 866 Spironolactone anxiety and, 401, 404, 405t, 408, 409 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, acidosis and, 1003t psychosis and, 417, 421, 422 432t alopecia and, 188t, 190–191 seizures and, 219, 219t, 221–222, 225 macrocytic anemia and, 1108t contraindications for, 193 sleep disorders and, 349–350t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088, 1090t, heart failure and, 516 Strength of association, in epidemiology, 22 1094 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t, 870 Streptokinase, 73–74t, 307t, 662, 663t, 1064t, 1068t, oral lichenoid reactions and, 1270, 1272t hirsutism and, 206, 206t, 207 1193t ototoxicity and, 1237t hyperaldosteronism and, 751 Streptomycin pancreatitis and, 881, 887 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t diabetes insipidus and, 991t peripheral neuropathy and, 281t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t drug fever and, 1189t sexual dysfunction and, 762t, 765t

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Sulfasalazine (continued) Superoxide dismutase, 1242t lymphoma and, 1284t, 1288t, 1293, 1295 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t, 133 Supplements. See Dietary supplements oral lichenoid reactions and, 1273 taste disorders and, 1260t Supraventricular arrhythmias, 569–595 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1127 thrombocytopenia and, 1051t atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, 581–588 ototoxicity and, 1237t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 810t atrial tachycardia, 588–592 pancreatitis and, 891t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t, 662, AV node re-entrant tachycardia, 592–595 peripheral neuropathy and, 281t 664 sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block, 569–581 photosensitivity and, 148t Sulfisoxazole, 94, 148t, 1051t, 1100t, 1108t, 1260t , 280t psychosis and, 415, 417t Sulfites, 74t, 451, 453t, 454, 455t, 459 Surveillance. See Postmarketing surveillance sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, Sulfonamide antibiotics, 92–95, 93f , 353 571t, 577–578t Sulfonamides Suxamethonium, 73t skin cancer and, 1284t, 1288t, 1298 acute kidney injury and, 944t Sympatholytics, 764t, 772 thrombocytopenia and, 1054, 1056 allergic reactions to, 74t, 84, 86–87 Sympathomimetics thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t anti-infective, 101 heart failure and, 517 torsades de pointes and, 533t, 539–540t aplastic anemia and, 1100t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 239, 243, 246 visual disturbances and, 308t cutaneous diseases and, 101, 103t, 111t, 113 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes , 308t, 312–313, 636t, 640t, 1237t drug fever and, 1189t and, 473t, 477t Taliglucerase alfa, 7t hemolytic anemia and, 1106 seizures and, 219 Tamoxifen hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t, 861t tardive dyskinesia and, 262 alopecia and, 170t, 176 macrocytic anemia and, 1107, 1108t Symptoms. See Clinical presentation of disease asthma/bronchospasm and, 453t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088, 1091, Syncope, 631, 637, 641, 642t, 647 breast cancer and, 1300 1091t Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone cannabinoids and, 33 oral erythema multiforme and, 1268t secretion (SIADH), 981–990 depression and, 376t, 381, 382, 385t, 386 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t causative agents of, 981, 982–984t endometrial cancer and, 1285t, 1288t, 1301–1303 pancreatitis and, 878t, 882, 886t, 892 clinical presentation of, 986–988, 986t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t photosensitivity and, 143, 150, 154 differential diagnosis of, 987, 987t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes in sulfa drug class, 92 epidemiology of, 985 and, 473t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t, 128t, 133 management of, 989–990, 989t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t thrombocytopenia and, 1052, 1052t mechanisms of, 985–986 ovarian hyperstimulation and, 782t, 785t, 789 thyroid diseases and, 703t morbidity and mortality for, 989 pancreatitis and, 883, 886t, 888 visual disturbances and, 307t, 316 overview, 981 stroke and, 230–231t, 232 Sulfonylureas patient education on, 990 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 127t cutaneous diseases and, 101 prevention of, 989, 989t thrombocytopenia and, 1051t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 681, 683, 683t, risk factors for, 988–989, 988t thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1068t, 1074, 685t, 688 . See Bitter orange 1075t heart failure and, 506 System for Thalidomide Education and Prescribing thyroid diseases and, 703t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 849t Safety (STEPS) program, 6 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t hypoglycemic agents, 92 Systemic glucocorticoids, 1121t, 1123t, 1126t, 1127 visual disturbances and, 308t SIADH and, 981, 985 