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Predation, Turbidity, and Other Factors Influencing Juvenile Salmonid Survival in the Lower Snake River Devin M

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Predation, Turbidity, and Other Factors Influencing Juvenile Salmonid Survival in the Lower Snake River Devin M Eastern Washington University EWU Digital Commons EWU Masters Thesis Collection Student Research and Creative Works 2013 Predation, turbidity, and other factors influencing juvenile Salmonid survival in the lower Snake River Devin M. Sontag Eastern Washington University Follow this and additional works at: http://dc.ewu.edu/theses Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Sontag, Devin M., "Predation, turbidity, and other factors influencing juvenile Salmonid survival in the lower Snake River" (2013). EWU Masters Thesis Collection. 168. http://dc.ewu.edu/theses/168 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research and Creative Works at EWU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in EWU Masters Thesis Collection by an authorized administrator of EWU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Predation, Turbidity, and Other Factors Influencing Juvenile Salmonid Survival in the Lower Snake River A Thesis Presented To Eastern Washington University Cheney, WA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree Master of Science in Biology By Devin M Sontag 2013 THESIS OF DEVIN SONTAG APPROVED BY __________________________________________ DATE______________ Dr. Allan T. Scholz, Chair, Graduate Study Committee __________________________________________ DATE______________ Dr. A. Ross Black, Graduate Study Committee __________________________________________ DATE______________ Dr. John Buchanan, Graduate Study Committee MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Eastern Washington University, I agree that the JFK Library shall make copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that copying of this project in whole or in part is allowable only for scholarly purposes. It is understood, however, that any copying or publication of this thesis for commercial purposes, or for financial gain, shall not be allowed without my written permission. Signature______________________________ Date__________________________________ iii Abstract The object of this study was to quantify consumption rates of juvenile salmonids by three introduced species, smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), walleye (Sander vitreus) and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Consumption information is crucial because the construction of the Snake River hydrosystem has created a series of reservoirs, which have altered the river’s flow regimes, riparian vegetation, and turbidity. Further, several non-native fishes have been introduced as sport fish into the Lower Snake River. This combination of physical alterations and new biological interactions with introduced species has reduced the survival of anadromous salmonids in the Lower Snake River. Currently all Snake river salmonids are listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. A series of 12 sites, in four Lower Snake River reservoirs, were sampled via nighttime electrofishing in the spring and summer of 2011. All fish captured were identified, measured (mm) and weighed (g). Relative abundance of smallmouth bass was 4.6%, walleye 0.13% and channel catfish 0.08%. By weight, salmonids comprised 2% (smallmouth bass), 32% (channel catfish), and 0% (walleye) of the predator diet. The ability of smallmouth bass to consume juvenile salmonid prey was investigated in vitro, using four turbidity levels (0, 0.5, 5 and 10 NTUs), and five prey densities (1,2,4,8,16 prey items). In trials with 16 prey items, predation was significantly lower in treatments with 5 or 10 NTU than trials with 0.5 or 0 NTU, suggesting that under high prey densities, turbidity may reduce with smallmouth bass feeding predation. Flows and turbidity were high during the entirety of field sampling, which likely reduced the incidence of salmonids in predator stomachs. Reduced predator metabolic rate (due to lowered temperatures), and turbidity are associated with high iv flows. Future management efforts may include maintaining turbidity in the water column, along with spring and summer flow augmentation as a way to enhance juvenile salmonid survival during outmigration to the ocean. v Acknowledgements I would like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Allan T. Scholz , Dr. A. Ross Black and Dr. John Buchanan for sharing their knowledge and expertise. I would like to recognize my field crew, who included Mark Paluch, Megan Korst, Tyler Parsons and Alix Blake. Their hard work through long nights, equipment failures, and inclement weather was instrumental in conducting this research. Mike Satterwhite and his knowledge of EWU’s aquarium facility were very helpful with setting up feeding trials and troubleshooting inevitable technical issues. Tim Peone at the Spokane Tribal Hatchery donated several hundred juvenile kokanee that were used in feeding trials. I thank my parents and brother for their abundant support, as well as valiantly proofreading copies of this thesis. My wife has been most understanding of the long sampling trips and thesis induced crankiness, while supporting our family. Funding for fieldwork provided for this project by U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla District, Walla Walla, Washington, under subcontract to Pacific Northwest National Laboratories (Contract # 120171). Funding for turbidity trials was provided by an EWU Biology Department Minigrant. Approval for turbidity trials was given by the Eastern Washington University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Permission to transport juvenile kokanee given by WDFW Fish Transport Permit 5808-5- 12. Permission to transport adult smallmouth bass given by WDFW Fish Transport Permit 5809-5-12 vi Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... ix Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Snake River Salmonids ................................................................................................... 1 Study Area ....................................................................................................................... 7 Dam Effects- ................................................................................................................. 10 Non-Native Fish in the Snake River ............................................................................. 13 Walleye: .................................................................................................................... 14 Channel Catfish:........................................................................................................ 15 Smallmouth Bass: ..................................................................................................... 15 Methods............................................................................................................................. 24 Index of Relative Importance: ...................................................................................... 25 Walleye and Smallmouth Bass Aging: .......................................................................... 26 Channel Catfish Aging: ................................................................................................. 26 Data Analysis: ............................................................................................................... 27 Turbidity Trials: ............................................................................................................ 28 Results ............................................................................................................................... 30 Community Structure .................................................................................................... 30 Stomach Content Analysis ............................................................................................ 41 Diet Habits By Species ................................................................................................. 41 Turbidity Trials ............................................................................................................. 47 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 52 Community Structure ........................................................................................................ 52 Turbidity Trials ............................................................................................................. 62 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................. 66 vii List of Figures Figure 1 -Twelve study sites located on the Lower Snake River. Sites were grouped into the above categories based on bed slope and river flow. (rkm=river kilometers from mouth at Columbia River). ........................................................................ 8 Figure 2 - Total species richness and mean species richness based on electrofishing data during the entire sampling period. ................................................................... 39 Figure 3 - Mean
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