Plastic Litter Study along NH 66

March 2020 Zero Waste & Climate Action

About Thanal

Thanal, a public interest research, and campaign organisation, is one of the oldest environmental organisations in Kerala. The organisation was founded in 1986 with a vision “People, Planet, Sustainability”. Thanal leads campaigns/projects at the grass- root level, handholds communities to find environmental solutions, networks with other groups at national & international level to share ideas & experiences, mentors environmental stewardship, and advocates with policymakers for an environmentally friendly approach to developmental requirements. Focus areas of Thanal include Climate Action, Zero Waste, Organic Farming, Agriculture Diversity, Agro-Ecology, and Toxics. Thanal pioneered the idea of Zero Waste Communities in with Zero Waste Kovalam project. Later Thanal worked with UNDP to develop zero waste systems for selected tourist destinations across different terrains in India. Thanal facilitated the birth and growth of Zero Waste Himalaya network. Zero Waste Centre, an enterprise for alternate products conceived by Thanal, proved the role of the local economy in building zero waste systems in communities. Today Thanal is a consultant for Zero Waste systems building and partner organisation in international campaigns/networks like #breakfreefromplastic movement and GAIA (www.no- burn.org).

#breakfreefromplastic

Break Free From Plastic is a global movement envisioning a future free from plastic pollution. Since its launch in September 2016, over 1200 groups from across the world have joined the movement to demand massive reductions in single-use plastics and to push for lasting solutions to the plastic pollution crisis. These organisations share the common values of environmental protection and social justice, which guide their work at the community level and represent a global unified vision. (www.breakfreefromplastic.org)

GAIA

Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternative (GAIA) is a worldwide alliance of more than 800 grass-root groups, non-governmental organisations and individuals in over 90 countries whose ultimate vision is a just, toxic-free world without incineration. GAIA and its members are global leaders in advancing visionary, win-win solutions to waste and pollution that protect the environment and human wellbeing and build strong participatory local economies (www.no- burn.org) www.thanal.co.in Page 1

Acknowledgment

Firstly, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to GAIA for providing the fund for the study. I thank Jayakumar C, Executive Director, Thanal, and Shibu K Nair, GAIA India Coordinator for the continuous support. We extend our sincere thanks to Plastic Task Force members Gokul GP, Ananthu M R, Akhila S Raj, Athul Vinu, Namitha, Jithin V L, Sruthy S, Anishida G V, Gopika B, Sooraj Surendran, Vasanth Krishnan, Anto V M, Sneha Mohan, Sindhupriya, Arunima, Aathira J W, Anna Nayan and Shilpa Sivan. We have to express out our appreciation to other team members of Thanal for sharing pearls of wisdom with us during the course of this study.

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Contents Page

1. Executive Summary 4

2. Definitions 5

3. Background 6

4. Objective 6

5. Methodology 6

5.a. Sampling 6

5.b. Data Collection 7

5.c. Analysis 7

5.d. Calculation of Litter Index 9

6. Limitations and Assumptions 10

7. Findings 11

7.a. General Composition 11

7.b. Contribution of Single use plastics 13

7.c. District wise comparison of plastic litter 14

7.d. Litter Indices 15

7.e. Estimate of Plastic litter along NH 66 17

7.f. Most littered and least littered sample sites 18

7.g. Quantification of Specific types of plastic 19

8. Brand Audit 20

9. Facts at a glance 24

10. References 25

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Executive summary

Kerala is situated in the southwestern end of the Indian subcontinent. It lies between the Arabian Sea in the West and the Western Ghats in the East with an area of 38863 sq km. Kerala is a famous tourist destination and according to the tourism department of Kerala 15765390 tourists visited Kerala in 2017 (Tourist statistics, 2018) and the numbers are increasing. Apart from these tourists native people also depend on roads and it causes littering on the roads. NH 66 is an important national highway in Kerala which passes through towns and villages. Since plastic littering is a serious issue that requires immediate attention. This study is conducted to identify the average plastic litter index in the National Highway 66 in Kerala. NHAI is the authority responsible for the management of highways in India. The results will be shared among the policymakers and local self-governments.