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 123–136 vulvovaginal candidiasis and, 782t, 785t thyroid diseases and, 703t causative agents of, 123, 124–127t, 662 weight gain and, 1172 weight gain and, 1172 clinical presentation of, 129–133, 129t, 131–132t , 308t, 632t, 639t cutaneous diseases and, 111 Tannic acid, 850t alopecia and, 172t differential diagnosis of, 132, 132t , 906t aplastic anemia and, 1100t epidemiology of, 123, 127 Tardive akathisia. See Akathisia asthma/bronchospasm and, 463 idiopathic, 130–132, 131t Tardive dyskinesia (TDk), 259–265 delirium and, 327t management of, 135, 135t causative agents of, 259, 260t heart failure and, 510t mechanisms of, 127–129, 128t clinical presentation of, 257t, 262 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t morbidity and mortality for, 134 differential diagnosis of, 257t, 262 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t patient education on, 135–136 epidemiology of, 260–261 oral erythema multiforme and, 1268t prevention of, 134–135, 134t management of, 264–265, 265t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t risk factors for, 133–134, 133t mechanisms of, 261 ototoxicity and, 1237t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 662, 664, morbidity and mortality for, 263 pancreatitis and, 878t, 880, 881, 886t 665, 670 overview, 253–254 photosensitivity and, 148t patient education on, 265 taste disorders and, 1260t Tachycardia. See Atrial tachycardia; Atrioventricular prevention of, 263–264, 264t thrombocytopenia and, 1051t node re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT); risk factors for, 263, 263t , 265, 533t Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia Tardive dystonia. See Dystonia , 73t, 92, 230–231t, 232, 380, 472t, 1260t Tacrine, 852t Tartrazine, 453t Sunitinib Tacrolimus Tasimelteon, 7t alopecia and, 170t acidosis and, 1003t Taste disorders, 1258–1262 chemotherapy-induced anemia and, 1109t alopecia and, 170t, 172t, 174 causative agents of, 1258, 1259–1260t heart failure and, 504t, 510t chronic kidney disease and, 965, 966t, 967–969, clinical presentation of, 1256t, 1261 hypertension and, 618t 970t, 971–976, 972t differential diagnosis of, 1257t, 1261 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t epidemiology of, 1258, 1261 433t cutaneous diseases and, 102t management of, 1262 nausea/vomiting and, 908t gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t mechanisms of, 1261, 1261t osteonecrosis of jaw and, 1273–1276, 1274t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 681t, 684t, 690 morbidity and mortality for, 1262 pancreatitis and, 883 gout/hyperuricemia and, 1136t, 1140 patient education on, 1262 taste disorders and, 1260t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 853t prevention of, 1262 thyroid diseases and, 699–700t, 703t, 707–709, hypertension and, 618t, 620t, 624, 625 risk factors for, 1258t, 1261 715 hypertrichosis and, 196t , 127t, 282t, 288, 433t, 1087, 1109, 1300

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Tazarotene, 148t Terlipressin, 533t, 872 Thallium, 171t, 177, 1254t TCAs. See Tricyclic antidepressants , 167t, 195t TDk. See Tardive dyskinesia Testosterone acidosis and, 1002t TdP. See Torsades de pointes alopecia and, 167t, 176, 184 acute kidney injury and, 953 Teduglutide, 7t anxiety and, 402–403 alkalosis and, 1013–1014t, 1017 Teeth. See Color changes of oral mucosa and teeth cutaneous diseases and, 102t anxiety and, 401t, 404, 405t , 7t, 473t, 840t growth hormone deficiency and, 751 asthma/bronchospasm and, 463 Teicoplanin, 103t, 1189t hirsutism and, 194, 195t, 198, 201 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 582–583t, 584, Telaprevir, 1258, 1260t hypertension and, 618t, 620t 587–588 Telithromycin, 847t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes atrial tachycardia and, 588, 588–590t, 590, 591 Telmisartan, 632t, 638t, 1237t and, 473t, 476 AV node re-entrant tachycardia and, 592–594t, Telogen effluvium, 166, 175–184, 179–182t, 184t sexual dysfunction and, 763, 766, 767, 769, 798 594 , 352, 1237t, 1272t teratogenicity of, 1334t cognitive disorders and, 365 , 170t, 848t, 909t, 991t, 1100t torsades de pointes and, 538 delirium and, 326t Temperature dysregulation, 1185–1218. See also visual disturbances and, 308t diarrhea and, 823t Hyperthermia; Hypothermia Testosterone undecanoate, 762t, 765t drug fever and, 1189t Temporality, in epidemiology, 22 drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26 Temsirolimus, 170t, 432t, 438, 836t, 1293 depression and, 376t, 380, 385, 385t drug interactions with, 39t TEN. See Toxic epidermal necrolysis dystonia and, 270 food interactions with, 40 Tenecteplase, 663t, 1029t parkinsonism and, 271t, 273t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, , 73t, 170t, 848t, 1288t restrictive drug distribution system for, 7t 524–525t, 529, 530 Tenofovir, 966–967, 966t, 970t, 991t, 1003t, 1123t, tardive dyskinesia and, 264 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes 1127, 1150t , 571t, 1238t and, 473t , 1140 Tetrachloroethylene, 850t nausea/vomiting and, 909t , 510t Tetracyclic antidepressants, 218t, 759–760t, 1170 oral erythema multiforme and, 1268t Teratogenicity, 1311–1335 Tetracyclines seizures and, 218t, 219, 222, 222t, 224, 226 causality assessment for, 22, 23, 1312 acidosis and, 1002t, 1003t SIADH and, 984t congenital heart defects and, 1321–1324 allergic reactions to, 95 sleep disorders and, 349t contraceptive use with teratogens, 191, 193, 205, color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 8, Thiabendazole, 847t, 1238t, 1268t 207 1253, 1254–1255t, 1255–1258 Thiacetazone, 1138 defined, 1311 cutaneous diseases and, 101, 102–103t Thiamazole, 124t, 1088

