GeoscientistThe Fellowship magazine of The Geological Society of London | www.geolsoc.org.uk | Volume 23 No 3 | April 2013

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OPEN ACCESS Society publishing adapts to survive ART OF THE MATTER Jeanine Breaker on an ‘art research’ project

SO SOLID CREW Collaborative effort to build 3D geological map

CONTENTS GEOSCIENTIST

IN THIS ISSUE APRIL 2013

FEATURES 16 ‘ART RESEARCHER’ OR ‘EXOTIC PET’? Artist Jeanine Breaker reflects on her residency at the British Geological Survey REGULARS 05 WELCOME Ted Nield on the quiet man, the shelf stacker and the raspberry 06 SOCIETY NEWS What your Society is doing at home and abroad, in London and the regions 10 COVER FEATURE: FROM 2D TO 3D 09 SOAPBOX Bruce Yardley reflects on the many and Surveys team up with ESI International diverse approaches to scientific advice to create a 3D geological map 21 LETTERS We welcome your thoughts 22 BOOK & ARTS An exhibition and three books reviewed by Douglas Palmer Tom Berry and Steve Rowlatt 24 PEOPLE Geoscientists in the news and on the move 26 OBITUARY Two distinguished Fellows remembered 27 CALENDAR Society activities this month 29 CROSSWORD Win a special publication of your choice ONLINE SPECIALS n IF YOU DON’T CATCH IT OR GROW IT Mark Tyrer and Kevin Murphy raise the curtain on the Minerals for life 16 22 (M4L) conference, Edinburgh