A team of two members from Thanal has conducted a litter study with 10 km interval in NH 66. Data collection started on 24-08-2019 and completed on 31-08-2019. Samples are collected from a rectangular plot in each location. The team covered 643 km and collected samples from 64 spots. Google map was used to identify the exact locations. Each sample was collected in separate cloth bags. Along with this, a brand audit was also done with the collected items.

The study finds that state average plastic litter index for Towns and Villages is 0.75 number of plastic pieces per square meter and estimated that there is 68 lakh pieces in the NH 66 in Kerala. Likewise, there is 3.57-gram plastic litter in a square meter and estimated that 32719.83kg plastics in the total area.

As mentioned earlier 0.75 is the state average litter index. 1.58 is the litter index of district which has the most littered NH as per the study. NH passing through was the least littered district with an index of 0.52. Among the collected waste Food & Snacks contributes the most.

The brand audit was done to identify which are the most littering brands in NH. Perfetti van Melle, ITC, Pepsico, Vicks Procter and Gamble, and Nestle were found to be the major littering brands in NH. Among the identified brands these five brands constitute 63% of the total.

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1. Definitions

# Word Definition a. Litter Litter consists of waste products that have been disposed of improperly, without consent, at an undesirable location. b. Litter index is a statistical measure devised to compare Litter Index relative cleanliness of an area

c. Google Earth Google Earth is a computer program that renders a 3D representation of Earth-based primarily on satellite imagery. d. Global Positioning System. GPS is a satellite navigation GPS system used to determine the ground position of an object using Latitude and Longitude. e. Google Maps Google Maps is a Smartphone application that enables the user to locate and navigate to specific GPS coordinates f. PET Polyethylene Terephthalate. Designated as #1 g. HDPE High-Density Polyethylene. Designated as #2 h. PVC Polyvinyl Chloride. Designated as #3 i. LDPE Low-Density Polyethylene. Designated as #4 j. PP Polypropylene. Designated as #5 k. PS Polystyrene. Designated as #6 l. Polymers that are referred among the recycling industry as HM Heavy Molecule polymer. m. Reject and Inerts Post-processing rejects from dry waste collection centers. Items that do not have recycle value. Items that are usually sent for sanitary landfill.

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2. Background

Any trash that is not disposed properly would be considered to be litter. Many travelers are hitting the roads in Kerala and there is an increased potential for littering in the roadside. Dumping is also a significant source of trash on or near roadways. Environmental pollution caused by plastic is one of the major threats we are facing now. Researchers estimate that more than 8.3 billion tons of plastic have been produced since the early 1950s. About 60% of that plastic has ended up in either a landfill or the natural environment (UN environmental programme). Researchers say that by 2050 there will be more plastic pieces than the number of fishes in the ocean. This is a serious situation that needs immediate attention. Kerala produces 480 tons of plastic waste per day as the administration fails to enforce a ban on plastic material below 50 microns. On average, a family in the state produces 60 grams of plastic waste per day, the Kerala Suchitwa Mission has estimated (THE WEEK, 2018). Thanal conducted a study on March’19 named “A Study on Plastic Litter Along Kerala Coast” and the result shows that there is 1.66 number of plastic pieces per square meter. There are leakages in the current waste management system. Before planning for policy changes we must develop baseline data about littering. This study will find the littering rate in NH 66 in Kerala. Brand audit of the collected samples was done in order to find which are the major littering brands.

3. Objective The study aims to build an inventory and baseline information on plastic litter in NH 66 in Kerala.

Methodology

Sampling

Data collected from nine districts in Kerala through which NH 66 passes. Sample spots are chosen at regular 10-kilometer intervals on the National highway. From Trivandrum to study team covered 643km and took samples from 64 sites. Google earth was used to determine the sample spots and google map was used to identify the exact locations during the sample collection. The team used the same mobile phone as a GPS locator to maintain consistency. The starting point was at Kerala – Tamil Nadu border on the south, in the district of Trivandrum, and the last sample site was at , Northern part of Kerala. GPS (Global Positioning System) coordinates for starting point

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is 8°21'30.2"N 77°08'25.2"E and 12°43'37.2"N 74°53'09.4"E is the GPS coordinates of last sample collection site. GPS coordinates of all 64 sample sites are given in Annexure 1.

