CITY MOBILITY PLAN - KOCHI

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Kochi, the largest agglomeration in the state of Kerala is the nerve centre of all commercial activities in Kerala. One of the major ports in the country Kochi is blessed with connection with other parts of the country through all modes of transport like road, rail, air and water. NH 17, NH 47, and NH 49 pass through Kochi. Kochi port is located on strategic International route. Broad gauge railway lines link up Kochi to all major cities of the country. Kochi has got one of the three international airports in the state. In addition to all these the regional road linkages are supplemented by an extensive network of navigation routes through the lagoon system, serving the movement of passenger and cargo.

Insufficient carrying capacity of the intra-urban and sub urban routes, unhindered development of vast areas as urban extensions due to urbanization, unscientific planning in urban infrastructure development , absence of proper linkage of various forms of transportation etc. have resulted in an inadequate mobility system in the city and suburbs. As part of the comprehensive development of the city an efficient mobility plan has to be formulated.

1.2 STUDY AREA

It was only in the beginning of the 19th century that Kochi , which was situated with in the narrow strip of land sandwiched between backwaters and sea outgrew to Ernakulam in the eastern side of the back waters. The narrow streets of Fort Kochi and Mattancherry were not sufficient to take up the travel demand even at that time. So Ernakulam was established as the administrative centre of Kochi. In 1840 Kochi rulers shifted their capital to Ernakulam. Public buildings and

1 educational institutions were set up in Ernakulam. Roads were laid out and markets were established. Railwys came to Ernakulam in 1905 and gradually rose to an administrative and commercial town. Mattancherry rose to the status of municipality in 1912 and was followed by Ernakulam in 1913. By the beginning of the twentieth century the eastern extension of Kochi city viz. Ernakulam has developed into a crowded urban settlement. By the middle of the

2

KOCHI CDP AREA

3 century the expansion of Kochi port by cutting open the sand bar at the sea mouth and forming a deep shipping channel accelerated the development of the city . By the turn of the last millennium the city has expanded further east including shifting of the administrative centre to Kakkanad. Kochi is the Gateway for all international optical fiber cable networks and so has got an added advantage of becoming an IT hub of India. Several establishments like Smart city, Info Park etc. are being developed in the new eastern extension of the city. More over some very important port oriented developments are being planned in the city like Vallarpadam Transshipment terminal, LNG terminal at Puduvipe, the SBM of KRL at Vypin, and SEZ at Vypin. The current road network and public transport which cannot even handle the present travel demand has to be developed to handle the future traffic demand. So to address to this burning issue the formulation of a city mobility plan covering the entire urban vicinity region is the necessity of the time.

1.2.1 REGIONAL SETTING

Kochi region as conceived in the regional development plan was primarily an urban vicinity region delineated to encompass settlements lying with in the primary influence zone of Kochi city. The core area of Kochi region is the Kochi City. Five other Muncipal towns included in the region are linked to the city through transportation corridors. Unlike other states in the country distinct boundary between urban and rural area is totally absent in Kerala. So the development plan should be laid giving emphasis on the settlement structure of the entire region.

1.2.2 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The constituent area of Kochi CDP area is listed below.

1. Kochi Municipal Corporation. 2. Kalamassery Municipality 3. Thripunithara Municipality.

4 4. Elamkunnappuzha Panchayat 5. Njarakkal Panchayat 6. Mulavukad Panchayat 7. Kadamakkudy Panchayat. 8. Cheranallur Panchayat 9. Eloor 10. Varapuzha 11. Thrikkakara 12. Thiruvankulam 13. Maradu 14. Kumbalam 15. Kumbalangi 16. Chellanam

1.2.3 DEMOGRAPHY

Table:1.1 : Spatial distribution of density of population

S.No. Name of local body Area in Ha. Population 2001 Density per hectare 1 Kochi Corporation 9,488 596,473 63 2 Kalamassery Municipality 2,700 63,1176 23 3 Thripunithura Municipality 1,869 59,881 32 4 Elamkunnapuzha Panchayat 1,166 50,563 21 5 Njarakkal Panchayat 860 24,166 12 6 Mulavukad 1,927 22,842 28 7 Kadamakkudy 1,292 15,824 43 8 Cheranallur 1,059 26,316 25 9 Eloor 1,421 35,573 25 10 Varapuzha 774 24,524 32 11 Thrikkakara 2,746 65,984 21 12 Thiruvankulam 1,049 21,717 33 13 Maradu 1,235 41,012 13

5 14 Kumbalam 2,079 27,549 17 15 Kumbalangi 1,577 26,661 12 16 Chellanam 1,760 36,029 24 Total 33,002 1,138,413 35

1.2.4 FUTURE POPULATION

Kochi being the commercial capital of Kerala, the population growth in Kochi Muncipal Corporation alone is expected to be 10% per decade. The growth of population in the remaining area is expected to be 19% per decade

Table 1.2: Projected population of Kochi city

S.No. Area 2001 2011 2021 2026 1 Kochi Corporation 596,473 618,348 640,379 648,398 2 Muncipalities-2 123,000 142,360 159,233 165,750 3 Panchayats-13 418,940 491,317 569,927 615,521 Total 1,138,413 1,252,025 1,369,539 1,429,669

The present population of the adjoining municipalities and panchayats is less than the population of Kochi Municipal Corporation., where as the projected population is much greater than the projected population of Kochi Municipal Corporation. So the emphasis should be on the travel demand of outer area.

1.3 TRANSPORT SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

The major public transport modes in Kochi are City Buses, Autorikshas, and ferry boats operated mainly by private operators. A total of about 650 buses are operated on about 160 routes originating from 60 locations scattered all over the city. ¾ The buses contribute about 14% of the vehicular traffic and carry 73% passenger traffic

6 ¾ The share of cars in terms of vehicular trips is about 38% carrying 15%of the passenger. ¾ Two wheelers contribute 35% of vehicular traffic and 8% of passenger traffic ¾ Autorikshaws contribute about 13% of vehicular traffic and 4% of passenger traffic.

1.3.1. ROAD NETWORK

The road net work is constituted by a broken grid iron pattern. The main emphasis is on the north south axis with minor roads giving the east west connection. Undue concentration of services is seen in certain areas of the city. The lack of accessibility is caused by poor quality of roads, inadequate road width crossing of railway lines, canals and back waters. Main roads catering the core area are M.G road, Shanmugham road and Chittoor road running north south and there are only two east west corridors viz. Banerji road and S.A. road giving access to the core area. Trunk routes connecting the city are

7 TRANSPORT NETWORK OF KOCHI CITY

8

NH 17, NH47, NH 49, Kothamangalam –Thripunithura-Ernakulam road, and Ettumanoor- Thripunithura- Ernakulam road. The completion of Gosree bridges has converted Vypin road also as a trunk route connecting Kodungallur, Chavakkad and Ponnani through NH 17.

1.3.2. VEHICLE POPULATION AND GROWTH

The number of vehicles in Ernakulam District has increased from 91411 in1989- 1990 to 525204 in 2004-2005 showing an average annual growth rate of 13%. Two wheelers constituted the major share of vehicle population in Ernakulam District during the period between 1990 and 2005.

Table 1.3: Growth of Vehicle Population in Ernakulam District.

No. Type of vehicle 1989-90 1994-95 2002- 2003- 2004-2005 2003 2004 1 Goods vehicle 12059 15315 36628 39874 43922 2 Bus/Minibus 2076 5176 9753 10931 12247 3 Car/Jeep/Van 24737 37481 71404 80448 91402 4 3-Wheelers 6219 17012 33478 35511 37629 5 2-Wheelers 44129 165250 283283 285221 326491 6 Others 2221 1547 12413 12937 13513 Total 91441 241781 446959 464922 525204 Source: Economic Review, Kerala State Planning Board.

From 1990 to 2005 personal vehicles such as scooters/motorcycles and cars recorded a growth of 7.4 times and 3.7 times respectively. Buses and mini buses also increased by more than 5.8 times.

9 1.3.3. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

¾ Majority of traffic problems are concentrated along two east west corridors of the city ¾ The city is divided in to two parts by railway line. ¾ Improper traffic junctions ¾ Chronic parking problems in core areas ¾ Absence of pedestrian crossing facilities ¾ Absence of bus bays ¾ Insufficient carriageway width to accommodate high volume of traffic ¾ Narrow bridges and inadequate number of railway over bridges. ¾ Various types of encroachments ¾ Absence of proper link roads ¾ Unscientific route selection of public transport ¾ Absence of bus terminals. ¾ Concentration of commercial activities in core area. ¾ Overcrowding of old town areas like Fort Kochi and Mattancherry. ¾ Absence of mass rapid transportation system ¾ Absence of integration of different modes of transport. ¾ Uncontrolled increase in personal vehicles due to absence of adequate public transport system. ¾ Lack of increase in road length to accommodate the increasing vehicular density. ¾ Lack of awareness of traffic rules by public

1.4 APPROACH

The solution to the problem of mobility can be classified in to short term, mid term and long term.

10 Short term solutions

The issues connected with core commercial area like improper traffic junctions, absence of bus bays, terminals, and pedestrian paths etc. can be addressed now. Some of the issues are already taken up under KSUDP which include:

¾ Improvement of junctions including road marking, providing signals and retro reflective direction boards etc. ¾ Road safety measures to roads in the commercial area including providing foot path and drainage. ¾ Upgradation of roads.

Mid term

The city is fast expanding towards eastern side with the establishment of Info park, Export Processing Zone, Education Institutions etc. The proposed Smart City will again intensify the development. Quick connectivity to the newly developed IT nerve centers from the city centre is an essential requirement for the smooth functioning of these centers. So hindrance free roads with adequate carrying capacity with properly designed grade separators at interchanges should be constructed for proper mobility. The widening of the existing roads and construction of new roads and flyovers should be taken up in the mid term plan along with proper surface water drainage facilities.

Long term.

The city mobility plan should be formulated so as to take up the expected growth of the city with in the next two decades including guiding the growth of the city in a scientific manner. Providing a mass rapid transit system, introduction of a suburban rail traffic system, independent goods corridors, improvement of inland water transport system etc. should be the constituents of long term plan. The over

11 al development of the region between Main central road and the Kochin Corporation including the urban units of Perumbavoor, Aluva, Thripunithura, Ettumanoor, Angamali and Parumbavoor constituting an agglomeration may be considered in the formulation of long term plan. Eventually the Kochi agglomeration is going to expand up to the major towns of Thrissur in the North east,Kottayam,in the south east, Alappuzha in the south and Kodungallur in the north. Completion of a circular railway line by connecting Angamali or Aluva to Thripunithura and providing suburban traffic up to Thrissur, Kottayam and Alapuzha have to be included in the long term plan. Mass rapid transit system viz. Kochi Metro which is being formulated by DMRC also should be taken up.

12 SURVEYS

2.0 GENERAL

Various economic activities such as industry, infra structure development connected with port, IT and ITES etc are proposed in Kochi development area. All these activities will attract a large number of people from all parts of the country especially from the neighboring area. Rapid urbanization of the Kochi city and its influence area will be the result of these economic activities. Mobility plan of the city is envisaged to serve the city up to 2026. Various infra structure development work have been planned by several governmental and non governmental agencies such as PWD, KTDC, KINCO, Kochi port, GCDA, Cochin shipyard, KSIDC etc. For preparation of the mobility plan data available with PWD, Corporation, GCDA etc. were collected. Data available from various studies conducted by agencies like NATPC, RITES, KUDP, GCDA, DMRC etc were also studied in detail.

2.1 SURVEY PRELIMINARIES

2.1.1 ZONING SYSTEM

The study on the survey regions were divided in to traffic zones for spatial distribution of traffic with in the study region. The Kochi corporation area has been divided in to 66 internal zones corresponding to the ward boundaries of the city. The area outside the corporation limits have been divided in to 53 outer zones. Two municipalities and the panchayaths falling with in the influence area of Kochi have been included in different zones

2.1.2 SCREEN AND CORDON LINES

Traffic survey details of nine screen line location conducted by NATPAC in 2005 is available for study .The screen line locations selected was on

1. Palarivattom on Edappally road

13 2. Kaloor thodu on Banerji road 3. R.O.B.on Banerji road 4. R.O.Bon Sahodaran Ayyappan Road 5. R.O.B. on bypass 6. Champakkara Bridge on Thripunithura road 7. Old Mattancherry bridge on Wellington-Matttancherry road 8. Venduruthy bridge on Wellington Island road 9. New Mattancherry bridge on Wellington-Matttancherry road

From the traffic volume on these locations Kaloor thodu on Banerji Road recorded the highest traffic volume of 57822 PCU followed by ROB at North over bridge (47827) PCU on Banerji Road and ROB at South (37211 PCU) on SA road. Category wise analysis of traffic movements showed that two wheelers constituted the majority of the traffic on all the screen line survey locations. Composition of two wheelers in the total traffic ranged from 32% to 59% of whole traffic and that of car ranged from 20% to 37% .On new Mattancherry bridge car constituted the majority of traffic (55%) followed by private bases (14%P).

To have on understanding of the volume of intercity passengers and goods movement pattern traffic count at main entry parts of the city located on intercity corridors is essential. The details from survey conducted by NATPAC at the following 11 locations have been adopted in this study.

