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Lower Granite Lock and Dam, Snake River, Washington and Idaho

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Lower Granite Lock and Dam, Snake River, Washington and Idaho ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT OCTOBER 1971 REVISED EDITION U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, WALLA WALLA, WASHINGTON 22 October 1971 LOWER GRANITE LOCK AND DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON AND IDAHO ( ) Draft (X) Final Environmental Statement Responsible Office: U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla, Washington 1. Name of Action: (X) Administrative ( ) Legislative 2. Description of Action: Lower Granite Lock and Dam is the final component in the overall project to provide slack water navigation to Lewiston, Idaho. It involves construction of a dam, powerhouse, and navigation lock at river mile 107.5 on Snake River. An impoundment would be created bordering Whitman, Garfield, and Asotin Counties in Washington and Nez Perce County, Idaho. Backwater levees would be provided at Lewiston, Idaho. Railroad and highway relocations would be necessary. The other lock and dam units which are in operation in the Lower Snake River navigation system are Ice Harbor, Lower Monumental, and Little Goose. The contract for construc­ tion of Lower Granite Dam was awarded in May 1970 and concrete placement is underway. Land acquisition is about 50 percent complete. Relocations, levees, and other features are being designed. The project is about one- third completed. 3. a. Environmental Impacts: The project would complete the Lower Snake River navigation system to Lewiston. It would also produce hydroelectric power, protect the City of Lewiston from flood damage, and provide public outdoor recreational opportunities. It would affect present urban develop­ ments on the riverfront in the vicinity of Lewiston, Idaho-Clarkston and Asotin, Washington. This project would enhance the long-term human productivity in the region. The impoundment would alter 44 miles of free- flowing natural river and associated canyon bottom lands, with a considerable impact upon fish and wildlife resources. These resources include resident and anadromous species of fish, riparian habitat with animals and birds, big game and upland game habitat, and goose nesting islands. b. Adverse Environmental Effects: Activities associated with the free-flowing river would be eliminated. Riparian vegetation would be eliminated and fish habitat would be altered to the detriment of certain species. Relocation and construction work would create an impact upon the landscape in and near the canyon bottom. Construction of levees at Lewiston would cause temporary disruption and noise near the community as a result of equipment operation and earthwork. 4. Alternatives; Abandonment of the project is an alternative which would forego the intended beneficial project purposes and would allow continuation of activities based on the free-flowing stream. Single­ purpose alternatives to otherwise achieve objectives similar to those of the multipurpose project would include electric power production with a dam or thermal plant at another location, a separate flood protection system for the City of Lewiston, and improvement or development of outdoor recreation opportunities in the vicinity in some other manner. A partial alternative to the efficient slack-water navigation to be provided by the project would be transportation of bulk commodities by limited navi­ gation in a dredged channel and/or increase in capability of railroads and highway truck equipment. Project formulation alternatives have been considered in early planning studies and several design alternatives are being studied in connection with specific project features. 5. Comments Received: Federal Power Commission Washington Department of Fisheries Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Washington Department of Game Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Idaho Water Resource Board Environmental Protection Agency Idaho Department of Fish and Game Bonneville Power Administration Idaho State Land Board National Marine Fisheries Service Fish Commission of Oregon National Park Service City of Lewiston National Park Service (Archeology) City of Clarkston Washington State Parks Commission Association of Northwest Steel- ‘ Washington Department of Ecology headers, Spokane Letter received from Office of the Attorney General for the State of Washington in lieu of direct reply from these two agencies. 