Data collection

Plastic litter was collected from a rectangular plot that has one-meter width (along the road). The length of the area was decided by the boundary to the boundary of PWD land including the road. All plastic pieces from the rectangular plot collected and stored in separate bags. A Geo tracker application was used to measure the length of the sampling plot. Other details collected from the site include name of the district, name of the locality, name of local government, and confirmation of local photographs. 64 sites across 9 districts were covered during the month of August 2019.

Analysis

General Composition

Data collection and sample collection was carried out by a team consisting of people having more than 2 years of experience in plastic waste and solid waste management. Plastic litter from the sample plot was collected and packed in individual cloth bags with the code number of the sample plot and was taken to the base office for analysis and expert consultation.

Plastic littering is an issue of management systems. The rules provide guidelines for managing plastic waste in India. Hence the plastic litter was categorised based on the Rules to link it with the management practices. The category is as follows.

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# Govt. of India Rules Categories based on Examples the Type of plastics

1 High-Density Polymers PET, HDPE, PVC, PP, and other rigid plastics. Water bottles, beverage bottles, oil cans, plastic spoon, food containers

2 Plastic Waste Low-Density Polymers LDPE, PP, HM (Management and Oil packets, milk packets, food Handling) Rules 2018 pouches, etc. 3 Branded Chips wrapper, chocolate Multi-Layer plastics wrapper, cartons

# Govt. of India Rules Categories based on Examples the Type of plastics

4 Expanded Polymers / Styrofoam, Expanded Polystyrene, Foam Thermocol, sponge, packing material, disposable cups/plates, etc Plastic Waste 5 (Management and Those which cannot be grouped into Handling) Rules 2018 Undesignated the above categories, Those which cannot be identified. Fractions of withered plastic waste. Inert and Rejects

6 Construction and Segments of pipe, segments of Plastic from Demolition Waste electrical wire housing Construction activities Management Rules 2016

7 Bio-Medical Waste Plastic Medical Syringes, medicine bottles, medicine Management Rules care activities strips, parts of inhaler 2016 Table 01

General composition of plastic litter that comes under the governance of plastic waste (management and handling) rules in terms of utility is found out by sorting collected samples into the below-mentioned categories (Table 02). Details regarding weight and number of pieces are recorded after sorting samples collected from each and every site.

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# Categories based on Usage of plastics Examples

1 Food & Snacks (Single Use) Chocolate wrapping, Biscuit covers, Ice- cream cup, Paper plate, Paper cup, Milk cover, Oil packet, Water bottles, etc.

2 Home care/Personal care (Single Washing powder packet, parts of firelighter, Brush, Use) Cream bottle, Shampoo bottle, Powder tin, Toothpaste, etc.

3 Utilities (Single use) Carry bags, Straw, Fragrance sticks cover, Single-use plastic pouches, etc.

4 Utilities (Multi use) Footwear, Floor mat, Toys, Pen, etc.

5 Tobacco Products (Single Use) Cigarette buds, tobacco-based chewing products, etc.

6 Undesignated Those cannot be grouped into the above categories. Those which cannot be identified etc. Fractions of withered plastic waste. Inert & rejects

Table 02

Contribution of Single Use plastics

From amongst the categories of Usage of material, The following categories are grouped into single-use plastics 1. Food & Snacks 2. Home / Personal Care 3. Utilities (Single Use) 4. Tobacco products

The following categories are grouped into multi-use plastics 1. Utilities (Multi-Use) Contribution of Single-use and Multi-use plastics is determined based on the above- mentioned groups in terms of the number of pieces and weight of plastic litter.

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Calculation of Litter Index

Litter Index was calculated for each sample site. The total number of plastic litter collected from the sample plot divided by the area of the sample plot gives Litter Index in terms of the number of pieces. The total weight of plastic litter collected from the sample plot divided by the area of sample plot gives Litter Index in terms of weight. Average of all indices for a district was used to calculate the average Litter index for the district. The average district litter index was calculated in terms of both the number of pieces and weight. The average of all 9 district indices gives average Plastic litter index value for the state. The average plastic litter index for national highway is also calculated in both numbers of pieces and weight.