Table 2.1 Name of the location Name of Road 1. Near Kumbalangi bridge Palluruthy Kumbalangi Road 2. Near Corporation Boundary Chellanam road 3. Near GIDA bridge High court Vypin Road 4. Near Bridge Chittoor Road 5. Near Cheranallur N.H. 47 6. Edappally Bridge N.H. 47 Bypass 7. Near Thodu Kakkanadu Road 8. Arakkadavu Bridge Alinchuvadu Thrippunithara

14 9. Petta Bridge Thripunithara Road 10. Chembaka Bridge N. H. 47 Bypass 11. Aroor old bridge Old N.H. 47

Table 2.2 Summary of daily vehicular traffic at outer cordon survey locations In Kochi city

In Out bound bound Total

Sl.No Name of Location Name of Road No PCU No PCU No PCU Palluruthy- 1 Permpadappu Kumbalangi road 3,342 2,473 2,891 2,252 6,233 4,725 Thoppumpadi to 2 Chellanam Chellanam road 2,703 2,212 2,427 2,023 5,130 4,234 High court to Vypeen 3 Near GIDA bridge road 6,798 6,194 6,616 6,614 13,414 12,807

4 Near Bridge Chittur road 4,459 4,059 4,603 3,977 9,062 8,036

5 Near cheranallur NH-17 5,062 5,346 5,165 5,131 10,227 10,477

6 Edappally bridge NH-47 & bypass 25,415 31,829 23,571 28,331 48,986 60,159

7 Near thodu Kakkanad road 16,427 15,214 15,235 14,765 31,662 29,979 Alinchuvadu to 8 Arkkakadavu bridge Thrippunithura road 3,159 2,448 2,560 1,969 5,720 4,417

9 Petta bridge Thrippunithura road 17,377 18,705 18,120 21,229 35,497 39,934

10 Thykoodam bridge NH-bypass 12,999 16,674 16,238 21,242 29,237 37,915

11 Edakochi NH-47 3,533 3,942 3,803 4,403 7,336 8,345 Source: NATPAC study report ,May,2006.

In addition to this details of survey conducted by RITES during 2000 at 6 outer cordon locations are also available for study which is shown in Table 2.3

Table 2.3 No. Location Inflow Outflow Total 1 N.H.47 towards Alapuzha 14108 13434 27542 2 Puthotta bridge (Kottayam road) 2553 1742 4295 3 Hill Palace jn.(towards Kottayam) 7391 7757 15148 4 Aluva – Perumbavoor road 10679 10127 20806

15 5 N.H.47 towards Thrissur 14851 13708 28559 6 N.H.17 towards Calicut. 3678 4354 8032 Total 53260 51122 104382

Analysis of the outer cordon survey locations reveal that a maximum number of 48966 vehicles passed through the survey location at Edappally on NH 47 followed by 35497 vehicles through Pelta on Thripunithara Road, 31662 vehicles through Kakkanad Road. N.H. 47 towards Alapuzha and Aluva Perumbavoor Road are other points with high volume of traffic. About 41% of the total vehicles passing through the locations were two wheelers followed by 26% of cars 6.5% of passenger autorikshaws.

Composition of traffic at three outer cordon points are as detailed in Table 2.4

Table 2.4

Chittoor road at Near NH bypass and NH-17 at NH-17 at Cheranullur bridge Edappally bridge SI. In Out In Out In Out No Type of vehicle bound bound Total bound bound Total bound bound Total 2 Private Bus 306 317 623 199 222 421 811 862 1,673 3 Other Buses 25 23 48 77 60 137 262 317 579 4 Mini-bus/Tempo 70 109 179 326 105 431 181 619 800 5 Car/Van/Jeep 776 700 1,475 1,441 1,214 2,655 7,763 7,330 15,093 6 Passenger auto rickshaw 490 401 891 226 239 465 1,743 1,550 3,293 7 Two-Wheeler 2,030 2,327 4,357 2,111 2,502 4,613 8,008 8,068 16,076 8 Mat - - - 36 34 70 458 405 863 9 Truck 15 10 24 138 109 247 2.568 1,774 4,342 10 Mini-truck /tempo 156 28 184 85 243 328 1,950 1,304 3,254 11 Goods autorickshaw 178 185 363 147 156 303 1,195 964 2,159 12 Bi-cycle 407 496 903 149 168 317 194 99 293 13 Hand cart ------14 Bullock cart ------15 Others (Specify) ------Total (No.) 4,459 4,603 9,062 5,062 5,165 10,227 25,415 23,571 48,986 Total (PCU) 4,059 3,977 8,036 5,346 5,131 10,477 31,829 28,331 60,159 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

16 2.1.3 SECONDARY DATA

CHARACTERISTICS OF EXISTING DEMAND OF TRAVEL

Origin destination survey will give the proportion of bypassable traffic along the major external interaction areas. The purpose of journey, the type of vehicle and the average time taken for a trip will give the characteristics of existing travel demand. Pedestrians are also an important component of road users. Pedastrian demand also should be analyzed for a clear understanding of the characteristics of travel demand Kochi is served by four dominant modes of transport viz. Road, rail, water and air. Out of this road net work is the most widely spread penetrating to almost all the accessible points.

Supply of traffic

The modes of traffic catering Kochi city as already mentioned above constitute all mediums. A vast road net work served by arterial roads, sub arterial road, collector streets and local streets constitute the prime mode of traffic in the city. Due to various infra structure deficiencies the road net work even though gives access to almost all points fail to cater the travel demand. Rail transport system caters mainly to the needs of intercity and goods traffic. Railway lines offshoots to three directions from Kochi. They are Thiruvananthapuram, Via Alappuzha, Thiruvananthapuram, Via Kottayam and to Thrissur. Kochi is well connected to rest of the country and another part of the world by Air transport through Cochin International airport. Air port located in the proximity of two N.H.s viz. NH 47 and NH 17 is close to Thrissur corporation also. It is one of the major air ports in the country. Kochi has a good net work of inland water way system consisting of back Waters, canal, lagoon and estuaries. Kochi port, one of the major parts in the country is an all weather port very near to international sea route.

2.1.4 PRIMARY SURVEY

17 Road inventory

An understanding of the extent and quality of road net work in a city is very important to assess its shortfall and propose remedial measures.

Classification of Road The roads in Kochi can be broadly classified in to

a) Arterial roads serving as the principal network for though traffic flow accommodating significant intra urban travel and giving connectivity to outlying residential areas and suburban area.

b) Sub arterial roads with same functions as that of arterial routes but with a lower level of mobility.

c) Collector streets collecting traffic from local streets and feeding to major routes.

d) Local streets giving access to abutting property and normally having low carrying capacity.

The length of road network under various classification is given in Table 2.5

Table 2.5

Distribution of road network in Kochi city according to functional classification SI.No. Type of road Length (KM) Percentage 1 Arterial road 16.9 2.75 2 Sub-arterial road 53 8.63 3 collector street 151.4 24.66 4 Local Streets 392.665 63.96 Total 613.965 100 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

18 Type of road

The roads in Kochi corporation area is owned and maintained by PWD or Corporation. The length of various types of roads are given in Table 2.6

Table 2.6

Distribution of road network in Kochi city according to type of road

SI.NO Type of road Length (KM) 1 PWD road 72.1 11.74 2 Corporation road 541.865 88.26 Total 613.965 100.00. Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

Right of Way

The right of way of roads in Kochi varies from as low a value of less than 5m to more than 40 m. distribution of road network according to ROW is shown in Table 2.7

Table 2.7

Distribution of road network in Kochi City according to right -of-way Road length Sl.No. Right of way (m) (km) Percentage 1 <5 325.604 53 2 10-20 214.887 35 3 20-30 49.117 8 4 20-30 18.418 3 5 >40 5.939 1 Total 613.965 100 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

19 Carriage way width

Carriage way width of almost all the roads is totally insufficient. Distribution as per carriageway width is shown in Table 2.8

Table 2.8

No Carriageway width Road length (km) Percentage

1 Less than single lane 100.125 16.3

2 Single lane 347.68 56.6

3 Intermediate lane 81.295 13.2

4 Two lane 52.355 8.5

5 Three lane 4.05 0.7

6 >Four lane 28.46 4.7

Total 613.965 100

Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

Surface type and condition of roads

The distribution of road network according to surface type and condition is shown in Table 2.9

Table 2.9

No. Surface type Good Fair Bad Total

1 Bituminous Km 192.74 263.28 99.43 55.45

2 Bituminous % 34.7 47.4 17.9 100

3 Cement Concrete Km 28.24 1.84 0.62 30.7

4 Cement Concrete % 91.99 5.99 2.02 100

20 5 WBM Km 4.21 2.53 9.95 16.69

6 WBM % 25.22 15.16 59.62 100

7 Earthen Km 2.21 3.47 5.455 11.135

Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

Foot path and drainage

Table 2.10

Distribution of road network in Kochi city according to availability of footpath and drainage facility

Percentage Availability of Percentage of Availability of SI.No of road footpath road length drain length 1 Footpath on one side 2 Covered drain 8 2 Footpath on both sides 6 Uncovered drain 68 3 No Foot Path 92 No drain 24 Total 100 Total 100 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

Street lighting Table 2.11 Availability and type of street lighting in Kochi City

SI.No. Availability of street Lighting Percentage 1 Street light available 84 Fluorescent 28 Sodium vapor 72 Total 100 2 Not available 16 Total 100 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

21 Abutting land use

Table 2.12

Distribution of road network in Kochi city according to abutting land use Length of Sl.No. Type of abutting road (km) Percentage of road Length 1 Residential 373.297 60.8 2 Mixed land use 67.537 11 3 Public & semipublic 57.1 9.3 4 Commercial 97.008 15.8 5 Others 19.033 3.1 Total 613.975 100 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

Speed delay survey

Details of speed delay survey conducted by NATPAC in 2005 was studied in detail. The assessment of journey speed gives an idea of the travel time required for access between source and destination.

Table 2.13

Distribution of road length by peak and off-peak hour journey speed in Kochi city Peak Period Off-peak period Journey Road length in Road length Percent Speed Percentage (%) (Kms.) in Kms. age (%) (Km/Hr) <10 7.1 4.37 0 0 10-20 47.45 29.24 14.6 9 20-30 53.55 33 39.2 24.2 30-40 40.6 25.01 63.3 39 40-50 10.8 6.65 34.6 21.3 >50 2.8 1.73 10.6 6.5 Total 162.3 100 162.3 100 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

22 Table 2.14 Distribution of road length by peak and off-peak hour running speed in Kochi city

Journey Speed Peak Period Off-peak period (Km/Hr) Road length in Road length in Road length in Percentage (Kms.) (Kms.) Kms. (%) 6.7 4.1 0 0 <10 38.45 23.7 12.9 7.9 10-20 54.75 33.7 31.9 19.6 20-30 33.6 20.7 61.6 38 30-40 21.1 13.00 36.30 22.4 40-50 7.7 4.8 19.6 22.4 >50 162.3 100 162.3 100 Total Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

Table 2.15 Distribution of causes of delays during peak hour in Kochi City SI. No Causes of Delays Delay time (sec) Percentage 1 Intersection 893 41.2 2 Congestion 419 19.4 3 Railway Level Crossing 250 11.6 4 Stopped vehicle 241 11.1 5 Signal 144 6.7 6 Bus stop 128 5.9 7 Pedestrian 89 4.1 Total 2,164 100 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

2.1.5 CLASSIFIED TRAFFIC VOLUME COUNT

The data available from the traffic volume count is analyzed for the under standing of the volume handled by the road and to assess the requirement of width of carriageway to cater the traffic.

23 Table 2.16 Traffic volume observed at Screen line survey points (12 hours) MAT MAT Mini- Mini- Truck Truck Sl.No. Goods Others Others Bi-cycle (Specify (Specify Direction Hand cart cart Hand Passenger Passenger bus/Tempo bus/Tempo Private Bus Private Bus Other buses buses Other Total (Nos.) Bullock cart Total (PCU) Total (PCU) KSRTC Bus KSRTC Bus truckckshaw truckckshaw autorickshaw autorickshaw autorickshaw autorickshaw Car/Van/Jeep Two-Wheeler Two-Wheeler

Old Mattacherry Willingdon-Mattanchery 1 Bridge road To Thoppumpady - - - - 9 1,012 7,803 - - - 705 580 7 - - 10,116 5,946 to Kochi - - - - 6 713 8,139 - - - 380 319 1 - - 9,558 5,332 Total - - - - 15 1,725 15,942 - - - 1,085 899 8 - - 19,674 11,278 Composition(%) - - - - 0.08 8.77 81.03 - - - 5.51 4.57 0.04 - - 100 Willingdon-Mattanchery 2 BOT Bridge road To Thoppumpady 115 778 109 56 3,031 - 104 83 286 394 9 343 - - - 5,308 8,176 To Kochi 115 729 50 150 2,823 - 550 52 362 463 - 126 - - - 5,420 8,083 Total 230 1,507 159 206 5,854 - 654 135 648 857 9 469 - - - 10,728 16,259 Composition(%) 2.14 14.05 1.48 1.92 54.57 - 6.1 1.26 6.04 7.99 0.08 4.37 - - - 100 3 ROB-South S.A road To Kadavunthura 180 1,505 208 223 4,686 3,334 6,537 4 37 178 777 110 3 - - 17,782 18,542 To Pallimukku 163 1,508 148 228 4,649 2,725 7,595 2 52 168 1,199 123 6 - - 18,564 18,669 Total 343 3,013 356 451 9,335 6,059 14,132 6 89 334 1,976 233 9 - - 36,346 37,211 Composition(%) 0.94 8.29 0.98 1.24 25.68 16.67 38.88 0.02 0.24 0.95 5.44 0.64 0.02 - - 100.00 4 ROB-North Banerji road To Kacheripadi 256 2,428 204 167 6,115 3,440 12,183 11 121 106 260 25 - - - 25,316 25,405 To Kaloor 206 1,989 184 75 6,505 4,299 11,466 - 14 345 450 116 - - 2 25,651 24,862 Total 462 4,137 388 242 10,620 7,739 23,649 11 135 451 1,110 141 - - 2 50,967 47,827 Composition (%) 0.91 8.12 0.76 0.47 20.84 15.18 46.40 0.02 0.26 0.88 2.18 0.28 - - 0.00 100.00 5 Vonduruthi Bridge Willington Island road To Willington Island 123 829 62 114 2,837 733 7,173 - 1 79 458 721 - - 5 13,135 11,330 To Thovera 130 836 36 111 3,355 450 9,330 - 50 71 290 138 - - - 14,797 12,258 Total 253 1,765 98 225 6,192 1,183 16,503 - 51 150 748 859 - - 5 27,932 23,888 Composition (%) 0.91 6.32 0.35 0.81 22.17 4.24 59.08 - 0.18 0.54 2.68 3.08 - - 0.02 100.00

24 Table 2.17

Traffic Volume count (12 hours) on major links in Kochi city

Name of road sections MAT Mini- Truck Goods By-cycle Hand cart Sl. Passenger Private Bus Total (Nos) truck/tempo Other Buses Bullock cart KSRTC Bus autorickshaw autorickshaw Car/Van/Jeep Two-Wheeler Others (Specify) No. Mini-bus/Tempo Total (PCU) 1.OLD NH Kumbalagi 1 Edakochi vazhi 380 38 39 73 819 240 2,594 94 241 289 220 369 2 - 1 5,399 5,833 2 Kumbalangl vazi Thoppumpadi 388 914 41 87 2,252 1,228 7,186 74 163 406 529 545 5 - -13,820 13,489 3 Thoppumpadi Thevara 253 1765 98 225 6,192 1,183 16,503 - 51 150 748 859 - - 5 28,032 23,888 4 Thevara Jn Pallimukku 489 3412 189 121 6,548 2,558 12,007 - 15 142 1,617 747 - - -27,845 29,810 5 Pallimukku Jos 534 3724 207 88 7,783 3,003 17,905 88 378 1,898 418 36,026 36,204 Madhava 6 Jos Pharmacy 359 1,534 93 136 7,736 3,942 27,281 - 126 149 2,493 556 3 - 3 44,410 34,873 7 Madhava Pharmacy Kaloor 462 4,137 388 242 10,620 7,739 23,649 11 135 451 1,110 141 - - 2 49,087 47,827 8 Kaloor Palarivattam 494 4,623 219 323 15,146 3,914 35,352 6 163 1,144 1,410 901 9 - - 63,704 57,357 9 Palarivattam Edapally Jn 497 2,112 288 319 6,588 2,492 18,088 13 220 837 1,183 406 4 - - 33,047 30,670

II. Ravipuram-BTH-HIGH CORUT -MADHAVA PHARMACY ROAD

1 Ravipuram Jn BTH Jn - 297 33 114 3,246 1,953 7,603 - 99 261 333 1,233 8 - - 15,178 11,832 2 BTH High Court 333 4,074 196 466 12,103 5,616 14,813 28 124 818 1,553 226 3 - 3 40,555 43,244 Madhava 3 High court Pharmacy 279 4,087 145 322 10,176 4,096 10,057 28121 750 1,307 138 - - 3 31,509 36,319 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

25 2.1.6 INTERSECTION TURNING MOVEMENT SURVEY

Traffic at instructions will have great influence on the capacity of urban roads. Assessment of turning movement of vehicles at intersection could be used in the design of intersections, in planning traffic signals and other control devices. Turning movement survey conducted at 39 intersections by NATPAC is studied for the preparation of the report.