factors affecting, 1314 diarrhea and, 823t (vitamin B1), 265, 285, 362, 1009 FDA evaluation of, 32 drug fever and, 1189t Thiazide diuretics fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and, 1331–1333, hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t, 861t acute kidney injury and, 943t 1332t myopathy and, 1150t alkalosis and, 1013–1014t gastroschisis and, 1326–1327, 1326f oral erythema multiforme and, 1268t cutaneous diseases and, 101 history of, 1312–1313 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t depression and, 378 limb deficiency defects and, 1324–1326 ototoxicity and, 1238t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 680t, 684t low birth weight and, 1311, 1316–1318 pancreatitis and, 878t, 882, 885, 886t gout/hyperuricemia and, 1138 management of, 1334–1335 photosensitivity and, 143, 148t, 150, 150t, 154 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t microcephaly and, 1330–1331, 1330f systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t pancreatitis and, 878t, 886–887 neural tube defects and, 1314, 1327–1328f, taste disorders and, 1260–1261t sexual dysfunction and, 759–760t, 761, 764t, 1327–1329 teratogenicity of, 1334t 772 orofacial clefts and, 1318–1319f, 1318–1321, 1335 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809, SIADH and, 984t, 987 patient education on, 1335 810–811t, 811, 816t in sulfa drug class, 92 placental transfer mechanisms and, 1313–1314 visual disturbances and, 308t Thiazolidinediones, 476, 849t, 1121t, 1124t, 1172 prevention of, 1333–1334 Tetrahydro-2-furanone, 1215 Thienopyridines, 811, 815 teratogenicity of, 1315–1316 , 33, 744t , 1238t in Type D reactions, 60 Tetramethrin, 453t Thioamides, 703t, 716, 885, 888 , 308t, 632t, 639t, 1237t Teucrium polium, 851t Thioguanine, 848t, 880 Terbinafine TGF (tumor growth factor), 1293 Thiopental, 73t, 871, 907t color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1254t Thalidomide , 265 cutaneous diseases and, 103t constipation and, 836t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 847t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 681t, 684t delirium and, 326t, 329t myopathy and, 1150t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t drug fever and, 1189t photosensitivity and, 148t infertility and, 783t, 786t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t, 132 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, hypotension and, 635t, 639t taste disorders and, 1258, 1260t, 1261 439, 440 hypothermia and, 1216t thrombocytopenia and, 1051t leukemia and, 1286–1287 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, 524t oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t atrial tachycardia and, 588–589t, 589 ototoxicity and, 1238t photosensitivity and, 148t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 681t, 684t peripheral neuropathy and, 280t, 282t, 284 sexual dysfunction and, 798 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 853t restrictive drug distribution system for, 6, 7t SIADH and, 983t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, 524–525t, 529 571t 573t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes teratogenicity of, 22, 23, 1312, 1321–1322, 1324 thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1070t and, 473t thromboembolic diseases and, 1065t, 1067, 1069t, thyroid diseases and, 703t Terconazole, 790t, 792 1075t torsades de pointes and, 533t, 540t Terfenadine, 473t, 538, 539, 540t, 541, 853t thyroid diseases and, 699t, 702t visual disturbances and, 308t Teriflunomide, 172t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 785t weight gain and, 1167t, 1169t, 1171 Teriparatide, 1129t, 1130, 1136t, 1140, 1150t withdrawal from market, 5 , 170t, 177, 358t, 848t, 983t