Litter index (in terms of number of pieces) = Σ (number of plastic pieces collected from the sample site) / (area of samples plot in the district)

Litter index (in terms of weight) = Σ (weight of plastic pieces collected from the sample site) / (area of samples plot in the district)

Average district litter index (in terms of number of pieces) = Σ (number of plastic pieces collected from sample sites in the district) / Σ (area of samples plots in the district)

Average district litter index (in terms of weight) = Σ (weight of plastic pieces collected from sample sites in the district) / Σ (area of samples plots in the district)

Weightage was not given to different categories of plastic litter while calculating the litter index. Calculation of litter index in terms of number of pieces per square meter is followed by various environmental NGOs and agencies (Centre for Science and Environment, New Atlas, GRID- Arendal, etc.)

Estimation of total number of pieces for specific types of plastic products

Average index values are developed based on data collected from all 64 sample sites for specific plastic products. Average index values are then projected to the total area of the highway to estimate the total number of pieces for that specific product. Such estimations are done for

1. Plastic carry bags 2. Single-Use plastic cutlery items 3. Tobacco products

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Limitations and Assumptions

1. Except for Trivandrum and Kollam, in all other districts the samples are collected from flood-affected area and there is a possibility that the wastes from the sample sites of these districts are washed out by the flood. 2. No official data is available about the total area of NH 66 in Kerala. 3. GPS (Global Positioning System) coordinates were identified using Google Earth. Google Earth is a computer program that renders a 3D representation of Earth-based primarily on satellite imagery. Google Maps, a Smartphone application, was used to trace the location based on GPS coordinates. Accuracy of the Smartphone application Google Maps is 10m. 4. Plastic litter was collected only from the visible surface. 5. Plastic litter samples collected from sites were sorted based on visual identification and by team members with sufficient field experience in solid waste and plastic waste management. 6. Some samples collected were often broken pieces and their size was so small that origin and or source of plastic litter could not be identified by the team. Hence such litter samples were grouped into Undesignated category. 7. Weight measures were taken using an Electronic weighing scale that has the least count of 10milligram. All sand particles were dusted out from plastic litter before measuring. However, remnants of sand particles on the plastic litter could have affected weight measurement. As the errors due to the weight of sand particles were insignificant, the error factor was assumed to be zero.

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Findings

General composition

In terms of Type of plastic

Graph 01 illustrates the percentage of plastic litter that belongs to various central government rules for waste management.

Graph 01

96% of plastic waste collected comes under plastic waste management and handling rules. Litter that is governed by Plastic waste management and handling rules were further sorted based on their type of material. Graph 02 illustrates the percentage of composition based on the type of material. Based on the type of material plastics are categorized into different categories. The following pie chart shows the percentage of composition based on the type of material.

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Graph 02

Among the total samples collected 57% consist of multi-layer plastic which is least recycled.

In terms of usage of material

Samples are then classified on the basis of its usage. The analysis is done based on the number of pieces.

Graph 03

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Single-use food and snack packets found to be the leading littering plastic on the highway with 63% of the total where tobacco products, the second most littering category have only 9%.

Contribution of single-use plastics

The samples as per the usage of material are grouped into single-use plastics and multi-use plastics. Single-use plastics are those plastics that are used only once before they are thrown away or recycled

Graph 04

Significantly, 89% of the plastic waste collected for this study is single-use plastics. Plastics that are used only once are called single-use plastic.

District wise comparison of plastic litter

To understand the district wise plastic littering and to compare districts littering trend the data has been analyzed based on the usage of the material of each district. Litter index is calculated by dividing the total number of pieces by the sample plot area. Category wise indices for every district are mentioned in the following chart.

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Graph 05 It is clear that food and snack packaging contributes more to littering in each district. Tobacco products come second.