Table 2.18 Peak hour Traffic volume on major Intersection in Kochi City

No. of Total Junction Type of traffic Sl. No. Name Peak Hour arms volume (PCU) control 1 Palluruthy 08.45 AM TO 09.45 AM 3 1,464 UC 2 Thoppumpady 09.15 AM TO 10.15 AM 3 2460 UC 3 Willington Island 09.45 AM TO 10.45 AM 4 2443 UC 4 Thevara 03.00 PM TO 04.00 PM 3 3527 UC 5 Atlantis 09.45 AM TO 10.45 AM 3 4258 UC 10.00 A.M TO 11.00 6 Ravipuram 4 5124 P A,M 7 Pallimukku 05.00 PM TO 06.00 PM 4 4847 S 8 Jos 10.45 AM TO 11.45 AM 4 5395 UC 9 Maharaja 11.00 AM TO 12.00 PM 4 5386 S 10 Shenoys 11.00 AM TO 12.00 PM 4 3712 S 11 Abad 03.00 PM TO 04.00 PM 3 3574 P 12 Padma 03.00 PM TO 04.00 PM 4 4225 S 13 Madava Pharmacy 10.45 AM TO 11.45 AM 3 3935 S 14 Kacherippady 09.00 AM TO 10.00 AM 4 5621 P 15 North (Town Hall) 09.00 AM TO 10.00 AM 3 6409 S 16 Lissie 09.00 AM TO 10.00 AM 4 6153 P 17 Stock Exchange 09.00 AM TO 10.00 AM 4 6033 P 18 Kaloor 09.00 AM TO 10.00 AM 4 6326 19 Desabhimani 09.00 AM TO 10.00 AM 4 4210 UC 20 Palarivattom 05.30 PM TO 6.30 PM 4 4523 P 21 Edappally Byepass 06.00 PM TO 06.30 PM 4 7717 S 22 BTH 05.00 PM TO 06.00 PM 3 2381 P 23 Hospital 04.45 PM TO 05.45 PM 3 3394 P 24 High Court 05.45 PM TO 06.45 PM 4 4680 S 25 KSRTC 03.30 PM TO 04.30 PM 4 1880 UC 26 South 04.45 PM TO 05.45 PM 4 4541 UC 27 Valanjambalam 03.45 PM TO 04.45 PM 4 4015 P 28 Manorama 11.00 AM TO 12.00 PM 3 6098 P 29 GCDA 09.00 AM TO 10.00 AM 4 4906 S 30 Kadavanthara 10.00 AM TO 11.00 AM 4 3959 P 31 Vyttila 11.00 AM TO 12.00 PM 4 8721 S Palarivattam 32 04.30 PM TO 05.30 PM 4 7356 S Bypass

26 33 Santhi Nagar 05.00 PM TO 06.00 PM 4 2231 S 34 Kathrikkadavu 05.45 PM TO 06.45 PM 4 3271 SUC 35 Thammanam 05.30PM TO 06.30 PM 4 1607 UC 36 Elamakkara 05.30 PM TO 06.30PM 4 992 UC 37 Kalppalandimukku 03.45 PM TO 04.45 PM 4 1278 UC 38 Koovappadam 03.45 PM TO 04.45 PM 4 1199 UC 39 Saudia 10.15 AM TO 11.15 AM 3 774 UC Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

2.1.7 ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEY

The intercity passengers and goods movement can be studied with the help of origin destination survey. The details of O.D. survey conducted by Natpac in 11 locations in Kochi have been adopted for the preparation of this report.

2.1.8 HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

To study the socio economic and travel characteristics the details available from household travel survey carried out by different agencies have been adopted. A total of 7400 household interviewed in Kochi CDP area representing all traffic zones are available. The socio economic characteristics are enumerated in the tables below.

Table 2.19 Household Distribution by size Household size No. of Households Percentage Cumulative percentage <=3 2021 27.3 27.3 4 2047 27.7 55 5 1957 26.4 81.4 6 998 13.5 94.9 More than 6 377 5.1 100 Total 7400 100 Source:RITES report August2001

Table 2.20 Distribution of sampled population by age structure Table 3.35 Category Age structure <=5 6-20 21-35 36-45 45-60 >60 Male 941 4411 5724 3313 3411 1804 19604 % 4.8 22.5 29.2 16.9 17.4 9.2 100 Female 771 3874 5764 3231 2901 1817 18358 % 4.2 21.1 31.4 17.6 15.8 9.9 100 Total 1712 8284 11489 6544 6312 3621 37962 % 4.5 21.8 30.3 17.2 16.6 9.5 100 Source:RITES report August2001

27

Table 2.21 Education and qualification

Category Uneducated Below Matric +2 Digree/Dip P.G Total matric Male 706 5.38 6254 4019 3019 569 19604 % 3.6 25.7 31.9 20.5 15.4 2.9 100 Female 955 5214 5893 3415 2497 386 18358 % 5.2 28.4 32.1 18.6 13.6 2.1 100 Total 1660 10252 12147 7433 5516 954 37962 % 4.4 27.0 32.0 19.6 14.5 2.5 100

Table2.22 -Occupational characteristics

Sex Govt. Pvt. Business Stud. House Retired Un- Other Total wife employed Male 1313 6646 2764 4234 - 1157 2568 921 19604 6.7 33.9 14.1 21.6 5.9 13.1 4.7 100 Female 330 1046 92 3653. 10795 294 1377 771 18358 1.8 5.7 0.5 19.9 58.8 1.6 7.5 4.2 100 Total 1644 7692 2856 7888 10795 1450 3945 1692 37962 4.3 20.3 7.5 20.8 28.4 3.8 10.4 4.5 100 Source:RITES report August, 2001

Table 2.23 House hold vehicle ownership

Vehicles owned House holds Percentage None 3862 52.2 Car 209 2.8 Two wheeler 1043 14.1 Cycle 1428 19.3 Car& two wheeler 234 3.2 Car& cycle 87 1.2 Car/ two wheeler/ cycle 104 1.4 Two wheeler/ cycle 433 5.9 Total 7400 5.9 Source:RITES report August2001

Table 2.24 Modal share of passenger Trips

Mode Home Based Non-home Based Total Trips Percentage Percentage Trips Percentage Bus 908563 72.19 60840 74.87 969403 72.35 Car 49568 3.94 4647 5.72 54215 4.05 Two 74865 5.95 5356 6.59 80221 5.99 wheeler Auto 62365 4.96 1377 1.69 63742 4.79 Cycle 32186 2.56 1488 1.83 33674 2.51 Ferry 125729 9.99 4900 63.03 130629 9.75 Train 5284 0.42 2654 3.27 7938 0.59 Total 1258560 100.0 6205 100.0 133982 100.0

28 Walk 110484 94.7 6205 5.3 116688 8.0 Total with 1369044 94.0 87467 6 1456510 100.0 walk trips Source:RITES report August2001

2.1.9 PUBLIC TRANSPORT OPERATOR SURVEY

The important public transport system catering Kochi is Bus transport. Travel demands of majority of the people in and Kochi is met by Bus transport system.

Table 2.25 Percentage Distribution of private buses according to Kilometer operated per day

Kilmetere S. No. Percentage of buses operated/day 1 < 200 10 2 201 - 250 14 3 251 - 300 68 4 301 - 350 8 Total 100 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

Table2.26 Percentage Distribution of private buses according to Passenger carried per day

S. No. Kilmeter operated/day Percentage of buses 1 < 500 12 2 500-750 19 3 750-1000 31 4 1500-2000 13 Total 100 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

2.1.10 Intermediate public transport system

Intermediate public transport system comprises of Autorikshaw, jeeps, vans and taxis. In cities IPT modes play an important role in the transportation system. They help to reduce the inadequacy of public transportation system to a certain extent. The IPT is gradually becoming an important mode of the transport system

29 of Kochi city as the city is witnessing rapid strides in economic development and hitherto undevelopedareas with limited accessibility.

Growth of I PT vehicles

Table 2.27 Growth of Intermediate public transport modes in Ernakulam di strict and Kerala State

Intermedicate No. of vehicles in Percentage Sl. No. Public Transport Increase mode 2003 2004 Ernakulam District 1 Taxi 9,331 10,362 11.05 2 Auto rickshaw 33478 35511 6.07 Kerala State 1 Taxi 88,070 285,092 6.11 2 Auto Rickshaw 285,092 303,092 6.31 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

Table 2.28 Percentage distribution of IPT Vehicles according to distance operated per day ( including dead kilometers)

Percentage of Ipt Vehicles Distance operated Sl. No. (Km) Auto Taxi Rickshaw 1 Up to 50 31 22 2 51- 75 25 46 3 76-100 15 14 4 101-150 13 10 5 > 150 16 8 Total 100 100 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

2.1.11 Parking survey

Uncontrolled vehicles growth is a byproduct of urbanization and economic development. The necessity of locating and regulating parking spaces for vehicles is major problem in Kochi as in other cities. Haphazard street parking becomes a menace resulting in traffic congestion and consequent reduction in capacity.

30

Table 2.29 Maximum on-street parking accumulation along other major roads in Kochi city

S. Section No. Car others BI-cycle Mini Bus Mini Truck Goods Auto Goods Auto Total (ECS) (ECS) Total Two Wheeler Two Wheeler Passenger Auto Passenger Total ( No.veh) of I. Shanmugham Road 1 High Court to Menaka 0 35 54 0 2 0 4 0 95 50 2 Menaka to Annie Beasant Park 3 109 166 10 3 8 10 0 309 176 Total 3 144 220 10 5 8 14 0 404 226 II. Market Road 1 HPO - Convent 0 24 32 18 5 4 13 1 97 53 2 Convent - Jew Street 1 23 59 48 31 7 43 0 212 98 3 Jew street - Global Exchange 14 15 54 15 32 13 14 4 161 99 Total 15 62 145 81 68 24 70 5 470 250 III.Borad way 1 St. Immanuel - Canara 0 57 85 10 4 8 7 0 171 99 2 Canara - Main Market 0 17 163 17 11 7 130 4 349 112 Main Market - Commissioner 3 Office 2 53 73 16 16 8 11 4 183 108 Total 2 127 321 43 31 23 148 8 703 319 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

2.1.12 Pedestrians survey

In a country like India pedestrians form a major component of road users. A significant proportion of trips are performed by walk. Due to absence of foot path and railing pedestrian spill over is very high obstructing vehicular traffic and increasing accidents. Pedestrians are the must valuable road users. Pedestrians vehicle ratio.

31 Table 2.30 Pedestrian-vehicle conflict at problematic locations in Kochi city

Total Corresponding Sl. No. Location Name of road Peak Hour pedestrian traffic volume volume

1 Ravipuram Jn MG Road 8.45-9.45 377 4036 2 South Jn Chittur Road 3.30-4.30 594 2120 3 Ground MG Road 9.30-10.30 293 4433 4 Jos Jn MG Road ( North) 9.15-10.15 581 3575 5 Jos Jn MG Road (South) 9.15-10.15 510 4065 6 Kacheripadi Chitoor Road 5.00-6.00 566 1058 7 Kacheripadi Banerji Road 3.15-4.15 495 3698 8 Kadavunthara Kaloor Road 5.00-6.00 268 1448 9 Kadavunthara S.A. Road 5.30-6.30 370 2880 10 Vyttila Bypass Road (Kundanoor side 5.45-6.45 338 4744 11 Vyttila Bypass Road (Edapally side) 4.45-5.45 514 5210 12 Vyttila Thripunithura road 5.15-6.15 721 3145 13 Town Hall Banerji Road 9.15-10.15 499 5438 14 Pallimukku MG Road 9.30-10.30 660 4940 15 Pallimukku S.A. Road 10.45-11.45 1213 1220 16 Manorama S.A. Road 8.45-9.45 725 4880 17 Palarivattom Kakanadu Road 4.00-5.00 839 3869 18 High Court Banerji Road 5.30-6.30 1330 3466 19 High Court Shanmughom road 5.30-6.30 2183 4207 Between Kaloor and 20 St. Antony's Church Palarivatom 9.15-10.15 227 5185 21 Padma MG Road 8.45-9.45 562 3614 22 Shenoy MG Road 9.00-10.00 609 3368 23 Dwaraka MG Road 8.45-9.45 328 3417 24 Edapally NH 47 toward Palarivattom 3.15-4.15 528 3464 25 Edapally NH 47 Bypass 6.00-7.00 388 5427 26 Thoppumpady BOT bridge 8.15-9.15 339 1688 27 Kaloor Banerji Road 8.30-9.30 1156 5243 28 Boat Jetty Shanmughom road 8345-9.45 614 3082 29 Menaka Shanmughom road 4.45-5.45 2479 4207 30 Opposite Cineplex Banerji Road 9.00-10.00 209 2317 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

2.1.13 TERMINAL SURVEY

(a) Bus terminal

Except for Kaloor and KSRTC bus station terminal facilities are not available at any of the places with in Kochi city and have often parked road side creating traffic problem.