APRIL 2013 03 04 APRIL 2013 ~ EDITOR’S COMMENT GEOSCIENTIST GIANT’S CAUSEWAY IS NORTHERN IRELAND’S MOST FAMOUS GEOLOGICAL FEATURE. SOON, IT MAY HAVE ANOTHER - A FULLY INTEGRATED 3D GEOLOGICAL MAP Cover image: Horia Bogdan Shutterstock.com ~ STACKED, NOT SHELVED y some odd coincidence of history, Geoscientist is the T 01727 893 894 Fellowship magazine of F 01727 893 895 the answer to last month’s crossword the Geological Society E enquiries@centuryone clue at 26 Down was – ‘IDS’, the of London publishing.ltd.uk W www.centuryone ‘Quiet Man’, former Tory leader and The Geological Society, publishing.ltd.uk lately, Secretary of State for Work and Burlington House, Piccadilly, Pensions. He had not been quiet on London W1J 0BG ADVERTISING EXECUTIVE T +44 (0)20 7434 9944 Jonathan Knight the Andrew Marr Show on Sunday 17 F +44 (0)20 7439 8975 T 01727 739 193 BFebruary. Defending the Government’s ‘Back to E [email protected] E jonathan@centuryone (Not for Editorial) publishing.ltd.uk Work’ Scheme, which was successfully challenged in court by Cat Reilly, a geology graduate of Publishing House ART EDITOR The Geological Society Heena Gudka Birmingham University, he said: “The next time Publishing House, Unit 7, somebody goes in – those smart people who say Brassmill Enterprise Centre, DESIGN & PRODUCTION Brassmill Lane, Bath Sarah Astington there’s something wrong with this – they go into BA1 3JN their supermarket and ask themselves...when they T 01225 445046 PRINTED BY can’t find the food they want... who is more F 01225 442836 Century One Publishing Ltd. important? Them, the geologist or the person who Library Copyright stacked the shelves”? (The ‘this’, incidentally, T +44 (0)20 7432 0999 The Geological Society of F +44 (0)20 7439 3470 London is a Registered Charity, meaning ‘being forced to work unpaid at E [email protected] number 210161. Poundland’. Sticks & Stones, p.21) ISSN (print) 0961-5628 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ISSN (online) 2045-1784 Many of you took offence at IDS’s remark, and Professor Peter Styles FGS the Society responded with a statement pointing The Geological Society of London out that geologists were not ‘above’ shelf- stacking EDITOR accepts no responsibility for the Dr Ted Nield NUJ FGS views expressed in any article in – indeed, without us not only would there be little E [email protected] this publication. All views expressed, except where food (fuel, fertilizers) but no shelves to stack, either. explicitly stated otherwise, A twitterfest of political knockabout ensued, as EDITORIAL BOARD represent those of the author, and Dr Sue Bowler FGS not The Geological Society of well as headlines about geologists ‘erupting’. As Mr Steve Branch FGS London. All rights reserved. No Dr Robin Cocks FGS paragraph of this publication may the Society’s Head of Policy and External Relations Prof. Tony Harris FGS be reproduced, copied or Nic Bilham pointed out in a Guardian blog Dr Howard Falcon- transmitted save with written permission. Users registered with published off the back of the controversy, the Lang FGS Copyright Clearance Center: the Dr Joe McCall FGS Journal is registered with CCC, Society responded not so much in anger, but Dr Jonathan Turner FGS 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA because IDS’s remark might perpetuate a narrow Dr Jan Zalasiewicz FGS 01970, USA. 0961- 5628/02/$15.00. idea of what geologists actually do. And a gift Trustees of the Geological Every effort has been made to opportunity to get that before the public should be Society of London trace copyright holders of material in this publication. If any seized with both hands. Mr D T Shilston (President); rights have been omitted, the Mrs N K Ala; Dr M G publishers offer their apologies. Most of the Society’s political work isn’t nearly Armitage; Miss S Brough; Professor R A Butler; No responsibility is assumed by so much fun. It issues serious, impartial advice, Professor N A Chapman; the Publisher for any injury and/or based on sound scientific knowledge, full of damage to persons or property as Mr D J Cragg; Professor J a matter of products liability, necessary caveats. Fellows would expect no less Francis (Secretary, Science) negligence or otherwise, or from Professor A J Fraser; any use or operation of any (and no more). But, as Bruce Yardley points out in Dr S A Gibson; Mrs M P methods, products, instructions Soapbox, all individuals – geologists not excluded – Henton (Secretary, or ideas contained in the material Professional Matters); herein. Although all advertising are proverbially entitled to lobby politically too, Dr R A Hughes; Mr D A material is expected to conform to when moved to do so. Such lobbying may be Jones; Dr A Law (Treasurer), ethical (medical) standards, inclusion in this publication does distinguished by its style: for, as Adam Sedgwick Professor R J Lisle; not constitute a guarantee or Professor A R Lord endorsement of the quality or once wrote: "He who asserts boldly and without (Secretary, Foreign & value of such product or of the External Affairs); Mr P claims made by its manufacturer. doubt, will be sure of a school of followers." Maliphant (Vice president); As a Society, we hope that by dint of hard work Subscriptions: All Dr B R Marker OBE; correspondence relating to non- we might, on occasion, persuade politicians to Professor S B Marriott (Vice member subscriptions should be president); Dr G Nichols; addresses to the Journals make a decision based on evidence, instead of Dr C P Summerhayes Subscription Department, doing the usual - namely following their political (Vice president); Professor Geological Society Publishing J H Tellam; Dr J P Turner House, Unit 7 Brassmill Enterprise instinct and cherry-picking the evidence afterwards Centre, Brassmill Lane, Bath, BA1 (Secretary, Publications) 3JN, UK. Tel: 01225 445046. Fax: to make themselves look rational. But the last thing 01225 442836. Email: we need fear is that politicians won’t see us Published on behalf of [email protected]. The the Geological Society subscription price for Volume 22, coming, wherever it might be from. The unerring of London by 2012 (11 issues) to institutions ability to detect an interest is one where the mental Century One Publishing and non-members is £108 (UK) Alban Row, 27–31 Verulam or £124 / US$247 (Rest of World). shelves are stacked well in politicians’ favour. Road, St Albans, Herts, © 2013 The Geological Society AL3 4DG of London DR TED NIELD EDITOR

APRIL 2013 05 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS SOCIETYNEWS OPEN ACCESS