Average Plastic Litter indices as Per Usage of material (no. of piece/m²)

District Food and Home care / Utilities Tobacco Utilities snacks personal care (Single-use) products (Multi-use)

Thiruvananthapuram 0.64 0 0.04 0.22 0.03

Kollam 0.95 0.02 0.43 0.07 0.02

Alappuzha 0.46 0 0.04 0.06 0.04

Ernakulam 0.56 0 0.06 0.08 0

Thrissur 0.39 0.01 0.09 0.10 0

Malappuram 0.64 0.008 0.03 0.08 0.008

Kozhikode 0.38 0 0.06 0.06 0

Kannur 0.43 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.01

Kasaragod 0.43 0 0.11 0.01 0.05 Table 03 www.thanal.co.in Page 15

In terms of usage of material, Kollam has 0.95 as it is litter index which is the highest litter index regarding food and snacks packets followed by Trivandrum and with a litter index of 0.64. Plastic wastes categorized under home care / personal care found only in four districts.

Litter indices

Litter indices are developed by dividing the total number of pieces from a sample plot with the sample plot area. Highways in Kollam is the most littered district in the state with a litter index of 1.58. Trivandrum with an average litter index of 1.12 comes second. The state average plastic litter index in the highway is 0.75. Highways in Kozhikode are the least littered in the state which has an average litter index of 0.52.

Graph 06

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State average litter index is 0.75 number of plastic pieces per square meter and 0.40 grams of plastic litter per square meter.

For understanding the deviation of district plastic litter index average from state average the following chart will help. The analysis is done based on the number of pieces.

Graph 07

Kollam, , and Malappuram are the districts with litter index higher than the average state litter index.

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Estimate of plastic litter along NH 66

For estimating the total number of plastic pieces on the NH 66, the state average litter index is multiplied with the total area of the National highway. Since there is no official data available about the total area of the NH 66 it is estimated by multiplying the average width of the NH with the total length of the NH 66 in Kerala. It is estimated that there are 68 Lakh pieces of plastic pieces in the NH 66.

# Header Litter Total area Estimated quantity index

1 Total number of plastic 0.75 9.16km2 68 lakh pieces of plastic litter

2 Total weight of plastic 0.40 9.16km2 32 tonnes of plastic litter Table 04

Most littered and least littered sample sites

The average litter index of each sample site arranged in ascending and descending order to find the most littered and least littered sites. Table ** shows the list of most littered and least littered sites in Kerala.

# Most Index (no of District Least littered Index (no of District littered pieces /m²) sites pieces /m²) sites

1 TVM 02 3.66 Thiruvananthapuram KZD 43 0.08 Kozhikode

2 KLM 10 3.11 Kollam ALP 18 0.10

3 MLP 41 2.44 Malappuram ALP 19 0.19 Alappuzha

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4 ALP 17 2.34 Alappuzha MLP 40 0.27 Malappuram

5 KLM 11 2.32 Kollam MLP 35 0.28 Malappuram

6 TVM 01 1.43 Thiruvananthapuram KLM 13 0.29 Kollam

7 KSD 60 1.39 Kasaragod TSR 31 0.29

8 MLP 36 1.36 Malappuram KAN 54 0.29

9 TSR 29 1.31 Thrissur KAN 55 0.29 Kannur

10 MLP 37 1.29 Malappuram KSD 58 0.31 Kasaragod

11 KLM 09 1.28 Kollam ALP 15 0.36 Alappuzha

12 TVM 06 1.19 Thiruvananthapuram ALP 20 0.38 Alappuzha

13 ALP 16 1.18 Alappuzha TSR 28 0.42 Thrissur

Table 05

TVM 02 is the most littered site and KZD 43 is the least littered site. Trivandrum and Kollam are the districts with sample sites which has a litter index of more than 3.

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Quantification of specific types of plastic

The following are the most picked items from the sample spots. Litter index of those items is multiplied with a total area of the study.

Type of plastic Litter Index Total area Estimated quantity #

1 Food and snacks 0.52 nos/m² 9.16 km 47,726,28 pieces

2 Tobacco products 0.08 nos/m² 9.16 km 72,3429 pieces

3 Utilities (Single use) 0.06 nos/m² 9.16 km 5,32524 pieces

Table 06

Food and snack packets used and left behind by the travelers found in roadsides throughout the study. It is estimated that there is 47 lakh of such plastic pieces are on the highway.