32 Table 2.31 Number of buses operated to various routes from KSRTC Station in Kochi Sl. No. bus route No. of ordinary No. of fast Total buses buses passenger/express buses 1 Cherthala side 6 11 17 2 Thripunithara side 13 17 30 3 Aluva side 1 10 11 4 Cheranaloor side 4 2 6 5 Chellanam side 2 0 2 6 GIDA bridge side 1 0 1 7 Inter State 18 18 Total 27 40 85 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

Table 2.32 Major routes of inter-city private buses operated from Kaloor bus terminal in Kochi city

Sl. No. Origin Major destination No. of buses No. of tips

Towards Cherthala direction 1 Ernakulam Cherthala, Eramalloor Poochakkal, Arookutty 85 750 2 Pukkattupady Eramalloor, Arookutty, Keltron Ferry 12 90 3 Kakkanadu Eramalloor, Arookutty, Keltron Ferry 15 120 Sub-total 112 960 Towads Thrippunithura direction 4 Kakkanadu Perumbavoor, Vaikkam Piravam 12 75 Perumbavoor, Piravam, Koothattukulam, Pattimattam, Muvattupuzha, Thalayolaparambu, 5 Ernakulam Kootayam, Thodupuzha 148 744 Sub - Total 160 819 Total 272 1,779 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

Table 2.33 Major route and trips of inter-city private buses operated on northern side of Kochi City Sl. No. Origin Major destination No. of buses No. of trips 1 Ernakulam North Paravoor (Via Varapuzha & Pathalam) 40 320 2 Ernakulam North Paravoor (Via Kalamassery) 2 12 3 Ernakulam North Paravoor(Via, Manjummel) 16 96 4 Ernakulam North Paravoor(Via. Cherai) 96 864 5 Ernakulam Munambam 29 290 6 Ernakulam Munambam(Via Paravoor) 6 36 7 Ernakulam Njarakkal 17 289 Total 206 1,907 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

33 (b). Goods terminal

Even though more than 26000 trips carrying about 87000 of various types of goods are transported every day through Kochi a proper goods terminal is absent in the city.

Table 2.34 Distribution of goods vehicle trips through outer cordon points according to pattern of movement in Kochi City.

Sl. Purpose Vehicle Total No. Truck Mini-truck Goods auto No. Percent I. TOTAL TONNAGE 1 Internal to Internal 652 52 13 717 0.89 2 Internal to Internal 16990 5206 922 23118 28.61 3 External to Internal 22584 7224 1296 31104 38.5 4 External to Internal 22.379 3.206 273 25858 32 Total 62.605 15688 2504 80797 100 Percent 77.48 19.42 3.1 100 II. VEHICLE TRIPS - TOTAL 1 Internal to Internal 85 37 54 176 0.67 2 Internal to Internal 3414 3156 2744 9314 35.65 3 External to Internal 4298 3950 2897 11145 42.66 4 External to Internal 3379 1547 567 5493 21.02 Total 11176 8690 6262 26128 100 Percent 42.77 33.26 23.97 100 III. VEHICLE TRIPS - LOADED 1 Internal to Internal 50 27 47 124 0.62 2 Internal to Internal 2350 2311 2039 6700 33.38 3 External to Internal 3694 2953 1994 8641 43.05 4 External to Internal 2994 1198 414 4606 22.95 Total 9088 6489 4494 20071 100 Percent 45.28 32.33 22.39 100 IV. VEHICLE TRIPS - EMPTY 1 Internal to Internal 35 10 7 52 0.86 2 Internal to Internal 1067 845 705 2614 43.16 3 External to Internal 604 997 903 2504 41.35 4 External to Internal 385 349 152 886 14.63 Total 2088 2201 1767 6056 100 Percent 34.48 36.34 29.18 100 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

2.1.14 TOURIST MOVEMENT

Kochi is blessed with numerous places of tourist interest. On an average 60,000 foreign and 700,000 domestic tourists are attracted to Kochi every year. Most of

34 the tourist locations are connected by road and water. Water transport would be a comfortable and attractive mode transportation for Tourists.

Table 2.35 P. 129 of Rites

Number of days of stay Torist groups Percentage Up to5 226 75.33 6-10 58 19.33 >10 16 5.33 Total 300 100.00 Source: NATPAC study report, May, 2006.

35

36

3. TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

3.0 GENERAL

For preparation of the city motility plan first the details and findings available in surveys conducted by various agencies have been listed out in the previous chapter. In this chapter an analysis of the findings of the surveys are done to assess the deficiencies and to have an understanding on the area requiring improvement

3.1 DAILY TRAFFIC

3.1.1 OUTER CORDON

Analysis of volume count at outer cordon survey locations reveals that a maximum number of 48986 vehicles entered or exited the city through Edappalli Bridge on NH 47 followed by 35, 497 vehicles through Petta on Thripunithara road ,31,662 vehicles through Kakkanad Road. About 41% of the total vehicles were two wheelers followed by 26% of cars ad 6.5% of passenger autorikshaws . Out of the 11 survey locations 4 locations showed total traffic count of more than 20000 PCU. Thripinithara Road, NH bypass and Kakkanad Road require more than 6 lane carriageway.

3.1.2 SCREEN LINE

From the analysis it is seen that Kaloor Thodu on Banerji road recorded the highest traffic volume of 57822 PCU followed by R.O.B at North over bridge on SA road (37211 PCU) Composition OF two wheelers ranged from 32% to 59% while that of car from 20 to 37. Out of the 9 screen line survey points the total PCU was less than 20000 at only two points. But only two roads have 4 lane carriage way to accommodate more than 20,000 PCU.

37

3.1.3 VARIATION OF TRAFFIC

The morning peak hour traffic ranges between 7.25 to 9.34% of average daily traffic, North Edappalli Bridge on NH 47 recording the highest. The evening peak hour traffic is 7.21 to 8.65% of average daily traffic.

3.1.3.1 TURNING MOVEMENT SURVEY

Analysis of traffic details of 34 junctions reveals that maximum peak hour traffic is at Vyttila (8721) followed by Edappally (7717) and Palarivattom (7356). The peak hour traffic in almost all the junctions of M.G. Road, Banerjii Road, SA Road and bypass is more than 3500 PCU. The maximum right turning traffic is observed at Pallimukku (3232) followed by Edappally (1794) ,Ravipuram and Manorama.

3.1.3.2 PARKING SURVEY

To study the accumulation of parked vehicles on road sections the details of parking surveys conducted on major roads was analyzed. The highest on-street accumulation takes place on MG road as 880 equivalent car spaces (ECS) followed by Banerji Road (589 ECS) and S.A road (456). In the case of off street parking the highest accumulation was along Banerji road (500 ECS) followed by MG road (494) and SA road (409).

3.1.4 PEDESTRIAN SURVEY

Based on the analysis of the data it is found that peak hour pedestrian traffic crossing at major locations ranges form 209 to 2479. It is also found that peak hour traffic is observed high at Menaka (2479) on Shanmughan road followed by high court on Shanmughan road 2183) and Banerji road (1330).

38

3.1.5 ROAD NET WORK INVENTORY

The share of arterial roads in the total road net work in the city is only 2.75%. Where as the sub arterial roads is about 9%. Local streets forms the major part of the road network. Out of the total length , 72.10 (11.74%) is owned by PWD and 541.865 (88.26%) by corporation .53% of the total roads in Kochi are of local street category having a right of way of less than 5m. 35% of roads in study area of collector road category and have a right of way of ranging and 5 to 10. 8% of the roads are of sub arterial category having ROW ranging from 10 to 20m. Hardly 1% of the roads (5.939) of the roads in Kochi city have ROW more than 40m. The data collected from the inventory show that in Kochi 16.3 % of the roads have less than 3m carriage way, while 56.6% have single lane carriage way of 3.5m ,13.2% have intermediate lane of 5.5m, 8.5m two less 0.70% have two lanes with shoulders and 4.7% more than four lane. 90% of the roads have bituminous surface, 5% concrete surface, 3% WBM surface and 2% earthen surface.

3.1.6 HOUSE HOLD SURVEY

From the analysis of details available it is seen that 45% of the house holds have more than 5 or more members in the house. Out of the total population members in age group of 6-20 years and 21-35 years constitute 22% of 30.5 respectively. Male female distribution in all categories is almost equal. Of the total population 79% have studied up to higher secondary. The occupational structure of the house hold show that 59% females are housewives, 20% students and 14% engaged in other occupations. Among males about 41% constitute the working class 14% are employed in business sector and about 22% are students. 6% are retired and 13% unemployed.

39 The mode wise analysis of travel time shows that among the bus trips about 10% trips take up to15 minutes , 31% trips take 15 to 30 minutes and 28% trips are of 30-45 minute duration. About 15% of the trips are of more than 1 hour duration.

3.1.7 ORIGIN DESTINATION SURVEY

Traffic Intensity of intercity traffic is assessed from the details available from the inflow and outflow of vehicular traffic at major roads connecting Kochi to other cities. Maximum vehicular density is observed onNH47 at Edappally ( 6015 a PCU) towards Thrissur (37915) and towards Alapuzha closely followed by Thripunithura road leading to Kottayam and Moovattupuzha and Kakkanad Road 29979 PCU. The low vehicular traffic along NH 17 is due to the hindrance created by the level crossing at Edappalli. The traffic density at Edakochi is only 8345 PCU, but the construction of a bridge connecting NH47 at Edakochi will increase the traffic at this point rejuvenating the old route to Alapuzha and will release the traffic congestion along SA road and Bypass. The construction of a wider alternate Vypin Road will increase the traffic along Vypin road forming shorter alternate route to Kodungallur.

40 4. TRAVEL DEMAND MODELLING AND FORECAST

4.0 GENERAL

The data base for land use transport model has been collected form the earlier studies carried out for the Study area. The proposed transport network has been developed by considering the anticipated road network, rail network and rail based MRT system etc.

4.1 BASE YEAR TRAVEL DEMAND MODELLING

RITES have conducted a study to assess the travel demand of taking the base year as 2001 and horizon year as 2021. The study has been conducted in 50- traffic zones inside the corporation and balance in adjoining Panchayaths and Municipalities.

4.1 LAND USE DATA

The base year land use data in terns of zonal population and basic educational other employments used for calibration are shown below:

Population 1905797 Basic Employment 237002 Educational Employment 8696 Other employment 384192

4.3 TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA

The transport Network considered for the development of model has been the integrated transport network of road, rail and ferry facilities available at present. The base ear network had the parameters as follows.

Number of links 356 Number of road nodes 252

41 Number of rail nodes 13 Number of WT nodes 15

4.4 TRAVEL DATA

The trip matrices available are work, educational and other trips. These matrices used as observed data derived from surveys day 2000. The trip summary is a detailed below.

Work trips 818559 Education 400831 Other trips 149653 Total trips 1369043 Mean walk trip length 20.41 Mean education trip length 19.46 Mean other trip length 19.70

4.5 STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS

The one year information and the structural parameters obtained for the model are as below

Total population 19.06 lakh Total employment 6.30 Total basic employment 2.37 lakh Total educational employment 3.84 lakh Forecast for GCDA

The population and employment are likely to show a shift in location in a period of 10 to 20 years. For better accessibility, having educational and job related advantages, population has been found to move within urban area or in the vicinity.

42 4.6 TRANSPORT DEMAND FORECAST

Table 4.1: Projected purpose wise Trip ends

Year Work Edn. Other Total Non home Intra city Intercity Total based

2000 818559 400831 149653 1369043 116520 1456510 251600 1708110 2011 1155500 555600 311100 2022200 181998 2204198 352672 2556870 2021 1564100 756800 454100 2775000 277500 3052500 488400 3540900

4.6.1 DAILY TRAFFIC

Daily traffic in the study area has been assigned on the integrated mass transportnet work, (road, rail,and IWT)for horizon year of 2021. The traffic concentration on the corridors indicate that the road links and IWT links are in the range of 0.44 4.9 lakhs and 0.1 to 0.4 passenger trips respectively

Table 4.2: Daily Passenger Traffic at various road sections in lakhs

No. Section 2000 2005 2011 2021 1 M.G.Road 2.11 2.62 3.23 4.31 2 Shanmugham road 1.85 2.29 2.28 3.75 3 Banerji road 2.46 3.02 3.71 4.95 4 NH 47 Bypass 2.35 2.91 3.59 5 NH 47-Kalamassery 1.62 1.87 2.22 3.03 6 S.A.road 2.15 2.58 3.18 4.24 7 Edappalli 1.2 1.49 1.78 2.29 8 NH 17 0.85 0.91 1.15 1.68 9 Thammanam -Pulleppady 0.4 0.46 0.61 0.92 10 NH bypass-Vyttila 0.41 0.45 0.65 1.09 11 NH bypass-Kundanoor 0.84 1.07 1.32 2.12 12 Vypin 0.61 0.85 1.07 1.89 13 Kakkanad 0.41 0.48 .93 1.17 14 Kallor-Kadavanthara 0.69 0.77 0.95 1.27 15 Edakochi 0.6 0.67 0.77 1.13 16 P.T.Jacob 0.89 1.04 1.33 1.96 17 M.A.road 0.21 0.26 0.3 0.44 18 Wellington Island 0.12 0.20 0.31 0.45 19 Angamali-Perumbvavoor 0.46 0.6 0.77 0.92 20 Wellington Island- Petta 0.5 0.73 0.84 1.26 21 Vyttila-Petta 1.02 1.14 1.33 0.69 22 Thripunithura-Vaikom 0.35 0.41 0.49 0.74

43

5. PROPOSED ROAD NET WORK PLAN FOR KOCHI

5.0 GENERAL

Road network forms the most widely spread infrastructure of a city since it can

act both as integration with various forms of transport as well carrier of intercity

and extra urban transport system. From the traffic analysis and projected travel

demand a city mobility plan can be chalked out with scientifically planned road

network system. But due to high density of population, unorganized commercial

activities, high cost of land acquisition etc. the widening of existing over

congested routes and construction of new roads will be very difficult. A road

network plan to cater the projected travel demand of the horizon year need be

planned taking the following factors also in to consideration.

• Historical evolution and expansion of the city

• Projected to travel demand of the various corridors

• Identification of the future nerve centers and provision of unhindered access

to these nerve centers.