The Society cannot ignore changes In such cases publication will be provide universities with block grants Below: The Society’s to the established scientific publishing is a under licence terms allowing the re- to be managed centrally to cover publishing model, say Neal Marriott mainstay of its use of all or part of the article (subject APCs. The intention is that, over finances. How can and Jonathan Turner*. it survive and to appropriate attribution), even on a time, these grants will fund an It is almost 350 years since the first prosper in a world commercial basis. increasing proportion of papers scientific journals were published – the of Open Access? With ‘Green OA’, no charge is arising from Research-Council- Philosophical Transactions of the made and the publisher continues to funded research, and that the Royal Society and the Journal des charge subscribers for access to the number of Gold OA articles will Sçavans - in 1665. Since then, published article. However, in this rise. Authors who are unsuccessful scholarly publishers have flourished case, the author may deposit a in securing a share of the funds and the value of peer-reviewed version of their paper in an online available for ‘Gold’ OA will be publication in the sciences has been repository after an agreed embargo required to follow the ‘Green’ firmly established. period has passed. The repository OA route. Throughout this time the business may be operated by their institution, For the Geological Society, model that has supported the vibrant or focused on a specific subject area. Open Access presents both an journal-publishing world has remained There are those, of course, who opportunity and a serious challenge. largely the same. Authors submit make a different case and argue There is the opportunity to enhance articles to preferred journals; strongly for the continuation of the our attractiveness to authors, publishers review, edit, process, print, subscription model; but whichever librarians and readers, and to form sell and distribute it, largely via view you side with – and there are new relationships with the research subscriptions. Online versions offer plenty who shout loudly on this community at home and abroad. wide exposure, automatic linking to matter – the detailed arguments are If managed well, we also have the cited material, a range of email alerts, complex and highly nuanced. chance to ensure the widest downloadable figures and a wider possible exposure of new and range of access options for readers. WORKING GROUP novel research. In June 2012 a working group CHANGE AFOOT chaired by Dame Janet Finch THREAT But these established business reported on expanding access to But Open Access is a potential practices may be about to change. research findings. Its key threat, too. The Society has There has been a growing call for the recommendations included: effective established itself as a successful outputs from taxpayer-funded and flexible funding arrangements to and internationally respected research to be made available to all, enable a clear UK policy direction for publisher of Earth science material. without charge. Those in the Open APC-funded ‘Gold’ Open Access, Using the subscription model, we Access (OA) movement who call for and minimal restrictions on have built a business which delivers such a move argue that not only is it commercial use and re-use a surplus that we reinvest in right to do this, but that it will benefit of publications arising from activities supporting the geoscience researchers in both academe and publicly funded research. community. The Open Access business and, indirectly, lead to In July 2012 the transition has the potential to disrupt increased economic growth. Government accepted our ability to operate profitably, and Such advocates argue for Finch’s key so undermine our ability to offer the different forms of Open Access, recommendations and full range of services currently but the two most common shortly afterwards Research available to Fellows and others. are often known as ‘Gold’ Councils UK (RCUK) In preparation for the changes and ‘Green’. published their new OA ahead the Publishing House has In ‘Gold OA’, authors pay an policies. For research undertaken careful analysis of our upfront Article Processing Charge papers costs, income and authorship, and (APC) for the range of submitted Council has now agreed our policy. publication services offered from 1 April Its key features are that we will: by the publisher. 2013, RCUK n give authors a choice between The publisher makes the require Open Gold (ie charged) and Green article freely and openly Access (ie free) OA routes. available to all, online, publication, n charge a flat rate APC of £1500 upon publication. and will per article accepted for

06 APRIL 2013 SOCIETY NEWS GEOSCIENTIST

FROM THE LIBRARY The library is open to visitors Monday-Friday 0930-1730. For a list of new acquisitions click the appropriate link from http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/info President’s Day 2013 publication where the author Last month the Society announced the winners (Murchison Medal, University of Liverpool) on Self- chooses the Gold OA route, and of its medals and funds 2013. Those Awards organisation and run-out behaviour of geophysical publish under the CC-BY licence will be presented at President’s Day, on 5 June mass flows; and Martin Jackson (William Smith (permitting sharing, copying, re- full details in next month’s issue) As well as the Medal, University of Texas) on Origin and mixing, translation, text- and data- Presidential Address, we will hear research talks Evolution of Allochthonous Salt Sheets. mining, and commercial use). by the four senior medallists. Kurt Lambeck n offer a £250 discount to all Fellows (Wollaston Medal, Australian National University) All Fellows are welcome to attend the events of submitting an article for Gold OA. will be speaking on Ice and Land, sea and President’s Day though Lunch with the Award n allow the deposit of the final strand: of Ice sheets, sea levels and the physics Winners will incur a charge. Full details of charges authors’ versions of their papers of the Earth; Paula Reimer (Lyell Medal, Queens and instructions as to how to register will be (accommodating all peer-reviewer University Belfast) on Calibrating the published in the May Issue, whose mailing will comments) in a repository, or on radiocarbon timescale; Peter Kokelaar contain the Society’s Annual Review 2012 their personal website, after a 12- month embargo period. In setting the level of APC, the Society needs to ensure the continuing profitability of the MSG Student Awards Publishing House, while competing The Marine Studies Group is establishing new Students aboard the Callista with other publishers (who often ‘MSG Student Awards’. These will be made operate at greater scale and adhere to annually to the top student, based on the lower standards). GSL journals and recommendation of the course tutor, for pre- Special Publications, EGSPs and registered courses in the Marine Earth and Memoirs will all offer choices, Environmental Sciences. Only one award will taking a ‘hybrid’ approach to OA, be made annually per institution. enabling a combination of Gold and Green articles. Potential nominating tutors should obtain a So, will our journal titles and book registration form for their course from the MSG series be given away free from now secretary Alan Stevenson E: [email protected] on? The answer is no. For as long as our publications continue to feature articles for which no APC has been paid, we will need to charge The Geological Society Club subscribers for access to the full text. However, we will take into account any The Geological Society Club, successor to the price structure.) There is a cash bar for the APC income received and reduce our body that gave birth to the Society in 1807, purchase of aperitifs and wine. subscription prices accordingly so that meets monthly (except over the field season!) at we are not seen to be charging twice 18.30 for 19.00 in the Athenaeum Club, Pall n 2013: 10 April (Burlington House); 15 May. for the same material. Mall. Once a year there is also a special dinner Changes come thick and fast in the at Burlington House. New diners are always Please send cheques, payable to world of modern publishing and we welcome, especially from among younger ‘Geological Society Club’ to: often need to pick and choose which Fellows. Dinner costs £55 for a four-course Cally Oldershaw, 14 Waterloo, Truro, developments we respond to, and meal, including coffee and port. (The Cornwall TR1 1QB. E: cally.oldershaw@ which we don’t. But Open Access, it Founders' Dinner, in November, has its own btopenworld.com DR must be said, is one we simply cannot afford to ignore.