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Brand Audit

Brand Audit is the process of accessing the contribution of all manufacturers and brand owners in municipal solid waste produced. The contribution is assessed in terms of both weight and number of pieces. The percentage contribution of each manufacturer and brand owner can be linked to the implementation of Extended Producer Responsibility. The audit process also analyses the presence of various types of packing material and the type of products that contribute the most to municipal solid waste. The audit data presents the waste generation of various sections of consumers. A similarly structured audit for various sections of consumers/consumer products can be compiled to prepare integrated action plans to implement extended producer responsibility.

Brand audit of Litter study in NH66 is done with the help of toolkit from #breakfreefromplastic and identified 29 branded plastic items with 185 pieces and 437 unbranded plastic pieces. Among the identified branded items ITC comes first with 21%. Perfetti van Melle is in the second position with 19% of the total brands identified.

Branded and unbranded plastics

Collected samples from NH 66 further sorted into the category branded and unbranded.

# Branded Unbranded

Number of pieces 185 437

Table 07

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branded & unbranded

185

branded unbranded

437

Graph 08

70% of the total samples collected are unbranded plastic pieces and 30% of the plastic pieces were branded items.

Most contributed brands

Below given are the brands most responsible for littering with 63% of the total identified brands

1. ITC 2. Perfetti van Melle 3. Pepsico 4. Procter and Gamble 5. Nestle

For the convenience of analysis brands that have less than 5 numbers of pieces are categorized into others. The following graph represents the major brands responsible for littering in NH 66.

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Most contributed brands

38

ITC 84 perfetti vanmelle Pepsico 34 Procter & Gamble Nestle others 19 15 16

Graph 09

Plastic wastes from the brand ITC is the most found in NH 66. Cigarette buds, cigarette packets, and chips covers are the main products that come under ITC. Perfetti Van Melle's toffee covers come second and ITC comes third. 63% of the collected samples belong to the category of food packets.

Most contributed brands among single layer and multi-layer

# Single-layer Multi-layer

1 Mayora-indo TBK Perfetti van melle 2 Milma ITC 3 Vicks-Procter & Whitefield diary PVT ltd Gamble 4 Pepsico Pepsico 5 Pepsi-Cola Nestle

Table 08

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Types of plastic

Collected branded samples are consist of different types of plastics. They are classified into Polyethylene Terephthalate, High-Density Polyethylene, Polyvinyl Chloride, Low- Density Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Polystyrene, and others.

Types of Number of plastic pieces PET 4 HDPE 1 PVC 1 LDPE 47 PP 2 PS 1 Others 129

Table 09

69% of the branded plastic pieces belong to the category of others. Most of them are multilayered plastics. Both multi-layered plastics and Low-Density Polyethylene constitute 95% of the total branded samples collected.

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Facts at a glance # Header Value

2 1 0.75 pieces / m Average plastic litter index for Towns & Villages

2 2 3.57 gm/m

3 Total number of plastic litter along Towns & Villages 68 lakh pieces (number of handpicks required for clean up)

4 Total weight of plastic litter along Towns & Villages 32719.83kg (number of handpicks required for clean up)

5 Total number of food & snacks packets 47,726,28 pieces

6 Total number of Tobacco products 72,3429 pieces

7 Total number of Single-use products 5,32524 pieces

Table 10

# Product category responsible for plastic litter Contribution

1 Products related to Food & Snacks 63%

2 Tobacco products 9%

3 Products of or from single-use utilities 7%

4 Products of or from multi-use utilities 7%

5 Products related to Homecare & personal 1% care

6 Undesignated 5%

Table 11

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Reference

THE WEEK. (2018, 07 03). Retrieved 10 14, 2019, from https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/07/03/Kerala-produces-480-tonnes-of-plastic-waste-a- day.html

UN environmental programme. (n.d.). Retrieved 14 10, 2019, from Beat plastic pollution: https://www.unenvironment.org/interactive/beat-plastic-pollution/

touriststatistics. (2018). Retrieved 10 29, 2019, from Kerala tourism.org: https://www.keralatourism.org/touriststatistics/