5.1 IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR TRAVEL CORRIDORS

5.1.1 HISTORIC

The present Kochi city is the offshoot of a small port town established in

Mattanchery during the 14th Centaury. The over crowding of the port area forced

the expansion of the city towards East on the mainland converting Ernakulam as

44 the administrative and commercial Centre. The partially planned Ernakulam has

become over crowded by the fall of the last Centaury. Now Kakkanad portion

situated further east already converted as the administrative centre is gradually

maturing to the new generation IT and ITES business Centers. All the traffic

projection based on usual land use methods will be baseless due to the

spontaneous development of the area due to the formulation of mega projects like

Smart City and Info Park. The adjoining areas are already under the clutches of

unscientifically planned real estate boom. It took nearly five centauries for the

saturation of Fort Kochi and Mattancherry and to get congested forcing the rulers

to shift their headquarters to Ernakulam due to the slow pace of development and

urbanization in the middle ages ,while it took only about 150 years for Ernakulam

to get saturated due to quick urbanization. At this rate due to the rapid

urbanization of the 21st centaury Kakkanad and its surrounding are will be

saturated with in three decades and so an integrated master plan for this area has

to be formulated to face this eventuality.

5.1.2 FUTURE NERVE CENTERS.

The identification of the future nerve centers attracting commuters in large

numbers is the prime Factor factor in planning of the city Mobility Plan. The

future nerve Centers will be based on commercial, Industrial and tourism. Port

connected developments like Vallarpadam Transshipment Terminal, LNG

Terminal at Puduvypin will provide a large number of employment opportunities

45 with allied industries and enabled services. Kakkanad area which is fast

developing as the IT hub of the state has already started attracting business firms.

From the projected travel demand it can be seen that the present central business

district area adjoining MG Road will still be the commercial centre in the horizon

year also. A large number of foreign and domestic tourists are visiting the city

every year. The main tourist st attraction being around Willington Island and

Mattanchery.

5.1.3 PORT CONNECTED ACTIVITIES

The following development projects are envisaged in the port area of Kochi.

1. International Container Transshipment Terminal.

2. L.N.G Regasification Terminal

3. International Bunkering Terminal

4. International ship repairing complex

5. Crude oil storage facilities

6. International Cruise Terminal

7. Port based special Economic Zone.

All these projects costing around Rs. 7000 cores will be in operation before 2012.

Infrastructure support planned for the future development include the following

projects.

1. National highway connectivity

2. Rural Connectivity

3. Coastal road between Vypin and Kalamukku.

46

5.1.4 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS IN THE EASTERN SIDE OF THE CITY .

The proposed commercial and industrial future development projects include the

following.

1. Info Park

2. Smart City

3. Expansion of existing chemical plant at Kalamassery.

4. Expansion of aluminium extrusion plant.

5. Petrochemical complex at Ambalamughal

Planning should be done at this early stage itself to give access to Kalamassery,

Kakkanad etc not only form the city Centre but from all parts of Kerala. The

existing connectivity available to these future nerve Centers are through bypass,

NH49 to Moovattupuzha and Seaport Airport road passing through the Centre of

this area. Info Park authorites are planning to construct new approach from the

seaport Air port road to InfoPark area. A comprehensive plan has to be chalked

out for this area giving connectivity to M.C. Road, Aluva Munnar Road and

increasing the number of connectivity to Seaport Airport Road. A suburban

Railwayline connecting Aluva or Angamali to Thripunithura and ultimately south

junction forming a ring rail system will help the mass rapid transit through the

city.

47

5.1.5 CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS

From the study of the travel demand after two decades it can be seen that the

importance of MG Road and surrounding area as the Central business area will

not be reduced. The already congested narrow roads and unscientifically

constructed intersections in addition to the lack of parking spaces and buss bays

will make this area immovable in the future.

The main infrastructure deficiencies in this area are

• Insufficient carriage way width

• Insufficient on street and off street parking facility

• Absence of good quality link roads connecting the three major corridors Viz.

Shanmugham road, M.G. Road and Chittor Road.

• The presence of railway line dividing the city into two due to absence of

R.O.Bs..

• Over saturation in SA road and Banerji Road, the only connection to the

eastern part of the town due to large volume of traffic and presence of

intersections at close intervals.

Short term measures of providing foot paths, up gradation of inter section by

providing islands and road markings, improving drainage facilities etc have been

48 taken up under KSUDP Scheme. Medium term measures include widening of the

corridors, improvement of intersections including construction of grade separators

at intersections, widening of R.O.B, construction of new R.O.B. etc. Major

infrastructure development works proposed are

• Early completion of link roads and R.O.B

• Widening of R.O.Bs on S.A road and Banerji road.

• Construction of fly overs at select locations on Shanmugham road, Banergi

road and SA road.

• Construction of on street and off street parking facilities.

• Construction of pedestrian subways.

5.1.6 TOURIST CENTERS

The main tourist attractions of the city are concentrated in Willington Island , Fort

Kochi, Mattanchery, Bolgatty Island, Vypin and the back water side of

Ernakulam. Cosntruction of jetties with aesthetic appearance, introduction of

sophisticated inland Water transport vessels, construction of a high speed corridor

to Airport, Construction of Edakkochi bridge connecting Edakochi to NH 47A

and construction of a high speed corridor along the old NH giving an alternate

route to the southern districts bypassing the busy central commercial area. The

main infrastructure development projects to be taken up include

• Extension of Shanmugham road connecting NH.

• Construction of Vypin Road bypassing the heavily built up area

o Construction of Edakochi Bridge

49 5.1.7 CORRIDOR IMPROVEMENT SCHEMES.

The identification of major travel corridors were done after analyzing the

projected traffic volume, network inventory and speed delay surveys in addition

to guiding the future traffic in an orderly manner.

5.1.8 M.G. ROAD CORRIDOR

M.G. Road is the spine of the city connecting the two main east west corridors of

SA road and Banerji Road and extending to Wellington island , Fort Kohi and

Mattancherry. On either side of the road land use is commercial. Main problems

are

• Inter section spacing close by, thus causing frequent stoppages

• On street parking reducing the effective carraige way

• Absence of bus bys

Short term measures proposed in this corridor in KSUDP are traffic improvement

programs. Medium term measures proposed include construction of fly overs

1. At Pallimukku, by passing Ravipuram junction

- These are the main junctions where substantial right turning movement is

noticed. Major traffic moment is straight.

2. At Jose Junction

In addition to this widening of the road beyond Pallumukku including the

improvement of RUB has to be taken up.

50 5.1.9 BANERJI ROAD

Banarji road connects the high court to the by pass passing though MG road,

Chittoor Road, North R.O.B., Kaloor, Palarivattam and Edappaly. It connects the

CBD to residential areas on northern parts in addition to the international Air Port.

The traffic Valume in this road is the maximum in the city. One of these remedial

measures from the three options proposed to relieve the congestion of the

corridor can be adopted.

1. Construction of a two tier road starting from By pass junction and ending

at Shanmugham road there by providing a high speed corridor to intercity

traffic giving quick access to Airport ,providing access to MG road and

Chittoor road and with no intermediate entry points

2. Construction of flyover by passing the adjacent junctions of Kacheripady

and Madhava Pharmacy

3. Widening of North over bridge and extending it up to Madhava Pharmacy

junction.

5.1.10 S.A. Road

This is also one of the busiest roads in the city requiring 6 lane carriage way. The

improvement measures recommended are

• Widening of South R.O.B

• Construction of a fly over at the road towards for- shore road to be

examined.

51

5.1.11 NH 47, NH 47A & NH 49

NH 47A should be projected as the easiest access to Wellington Island, Fort

Kochi and Edakochi. The mobility improvement measures recommended are

1. Extension of the viaduct including construction of a fly over at Kundannur

Junction

2. Construction of Edakochi bridge and providing a easier outlet from the city by

rejuvenating the Old NH.

5.1.12 IMPROVEMENT OF INTERCITY CORRIDORS.

Intercity corridors to be improved are

1 N.H.47 – Improvement of N.H. is taken up under N.H.D.P.

2 N.H. 17 - Improvement of N.H. is taken up under N.H.D.P.

3 N.H. 49 - Realignment of the road is essential

4 Vypin road -Realignment of the road is essential

5 Extention of Shnmugham Road - Widening and geometric improvement

required

6 Thripunithura Road- Widening and geometric improvement required

7. Completion of 2nd phase of Seaport Air port Road

8. Construction of new road corridor connecting MC road.

9. Construction of Edakochi Bridge and rejuvenation of Old NH

52

5.2 INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENT SCHEMES

Almost all the junctions in the city on main corridors are handling huge volume

of traffic. As short term measures improvement of geometrics, streamlining,

providing signalling system etc. can be resorted to. About 12 junctions are now

taken up under KSUDP for improvement. As medium term measures

streamlining the traffic at intersections by providing grade separators are to be

resorted to. Under JNNURM fly overs are proposed in the following locations.

1. Subway on NH 47 at Cochin University junction.

2. Subway at Menaka with connection to Broadway

3. Edappally

4. Palarivattom

5. Vyttila

6. Kundanoor

7. S.N. Junction at Thripunithura

8. Fly over at NH 47 (Thammanam Pulleppady Road extension-sea port Air Port

road.)

9. Seaport air port road Near Collectorate.

Two flyovers in M.G. Road and one on Banerji road are also found necessary which

may be examined in detail.

53

5.2.1 PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS

Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users with practically no facilities.

Pedastrian crossings are proposed at identified location where high pedestrian

movements are noticed.

1. Kaloor 2. Kacheripadi 3. Menaka 4. Thoppumpady 5. Jos junction 6. Fort Kochi 7. Kadavanthra 8. Boat Jetty

5.2.2 PARKING FACILITIES

Under JNN URM multi level parking facilities are recommended at 11 locations

in the C.B.D. In addition to these parking facilities are proposed in peripheral

area. 5 Centres arer identified in the JNNURM Scheme. They are:

1. S.A. Road

2. M.G.Road

3. Chittoor road

4. Marine drive

5. Banerji road

54 6. Kaloor –Kadavanthara road

7. Kaloor

8. NH 47 Bypass

9. Thoppumpady

10. Fort Kochi

11. Palarivattom

5.2.3 BUS TRANSPORT

Bus transport forms a prominant part of the public transport system. The main

deficiencies experienced by the bus transport system are absence of bus

terminals, bus bays and waiting shelters. Bus traffic also acts as integration with

different modes of traffic.

5.2.4 BUS TERMINAL

Since bus traffic acts as integration with different modes of traffic bus terminal

facilities should be provided near terminals of other modes of traffic. The

existing two terminals for long routes situated in the CBD should be relocated

outside the CBD near NH Bypass to reduce the number of Vehicles plying inside

the CBD. 15 Mofussil bus terminals are proposed under JNNURM. They are:

1. Vyttila

2. Kakkanad

3. Thripunithura

4. Edakochi

55 5. Fort Kochi

6. Kalamassery

7. High Court

8. Perumpadappu

9. Mattancharry

10. Kumbalangi

11. Palluruthy

12. Chellanam

13. South Rly.Stn.

14. Vypin

15. Maradu

5.2.5 RESCHEDULING OF BUS ROUTES.

Now the scheduling of the buses are in such a way that all the intercity and

intracity buses are passing through the Central business district. Identification of

new bus routes relieving the intensity of traffic in commercial area should be done

utilizing the available traffic carrying capacity of other roads including NH47A.

The bus routes originating from Fort Kochi and Mattanchery with destination to

Northern and eastern part of the district should be diverted through NH 47

utilizing the proposed terminals at Kundanoor and Edappalli.

5.3 INTERMEDIATE PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Intermediate Public Transport system is widely used as mode of transport taking

the passengers to the remote corners which are inaccessible to public transport

56 system. Inter mediate public transport system can be used as stage carriers n the

crowded narrow streets of Fort Kochi and Mattanchery

5.4 IMPROVEMENT MEASURES TAKEN UP AND PROPOSED.

5.4.1 SHORT TERM MEASURES

Several short term measures have already been taken up to improve the traffic

system in Kochi. The nature of the projects taken up under Kerala Sustainable

Development Programme include upgradation of roads, improvement of junctions

and road safety improvements. The list of works included in KSUDP are listed

below.

A. Upgradation

1. Upgrading Karshaka road linking eastern side of south Rly. Station -600m

2. Palarivattom road linking St. Mary Church to NH bypass.

B. Improvements to priority roads

1. M.G.road –Desumannur to Madhava pharmacy Jn. -4km.

2. Palarivattom Vyttila road -4km.

3. Other major roads.

1. M.G. road –Edappally road

2. SA road

3. Chittoor road.

4. All cross roads between MG road and Chittoor road.

5. Thoppumpady Beach road.

6. Thoppumpady Mattancherry road.

7. DH road.

57 8. Hospital road.

9. Mullassery canal road.

10. TD road and Church landing road.

C. New Infrastructure.

1. Stadium link road to connect Thammanam Pullepady road 1.5km.

2. Twin carriageway bridge over canal on SA road

D. Junction Improvement

1.Pallimukku. 2.Jose Jn. 3.M aharajas Jn. 4. Padma 5. Madhava Pharmacy. 6.Kacheripady. 7. Judge Avenue 8. Manorama Intersection. 9. Park Avenue with Hospital road. 10. Kathrakadavu Jn. 11. SAroad with Kaloor Kadavanthara road. 12.Kaloor Jn.

5.4.2. MEDIUM TERM MEASURES.

Medium term measures recommended are the rectification of deficiencies in the road network of the city. The road network of the central area is of broken grid iron pattern. The major North south corridors are connected with several narrow link roads. The traffic along the two comparatively wide roads viz. Banerji road and SA road are huge and beyond their capacity. More over recently the area between NH bypass and railway line has grown in to a crowded urban extension necessitating improvement of the NH Bypass and its link roads to the city. In the medium term measures it is recommended to improve all these roads and under road fund board 16 roads in this area have been identified for improvement including widening of carriageway with geometric improvement, providing grade separators at intersection and construction of ROBs at level crossings. Major

58 trunk routes connecting Kochi to other cities and other parts of the country are NH47, connecting Thrissur and Alapuzha,NH17 connecting Kodungallur and Calicut, NH49 connecting Munnar and Ettumanoor road connecting Kottayam and Vaikom. The completion of Gosree bridges have opened a new inter city corridor. The old NH through Edakochi is still used by the residents of Mattancherry as easy connectivity to the southern part of the state. All these roads require improvement of widening carriageway , construction of fly overs at busy inter sections , construction of ROBs ,reconstruction and widening of bridges etc. NH 47 and NH17 are included in the development programme of NHDP Phase 3. The improvement of other roads including construction of Edakochi Bridge has to be taken up.

The roads listed in the above paragraph are the major travel corridors or arterial and sub arterial roads. For better mobility the internal areas are to be connected to these travel corridors. The improvement of link roads, ring roads, radial roads constructions of roads for new connectivity etc. have to be taken up for the completion of a proper Network. Construction or improvement of 35 km of ring road, 42 km of internal ring road, 17 km of ring road, 34 nos of secondary roads, 55 bridges,10 fly overs, 11 parking areas, 15 bus terminals 4 truck terminals, and 5 peripheral parking areas are recommended for taking up under medium term measures. Since the number is very large this can be taken up in stages.