For more information on open access and the Society’s policy, go to FUTURE MEETINGS www.geolsoc.org.uk/open-access Dates for meetings of Council and Ordinary General Meetings until April 2014 shall be as follows: *Dr Jonathan Turner is Publications n 2013: 16 April; 26 June; 25 September; 27 November Secretary of the Society. Neal Marriott is n 2014: 5 February (OGM at 3pm); 9 April 2014 the Society’s Director of Publishing

APRIL 2013 07 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

[lectures] Shell London SOCIETYNEWS... Lecture Series Library shop! New e-journal Image: Richard Whitcombe / Shutterstock.com Watch the space to the right of the Fellows of the Society now have offsite library counter: the Burlington online access to Island Arc via the House Bookshop is coming soon! Library’s Athens login facility. This From spring, we will be offering for journal focuses on the structure, sale a selection of recently dynamics and evolution of plate published and bestselling convergence zones and topics which publications from the Geological are fundamental to understanding Society and a select few other them. Visit the Virtual Library for details publishers. To find out more, sign of how to apply for an Athens login up to the e-newsletter by emailing and a list of all the Library’s e-journals. [email protected]. www.geolsoc.org.uk/ejournals Rivers under the Sea Speaker – Jeffrey Peakall (University of Leeds) Can you help the Archivist? 17 April 2013

Caroline Lam writes: I have recently Around half of the slides relate to The modern sea-floor has an abundance of giant been cataloguing the ‘Merriman Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy FGS channels that can be thousands of miles long, up to Collection’, an album of 412 glass (1877-1947), an Anglo-Ceylonian who several miles wide, and hundreds of metres deep. lantern slides, primarily dating from later abandoned geology (he These submarine channels are the feeder systems and 1880s-1910s, donated to the Society discovered the mineral thorianite) to arteries of submarine fans, the largest sedimentary by Mrs Mary Merriman in 2002 after devote himself to the history of Indian deposits on Earth. languishing in a garden shed and Ceylonese art, culture and Jeff Peakall is Professor of Process Sedimentology for decades. philosophy. in the School of Earth and Environment at the There are 73 slides, such as this University of Leeds. Jeff is also Director of the NERC unknown hill, for which we have little Sorby Environmental Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at or no information. Can Geoscientist Leeds, which acts as a national centre for the study of readers help identify them? environmental fluid dynamics. n To see more images, visit Programme – Afternoon talk: 1430pm Tea & http://blog.geolsoc.org.uk/2013/02/2 Coffee: 1500 Lecture begins: 1600 Event ends. n 5/sedimentary-my-dear-watson/ and Programme – Evening talk: 1730 Tea & Coffee: add your comment there – or write to 1800 Lecture begins: 1900 Reception. An unknown hill feature, by E: [email protected] Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy FURTHER INFORMATION Please visit www.geolsoc.org.uk/ shelllondonlectures13. Entry to each lecture is by ticket only. To obtain a ticket please contact the Wellington Arch exhibition Society around four weeks before the talk. Due to the popularity of this lecture series, tickets are allocated in A lithograph of Joseph Prestwich a monthly ballot and cannot be guaranteed. from the Geological Society Library collection is currently on loan to Contact: Naomi Newbold, The Geological Society, English Heritage for its new exhibition Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG, T: +44 at the Quadriga Gallery, Wellington (0) 20 7432 0981 E: [email protected] Arch: ‘The General, The Scientist & The Banker: The Birth of Archaeology and the Battle for the Past’ (6 February to 21 April). Wellington Arch, Apsley Way, Hyde Park Corner, London - W1J 7JZ

