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Cultural diversity and • Kerala is known as God’s own country. It is one of the few states to have marketed its well-developed tourism natural beauty successfully to the leisure tourism sector. The state’s unique heritage and sector cultural diversity have helped attract tourists from the world over. Highest literacy and sex • Kerala has the highest literacy rate (93.9 per cent) and sex ratio (1084 women for 1000 ratio men) in India. The literacy rate for the rural population is also the highest in the state. Largest recipient of • During 2011-12, Kerala received NRI remittances of US$ 10.4 billion; accounting for 14.6 foreign remittances in per cent of the total NRI remittances – the highest in the country. During 2012-13*, NRI the country remittances for the state reached US$ 10.7 billion. Ranks second in • Kerala ranks second in the Investment Climate Index below Karnataka according to a Investment Climate policy research working paper by the World Bank. The state came on second position due Index to it’s world class infrastructure and well trained human resource pool. Source: Economic Review of Kerala 2012, http://www.emergingkerala2012.org/infrastructure.php, http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1412291.ece, *Data till September 2012 • Kerala is a leading agricultural state in the country and the largest producer of rubber, Strong agricultural pepper, coconut and coir. In 2011-12, the state contributed 87.3 per cent and 79.1 per sector cent to India’s total rubber and pepper production, respectively. First international • Kerala has the first international transhipment terminal in India, having a design capacity container transhipment of around 4 million TEUs and providing better connectivity between Kerala and other ports terminal in India. Presence of world-class • Kerala has also been promoting knowledge-based industries such as IT/ITeS, computer technology park hardware and biotechnology. It is the first state having a technology park with CMMI level 4 quality certification and a world-class IT campus in Thiruvananthapuram. • Kochi, a city in Kerala, is one of the two spots in India having landing points for submarine Best bandwidth cables (SEA-ME-WE3 and SAFE), making it one of the best states in terms of bandwidth connectivity connectivity. Source: Economic Review of Kerala 2012, Kerala IT Policy 2012, http://www.igtpl.com/ Note: TEU’s = Twenty-foot equivalent unit 2011 HighGrowing economic demand growth Leader in tourism industry 2021E • Kerala’s GSDP rose at a compound • Kerala has emerged as the country’s Foreign annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.8 number one travel destination as per Foreign tourist per cent between 2004-05 and 2011- Google’s Search Trends for India in tourist 12. 2012. arrivals: arrivals: • Kerala is the leader in rubber • Foreign and domestic tourist arrivals 0.7 million production; high demand of rubber increased by 11 per cent and 9 per 3.0 million has opened up immense opportunities cent, respectively, over 2011-12. for the state in the rubber industry. Advantage: Kerala Rich labour pool Policy and infrastructure • The engineering sector is delicensed; • Kerala has a large base of skilled 100 per cent FDIsupport is allowed in the labour, making it an ideal destination sector for knowledge-intensive sectors. • Kerala has a wide range of fiscal and policy incentives for businesses under • The state has the highest literacy rate • theDue Industrial to policy andsupport, Commercial there was Policy in the country. andcumulative has well FDI-drafted of USD14.0 sector -billionspecific into • It has a large pool of semi-skilled and policies.the sector over April 2000 – February unskilled labourers. • Besides,2012, making it has up a well8.6 -perdeveloped cent of social,total • The state has over 153 engineering physicalFDI into theand countryindustrial in infrastructure that period and colleges. virtual connectivity; and has good power, airport, IT and port infrastructure. Source: Economic Review of Kerala 2012, Tourism Vision 2030, www.keralatourism.com GSDP: Gross State Domestic Product There are 44 rivers flowing through Kerala, the major ones being the Periyar (244 km), the Bharathapuzha (209 km) and the Pamba (176 km). Parameters Kerala Thiruvananth Capital apuram Geographical area (sq km) 38,863 Administrative districts (No) 14 Source: Maps of India Population density (persons per sq 859 km)* Kerala is located along the coastline to the extreme south- Total population (million)* 33.38 west of the Indian peninsula, flanked by the Arabian Sea on the west and the mountains of the Western Ghats on the Male population (million)* 16.02 east. The state has a coastline of 580 km. Female population (million)* 17.36 Malayalam is the most commonly spoken language. Hindi, Sex ratio (females per 1,000 males)* 1,084 English and Tamil are the other languages used. Literacy rate (%)* 93.9 Kochi, Kozhikode, Kollam, Thrissur, Alappuzha, Palakkad, Thalassery, Ponnani and Manjeri are some of the key cities Sources: Kerala at a glance, Government of Kerala website, www.kerala.gov.in in the state. *Provisional data – Census 2011 Parameter Kerala All-States Source 2011- 2012- Economy 2011-12 12 13 Planning Commission Databook, 2013, GSDP as a percentage of all states GSDP 3.8 100 100 current prices Planning Commission Databook, 2013, Average GSDP growth rate (%)* 14.9 15.9 15.6** current prices Planning Commission Databook, 2013, Per capita GSDP (US$) 1,894.4 1,434.8 1,414.2 current prices Physical Infrastructure Installed power capacity (MW) 3,856.4 225,133.1 Central Electricity Authority, as of May 2013 Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, as of Wireless subscribers (No) 30,692,668 