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Thiothixene depression and, 376t, 379, 385t ototoxicity and, 1238t delirium and, 338 dystonia and, 270 peripheral neuropathy and, 289 hypotension and, 635t, 639t ototoxicity and, 1238t seizures and, 218t, 224 neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t psychosis and, 417t sexual dysfunction and, 760t, 764t, 772 seizures and, 221 visual disturbances and, 308t teratogenicity of, 1319, 1330, 1331 SIADH and, 983t , 510t thromboembolic diseases and, 1066t, 1071t thrombocytopenia and, 1051t Ticagrelor, 73t, 573t, 582t, 1029, 1029t, 1033 visual disturbances and, 309t, 312 weight gain and, 1167t Ticarcillin, 1189t weight gain and, 1174, 1175, 1175t , 743t Ticarcillin–clavulanate, 1191 Topoisomerase inhibitors Third-degree AV block, 569, 572, 575, 578 Ticlopidine chemotherapy-induced anemia and, 1109 inhibitors, 239, 487t, 1026t, 1029t, 1034, aplastic anemia and, 1100t diarrhea and, 822t 1057–1058, 1076 bleeding disorders and, 1029, 1029t leukemia and, 1284, 1285, 1287, 1289, 1290 Thrombocytopenia, 1049–1059 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 853t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087, 1091 causative agents of, 1049–1050, 1050–1051t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t, 1091, , 170t, 848t, 909t clinical presentation of, 83–84, 1054–1056, 1054t 1091t Toremifene, 848t, 1064t, 1068t differential diagnosis of, 1055, 1055t ototoxicity and, 1238t Torsades de pointes (TdP), 530–546 epidemiology of, 1050, 1052 serum sickness-like reactions and, 1193t causative agents of, 530–531, 532–534t management of, 1057–1059 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t clinical presentation of, 536–537, 536–537t mechanisms of, 1052–1054, 1052t thrombocytopenia and, 1054 differential diagnosis of, 536–537, 537t morbidity and mortality for, 1056 Tigecycline, 148t, 829, 878t, 882, 909t, 920, 1238t epidemiology of, 534–535 patient education for, 1059 Tiludronate, 308t, 1274t gender differences in, 32 prevention of, 1056–1057, 1057t , 125t, 168t, 348t, 454, 569, 578t, 1238t management of, 544–545, 545f risk factors for, 1056, 1056t Tin, 1255t mechanisms of, 535–536 Thromboembolic diseases, 1063–1078 Tincture of opium, 827t, 828 morbidity and mortality for, 541–542 causative agents of, 1063, 1064–1066t Tinnitus, 1233, 1239, 1240, 1240t, 1242–1244 patient education on, 545 clinical presentation of, 1071–1073, 1071t Tioconazole, 790t prevention of, 542–544, 543t differential diagnosis of, 1072, 1072t Tiopronin, 853t risk factors for, 40, 537–541, 537t, 539–540t epidemiology of, 1063, 1066 Tiotropium, 127t, 308t, 582t Torsemide, 148t, 633t, 638t, 1238t management of, 237, 1076–1077 Tipiracil, 170t Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) mechanisms of, 1067–1071, 1068–1071t Tipranavir, 1268t causative agents of, 95, 101, 103–104t morbidity and mortality for, 1074 Tirofiban, 1029t, 1051–1052t, 1053 clinical presentation of, 107–108t, 109, 110 patient education on, 1077–1078 Tivantinib, 571t epidemiology of, 104, 105 prevention of, 1074–1075, 1075t Tivozanib, 699t genetic factors related to, 32 risk factors for, 1073–1074, 1073t , 571t, 578t management of, 113, 114t Thrombolytic agents TMP-SMX. See Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole morbidity and mortality for, 112 bleeding disorders and, 1025, 1026t, 1029t, 1030, TNF. See Tumor necrosis factor risk factors for, 111 1033–1034, 1039 Tobacco. See Smoking Toxicity hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 868 Tobramycin, 73t, 328t, 453t, 1238t, 1241 digitalis glycoside, 589, 589t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 238t, 240t, 243, hepatotoxicity, 33–34, 39, 845, 853, 855–857, 244t, 245 delirium and, 326t 865–868 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes heart failure and, 502t, 507, 510t nephrotoxicity, 37 and, 486, 487t, 488 hypotension and, 634t ototoxicity. See Ototoxicity Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura–hemolytic neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t phototoxicity. See Photosensitivity uremic syndrome (TTP-HUS), 1054, 1056 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 127t pulmonary, 431, 434, 436–442 Thyroid diseases, 697–717. See also To Err Is Human (IOM), 19, 51 Traction alopecia, 183, 184t Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism , 148t causative agents of, 697–701, 698–700t, 704 , 94, 148t, 703t, 983t, 1268t, 1272t cutaneous diseases and, 101, 104t clinical presentation of, 711–713, 711t Tolcapone, 635t, 640t, 852t, 864 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes comorbidity with drug-induced diseases, 34 and, 489 differential diagnosis of, 711, 712, 712t drug fever and, 1189t nausea/vomiting and, 906t epidemiology of, 704 hemolytic anemia and, 1105t ototoxicity and, 1238t management of, 715–717, 715t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 846t peripheral neuropathy and, 289 mechanisms of, 697, 698f, 701–703t, 704–710, ototoxicity and, 1238t seizures and, 218t, 219, 220, 222t 706–707t thrombocytopenia and, 1051t serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t morbidity and mortality for, 714 , 328–329t, 365, 984t Trametinib, 170t, 1296 patient education on, 717 Tolu balsam, 308t Trandolapril, 148t, 632t, 638t, 1255t prevention of, 714–715, 715t , 473t Tranexamic acid risk factors for, 713–714, 713t Tolvaptan, 872, 989t, 990 bleeding disorders and, 1039 Thyroid hormones, 401t, 403, 411, 473t, 703t, 1126t Topical corticosteroids, 734 cutaneous diseases and, 102t