5.4.3 LONG TERM MEASURES

The Kochi agglomeration is going to expand up to Thrissur, Kottayam and Moovattupuzha and M.C.road. major high speed road corridors are to be envisaged for the better mobility. First a long term master plan has to be formulated for Kochi taking in to account the entire area. New connectivity to M. Croad and Aluva Perumbavoor road are to be taken up under long term plan.

59

Details of road projects proposed by Road Fund Board

60

5.5 RAIL NETWORK

Rail transport system caters mainly to the needs of inter-city passenger and goods traffic. Kochi city is connected to major urban centers in the State as well as to the up-Country destinations through two major railway lines. They are the Thiruvanathapuram-Thrissur railway line via Kottayam and the railway line from Ernakulam to Kayamkulam via Alappuzha. The total railway track length within the City limit is 28 Km. Thiruvananthapuram-Shornur railway line has double track and electrified facilities between Ernakulam and Thrissur. The track towards Kottayam as well as Alappuzha has only single line track without electrification.

5.5.1 DETAILS OF TRAIN SERVICES

At present, Kochi City has the benefit of two major railway stations viz.,Ernakulam Town (North), and Ernakulam Junction (South). Of these two stations Ernakulam South is the most frequently used, as maximum number of trains touch this Station. Ernakulam South station handles about 65% of traffic generated from the city and the rest is handled by Ernakulam North station.

There are 46 pairs of Express trains and 24 pairs of passenger trains operated from rnakulam City. Out of the 46 pair of Express trains, 21 pair of trains is operated on daily basis and 25 pair of trains on weekly trains. On an average 16 goods trains are operated daily through Ernakulam City.

5.5.2 PASSENGER AND GOODS MOVEMENT

A large number of inter-city passengers travel to and fro from the city from South and North Railway stations in Kochi City. The passenger traffic during the year 2005 was estimated from the sales of daily and season tickets sold from these two Railway stations in Kochi City. It was found that about 51.91 lakh passenger trips

61 were originated from the South and North Railway Stations, of which the share of South railway station was 66 per cent. Table 5.1 shows the sale of daily and season tickets and the estimated originating passenger traffic from these two railway stations in Kochi City. Table 5.1 No. Month Daily Season Total tickets-Nos. Earnings tickets- Earnings originating Nos. passenger traffic A South Rly.Station 1 January 181903 11776421 4410 270765 270765 2 February 182107 10801056 4575 275805 275805 3 March 198828 12121184 4610 895798 291014 4 April 189228 12121184 4610 895798 282120 5 May 200158 13347144 4788 890235 296636 6 June 183095 10725850 4638 924370 276551 7 July 147406 9723380 4915 917125 246443 8 August 156503 10131409 5053 927345 258321 9 September 191551 11399334 4795 901140 288170 10 October 194083 11395878 5091 937240 296667 11 November 192857 12131151 4925 885875 292096 12 December 242406 15103254 5216 958860 347508 Total 2260125 138944129 57666 10876718 3422095

62

No. Month Daily Season Total tickets-Nos. Earnings tickets- Earnings originating Nos. passenger traffic A North Rly.Station 1 January 108611 6314895 1967 441360 148246 2 February 85196 444232 1747 389775 120398 3 March 94012 4593655 1946 430920 133224 4 April 118219 6112685 1574 427895 149935 5 May 123801 6380556 1719 406320 158439 6 June 109630 5327829 1897 430145 147855 7 July 107256 5599844 2002 448585 147596 8 August 113765 5920263 2067 453490 155415 9 September 115704 5934173 1767 417385 151309 10 October 113601 5789897 2035 451880 154606 11 November 85102 5848820 1988 293090 125160 12 December 135567 7145677 2043 481290 176733 Total 1310464 69412526 22752 5072135 1768917 G.Total 3570589 208356655 80418 15948853 5191012

The goods traffic in Kochi was handled at Eranakulam Goods Yard and at Kalamasserry Good shed. The data collected from the above stations showed that on an average about 86 MT and 518 MT of goods were handled at the Goods Shed at Eranakulam and Kalamasserry.

5.5.3 RAILWAY OVER BRIDGES AND LEVEL CROSSINGS

The Thiruvananthapuram-Thrissur railway line passes through the heart of Kochi city dividing it into two parts. The older parts of the city are located on the

63 western side of the railway track, while new developments are in the eastern side of the railway line. Four major Railway Over bridges (ROB) located at various parts of the city provide uninterrupted flow of traffic between western and eastern parts of the City. These ROBs are:

(i) North Railway Station on the Bannerji road (ii) Near Manorama Junction on Sahodaran Ayyappan road (iii) Near Kathrikadavu on Kaloor-Kadavanthara road (iv) NH-47A Kundanoor-Thevara bridge

There are a number of railway level crossings within the city, which remain as major bottlenecks to the free flow of vehicular traffic along certain travel corridors. Frequent gate closures at these level crossings result in traffic hold ups and under utilization of these corridors. Of these, seven level crossings are located along major travel corridors and are listed bellow;

(i) Edappally on NH-17 (ii) Pulleppady on PuIleppady-Kathrikadavu road, (iii) Ravipuram on Panampilly Nagar road to Chittoor road, (iv) Pachalam on Chittoor road (v) Vaduthala on Chittoor road (vi) Ponnurunny on Thammanam-Vyttila road and (vii) Atlantis on Panampilly Nagar to MG road.

Construction of ROBs are in progress at Pulleppady and Edappally level crossings, which, on completion, would lead to the diversion of traffic through these corridors from other connected roads.

64 5.5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RAIL CONNECTIVITY

All the neighbouring District Headquarters are only less than 100 km away from Kochi and rail connectivity is available from Kochi to all these three cities viz. Thrissur, Alapuzha and Kottayam. Introduction of suburban rail traffic will satisfy the intercity travel demand to a greater extend. Construction of a new railway line connecting Angamali or Aluva to Thripunithura through Kakkanad and formation of a circular route will open a new inter city as well as intra city mass transport system. Provision of a spur line from Ernakulam South to Ernakulam Goods and convert Ernakulam Goods as a terminus for suburban train service.

5.6. AIR TRANSPORT NETWORK

Kochi is well connected to the rest of the country and other parts of the world by air transport through Cochin International Airport located at Nedumbasserry, nearly 28 km from Eranakulam city. This airport caters to the needs of domestic and international passengers of Kochi and surrounding regions. Another airport located at Willington Island, is under the control of Defence Department.

5.6.1 AIRPORT TERMINAL

Due to the limitations in the operation of international flights, the erstwhile Kochi airport was shifted from the Willington Island to Nedumbasserry, away from the City. This is the first International Airport in the Country, which was built outside the ambit of the Government of India. The airport is located very close to the three National Highways such as NH-47, NH-17 and NH-49. The main railway line from Kanyakumari to Delhi is adjacent to the airport and is situated between Aluva and Angamaly Railway stations. The Cochin Port is connected to International Airport by a newly developed link called Airport-Seaport road. The Kochi International Airport is managed by a group of personnel drawn from the Government Departments, Industries, NRIs, and Financial Institutions. The Airport is suitable

65 for operations of wide-bodied Boeing-747 type of aircraft. The runway is of 3.4 km length with 3,000 ft parallel taxiway and has a premise of 1,300 acres. An International cargo terminal is also functioning with an area of 6,000 sq.m, and is well equipped to handle all type of export and import cargo.

5.6.2 AIR ROUTES

Kochi International Airport is connected to all major Cities in India by domestic flights and to all Gulf countries, Columbo and Singapore by International air flights. Airlines such as Indian Airlines, Air India, Jet Airways, Oman Air, Silk Air, Kuwait Airways, Emirates Airways, Qatar Airways, Srilankan Airways, Saudi Airways, Gulf Air and Air Sahara are operating from the airport to various destinations inside and outside the Country. At present, there are daily flights to major Cities like Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi and Hyderabad. The international air services are mainly concentrated in the Gulf region catering to people employed in various Gulf countries.

5.6.3 DETAILS OF FLIGHTS AND AIR PASSENGERS

A total of 440. flights are handled by the two terminals namely International and Domestic terminals at the Cochin International Airport in a week. In the domestic terminal, 220 arrivals and departures are handled per week from and to important Cities in India. The daily operation of the flights varies from 15 to 17. An average of 14,054 domestic passengers arrive and depart weekly from the airport. In the international terminal, at present there are 220 arrivals and departures per week to various destinations outside the Country. An average of 24,430 international passengers arrivals and depart weekly from this airport. Table 7.1 gives the details of passenger arrivals and departures from Cochin International Airport.

66 Table 5.2: Details of passenger arrival and departure.

No. Day Domestic Inter Nationa Arrival Departure Total Arrival Departure Total 1 Sun 781 1047 1828 1513 1925 3438 2 Mon 850 904 1754 1575 1451 3026 3 Tues 1131 924 2055 1906 1688 3594 4 Wed 993 974 1967 1985 1794 3779 5 Thu 1031 1055 2086 1982 1759 3741 6 Fri 1084 1261 2345 1545 1537 3082 7 Sat 1075 944 2019 1844 1926 3770 Toatal 6945 7109 14054 12350 12080 24430

5.6.4 AIRPORT CARGO TRAFFIC

The data collected from the Airport shows that the Domestic section handled about 300 MT of cargo per year. The cargo handled by the Airport includes General Cargo, Fruits and Vegetables, News Papers and other valuables. About 18,250 MT of cargo was handled by International flights during the year 2005. The Airport authority is planning a full-fledged cargo village. The construction of center for perishable cargo is in full swing and is expected to be commissioned in 2006.

5.6.5 SUPPORT INFRASTRUCTURE DEFICIENCIES.

The airport is situated very near to NH 47 having four lane carriageway and is connected with a good quality link road. But the Airport is far away from the city centre the journey time required is considerable. A high speed corridor is a necessity and can be formed by improving Banerji road either by widening or by constructing a two tier road. Even though M.C road is very near to the Airport quick access is not possible due to the poor quality of the link road. An adequate link road to M. C. road has to be constructed. Improvement of the nearest railway

67 stations of Aluva and Angamali has to be taken up including providing regular public transport facilities.A new railway station has to be constructed near the Air port and the same should be connected with regular mini bus service.

5.7 WATER TRANSPORT NETWORK

Kochi has a good network of inland waterway system consisting of backwaters, canals, lagoons and estuaries. National Waterway No.3 connecting Kollam and Kottappuram pass through the region. The State Water Transport Department (SWTD), Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation (KSINC) and private operators are providing passenger and cargo boat services to the adjoining islands and industrial centers.

5.7.1 IWT ROUTES

Water transport is on the decline due to the construction of bridges connecting islands on the western part of the City. There are very limited passenger boat services operating from Eranakulam jetty and High court jetty. The main routes served by the water transport are Eranakulam-Fort Kochi, Eranakulam- Mulavukadu, Eranakulam-Bolghatty, Eranakulam-Varapuzha, Eranakulam- Mattancheny and Eranakulam-Vyppin. Private boats operate sightseeing trips form Eranakulam, depending on the demand of tourists. KSINC operates one luxury cruise boat 'Sagara Rani' from Eranakulam jetty to cater to the tourists based on demand.

5.7.2 PASSENGER MOVEMENT

Passenger boats mainly operate from two boat jetties namely High Court jetty and Corporation jetty in the city. From High Court jetty, as many as 89 passenger boat trips are operated to destinations such as Varapuzha,Mulavukadu, Bolghatty and Fort Kochi. From Corporation jetty, passenger boat services numbering 77 are

68 operated to Fort Kochi, Mattancherry and Vyppin Island. It is estimated that about 16,000 passengers are attracted daily to Kochi

Three major jetties and 21 minor jetties are proposed. They are:

(a) Major Jetties 1 Marine Drive Jetty 2. Fort Kochi 3. Chittoor Jetty (b) Minor Jetties 1 Varapuzha 2 Kadamakkudi 3. Mulavukadu 4. Elamkunnapuzha 5. Narakkal 6. Mattanchery 7. Fort Vypeen 8. Eda Kochin 9. Thevara 10. Kumbalam 11. Kumbalangi 12. Chellanam 13. Edappaly Canal 14. Kakkanad, Palachuvadu 15. Perikkadu 16. Thripunithura 17. Valanthakadu, Maradu 18. Chithartrapuzha 19. Nettoor 20. Chambakkra 21. Nedumbassery Ernakulam

69 5.7.3 GOODS MOVEMENT

Goods transport through waterways is also on the decline due to development of road transport facilities. Goods traffic movements are mainly handled from Murukkupadom jetty and Thevara jetty. There are three oil barges and four-water barges operating from Thevara jetty and two water barges operating from Murukkupadam jetty. Other goods movements include 16 barges operating from Thevara to FACT by KSINC.

5.7.4 KOCHI PORT

Kochi port is an all-weather protected port with midstream mooring facilities in the channels and wharfs on either side of Willington Island facing the channels. It is the only major port in Kerala State with an ISO 9001-2000 certification. Facilities offered by the port are berths for handling cargo and passenger ships, cargo handling equipments, storage accommodation, dry dock, bunkering facilities, fisheries harbor, etc. Passenger ships are operated to Lakshadweep Islands from the Kochi Port. The entrance of Kochi Port is through the Cochin Gut between the peninsular headland Vyppin and Fort Kochi. 1,126 ships called at this port in 2004- 05 with a net tonnage of 8.18 million. Total traffic handled at this port in 2003-04 was 13.574 million tones, of which 18 per cent of cargo was exports.314 container vessels were handled at the port in the year 2004-05 with total container traffic of 1.75 million ton.

5.7.5 RECOMMENDATIONS

About 170 trips are operated carrying about 16000 passengers and giving employment to large number of people in addition to providing a cheap mode of traffic. Considering the socio economic aspects development of Inland Water Transport services are to be improved. Improvement measures attracting passengers and tourists include

70 ¾ Construction of jetties and terminals with adequate passenger amenities and aesthetic appearance. ¾ Introduction of high speed sophisticated transport vessels like Hover crafts. ¾ Introduction of high speed transport vessels to all nearby islands. ¾ Introduction of regular goods service To Alapuzha ,Kollam and Kodungallur. ¾ Construction of goods terminals.

5.8 MASS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM

5.8.1 GENERAL

An integrated mass transport network of Road, Rail, Inland Water transport and Mass Rapid Transit System with suitable interchange facilities will be ideal for Kochi to satisfy the high concentration of travel demand on the transport net work. Based on the peak hour peak direction traffic in the horizon period a MRT network should be identified which would cater to the estimated traffic demand.