08 APRIL 2013 SOAPBOX GEOSCIENTIST

Of advice and lobbying

WRITTEN BY BRUCE YARDLEY Bruce Yardley* ponders the distinctive difference in style between scientists who ‘advise’ and those who ‘campaign’ on science-related issues of public and political moment

SOAPBOX CALLING! In January, Cumbria County Council voted older, original model, somewhat simplified. to withdraw from the Managing The top of the proposed repository is Soapbox is open to Radioactive Waste Safely (MRWS) process. apparently almost at sea level, rather than contributions from all Fellows. Local opposition was joined by Professors >500 metres below. Water is shown rising You can always write a letter to Stuart Haszeldine and David Smythe, who through this hypothetical repository site the Editor, of course: but characterised the geology of west Cumbria and discharging on land at artesian springs. perhaps you feel you need as well-known, yet also so unpredictable Certainly this diagram makes a very clear more space? that finding a safe repository site there point; but does it present the full scientific was impossible. picture? Explaining where he believed the If you can write it entertainingly in Reading these two authors’ web Nirex team went wrong, Smythe writes in 500 words, the Editor would like pronouncements1,2, what strikes me is the his submission2: “My analysis of the to hear from you. unambiguous way that cited evidence modelling used to predict the water flow overwhelmingly supports their position. shows that the effect of the faults cutting the Email your piece, and a self- This lack of uncertainty clearly rocks has been ignored”. Ignored? portrait, to ted.nield@geolsoc. distinguishes ‘campaigning’ from the sort of The title of the relevant paper begins with org.uk. Copy can only be technical writing most of us are more used the very words “Fracture-controlled flow”4. accepted electronically. No to, which must be measured, and set out the Many radionuclides are only soluble in diagrams, tables or other limits of evidence and of authors’ an oxidised environment. Professor illustrations please. knowledge and competence. And it is easy Haszeldine told MPs2: “I consider that there to see how ‘campaigners’, armed with such is very solid evidence for oxidising water Pictures should be of print apparent certainties, sound more persuasive permeating through the fractures of rocks in quality – as a rule of thumb, to a layperson unfamiliar with scientific this environment – it was measured in anything over a few hundred evidence, while those who show less boreholes. Where there is evidence of the kilobytes should do. certainty appear ‘evasive’ (and by last minerals to precipitate in many of these implication, ‘Establishment’). faults, there is evidence of oxidising Precedence will always be given characteristics and glacial water has to more topical contributions.

SUBMISSIONS manifestly gone through these sites to the Any one contributor may not

Before the vote, the All-Party Group of great depths in question”. appear more often than once per Cumbria MPs invited Bruce McKirdy My understanding of those studies6 is volume (once every 12 months). (NDA), Stuart Haszeldine and myself as that recent iron oxides are only present at ~ independent, to meet them. Our written shallow levels, above any possible submissions and the transcript can be read repository. The PODAMOT project7 found online2. Part of our discussion focused on some deep, late calcites bearing isotopic WHAT STRIKES how groundwater flows through possible evidence of input from glacial sources, but ME IS THE UNAMBIGUOUS repository sites near Sellafield. Early work, added: “It is very important to note that WAY THAT CITED supervised by Professor the calcite with potential glacial δ18O Haszeldine, showed signatures does not correspond to calcite EVIDENCE water sinking beneath WHATEVER grown under oxidizing conditions as OVERWHELMINGLY the fells, then rising indicated by Ce anomalies or Fe and SUPPORTS THEIR under the coastal plain3. IT IS, I’M Mn distribution” [my italics]. Professor The final, Nirex work4 AGAINST IT Haszeldine is listed as fifth co-author POSITION. THIS LACK OF contained more data and of this paper. UNCERTAINTY CLEARLY a more sophisticated DISTINGUISHES groundwater model showing *Bruce Yardley is Professor of Metamorphic ‘CAMPAIGNING’ FROM limited, fracture-controlled Geochemistry at the University of Leeds School of THE SORT OF TECHNICAL flow taking place through the Earth and Environment Borrowdale Volcanics. WRITING MOST OF US ARE Professor Smythe’s public For the references please see online MORE USED TO lecture slides5 present the http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/en/Geoscientist Bruce Yardley ~