Thyroid medications Topical glucocorticoids, 731t, 733–735, 736t, 739, gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t alopecia and, 173t, 175, 179t, 186 741 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes desiccated, 707t and, 472t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087, 1088, 1091t acidosis and, 1003t seizures and, 221 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t acute kidney injury and, 944t, 957 thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1067, 1068t Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH), 697, 698f alopecia and, 168t, 175 visual disturbances and, 309t Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 697, 698f, anxiety and, 401t, 402, 404, 405t Transport mechanisms for drugs, 37, 1313 700–701, 704, 707–715 cognitive disorders and, 358t, 365, 367 Transthoracic echocardiograms, 665, 666–667f Thyroxine, 403, 1272t depression and, 376t, 379, 385t, 388–389, 388t Tiagabine gingival hyperplasia and, 1263t alopecia and, 173t alopecia and, 168t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t delirium and, 327t delirium and, 326t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1127 drug interactions with, 40

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ototoxicity and, 1238t , 124t, 309t, 1244 Typical antipsychotics serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t , 853t alopecia and, 175 SIADH and, 982t Trimethoprim delirium and, 336 sleep disorders and, 348t acidosis and, 1003t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1196, 1199 Trastuzumab drug interactions with, 40 tardive dyskinesia and, 264 alopecia and, 170t, 177, 179t macrocytic anemia and, 1107 torsades de pointes and, 541, 542 breast cancer and, 1300 nausea/vomiting and, 930 , 40 heart failure and, 502t, 507–508, 511–512 photosensitivity and, 148t Tyropanoate sodium, 707t visual disturbances and, 309t SIADH and, 984t kinase inhibitors , 197, 197t Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) alopecia and, 177 allergic reactions to, 75t chemotherapy-induced anemia and, 1101t alopecia and, 173t bleeding disorders and, 1031 diarrhea and, 822t cognitive disorders and, 369 cutaneous diseases and, 101, 104t glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 681t, 683–685t drug fever and, 1189t delirium and, 328t growth hormone deficiency and, 747, 748t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t drug fever and, 1189t, 1191 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t hypertrichosis and, 197t drug-induced hospitalizations from, 26 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, hypotension and, 634t, 639t genetic variability and, 16t 433t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, macrocytic anemia and, 1108, 1108t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087 524–525t nausea/vomiting and, 909t, 915, 929–930 pancreatitis and, 883, 886t, 888 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1088, 1090t thyroid diseases and, 704, 705, 707–709 and, 472t oral erythema multiforme and, 1268t ototoxicity and, 1238t pancreatitis and, 882 Unfractionated heparin photosensitivity and, 148t photosensitivity and, 147t bleeding disorders and, 1026t, 1027, 1029t, 1032, seizures and, 220 psychosis and, 417t 1036 serotonin syndrome and, 1202, 1203–1204t serum sickness-like reactions and, 1192, 1193t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes sexual dysfunction and, 765t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t and, 486 SIADH and, 982t thrombocytopenia and, 1050, 1051t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1124t sleep disorders and, 353 visual disturbances and, 307t thrombocytopenia and, 1056–1057, 1057t torsades de pointes and, 534t, 540t , 148t, 173t, 982t thromboembolic diseases and, 1076 Treatment. See Management of disease , 850t Unstable angina, 471 , 7t, 636t, 640t , 1272t Upper gastrointestinal (GI) ulceration, 809–819 Tretinoin, 148t, 173t, 191, 197t, 661t, 1066t, 1071t causative agents of, 809–810, 810t TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone), 697, 698f depression and, 376t, 378, 380 clinical presentation of, 812–814, 813t Triamcinolone, 73t, 171t, 195–196t, 739, 739t, 741 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes differential diagnosis of, 813–814, 813t Triamcinolone acetonide, 188t, 731t, 736t, 738 and, 474, 477t, 478 epidemiology of, 810–811 serotonin syndrome and, 1204 management of, 818 acidosis and, 1003t stroke and, 232 mechanisms of, 811–812, 811t diabetes insipidus and, 991t Troglitazone, 3, 10 morbidity and mortality for, 816 drug fever and, 1189t , 919, 924t, 928t patient education on, 818–819 photosensitivity and, 148t Trovafloxacin, 280t prevention of, 816–818, 816t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 125t Troxidone, 124t risk factors for, 814–816, 815t , 327t, 329t, 352 Tryptase, 82 Uranium, 850t Triazolopyridine, 761t Tryptophan, 154, 386, 1203 Urethane, 850t , 850t TSH. See Thyroid-stimulating hormone Uricosuric