5.8.2 SELECTION OF MASS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM

The proposed improvement of the road network will not be able to cater the expected trave demand after 20 years. It is expected that the passenger loading on some of the corridors will be very high to be catered by any road based mass transport system. Road based conventional mass transport system can carry up to 10000 trips in peak hour peak direction trips. But the peak hour peak direction traffic will be as high as 33000in some of the roads. The daily traffic along peak hour peak direction traffic (PHPDT) on various road sections in the Business As Usual scenario is presented below in Table No.5.3 Out of the 23 sections the PHPDT on more than half the sections will be more than 10000 requiring a rail based MRTS. More over introduction independent bus corridors will lessen the capacity of road traffic since the ROW is limited and scope for widening is limited.

71

Table No. 5.3 S.No. Section Daily Traffic PHPDT (Lakhs) 1 M.G.Road 4.31 28000 2 Shanmugham Road 3.75 25000 3 Banerji Road 4.95 33000 4 NH 47 (ByPass Jn.-Kalamassery) 4.78 31000 5 NH 47 (Kalamassery-Aluva) 3.03 20000 6 S.A.Road 4.24 28000 7 Edappalli road 2.29 13700 8 NH 17 1.68 11000 9 Thammanam-Pulleppady road 0.92 6000 10 NH Bypass(Bypass Jn-Vyttila) 1.09 7000 11 NH Bypass(Vyttila –Kundanoor) 2.12 14000 12 Vypin road 1.89 12000 13 Kakkanad road 1.17 8000 14 Kaloor-Kadavanthara road 1.27 8300 15 Edakochi road 1.13 7400 16 P.T.Jacob road 1.96 12900 17 Moulana Azad road 0.44 2900 18 W.Island 0.45 2900 19 W.Island –Petta Jn. 1.26 8300 20 Angamali-Perumbavoor road 0.92 6000 21 Aluva –Perumbavoor road 0.82 5400 22 Vyttila –Petta Jn. 0.74 10100 23 Thripunithura –Vaikom Road 4800

72

5.8.3 RAIL BASED SYSTEM.

5.8.3.1 Light Rail Transit Systems Light rail transit systems using Light Rail Vehicles (LRV) operate on surface in mixed traffic ,with no signals or with signals giving preference to LRV sat road crossings or with exclusive right of way with partly elevated or wholly elevated and fully signal controlled. The vehicles are of light weight articulated construction, available in various sizes. LRT generally consist of twin cars with articulated joint, which enables operation on sharp curves. The route alignment can therefore pass through congested areas on elevated structures and follow the road alignment on sharp bends. Since LRVs are of lightweight construction, the cost of elevated structures will be moderate. Generally a twin car articulated vehicle is about 25- 30m long ,2.65m wide and 3.4m high and can carry up to 375 passengers under dense crush load of 8 passengers per square metre with axle load not exceeding12 tons. Under mixed traffic operation capacity of 10000PHPDT can be achieved, but on exclusive right of way it can be increased to 20000 to 25000PHPDT. Stations are spaced at 750to1000m intervals.

5.8.3.2 High Capacity Metro Rail System.

There are high acceleration and high retardation rail based systems similar to conventional railway systems using vehicles with axles not exceeding 16 t. per axle. More than half of the axles are motored to gain acceleration necessary for an urban transit system having halts at 700to 1000m apart. These have separate right of way and in metropolitan cities these are frequently run underground or elevated structures. Their capacity can reach up to 60000 PHPDT.

73 5.8.3.3 Kochi Metro

A study was conducted by Delhi Metro Rail corporation for the Government of Kerala during 2005 for the introduction of a rail based mass transport system named “Kochui Metro”. The objective was to identify the most feasible travel corridor. Three alternate travel corridors were identified for for evaluation of traffic demand. These are:

1. Aluva –Vyttila 2. Kalamassery –Thripunithura. 3. Aluva – Thripunithura.

Based on the expected travel demand Aluva –Thripunithura was selected for introduction of mass transport system. However it was found that construction of Petta to Thripunithura section of the corridor was not feasible till improvement to existing road infrastructure between these two places is done by concerned authorities.therefore the the alignment of metro rail corridor was limited between Aluva and Petta.

A light Metro rail system from Aluva to Petta was proposed at an estimated cost of Rs. 22390 million. it was estimated that Kochi Metro would have a patronage of 38187persons per hour per direction in the year 2011.a detailed Environment Impact Assessment study was also carried out for the project. It is visualized that the project will have positive environmental impacts like reduction in traffic congestion,savings in travel time, reduction in air and noise pollution , lesser fuel consumption, esser accidents etc.

74 6.0 ESTIMATES FOR ROAD NETWORK PROPOSAL WHICH CAN BE TAKEN UP UNDER JNNURM

List of roads proposed by Road Fund Board Sl. NO. Name of Projects Length in Amt. In Rs. Km/No. Crores

1. Kaloor- Kadavanthra Road 3.30 7.00

2. Sahodaran Ayyappan Road and extension up to .Model 4.50 7.00 Road

3. Goshree North end - Pachalam - ROB- Pottakuzhi- 5.00 12.00 Mamangalam- NH47

4. Padma intersection- Pullepady road- Kathrikkadavu 3.00 8.00 Road- Thammanam- N.H. Bypass

5. Banerji Road - North over bridge- NH-47 upto Edappally 8.00 24.00

6. Bund road from Chilavanoor to NH Bypass 3.00 17.00 (Chambakara) on the East upto M.G. Road through ROB at Atlantis on the west.

7. Vyttila- Tripunithura Road upto S.N junction. 5.00 15.00

8. Mathai Manjooran Road from Marine Drive (High Court 4.00 6.00 Jn) to Goshree - Pachalam- Mamangalam Road

9. Subash Chandra Bose Road,(Road from Karshaka Road 6.00 6.00 to Ponnurunni)

75

10. Extension ofKaloor Kadavanthra Road upto Bund Road 6.00 8.00 (K.P.Vallon Road)and towards north Perandoor Road Upto NH 17 via Ponevazhi.

11. Stadium Link Road upto old NH 2.50 3.00

12. M.G. Road from Madhav Pharmacy to Thevara and 8.00 18.00 developing up to Thoppumpady

13. Widening of Edakochi road from old Thoppampady 10.00 15.00 Bridge up to Edakochi -Aroor

14. Pandarachira Rd linking Edakochi Road to Beach Road 3.00 4.00 (upto Fort Kochi- Chellanam road)

15 Fort Kochi- Chellanam Road upto Pandarachira Road 25.00 10.00

16 Kumaranasan Road from Kaloor Kadavanthara Road to 2.00 3.00 SA Road

Total' 163.00

Under JNNURM

Sl. No. Name of Project Length in Amit in Rs. Km/No. Crores 1. Outer Ring Roads Outer Ring Road.Ghosree Bridge (Chathiathu) - 35.00 140.00 cheranallor- Kadamakkudy- Varappuzha, Athani.Chemaganad, Sreemulanagaram, Keezmadu,

76 Edathala,Kizhakkambalam, Vadavodu Puthenkurush, Chottanikkara, Thiruvankulam, Udayamperoor, Kumbalam linking Manne Drive N.H.I 7 at Varappuzha, Emakulam-Thrissur Road at Athani, Aluva-Munnar Road at Keezmadu, Muvattupuzha Road, Industrial Belt at Vadavukodu Puthenkurushu Panchayat, N.H.49 (Madhura Highway), Cochin- Kottayam Road at Udayamperoor and joining N.H. at Kumbalam (Cochin- Alleppey Road) Only for Designated Cochin area Total

1. Inner Ring Roads Improvements to Irimpanam - Kalamassery Rd and 25.00 50.00 Extension Up to Nedumpassery on North end and Extension upto NH 49 on south end Only for Designated Cochin area

2. Improvements to Panampally Nagar Avenue Rd and 7.00 15.00 Extension of Avenue Road to NH 49 through Konthuruthy.

3. Kumbalangi Aroor Road, Kumbalangi Panchayath 10.00 20.00 Total 85.00

Link Roads 1. Road from Outer Ring Road at Vaduthala & Passing 6.00 .30.00 through Moolampally.Pizhala, Valiya Kadamakkudi, & Chathanad (Detailed Sy completed ant Fund allocated for land Acquisition) Only for Designated Cochin area

2. Road starting from Puthussery passing through Cheriyan 2.60 40.00

77 Thuruth, Chennur, Pizhala, & meeting Vaduthala Chathanad Road, Kadamakkudi panchayath

3. Interlinking Sea Port Air Port Road and Ambalamugal 7.00 20.0 Road from Chitrapuzha area.Thiruvankulam Panchayath

4. Kundanoor Chilavanoor Link Road 1.60 3.00

Total 93.00

Sl. No. Name of Project Length in Amit in Rs. Km/No. Crores Road Through CBD Area

1. Model Road, Shanmukam Road (from High Court Jn. To 4.00 8.00

fine Arts Hall Jn.)

2. Chitoor Road (Ravipuram to Vaduthala) 15.00 20.00

3. TD Road, Improvement 3.00 4.00

4. Market road Improvement 4.00 5.00

Total 37.00

Radial Road

1. Extension ofPullepady Thammanam Road from NH47 to 7.00 14.00 Sea Port Air Port Road, Infopark 2. Elevated Road (Manorama Jn to Church landing Road) 1.50 70.00 The Elevated road starts with two single lane bridges on either side of the existing South over bridge, joins together after the bridge portion and cross the MG Road as Fly over landing near Fine Arts Hall. This will not

78 disturb the existing corridor to MG Road 3. Improvements to the Road from Emakulam – Vyppin 2.00 5.00 (Ghosree Road) along with a two line Bridge parallel to Bolgatty Bridge 4. Coastal Road (Beach) P.T.Jacob Road to Dutch Cemetry 4.00 6.00 5. Road from Vyppin to Munambam Only for Designated 10.00 15.00 Cochin area 6. Pandikudy Chellanam Road 25.00 30.00 7. Pukkattupady Road (N.H. 47 at Toll Jn. - Pukkatupady), 20.00 30.00 including Branch Rd from Kangarapadi Jn to Thevakkal Jn via Co - Op Medical College and Thevakkal to Thengodu 8. Arkkakadavu Road. From N.H.47 (Anchumana) toS.N. 17.00 23.00 Jn and Vaikom Road Upto Puthiyakavu. 9. Improvements to Palarivattom Jn - Kakkanad Road (old 5.00 9.00 N.H. to Airport Seaport Road) 10. Kakkanad - Manakkekadavu Road up to Pallikkara Jn 8.00 12.00 11. Mattancherry Road Road I'rom Pandikuddy to 7.00 13.00 Mattancherry, strengtheniny and widening of existing road 12. Palluruthy Rd from Thnppi.imp;i(ly to Knppalandimukku 4.00 6.00

Total 110 233.00

Sl. No. Name of Project Length in Amit in Rs. Km/No. Crores 1. Water Front Roads Thevara Foreshore road from Vedunduruthy bridge to 3.00 20.00 new Thevara bridge. CoC 2. Vallarpadam Ring Road, Mulavukadu Panchayath 7.50 20.00

79 3. Road through the Eastern coast ofBolgatty Island 5.00 10.00 Mulavukadu panchayath

4. Vimala Hridaya Sea Shore Road, Maradu Panchayath 5.00 15.00

5. Kundanoor Sea Shore Road, Maradu Panchayath 4.00 12.00

6. Coastal road from Kumbalam Jetty to Aroor Bridge (NH 3.50 5.00 47), Kumbalam Panchayath

7. Vypeen Munambam Coastal Road, New Road, 12.00 50.00 Elankunnapuzha Panchayath

Total 132.00

Secondary Roads 1. Connecting Eastern Entry of South Railway Station to 3.50 5.00 Salim Rajan Rd on north and SA Road on south

2. Lourdes Hospital Road up to Vaduthala 2.00 3.00

3. Deshabhimani Road 4.00 6.00

4. Kannangattu-Madhura Co., Road 3.00 4.00

5. Poisha Road From N.H. 17 to the proposed Chittoor 6.00 9.00 Coastal road via Peeliyadu.

6. Darbar Hall Ground Road(from Park Avenue Road to 3.00 5.00 South Railway Station) and Hospital Road (Park Avenue Road to Eyattu Jn)

80

7. St. Reethas Road to Arakkakadavu Rd 3.00 5.00

8. Link Road from Sea port Air port Road via Inmpanam 8.00 10.00 Manakkapady, Vytila. 9. Vyttila - Palarivattom Road Via. Thammanam 4.70 7.00

10. Kunnumpuram Kalamassery (N.H. 17 – South 6.00 8.00 Kalamassery across Muttarpuzha)

11. T.C.M. Road. South Kalamassery Over Bridge to Premier 5.00 7.00

12. Thrippunithura Chottanikkara Road (East Fort Jn. - 8.00 12.00 Thimvankulam Kottayathu Para)

13 Stadium Link Rd extension to Pottakuzhi Mamangalam 3.00 6.00 Rd and Up to BTS Rd

14 Palluruthy - Chellanam Road From Nambiyapuram Jn. To 4.00 7.00 Chellanrm Via. Kari. Forming, Strengthening, widening of 2 lane traffic road including well designed drains, foot path etc

15. Palluruthy Water land Road from Palluruthy ind Estate to 4.00 5.00 manassery Jn in Beach Rd via Pandarachira

16. Kacheripadi Perumpadappu Rd( From Kacheripadi Jn to 5.00 6.00 Perumpadappu via AKG Vayanasala Kollassery and Konam)

17. Improvement to Chilavanooor Road from Elamkulam to 3.00 5.00 Bund Rd

81

18. Santo Gopalan Rd from P.T.Jacob Rd to Jawahar Rd 3.00 4.00

19. Manthara Canal Road from Convent Rd to Cherlayi 2.00 3.00 20. HMT Quarters Road, Kalamassey Municipality 3.00 5.00 21. Edapally Methanam road, Kalamassery Municipality 5.00 7.00 22. HMT Boundary Road, Kalamassery Municipality 3.00 5.00 23. Parallel Road to railway Line, HMT Jn towards south, 5.00 5.00 Kalamassery Municipality 24. Raod from Kuthirakkur Kari to Palluruthy Konam, 3.00 4.00 Chellanam Panchayath 25. Road from Kandakadavu towards Alleppey, Challanam 3.00 3.00 Panchayath 26. Perumpadappu Ezhupunna Ferry Road 3.00 3.00 27 Other Internal Roads in Cochin City 497 KMs 497.00 200.00 28. Internal Roads in Kalamassey Municipality 215.00 86.00 29. Internal Roads in Thripunithara Municipality 230.00 92.00 30 Internal Roads in 13 Adjoining Panchayaths 260.00 104.00 31. Pandit Karuppan Road Up to Thevara Ferry 5.00 10.00 32. Mattanchery Foreshore Road 6.00 20.00 33. Panangadu foreshore road 4.00 4.00 34. Thevara-Perandoor Coastal road (Pottakuzhi – Amritha 5.00 10.00 Hospital