APRIL 2013 09 GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

or almost two centuries, Stacked surfaces in the model GSNI 2007 Tellus magnetic imagery geological maps have been represent the base and areal extent of superimposed on used to deliver knowledge individual geological units: for the GSI 2006 and and understanding of the example, the spread of Carboniferous original R.E. Griffith 1838 geological rocks beneath our feet. limestones that dominates the near- maps of Ireland Those maps, along with their surface bedrock geology of the Irish Fcomplementary cross-sections, can midlands. The north-eastern Irish provide information in two, three or model is already providing a regional even four dimensions; but the depth of context for enquiry-driven, higher understanding achieved in that resolution case studies, such as the exchange is strongly dependent on the Belfast urban geological model. knowledge and experience of the user. This new model is being constructed An exciting, and potentially more in consultation with Belfast City dynamic, future lies in using modern Council and other stakeholders in computing power and web-delivery to order to inform future sustainable provide widely accessible 3D models of urban development. national geology. Those same media can also seek contributions on-line NATURALLY COMPLEX from across the geological community Physical reality is three-dimensional. that enhance the viability and Earth systems and processes are robustness of any released model or naturally complex and operate, derivative products. through time, in those three The British Geological Survey (BGS), dimensions. A 3D model projects the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland geologist’s understanding of this (GSNI), and the Geological Survey of natural order and complexity. Ireland (GSI) are now collaborating to Identifying national resources, build a 1:500 000 scale, 3D model of the (energy, minerals and groundwater) upper crust of Britain and Ireland. and geo-engineering the infrastructure To develop a methodology for future that secures their supply, both work, the partners have constructed a depend upon a consensual, national ‘Version 1’ test-block of the north- geological understanding. In the north eastern half of Ireland. Currently, that of Ireland, the multi-award winning model comprises a System-based Tellus Project and current Tellus stratigraphy, and an array of regionally Border Project are addressing important faults that divide the model shortcomings in the regional baseline into component blocks sharing a data for environmental protection

recognised geological history. and sustainable resources ▼

Version 1 geological model of the north of Ireland, major faults are shown in red. The modelled surfaces indicate the base of each geological System: the Palaeogene lavas SOLID (lilac) cap the Antrim Plateau in Northern Ireland; the Carboniferous limestones (blue) ACHIEVEMENT dominate the Irish Midlands. The model is currently bound by Graham Leslie, Mark Cooper and Brian McConnell* a c. 350 km long section drawn from have recast the regional geological map of northern Benwee Head in the NW to Carnsore Point Ireland in 3D in a groundbreaking collaborative project in the SE 10 APRIL 2013 The network of sections for bedrock and superficial deposits under construction for the greater Belfast urban model GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

▼ (www.bgs.ac.uk/gsni/tellus/ & www.tellusborder.eu/). Vast geophysical and geochemical datasets are now available to investigators and researchers. Integrating these rich new data with the existing geophysical and geochemical information, (e.g. seismic, gravity, soils), is rapidly providing fresh insights into the geology of Ireland, and a robust 3D model can provide the platform upon which they can be fully exploited. The model should be able to absorb any data (whether new or ‘legacy’, outcrop, borehole or remotely sensed) and then be regenerated with quality-assured attributes. It should be dynamic! The geologist’s task is to communicate the essence of that 3D model, and so help government, industry, research and education to take properly informed decisions. SCRIPT TO SCREEN Constructing a geological model for the north-eastern half of Ireland, one that extends down to a depth of 15km, can The array of data only be described as an awesome incorporated challenge - not least in the sense that we into the V1 3D geological encompass a volume of some 700,000 model of the cubic kilometres of rock. To achieve a north-eastern geologically realistic model, it is half of Ireland necessary to integrate knowledge and understanding that has been accumulating since 1838, when Sir Roger Griffiths’ geological map of Ireland was first published, and encompassing modern regional geological maps (themselves summations of countless years of fieldwork), academic research, records from deep boreholes and the Tellus datasets. In recent years a wide range of 3D modelling packages have become available, but, for its geologically intuitive nature, the ‘first build’ for north-eastern Ireland was made using GSI3D software, developed jointly by BGS and INSIGHT GmbH. Steve Mathers, Holger Kessler and Ben Wood (all BGS) have provided continuous support and encouragement to the geological team. GSI3D (which stands Close-up of geological for ‘Geological surveying and cross-sections investigation in three dimensions’) is and faults (red) that form the described by its developers as a framework on methodology for 3D geological which modelling that enables the geologist to calculated surfaces hang quickly capture data and construct sub- surface models, for a wide range of consumer applications. The software is now available on general Geologists’ cross section from release through the not–for–profit Benwee Head to GSI3D Research Consortium Carnsore Point