agents, 1136–1137, 1136t, 1145 Trichotillomania, 183, 184t TTP-HUS (thrombotic thrombocytopenia Urine, detection of drugs in, 420, 420t Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) purpura–hemolytic uremic syndrome), 1054, Urokinase, 77t, 440, 1064t, 1068t akathisia and, 254, 255, 255–256t, 258t 1056 Ursodiol, 836t, 868 alopecia and, 175 Tuberculosis, 288 Urticaria, 72–73t, 80–83, 83–84t, 87, 98, 99t, 106 anxiety and, 401, 405t, 406 Tumor growth factor (TGF), 1293 Usnic acid, 851t cognitive disorders and, 359, 359t, 360, 362 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) Ustekinumab, 383 delirium and, 325, 326t in allergic reactions, 81 Uterine carcinoma. See Endometrial cancer depression and, 376t, 391, 392 alopecia and, 166 drug interactions with, 33 cutaneous diseases and, 105, 109 Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), heart failure and, 504t in hepatic and cholestatic diseases, 857 50, 66 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t in thermoregulation, 1185, 1186 Vaccines. See also specific vaccines human leukocyte antigen and, 37 Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), 703t adverse event reporting for, 50, 66 hypotension and, 631, 642, 645t Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) inhibitors allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 74–75t, myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes depression and, 377t, 382, 383, 386 77t and, 472t heart failure and, 512 autism concerns related to, 21, 29 oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t hypertrichosis and, 195, 197t peripheral neuropathy and, 289 interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis and, serum sickness-like reactions and, 1192 seizures and, 218t, 220, 222t, 226 433, 433t Vaginal bleeding disorders, 793–797 serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t leukemia and, 1284, 1284t, 1287, 1289 amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea, 793–795 sexual dysfunction and, 758–760t, 765t lymphoma and, 1284t, 1292, 1293 dysmenorrhea, 796–797 SIADH and, 982t skin cancer and, 1284t, 1295–1297 menorrhagia and menometrorrhagia, 795–796 visual disturbances and, 295, 309t Tumor necrosis factor-blocking agents, 173t, 176, Valacyclovir, 148t, 168t weight gain and, 1170 178, 179t , 264 , 221, 547t, 635t, 639t, 983t, 1167t, Type A reactions, 59, 60 , 13, 104t, 230, 361, 472t, 475, 1268t 1189t, 1195t Type B reactions, 59–60 , 309t, 353, 401t, 402 Trifluridine, 170t Type C reactions, 60 Valerian root, 851t , 348t, 984t Type D reactions, 60 Valganciclovir, 1090t

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Valproate Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 512, delirium and, 327t cognitive disorders and, 360, 362, 365, 369 888, 1274, 1293 drug interactions with, 38 parkinsonism and, 254, 270, 271t, 273t Vascular injury, 855t, 858, 859t, 861t, 862 gingival hyperplasia and, 1263, 1263t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t Vasculitis, 74t, 83–84t, 84–85, 99t, 232 heart failure and, 502t, 504t, 505, 509, 510t, thrombocytopenia and, 1051t Vasoconstriction/vasospasm, 232, 404, 478, 515 thyroid diseases and, 699t 486–488, 1216 hyperprolactinemia and, 742, 743–744t weight gain and, 1170 Vasodilators, 457, 477t, 478–479, 633t, 643–644, hypertrichosis and, 196t Valproate sodium, 103t, 378, 713, 761t, 1262, 1263t, 645t, 670 hypotension and, 633t, 639t 1272t Vasopressin myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes Valproic acid alcohol use and, 232 and, 472t, 488–489 acidosis and, 1003t alopecia and, 174t, 180t oral erythema multiforme and, 1268t acute kidney injury and, 943t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 872 ototoxicity and, 1238t allergic reactions to, 75t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes sinus bradycardia/atrioventricular block and, alopecia and, 168t, 175, 178, 186 and, 473t 571t, 572, 573t, 577, 578t, 580 anxiety and, 411 synthesis of, 729 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t cognitive disorders and, 358t, 365, 367 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 782t, 786t, 796 , 634t cutaneous diseases and, 101, 104t, 111 Vasopressin-receptor antagonists, 989–990, 989t , 148t, 151, 154 delirium and, 326t Vasovagal syncope, 637, 647 , 1233, 1240, 1240t depression and, 379 , 699t Viagra. See Sildenafil hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t, 861t, 866, VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), 512, Vigabatrin, 7t, 309t, 360, 376t, 379, 417t, 1263t 868 888, 1274, 1293 , 772, 982t, 1166t, 1169t hirsutism and, 194, 195t, 198, 199t Vemurafenib, 7t, 148t, 170t, 883, 886t, 1109t, 1284t, Vildagliptin, 879t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t 1296–1297 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t Venencapsan, 851t alopecia and, 170t oral erythema multiforme and, 1268t anxiety and, 401t, 403 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1123t alopecia and, 173t