867,803,583 March 2013 Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, as of Broadband subscribers (No)*** 931,560 15,050,000 March 2013 Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, as of National highway length (km) 1,457 79,116 March 2013 Major and minor ports (No) 1+17 13+187 Indian Ports Association Airports (No) 3 133 Airports Authority of India *Calculated in Indian rupee terms, **2004-05 to 2012-13, ***As of December 2011 Parameter Kerala All-States Source Social Indicators Literacy rate (%) 93.91 74.0 Provisional data – Census 2011 SRS Bulletin (www.censusindia.gov.in), Birth rate (per 1,000 population) 15.2 21.8 October 2012 Investment Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, FDI equity inflows (US$ billion) 0.9* 193.3 April 2000 to March 2013 Outstanding investments (US$ billion) 169.7 10,499.2 CMIE (2012-13) Industrial Infrastructure PPP projects (No) 33 881 www.pppindiadatabase.com SEZ (No) 21 385 Notified as of March 2013, www.sezindia.nic.in PPP: Public-Private Partnership, SEZ: Special Economic Zone, SRS: Sample Registration System *Including Lakshadweep At current prices, Kerala’s GSDP was about US$ 65.8 GSDP of Kerala at current prices billion over 2011-12. (US$ billion) 65.8 59.1 The state’s GSDP rose at a CAGR* of 14.9 per cent CAGR 48.9 between 2004-05 and 2011-12. 14.9%* 43.5 44.2 Growth was mainly driven by services and tertiary sectors. 34.0 30.9 26.5 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 - - - - - - - - 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Source: Economic Review of Kerala, 2012, http://planningcommission.gov.in Note: GSDP - Gross State Domestic Product *CAGR calculated in Indian rupee terms At current prices, Kerala’s NSDP was about US$ 58.6 billion NSDP of Kerala at current prices during 2011-12. (US$ billion) 58.6 52.5 NSDP expanded at a CAGR* of 15.1 per cent between CAGR 43.5 38.3 39.2 2004-05 and 2011-12. 15.1%* 29.8 27.2 23.3 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 - - - - - - - - 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Source: Economic Review of Kerala 2012 http://planningcommission.gov.in Note: NSDP - Net State Domestic Product *CAGR calculated in Indian rupee terms The state’s per capita GSDP was US$ 1,894.4 over 2011- GSDP per capita of Kerala at current prices 12 compared to US$ 807.1 during 2004-05. (US$) 1,894 1,716 Per capita GSDP increased at a CAGR of 14.0 per cent CAGR 1,430 between 2004-05 and 2011-12. 14.0%* 1,292 1,301 932 1,016 807 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 - - - - - - - - 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Source: Economic Review of Kerala 2012 http://planningcommission.gov.in *CAGR calculated in Indian rupee terms Kerala’s per capita NSDP was US$ 1,688 over 2011-12 NSDP per capita of Kerala at current prices compared to US$ 709.0 during 2004-05. (US$) 1,688 Per capita NSDP increased at a CAGR* of 14.2 per cent 1,524 CAGR 1,270 between 2004-05 and 2011-12. 14.2%* 1,136 1,155 893 709 819 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 - - - - - - - - 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Source: Economic Review of Kerala 2012 http://planningcommission.gov.in *CAGR calculated in Indian rupee terms Over 2011-12, the tertiary sector contributed 64.5 per cent GSDP composition by sector to the state’s GSDP at current prices, followed by the secondary sector (20.4 per cent). CAGR* The tertiary sector grew at an average rate of 16.7 per cent 59.6% 16.7% between 2004-05 and 2011-12. Growth was driven by trade, 64.5% hotels, real estate, finance, insurance, transport, communications and other services. 22.5% 13.6% 20.4% The secondary sector rose at an average rate of 13.6 per cent between 2004-05 and 2011-12. Growth was led by 17.9% 12.7% 15.1% manufacturing, construction and electricity, gas & water 2004-05 2011-12 supply.
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  • Innovation System and Increasing Reformulation Practices in the Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sector of South India

    Innovation System and Increasing Reformulation Practices in the Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sector of South India

    asian medicine 9 (�0�4) �36–�7� brill.com/asme Innovation System and Increasing Reformulation Practices in the Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sector of South India Harilal Madhavan Azim Premji University [email protected] Abstract This article emphasises the role of domestic knowledge capabilities and networks in shaping an incentive structure for innovation and research. I combine an analysis of in-house research activities by ayurvedic firms in South India with their inter-firm and inter-institutional relations in the establishment of a new innovation regime aiming to promote growth in the ayurvedic sector. The tensions typical of this competitive envi- ronment are discussed by paying attention to the absence of contingent regulatory practices and the recent efforts in this direction as illustrated by the use of the ‘Magical Remedies Act’ to curtail the claims of many firms in the market. The ayurvedic pharma- ceutical company Oushadhi owned by the Government of Kerala as well as the private firms SNA Oushadhasala Pvt. Ltd. and Vaidyaratnam Oushadhasala Pvt. Ltd. (all from Thrissur district of Kerala) are analysed to delineate their research priorities and bottle- necks for innovations. The data of this ayurvedic sector is contrasted with the case of the Kani tribe and the ways in which their traditional knowledge has been reformulated into an industrial ayurvedic product. Through this exploration, the paper attempts to offer an economic explanation for increasing reformulation practices in Ayurveda. Keywords Ayurveda – bioprospection –