Total 675.00

Sl. No. Name of Project Length in Amout in Rs. Km/No. Crores

Rail Over Bridges 1. Atlantis 1 50.00 2. Ponnurunni 1 10.00

82 3. Pachalam 1 30.00 4. Vaduthala 1 36.00 5. Near KSRTC 1 40.00 6. South Over Bridge, Renovation, Conversion of Foot Pat 1 1.00 on one side 7. North Overbridge, Reconstruction 1 35.00 8. Vathuruthy 1 20.00 9. Eroor, Thripunithura Municipality 1 10.00 10. Kampivelikkakam, Thiruvankulam Panchayath 1 10.00 11. Kurekkad, Thiruvankulam Panchayath 1 10.00 12. Sea Port Air Port Rd, 2 Nos, NAD lane, Tripunithura 2 20.00 13. Outer Ring Road, 2 Nos, Thiruvankulam. Kumbalam 2 20.00 14. Kathrukadavu, 2nd Bridge 1 10.00 15. Ponekkara 1 20.00 16. Methanam, Kalamassery Municipality______1 10.00

Total 332.00 Fly overs/ Sub Ways 1. Sub way on N.H.47 at Cochin University Jn. 1 10.00 2. Sub way at Menaka with connection to Broadway 1 15.00 3. Edapally, Fly over 1 60.00 4. Palarivattom, Fly Over 1 70.00 5. Vytila, Fly Over 1 60.00 6. Kundanoor Jn, Fly Over 1 60.00 7. SN Junction at Tripunithura 1 20.00 8. Fly over at NH 47 (Thammanam Pullepady Rd extensiol 1 60.00 to Sea Port Air Port Rd 9. Sea Port Air Port Rd, Near Collectorate, Sub way 1 60.00 10. Fly over at Pallimukku

Total 415.00

83 Bridges

1. SB Road, Chettichira (Match point), 2 Nos 1 4.00 2. Pandarachira Bridge (Valummel) 1 1.00 3. Giri Nagar Panampilly Nagar Bridge 1 1.00 4. Culverts and Bridges for existing crossings of rails across 1 13.00 Railway line from Thevara to Edappally (13 Nos., 5. Kurungotta Bridge, Cheranallor Panchayath 1 3.00 6. Santhom Convent Road Bridge 1 1.00 7. B.T.S. Road Bridge across Chengadampokku Thodu 1 3.00 8. Vaduthala Perandoor Bridge near Chinmaya School 1 5.00 9. Peeliyadu Bridge across Chengadampokku Thodu 1 5.00 10. Pashnithodu Bridge 1 5.00 11. Thevara Mattummel Bridge 1 20.00 12. Thevara Kumbalam Bridge 1 100.00 13. Ponekkara Bridge 1 25.00 14. Chambokadavu at Kalamassery Municipality 1 2.00 15. SA Road 2 Nos, Puthiya Palam, TP Canal 1 30.00 16. Gosree Mamangalam Rd, 2 Nos 1 6.00 17. Pullepady Thammanam Rd, 2 Nos 1 5.00

18. Bund Road, 2 Nos 1 20.00 19. Vytila to SN Jn, 2 Nos, Chambakkara and Petta 1 40.00 20. Chellanam Rd, 2 Nos 1 10.00 21. Kumaranasan Rd, 1 1.00 22. 4 Bridges for Kothad Chathanad new Road 4 160.00 23. Puthussery to Vaduthala Chathanad Rd (New), 2 Bridges 2 6.00 24. NH 47 to Sea Port AirPort Rd (Extension of Thammanam 1 3.00 . Pullepady Rd) 25. Panamapally Nagar Extension to NH 49, 2 Nos 1 65.00 26. Emakulam Vypeen, Bolgatty Bridge 1 30.00 27. Irimpanam Kalamassey Extension, 2 10.00

84 28. Model Rd, Mullasery Canal 1 3.00 29. Poisha Rd, Near Amrutha Hosp. 1 2.00 30. Deshabhimani Rd, Near Circle Manor, BTS Rd 2 Nos 2 1.00 31. Vypeen, Munambam Rd, 4 Nos 4 12.00 32. Pandikudy Chellanam Road, 2 Nos 2 6.00 33. Chalikkavattom Rd, Punchathodu 1 1.00 34. Extension of Kaniyampuzha Rd 1 2.00 35. Kunnumpuram Kalamassery Rd 1 5.00 36. Pukkattupady Rd, 2 Nos 2 3.00 37. Arakkakadavu Rd, 3 Nos 3 6.00 38. Thripunithura Chottanikkara Rd 1 2.00

39. Kumbalangi Aroor Rd 3 12.00 40. Palarivattom Kakkanad Rd, Edapally Thodu 1 2.00 41. Mattanchery Rd 2 2.00 42. TD Rd, Mullassery canal 1 1.00 43. Market Rd, 2 Nos 2 2.00 44. Palluruthy Thoppumpady Rd 1 1.00

45. Santogapalan Rd 1 1.00

46. Nettoor Kadavanthara Bridge 1 45.00

47. Kundanoor Chilavannoor Bridge 1 25.00

48. Vallarpadam - Vypeen Bridge, Paralllel to existing 1 30.00

Bridge

49. Manthara Canal Rd 1 1.00

85 50. Kothad Kadamakkudi 2 Bridges 1 40.00

51. Stadium Link Road 1 1.00

52. Link Road, Chithrapuzha, 3 Nos 3 45.00

53. Eloor - Chowka Ferry, connecting Cheranalloor and 1 15.00

Eloor Panchayaths

54. Kannangattu W.Island (NH 49) 1 60.00

55. Eloor manjoomal bridge 1 15.00

Total 915.00

Multi Level Parking

1. SA Road 4 Nos 4 6.00 2. MG Road 8 Nos 8 12.00 3. Chittoor Rd near South area, Rajaji Rd, Padma 3 5.00 4. Marine Drive 4 Nos (Shanmugom Rd) 4 6.00 5. Banerii Rd 4 Nos 4 6.00 6. Kaloor - Kadavanthra Road 4 Nos 4 6.00 7. Kaloor Old NH 2 Nos 2 3.00 8. NH 47 Bye Pass 4 6.00 9. Thoppumpady 2 3.00 10. Fort Cochin 2 3.00 11. Palarivattom 2 Nos 2 3.00 Total 59.00

86 Public Comfort Centres

Kadavunthara, Pallimukku, Padma, Marine Drive, Banerji 7 2.00 Road, Subash Bose Park, North Railway Station

Moffusil Bus Terminal

1. Vyttila – major Bus terminal (Short and long distances) 1 30.00 2. Kakkanad 1 15.00 3. Thrippoonithura along with Depot 1 15.00 4. Edakochi 1 2.00 5. Fort Kochi 1 2.00 6. Kalamassery along with depot 1 15.00 7. Collectors Square (High Court), along with Depot 1 20.00 8. Perumpadappu at 0.4 Heetors Land free surrendered 1 6.00 9. Mattanchery 1 5.00 10. Kumbalangi along with depot 1 5.00 11. Palluruthy 1 3.00 12. Chellanam 1 3.00 13. South railway Station, eastern entrance 1 3.00 14. Vypeen (Improvement) 1 3.00 15. Maradu 1 3.00 Total 130.00 Peripheral Parking 1. Goshree 1 3.00 2. Edappally 1 3.00 3. Palarivattom 1 3.00 4. Vyttila 1 3.00 5. Kumbalam 1 3.00 Total 15.00

87 Truck Terminal 1. Kalamassery 1 30.00 2. Kumbalam 1 20.00 3. Vallarpadam 1 10.00 4. Thiruvankulam 1 10.00 Total 70.00

Pedestrian crossing with escalator facilities 1 Kaloor 1 2.00 2 Kacheripady 1 2.00 3 Marine Drive ( Menaka) 1 2.00 4 Thoppumpady 1 2.00 5 Jos Junction 1 2.00 6 Fort Cochin 1 2.00 7 Boat Jetty 1 2.00 8 Kadavanthra 1 2.00

Total 16.00

Road Makings and Sign Boards 1. Road markings and sign Boards within the CBD 7.00 2. Outside CBD Area 7.00

Total 14.00

Signals 1 Signals within the CBD 15.00 2. Outside CBD Area 10.00

Total 25.00

88

Waiting Sheds 1. Waiting Sheds within the CBD 3.00 2. Outside CBD Area 3.00

Total 6.00

Waiting Sheds 1. Waiting sheds within the CBD 3.00 2. Outside CBD Area 3.00

Total 6.00

Bus Bays 1. Providing Bus Bays in Designated area 250 12.00 Inland Water transport Terminals (a) Major Jetties 1 1.30 1 Marine Drive Jetty 1 1.30 2. Chittoor Jetty 1 0.50

(b) Minor Jetties 1 Varapuzha 2 0.60 2 Kadamakkudi 2 0.60 3. Mulavukadu 4 1.20 4. Elamkunnapuzha 1 0.30 5. Narakkal 1 0.30 6. Fort Cochin 1 0.50 7. Mattanchery 1 0.50 8. Fort Vypeen 1 0.50 9. Eda Kochin 1 0.30 10. Thevara 1 0.30

89 11. Kumbalam 1 0.30 12. Kumbalangi 1 0.30 13. Chellanam 1 0.30 14. Edappaly Canal 5 0.30 15. Kakkanad, Palachuvadu 1 0.30 16. Perikkadu 1 0.30 17. Thripunithura 1 0.30 18. Valanthakadu, Maradu 1 0.30 19. Chithartrapuzha 1 0.30 20. Nettoor 1 0.30 21. Chambakkra 1 0.30 22 Nedumbassery Ernakulam 4 1.60

c) Navigational Aids and Improvement of water ways 1 Providing Navigational aids for water transport system 5.00 2 Dredging of water ways 30.00

Total 48.00

Metro Rail 1 Metro Rail cochin City – Viability Gap 635.00 GRAND TOTAL 4252.00

90 7. CONCLUSION

Kochi which was only the commercial capital of the state is now fast growing to a commercial, industrial and IT destination of the country. The Greater Kochi development Authority area was 16lakhs in 1991and is anticipated to be 25lakhs in 202with a decadal growth rate of 16%.

The number of registered vehicles has increased from 68000 in 1987to 105000 in 1996 giving a decadal growth of about 76%. The road network development CDP area however has not been commensurate with growth in traffic.

The growth in the number of personalized vehicles due to absence of adequate comfortable public transport system has congested the city roads leading to traffic jams in peak hours.

New port based projects costing more than 70000crores are envisaged in the port area which is going to offer large employment opportunities and going to attract a large population growth including floating population. Allied industries will also attract floating population both from all over the country as well as from the neighbouring districts resulting in considerable increase of intercity traffic.

The presence of major information highways through the city will make it as future IT hub in the country. Infopark has already started functioning in the city. The proposed SmartCity is going to generate about 90000 employment opportunities in the IT and ITES sector. In addition to the above projects major industries are envisaged in the eastern industrial areas of Kalamassery, Thripunithura and Kakkanad. The influence of all these projects in this area will be a population explosion and rapid extreme urbanization.

91 Inland Water Transport system in the city now playing a vital role in the intra urban transit system carrying about 16000 passengers daily is slowly losing its prominence due to inability to give quick access, lack of passenger amenities, lack of integration with other mode of transport, poor quality of the transport vessels etc. Inland water transport is to be rejuvenated to attract more passengers and tourists.

The main public transport system catering the city is bus transport. there are about 350 buses operating in the city on 24 major routes.

The total daily person trips for the area are 1708110and are projected to increase to 3540900 by 2021.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Short Term Proposals

Short term proposals include the corridor improvements, intersection improvements, provision of pedestrian facilities, and parking management. The improvement measures mainly include: ¾ Inter Section Improvement and Signalization ¾ Provision of bus bays ¾ Traffic signs and Road markings ¾ Provision of pedestrian crossings ¾ Off street centralized car parking ¾ Operation of minibuses from parking area to business area.

Medium Term Improvement Proposals

Medium term measures proposed are improvement of infrastructure to cater the travel demand in the horizon year in the future nerve centres. The medium term measures are to be envisaged with a view to accommodate the expected travel demand which

92 include up gradation of identified road corridors in the CBD including construction of grade separators and up gradation of inter city corridor to provide quick access to the neighboring cities of Thrissur, Kottayam, Alapuzha,Kodungallur and Muvattupuzha. Major road development projects proposed include: ¾ Up gradation of major busy corridors in the CBD including construction of fly overs ¾ Widening of intercity routes of NH47,NH17, ¾ Realignment of NH49 and Vypin road , ¾ Completion of Seaport Airport road, ¾ Construction of new corridors to Smart City area, ¾ Rejuvenation of Old NH through Edakochi by construction of Edakochi Bridge. ¾ Construction of grade separators in major inter sections ¾ Construction of ROBs on all level crossings.

Public Transport System

Recommendations include:

¾ Construction of new terminals discarding the existing terminals with a view to have proper integration of all modes of traffic. ¾ Re routing of buses utilizing existing under utilized corridors like NH47 A through which buses from Mattancherry etc. can be plied to Aluva, Moovattupuzha and Alapuzha direction avoiding busy central area and utilizing the new corridors proposed. ¾ Introduction of circular bus routes connecting proposed terminals.

Long Term Measures.

Recommendations for the long term planning include ¾ Preparation of a master plan for Kakkanad and its surrounding area. ¾ Introduction of suburban train service

93 ¾ Construction of a link railway line from Aluva or Angamali to Thripunithura to form a circular rail. ¾ Introduction of Mass Rapid Transit System.

94 CONTENTS

1. Chapter-1 ….. Introduction Page. 1 - 12

2. Chapter-2 ….. Surveys Page 13 - 36

3. Chapter-3 ….. Traffic Analysis Page 37 - 40

4. Chapter-4 ….. Travel Demand Modelling & Forecast. Page 41 – 43

5. Chapter-5 ….. Proposed Road Network Plan for Kochi Page 44 - 74

6. Chapter-6 ….. Estimated Cost Page 75 – 90

7. Chapter-7 ….. Conclusions Page 91 - 94

95