12 APRIL 2013 FEATURE GEOSCIENTIST

(www.gsi3d.org/) and is rapidly becoming one of the preferred assets in the geologist’s toolkit. GSI3D uses geological cross-sections and boreholes to constrain model surfaces at depth. Few such sections existed for the crustal-scale model under construction, and the available borehole data have limited impact at this resolution. Our first step therefore was to build a regularly distributed network of 15km-deep sections across the area of interest. These detailed sections were compiled so as to capture current understanding of System-based stratigraphy and regional tectonic structure. Regular consultations with other experts on Irish geology provided further constructive input to our efforts. The sections were then stripped down to provide a simplified skeleton on which key surfaces were calculated and displayed. GSI3D takes a ‘younger over older’ stratigraphical approach to the model calculation and, at this stage in its development, cannot directly deal with ‘older over younger’ rock relationships, as encountered with reverse faults and overturned strata. This has been overcome in the V1 model by adopting a tectono- stratigraphic approach to the units defined for the model’s generalised vertical section (or ‘GVS’). Lessons learned in these scenarios are being fed back to the GSI3D software developers. In addition to the cross-sections, a network of regionally important faults, such as the Tempo-Sixmilecross Fault, divide the model into discrete blocks. In order to permit calculation, these model faults must, at present, be extended downwards from the capping topographical surface (digital terrain model, or ‘DTM’) through the full model thickness. However, faults associated with the Iapetus Suture in Left: Tectono- Ireland are largely concealed at surface stratigraphic by Carboniferous strata. Others, by GVS showing, contrast (such as the Orlock Bridge for example, Ordovician Fault) do cut all the way to the surface accreted strata and are thus conspicuous features of (ORDO-Ac) the conventional geological map. above Silurian strata (SILU) Where appropriate therefore, the section lines have been constructed Far left: The outcrop and with minimal or no offset of geological subcrop limits units across these concealed of Systems master faults. (spaghetti) OUTCROP, SUBCROP The extent of the lower surface of each geological unit is established from exposed (outcrop) and/or concealed

(subcrop) limits. Deep borehole records ▼

APRIL 2013 13 GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

▼ and geophysical interpretations are then Lower and Upper Carboniferous rocks incorporated with those crops, to gauge (blue and grey) are added. The Lower the extent of concealed sedimentary Carboniferous rocks host the world- basins. The calculation integrates all of class Pb-Zn deposits of the Irish those limits with constraints provided Midlands (e.g. Navan -starred), while by the cross-sections, faults and fault- the Upper and Lower Carboniferous offsets to deduce the model surfaces. contains important hydrocarbon source Since the lower surface of each rock unit and reservoir rocks. The Northern is also the upper surface of the Ireland Permian (light blue – Frame 3) underlying unit, the enveloping encompasses a thick halite interval, surfaces for each volume are therefore which is a target for natural gas storage; complete and Version 1 of the geological while Triassic rocks (orange, Frame 4) model is revealed. New or additional are important groundwater reservoirs data can be rapidly added to the and have hydrocarbons and deep calculation as required. geothermal energy potential (starred). Frame 1 (see strip below) shows that The Jurassic (yellow) includes deformed and metamorphosed important hydrocarbon source rocks Neoproterozoic strata dominate the NW and seal. Cretaceous strata (light green, of the model (beige) and lie to the NW Frame 5) consist of extremely pure of the Galway-Carnlough Fault (GCF) white limestones, valued as a raw system, a structure that potentially material. Last but not least, we have the marks the edge of the Laurentian craton base of the Palaeogene basalts in Ireland. (lilac, Frame 6) famous for the World The Stars highlight economically Heritage-listed Giant’s Causeway (GC) Cliffs in County viable gold deposits in these rocks, and the Oligocene lignite-bearing Antrim, Northern while exploration for volcanogenic deposits (dark green) of the Lough Ireland massive sulphide deposits (VMS) is Neagh Group on top (starred). taking place in adjacent Ordovician When stacked together, the surfaces rocks (green). The southwestern broadly recreate the published map in continuation of the Scottish Midland plan view – as they should. Further Valley (MV) is clearly seen - but information on this and other apparently terminates in the SW against Northern Ireland models can be found the Galway-Carnlough Fault system. at www.bgs.ac.uk/gsni/geology Farther to the SE lies the Lower /3d/index.html. Palaeozoic Accretionary Wedge and its major tract-bounding faults. Another TO BE CONTINUED set of major faults is shown in the Of course, we accept that our ‘V1’ convergence zone above the Irish trace crustal-scale model of north-eastern of the Iapetus Suture (IS). To the south Ireland is not yet ‘fit for purpose’. The are the basal surfaces of the Lower fault framework is still too simplistic Basalt columns of the Giant's Palaeozoic of SE Ireland. and requires further shaping to match Causeway, In Frame 2, Devonian (brown) and the complexity of the crustal-scale fault County Antrim FEATURE GEOSCIENTIST

updates once those new inputs achieve the required level of confidence and quality assurance. In this way, we think that the national geological model would truly be nationally owned. n

