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2-Dimensional Temperature Modeling in Lower Granite Reservoir (Washington)

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2-Dimensional Temperature Modeling in Lower Granite Reservoir (Washington) I 4W 2-Dimensional Temperature Modeling in Lower Granite Reservoir (Washington) By Yu-Im Loh ENG B.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California at Berkeley, 1999 Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology May 2000 @ 2000 Yu-Im Loh. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT the permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part. Signature of author: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering May 5, 2000 Certified by: E. Eric Adams Senior Research Engineer & Lecturer in Civil and Environmental Engineering Thesis Supervisor -77 Accepted by: Daniele Veneziano Chairman, Committee on Graduate Students MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MAY 3 0 2000 ENG LIBRARIES 2-Dimensional Temperature Modeling in Lower Granite Reservoir (Washington) BY YU-IM LOH Submitted to the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering ABSTRACT Lower Granite Reservoir is a 10-40 m deep riverine reservoir impounded by Lower Granite Dam. The reservoir displays vertical thermal stratification, especially in summer. A two-dimensional modeling tool, CE-QUAL-W2, was applied to the reservoir in current conditions. This model application simulated water surface temperatures at the forebay to within an average of 1 C of observed temperatures, but overpredicted stratification, so that the simulated temperatures at depth were about 10'C too low. Subsequently, the model was applied to hypothetical free- flowing conditions, that is, for the scenario in which all four dams in the reservoir have been removed for some time. The model predicted a slight decrease in water surface temperatures at the present location of Lower Granite Dam going from the with-dams to the no-dams scenario. The average difference for 1995 conditions was 0.4'C. Vertical stratification decreased in the no- dams scenario, with bottom temperatures increasing by about 1-4*C from the with-dams scenario. This is a possible undesirable effect of removing the dams. Water surface temperatures are the highest in the water column in the summer, when stratification occurs. Thesis Supervisor: E. Eric Adams Senior Research Engineer & Lecturer in Civil and Environmental Engineering Acknowledgments I would like to express my thanks to my advisors Dr. Peter Shanahan and Dr. E. Eric Adams for their invaluable advice and guidance. To the people I have bothered with my e-mails and phone calls - Dave Reese of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, Charles C. Coutant of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, William A. Perkins and Marshall C. Richmond of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Scott Wells of Portland State University, and Ann Pembroke of Normandeau Associates - thank you for your unselfish help and interest. Finally, thanks to my family and friends, especially my mother, Meng and my excellent suitemates. 3 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................................................................................................ 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................................6 LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................................ 8 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 HISTORY 10 1.2 EFFECTS OF RIVER DEVELOPMENT ON ANADROMOUS FISH 11 1.3 PROPOSED SOLUTIONS 14 1.4 PROJECT MOTIVATION 15 1.5 EXISTING TEMPERATURE MODELS OF THE LOWER SNAKE RIVER 16 1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THESIS 17 2.0 CE-QUAL-W2.......................................................................................................................................19 2.1 HISTORY AND APPLICATIONS 19 2.2 THEORY BEHIND THE MODEL 20 2.3 APPLICATION OF CE-QUAL-W2 TO LOWER GRANITE RESERVOIR 22 3.0 DATA REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................................... 25 3.1 SOURCES 25 3.2 DATA ORGANIZATION 25 3.3 DATA QUALITY 26 4.0 MODEL CALIBRATION AND VERIFICATION ....................................................................... 27 4.1 CALIBRATION 27 4.1.1 Outflow A djustm ent..................................................................................................................... 27 4.2 MODEL VERIFICATION 33 4.2.1 Vertical Temperature Profile................................................................................................... 33 4.2.2 Water Surface Temperatures................................................................................................... 35 4.3 CONCLUSION 36 5.0 RESULTS.............................................................................................................................................. 37 5.1 DAM BREACHING SCENARIO 37 5.2 SIMULATION INPUT 37 5.3 RESULTS38 5.4 CONCLUSIONS 41 6.0 DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................. 43 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 45 APPENDIX A..............................................................................................................................................47 4 A PPENDIX B.............................................................................................................................................. 50 B.1 LOCATIONS 50 B. 1.1 M eteorologicalStations.............................................................................................................. 50 B.1.2 Flow Gauge Stations .................................................................................................................. 52 B. 1.3 Temperature M easurement Locations..................................................................................... 53 B.2 DATA 54 A PPEND IX C .............................................................................................................................................. 76 5 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Map of Columbia River Basin and dams. Source: US Army Corps of Engineers. .................................................................. 9 Figure 1.2 Estimated Wild Sockeye passing the Uppermost Dam on the Snake River (Lower Granite Dam after 1974), 1962 to 1999 (May include Kokanee Prior to 1992). Source: USACE, 1999. .................................. 12 Figure 1.3 Water Surface Temperatures at the Forebay of Lower Granite Dam. USACE Draft Lower Snake River Feasibility Study and Draft EIS, Appendix C, 1999 ........................................................................ 13 Figure 1.4 Vertical Temperature Profile at various points along Lower Snake River (SNR-18: between Ice Harbor Dam and Lower Monumental Dam; SNR-1 08: Forebay, Lower Granite Dam; SNR-129, Lower Granite Reservoir), and just above Snake River-Clearwater River confluence (CW-1). USACE, 1999. 17 Figure 2.1 Truncated representation of Lower Snake River in CE-QUAL-W2. Layer numbers are in the left-hand column while segment numbers are in the top row. Only segments 2 to 9 and layers 2 to 26 are represented here. Numbers in columns under each segment header are temperatures of respective cells, in degrees Celsius......................................................... 22 Figure 4.1 Forebay Elevations at Lower Granite Dam in 1993. Data Source: USACE, 2000.......................................................................... 29 Figure 4.2 Forebay Elevation in 1993 at Lower Granite Dam - Simulation 1 30 Figure 4.3 Simulated water surface elevations at the forebay of Lower Granite Dam, 1993. Inflows = outflows - evaporation loss of 1.4 m3/s.31 Figure 4.4 Simulated forebay water surface temperatures in Lower Granite Reservoir, 1993. Inflows = outflows + evaporation loss of 1.4 m3/s.31 Figure 4.5 Comparison of simulated and observed water surface elevations at the forebay of Lower Granite Dam in 1993. Source of observed data: US Army Corps of Engineers, W alla W alla District............................. 32 Figure 4.6 Simulated and observed water surface temperatures at forebay, 1993, using the assumption that inflows = outflows. Source: US Army Corps of Engineers. ................................................................ 33 Figure 4.7 Vertical Temperature Profiles at Snake River Miles a) 129 (between Clearwater-Snake confluence and Lower Granite Dam), and, b) 108 (forebay, Lower Granite Dam). Observed data from Appendix C, USACE Draft EIS, 1999. ................................................................................. .. 34 Figure 4.8 Simulated and observed water surface temperatures in Lower Granite Reservoir, 1995. Observed data from USACE..........35 6 Figure 5.1 Water Surface temperatures simulated for the no-dams and with-dams scenarios. Conditions used were the same, as in the 1995 verification simulation. ......................................................................................
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