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Annexure 1

GPS Coordinates of sample sites

# Sample ID GPS Name of the Name of the Local Coordinates Locality Government

1 8°21'30.2"N panchayath 77°08'25.2"E TVM 01 Idichakka Plamoodu

2 8°24'34.6"N Rolands 77°04'21.0"E Municipality TVM 02

3 8°27'28.5"N Vellayani Junction Kalliyoor Panchayath 76°59'57.4"E TVM 03

4 8°30'43.8"N PMG Trivandrum Municipal 76°56'54.0"E Corporation TVM 04

5 8°30'43.8"N Kariyavattom Trivandrum Municipal 76°56'54.0"E Corporation TVM 05

6 8°38'12.8"N Thonnakal Mangalapuram 76°50'44.8"E Panchayath TVM 06

7 8°42'47.3"N Poovanpara Municipality 76°48'42.5"E TVM 07

8 8°47'24.6"N Paripally 76°46'15.9"E Panchayath TVM 08

9 8°51'40.4"N Meenad Panchayath 76°43'09.5"E KLM 09

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10 8°52'27.8"N Pallimukku Panchayath 76°37'40.4"E KLM 10

11 8°55'02.6"N Kollam Municipal 76°33'33.0"E Corporation KLM 11

12 8°59'47.6"N Panmana Grama 76°31'58.6"E Panchayath KLM 12

13 9°07'58.6"N Ochira Ochira Grama 76°30'50.9"E Panchayath KLM 13

14 9°12'50.7"N Maliyekkal Punnapra Grama 76°28'47.9"E Panchayath ALP 14

15 9°17'08.8"N Kumarapuram Kumarapuram Grama 76°26'22.2"E Panchayath ALP 15

16 9°19'36.6"N Thottapally Purakkad Grama 76°22'36.1"E Panchayath ALP 16

17 9°24'45.4"N Vandanam Ambalapuzha north 76°20'58.8"E Grama Panchayath ALP 17

18 9°29'34.9"N Kodiveedu Kainakary Grama 76°19'44.6"E Panchayath ALP 18

19 9°35'00.7"N Kalavoor Mannacheri Grama 76°19'39.3"E Panchayath ALP 19

20 9°40'22.8"N choice Cherthala Municipality 76°20'24.3"E Nagar ALP 20

21 9°45'18.2"N Thuravoor South Thuravoor Grama 76°19'06.1"E Panchayath ALP 21

22 9.8423664 Chandiroor Aroor Grama Pachayath 763087325 ALP 22

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23 9°55'57.0"N Maradu Maradu Municipality 76°19'04.5"E EKM 23

24 10°01'21.1"N Junction Municipal 76°18'34.7"E Corporation EKM 24

25 10°05'58.1"N Kottuvally Grama 76°15'51.9"E Panchayath EKM 25

26 10°09'23.4"N Paravur Municipality 76°12'48.6"E EKM 26

27 10°14'06.5"N Kodungallur Municipality 76°11'39.3"E TSR 27

28 10°14'06.5"N Kottamkulam Perinjanam Grama 76°11'39.3"E Panchayath TSR 28

29 10°23'16.7"N Muriyamthodu Valappad Grama 76°07'09.4"E Panchayath TSR 29

30 10°28'11.2"N Vadanappally Vadanappally Grama 76°04'50.2"E Panchayath TSR 30

31 10°32'59.8"N Chavakkad Block 76°02'26.4"E Panchayath TSR 31 Orumanayur

32 10°37'21.7"N Punnayoor Punnayur Panchayath 75°59'42.6"E TSR 32

33 10°42'20.9"N Palapetty Valapad Grama 75°57'26.9"E Panchayath TSR 33

34 10°46'51.7"N Ponnani Municipality 75°55'24.0"E MLP 34

35 10°47'19.3"N Edappal Edappal Grama 76°00'29.3"E Panchayath MLP 35

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36 10°51'24.1"N Kuttippuram Grama 76°02'12.2"E Panchayath MLP 36