6. Original Statement to Council on Environmental Quality: 30 July 1970 Revised Draft to Council on Environmental Quality: 28 January 1971 Revised Final Statement to Council on Environmental Quality: 22 October 1971 Revised Final Edition ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT LOWER GRANITE LOCK AND DAM Prepared by U.S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, WALLA WALLA, WASHINGTON CONTENTS A General Index to Subject Matter Page SUMMARY SHEET TITLE PAGE CONTENTS 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1 Legislative history 1 Details of the project 3 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING WITHOUT THE PROJECT 9 Snake River Basin description 9 Lower Graniteproject area description 9 Flooding 12 Water quality 12 Mercury 12 Resident fishery 14 Anadromous fishery 14 Chart 1 16 Chart 2 17 Recreation in project area 19 Notable geologic features 19 Vegetation 22 Wildlife 24 Climate 26 Air quality 26 Transportation system 27 Population 27 History 27 Archeology 28 3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED ACTION 31 General 31 Vegetation 31 Wildlife losses 31 Possibilities for wildlife mitigation 34 Water flow-through time (and fish migration time) 35 Water quality 36 Public Health Service findings and recommendations 37 Water flow patterns 39 Nutrients 40 CONTENTS (Continued) Page Temperature 40 Water quality studies 40 Bacteria 41 Waste discharges 42 Oxygen and the algal community 43 Sedimentation 43 Mercury 43 Pesticides and herbicides 44 Anadromous fishery 45 Turbine passage mortality 45 Nitrogen supersaturation 46 Slotted bulkheads 47 Truck transport 47 Spillway redesign 48 Possibilities for fishery mitigation 49 Reptiles 51 Insects and other vectors 51 Wind-wave effects 52 Water withdrawals 52 Evaporation 53 Debris 53 Water level fluctuation and power production 53 Industrial sitings 55 Visual qualities 55 Lewiston levees 56 Recreation opportunities 56 Relocational impact 57 Swallows Nest Rock and Granite Point 58 Archeological investigations and historical sites 58 Environmental studies and construction planning 59 Chart 3 60 4. ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED SHOULD THE PROPOSAL BE IMPLEMENTED 61 Inundated area 61 Anadromous spawning and sport fishery 61 Adverse effects on fishery 61 Water quality 62 Wildlife losses 62 Archeological site inundation 62 Temporary disturbance 62 CONTENTS (Continued) Page 5. ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION 63 Abandonment 63 Single purpose possibilities 63 Growth - no growth dichotomy 64 Design alternatives 65 6. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG­ TERM PRODUCTIVITY 68 Construction disruption 68 Anadromous and resident fishery losses 68 Commercial navigation 69 Social and economic impacts 69 Recreation opportunities 70 Regional diversity 70 Subjective value of the canyon and river 71 7. ANY IRREVERSIBLE OR IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES WHICH WOULD BE INVOLVED IN THE PROPOSED ACTION SHOULD IT BE IMPLEMENTED 74 Loss of the river and environs 74 Foreclosed opportunities 74 Steelhead fishery loss 74 8. COORDINATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES 75 General 75 Response and comment 78 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 106 LIST OF DESIGN MEMORANDA 110 LETTERS FROM RESPONDING AGENCIES C-l thru C-34 ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT LOWER GRANITE LOCK AND DAM Prepared by U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla Walla Walla, Washington 1« Project description. The mandate of the National Environmental Policy Act requires all agencies of the Federal Government to include in every recommendation or report on proposals for legislation and other major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment a detailed statement on the environmental impact and effects of such action. We are here concerned with the continuing proposals for com­ pleting construction of the various features involved in Lower Granite Lock and Dam and impoundment area. It is one increment in the Columbia-Snake River slack water navigation system. Lewis and Clark used the Snake and Columbia Rivers as their route of travel to the Northwest. Subsequently they were used by settlers and participants in the gold rush excitement near the end of the 19th century. Assistance to navigation was provided by the Congress. For the Snake River, it authorized a 5-foot depth in the existing channel to Riparia (Mile 68) ; thence a channel of the same depth and generally 60 feet wide to Lewiston (Mile 140); and for the removal of boulders and rock points between Pittsburg Landing (Mile 218) and Johnsons Bar (Mile 230). (Acts of 13 June 1902, 25 June 1910, and 30 August 1935). Channel work was suspended in 1917, although some work continued above Lewiston until 1937. The Senate Commerce Committee requested a review report on the Columbia and Snake Rivers by resolutions adopted 21 August 1935, 10 June 1936, and 21 May 1938. The resulting report is published as House Document No. 704, 75th Congress, 3d Session. The syllabus to the Report of the Division Engineer states: "The division engineer reports that further improvement of the Columbia River between The Dalles and the mouth of the Snake River, and of the latter stream below Lewiston, Idaho, should be considered as a single project." The report recommended a coordinated plan of development consisting in part of four dams on the Columbia (near The Dalles, John Day, Arlington, and Umatilla). Later analysis revised this
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