hypotension and, 636t, 640t ototoxicity and, 1238t asthma/bronchospasm and, 453t leukemia and, 1285 pancreatitis and, 878t, 883, 886t, 887 constipation and, 836t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes peripheral neuropathy and, 289 delirium and, 327t and, 472t photosensitivity and, 148t depression and, 391 ototoxicity and, 1238t for seizure disorders, 95 heart failure and, 504t, 509 pancreatitis and, 879t SIADH and, 983t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 852t photosensitivity and, 148t systemic lupus erythematosus and, 130 hyperprolactinemia and, 743t SIADH and, 983t, 988, 988t teratogenicity of, 1315, 1319, 1321–1322, 1324, hypertension and, 618t, 620t Vinca alkaloids 1328–1331 monomorphic ventricular tachycardia and, depression and, 386 thrombocytopenia and, 1052t, 1056, 1056t 524–525t hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 848t upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 809, 810t myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes infertility and, 783t, 786t, 800 vaginal bleeding disorders and, 793 and, 472t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1087 visual disturbances and, 309t ototoxicity and, 1238t pancreatitis and, 881 weight gain and, 1166t, 1169, 1169t, 1170, 1173t peripheral neuropathy and, 287, 289 peripheral neuropathy and, 282, 282t Valsartan, 148t, 632–633t, 638t, 1238t photosensitivity and, 148t SIADH and, 981, 987 Valvular and pericardial heart disease, 659–670 seizures and, 219 visual disturbances and, 309t causative agents of, 659–662, 660–661t serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t clinical presentation of, 664–668, 665t, 666–667f sexual dysfunction and, 772 alopecia and, 170t, 176 differential diagnosis of, 665–668, 667t SIADH and, 981, 982t, 985, 987, 988, 990 depression and, 377t, 384, 385t epidemiology of, 662–663 sleep disorders and, 348t, 349 drug fever and, 1189t management of, 669–670, 670t visual disturbances and, 309t hypotension and, 636t, 640t mechanisms of, 663–664, 663t weight gain and, 1166t leukemia and, 1285 morbidity and mortality for, 669 Venous thromboembolism (VTE) lymphoma and, 1295 patient education on, 670 clinical presentation of, 1071–1072 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes prevention of, 669, 669t epidemiology of, 1063, 1067 and, 472t risk factors for, 668–669, 668t management of, 1076–1077, 1077t myopathy and, 1150t, 1151, 1155 Vancomycin mechanisms of, 1067, 1071 ototoxicity and, 1238t allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to, 73–75t, morbidity and mortality for, 1074 pancreatitis and, 879t 76, 77t, 81, 97t overview, 1063 peripheral neuropathy and, 280t, 285 cutaneous diseases and, 103t patient education on, 1077–1078 SIADH and, 983t, 988, 988t diarrhea and, 828–829 prevention of, 1074–1075 , 171t, 1238t drug fever and, 1189t, 1191 risk factors for, 1073–1074 , 171t, 472t, 983t, 990, 1238t hypotension and, 635t, 638t, 644, 645t Ventricular arrhythmias, 523–549 Vinyl chloride, 850t neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t, 1095 Brugada syndrome, 546–549 Vismodegib, 171t oral erythema multiforme and, 1268t monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, Visual disturbances, 295–319 ototoxicity and, 1233, 1238t, 1241–1242 523–530 causative agents of, 295–313, 296–312t thrombocytopenia and, 1051–1052t torsades de pointes, 530–546 clinical presentation of, 315–317, 316t Vandetanib, 7t, 148t, 170t, 432t, 533t, 539t, 709 differential diagnosis of, 316, 316t , 309t, 312–313, 582t, 636t, 640t alopecia and, 168t epidemiology of, 313 Varenicline asthma/bronchospasm and, 453t management of, 318–319 anxiety and, 401t, 402, 409 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 583t, mechanisms of, 313–315, 314–315t depression and, 376t, 381, 385t, 386, 387, 391 586, 587t morbidity and mortality for, 317 myocardial ischemia/acute coronary syndromes atrial tachycardia and, 590, 591 patient education on, 319 and, 473t AV node re-entrant tachycardia and, 594 prevention of, 317–318, 318t ototoxicity and, 1238t constipation and, 836t risk factors for, 317, 317t

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Vitamin A (retinol) Wafer ash, 310t Yellow jasmine, 310t alopecia and, 166, 174, 174t, 177, 184 Yi-gan san, 265 heart failure and, 515 alopecia and, 166, 167t, 178 , 401t, 404, 409, 453t, 646t, 647 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 853t, 870 bleeding disorders and, 1029t, 1031, 1031t, 1032, myopathy and, 1152 1034, 1036, 1038–1039 Zafirlukast, 127t, 853t oral erythema multiforme and, 1267t cannabinoid interactions with, 33 Zalcitabine, 168t, 279, 280t, 879t, 1238t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1121t, 1124t, comorbidity and, 34 , 148t, 352 1126t, 1128, 1129 cutaneous diseases and, 104t, 105, 111t, 113t Zanamivir, 453t ototoxicity and, 1238t drug interactions with, 39t Zidovudine teratogenicity of, 1334t genetic variations affecting, 36t acidosis and, 1002t