37 10°54'36.5"N Vattapara Vazhakkad Grama 76°02'54.0"E Panchayath MLP 37

38 10°58'04.8"N Randathani Kuttippuram Block 76°00'30.8"E Panchayath MLP 38

39 11°00'45.9"N Venniyoor Municipality 75°57'07.5"E MLP 39

40 11°04'18.0"N Thalappara Moonniyur Grama 75°54'12.9"E Panchayath MLP 40

41 11°09'15.4"N Kakkanchery Ulliyeri grama 75°53'31.9"E panchayathGrama MLP 41 Panchayath

42 11°11'40.6"N Cheruvannur Kozhikode Municipal 75°49'10.7"E Corporation KZD 42

43 11°16'06.7"N Eranhipalam Kozhikode Municipal 75°46'38.9"E corporation KZD 43

44 11°20'54.4"N Paloramala Junction Kozhikode corporation 75°44'24.6"E KZD 44

45 11°25'31.1"N Koyilandy Municipality 75°42'26.1"E KZD 45

46 11°28'33.4"N Moodadi Moodadi Grama 75°38'17.8"E Panchayath KZD 46

47 11°33'38.4"N Moorad Municipality 75°36'39.3"E KZD 47

48 11°38'04.6"N K T bazar Junction Omassery Grama 75°34'24.3"E Panchayath KZD 48

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49 11°42'29.0"N New Mahe New Mahe Grama 75°31'47.9"E Panchayath KAN 49

50 11°46'08.4"N Thalassery Municipality 75°28'22.3"E KAN 50

51 11°50'36.6"N Chalai Kannur Municipal 75°25'41.1"E Corporation KAN 51

52 11°53'45.6"N Palikunnu Kannur Municipal 75°22'05.5"E Corporation KAN 52

53 11°58'27.0"N Municipality 75°22'00.8"E KAN 53

54 12°02'53.4"N Taliparamba Municipality 75°20'53.3"E KAN 54

55 12°04'40.4"N Pilathara Cheruthazham Grama 75°15'59.1"E Panchayath KAN 55

56 12°08'32.7"N Puthiyakavu Grama 75°12'53.3"E Panchayat KSD 56

57 12°12'27.0"N Pilicode Pilicode Grama 75°09'37.4"E panchayath KSD 57

58 12°15'54.9"N Padanakad Kanhangad Municipality 75°06'53.2"E KSD 58

59 12°20'44.9"N Manikoth Kanhangad Municipality 75°04'28.2"E KSD 59

60 12°25'01.2"N Kottikulam Kanhangad Municipality 75°01'19.9"E KSD 60

61 12°29'52.8"N Chemanad Chemnad Grama 75°00'02.9"E Panchayath KSD 61

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62 12°34'08.4"N Mukaral Mukaral Kuthur 74°57'10.7"E Panchayath KSD 62

63 12°39'05.4"N Mangalpady, Mangalpady Grama 74°55'20.6"E Panchayath KSD 63

64 12°43'37.2"N Karoda Manjeshwaram Grama 74°53'09.4"E Panchayath KSD 64 Table 12

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Annexure 2

District Profiles- General Composition

1. Thiruvananthapuram

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2. Kollam

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3. Alappuzha

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4.

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5. Thrissur

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6. Malappuram

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7. Kozhikode

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8. Kannur

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9. Kasaragod

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Annexure 3

Brand Audit data sheet

Brands Number of pieces

ITC 38 Perfetti van Melle 34 Pepsico 19 Procter & Gamble 16 Nestle 15 Cadbury 8 Parle agro India 7 Mayora-indo TBK 7 Britania 5 Milma 5 Parle agro India 4 Mars international 4 Lerissi enerlance private ltd 3 Sunfeast 3 Ferrero 2 Wrigley company 2 Whitefield diary PVT ltd 1 Apollo tyres 1 Kandamkulathi eladhi 1 Amul Fed diary 1 Goderg 1 Unilever 1 Eastern 1 Namazco food and beverages 1 Onion agro product 1 Jashiguh udayog 1 Lalisons 1 Prayag Nutri product 1 Kidos 1 Unknown 437

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Sample spots

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Annexure 4

Image 01: Image shows one of the

team member collecting samples

Image 02: The image shows plastic

litter samples collected on cloth bag

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Image 03: Image shows the team at site with samples in cloth bag

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