Vitamin B1 (thiamine), 265, 285, 362, 1009 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 853t, 868 allergic reactions to, 73t

Vitamin B6. See Pyridoxine intracerebral hemorrhage and, 237, 238t, 240t, alopecia and, 168t

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin), 284, 1107, 1108, 1256 243, 244t, 245, 246 color changes of oral mucosa and teeth and, 1253, Vitamin C, 515, 792, 1264 metabolic pathway for, 35 1255t Vitamin D, 1120, 1122, 1126, 1130, 1260t, 1261, sexual dysfunction and, 761t, 765t comorbidity and, 34 1262 stroke and, 237 heart failure and, 504t, 509

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 890, 1122, 1126, target receptors for, 37 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 864 1262 teratogenicity of, 1314, 1316, 1334t hypertrichosis and, 196t, 199 Vitamin E thrombocytopenia and, 1058 macrocytic anemia and, 1101t, 1107, 1108t alopecia and, 184 thromboembolic diseases and, 1064t, 1067, 1068t, myopathy and, 1150–1156, 1150t, 1152t, 1158, heart failure and, 515 1075, 1075t, 1076–1077 1159 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 868 upper gastrointestinal ulceration and, 814 nausea/vomiting and, 909t myopathy and, 1152 valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 662, 664 neutropenia/agranulocytosis and, 1090t peripheral neuropathy and, 287t visual disturbances and, 310t oral erythema multiforme and, 1268t tardive dyskinesia and, 265 Warfarin-induced skin necrosis (WISN), 107–108t, oral lichenoid reactions and, 1272t vaginal bleeding disorders and, 796 109–111, 114t osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1123t Vitamin K Warner Lambert v. Kent (2008), 9t, 10 ototoxicity and, 1238t characteristics of, 1037t Weight gain, 1165–1175 Zileuton, 462, 463 deficiencies in, 1314 causative agents of, 1165, 1166–1167t Zinc, 1261, 1262, 1321 hepatic/cholestatic diseases and, 869 clinical presentation of, 1168–1173, 1169t intracerebral hemorrhage and, 245 differential diagnosis of, 1169, 1170t alopecia and, 173t thromboembolic diseases and, 1067 epidemiology of, 1165, 1167–1168 anxiety and, 401t, 405, 405t, 406 Vitamin K antagonists management of, 1174–1175, 1175t delirium and, 326t, 338, 340 bleeding disorders and, 1026, 1026t, 1028, 1029t, mechanisms of, 1168, 1168t extrapyramidal symptoms and, 254 1036, 1038–1039 morbidity and mortality for, 1173 glucose/insulin dysregulation and, 690 intracerebral hemorrhage and, 237 patient education on, 1175 hyperprolactinemia and, 743t valvular/pericardial heart disease and, 661t, 662, prevention of, 1173–1174, 1174t hypotension and, 635t, 639t 664, 668t, 669 risk factors for, 1173, 1173t neuroleptic malignant syndrome and, 1195t Voglibose, 849t Wells criteria, 1072, 1072t serotonin syndrome and, 1203–1204t Vomiting. See Nausea and vomiting Wild lettuce, 353 tardive dyskinesia and, 265 Vorapaxar, 1026t, 1029, 1029t WISN (warfarin-induced skin necrosis), 107–108t, torsades de pointes and, 534t, 540t Voriconazole 109–111, 114t weight gain and, 1166t, 1169t, 1170, 1175t alopecia and, 168t, 177 Withdrawal, 415, 417t, 420–422, 424, 424t Zoledronic acid cutaneous diseases and, 104t Wolff–Chaikoff effect, 705, 708 atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and, 581, 583t, diabetes insipidus and, 991t Women. See Gender differences; Gynecologic diseases 584 drug interactions with, 39t Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), 229, 1299, 1300 constipation and, 836t photosensitivity and, 148t World Health Organization (WHO) drug fever and, 1189t skin cancer and, 1284t on adherence interventions, 41 osteonecrosis of jaw and, 1274, 1274t torsades de pointes and, 534t, 539–540t adverse drug reaction database of, 991 osteoporosis/osteomalacia and, 1129t, 1130 visual disturbances and, 310t anemia as defined by, 1099 visual disturbances and, 310t , 533t, 539t fracture risk assessment model from, 1125, 1126 , 380, 472t , 982t, 1166t, 1169t on hypothermia, 1215 , 148t, 352, 367, 417–418t, 1238t VTE. See Venous thromboembolism iodine supplement programs from, 714 Vulvovaginal candidiasis, 790–792 leukemia classifications by, 1283 acidosis and, 1003t causative agents of, 782t, 790–791 neuropathy grading scale from, 283 acute kidney injury and, 944t, 957 clinical presentation of, 787t, 791 on osteoporosis, 1120 depression and, 379 differential diagnosis of, 788t, 791 pancreatitis case reports received by, 880 dystonia and, 270 epidemiology of, 791 Uppsala Monitoring Center system, 64, 64t, 65 ototoxicity and, 1238t management of, 790t, 792 Wormseed, 310t psychosis and, 417t mechanisms of, 785t, 791 Wyeth v. Levine (2009), 9t, 10 in sulfa drug class, 92 morbidity and mortality for, 791–792 systemic lupus erythematosus and, 124t patient education on, 792 oxidase inhibitors, 1136, 1137, 1145 visual disturbances and, 310t prevention of, 789t, 792 Xenobiotics, 845, 859, 860t weight gain and, 1174, 1175, 1175t risk factors for, 788t, 791 Xylitol, 1002t , 1255t, 1260t

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