*Graham Leslie British Geological Survey; Mark architecture seen across Cooper Geological Survey Northern Ireland; Brian Ireland. Although visible in McConnell Environmental Simulations International the component cross-sections, the major plutons are yet to be calculated as 3D objects in the model. While those ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS enhancements are introduced, we Construction of the V1 crustal scale model of the intend to expand the model across the north-eastern Ireland was funded through Tellus rest of Ireland and Great Britain, onshore 2. Staff resources were made available from all and offshore. three surveys (GSNI, BGS & GSI) to allow this We also accept that the collaborating first model to be produced. The authors

Image: NCG / Shutterstock.com geological surveys are not sole arbiters of acknowledge geological and technical input from a national geological model. As other 3D the GSI3D team, Sarah Arkley, Bruce Napier, models (or their component objects) Alex Donald, Calum Ritchie and Tony Myers. become available at a variety of scales This article is published with permission of the and from a variety of sources, any directors of the UK and Irish surveys. national geological model must respond and incorporate those data – irrespective of whether those data derive from REFERENCES resource exploration or ground investigation. Faults and stratigraphical n Smith, M & Howard, A 2012. The End of limits can then be recast in 3D. Such the Map? Geoscientist 22.2, pp19-21. upgrades to the national model can be n Kessler, H & Mathers, S J 2004. Maps achieved - perhaps most effectively - in to models. Geoscientist 14.10, pp4-6. the form of ‘versioned’ downloads that n Geological Survey of Ireland, 2006 1:500 clearly state the provenance of the 000 Bedrock Geology datasets and ideas incorporated in that n Griffith 1838 bedrock map of Ireland particular build. n GSI3D Research Consortium: The World Wide Web provides the www.gsi3d.org/ ideal forum; crowd-sourcing external n Tellus Project: www.bgs.ac.uk/gsni/tellus/ data, allowing uploads to a (mediated) n Tellus Border: www.tellusborder.eu/ web site that can then deliver model

APRIL 2013 15 THE CURRENT DISTURBED

‘Art researcher’ or ‘exotic pet’? Jeanine Breaker* reflects on her art-science research experience, including a Leverhulme Trust research fellowship at BGS

eonardo da Vinci said: both sides. Finding an effective As experts in both art and science Above: The 15 x 5 “We know more about foot triptych, The balance, which avoids confusing become more specialised, value and the movement of celestial Current Disturbed, novices on one hand and respect between estranged cultures resulted from bodies than about fieldwork patronising the informed on the diminish and require continual the soil underfoot.” conducted in the other, can prove elusive when two reinvestment in art-science His statement is still English Midlands disciplines’ methods and collaboration. University of Oxford near Swarkstone. Lrelevant almost 600 years later, and approaches are as foreign to one Art History Professor Martin Kemp, Two soil-profile in many ways, has led to pressing peelings flank my another as are geology and a leading authority on the art and global concerns over energy, food soft pastel drawing, contemporary art. One scientist, science of Leonardo da Vinci, has which fastidiously and water supply, pollution and replicates the soil- for example, asked if I would be cautioned: “Many intelligent, climate change. Dr Nicholas Riley, profile between the drawing portraits of old men in motivated people were interested in peels. The drawing BGS Head of Grantsmanship and is entirely beards, while a college art professor art and science but found that a lot Science Policy (Europe) states: comprised of visual asked me if geology was even of art didn’t relate to their lives, and “Industrialisation and urbanisation and textual considered ‘real science’. Caught that a lot of science was mightily geological have increasingly led to a annotation derived between these two extremes, an obscure.[...] In an art-science disconnection between society and from interviews art-science research fellow – collaboration, it is important that the constraints that the Earth places with BGS though the scientists refer to me as the artist does not impose a view on sedimentologists upon it. Public respect for after careful study their ‘artist-in-residence’ – can the science. Nature has more landscape and responsibility to live of the peels. A sometimes feel like an exotic pet. imagination than we do, so it is best truncated shadow is in harmony with it relies upon our depicted against the to let it speak for itself.[…] collective visual literacy – our soil-profile FIELDWORK Equally, if either party tries to ability to recognize how the enveloped in light, While conducting fieldwork in impose too much – either by riding literally and landscape came into being, its metaphorically Holland, I captured spectacular roughshod over the scientific evolution and how our actions may overexposing the shadows cast by a geologist against content or by demanding needless increase or diminish our soil surrounding the striated soil that appeared almost technical accuracy – things can go embodied profile vulnerability to its natural primitive. These silhouettes wrong.[…] A successful art-science behaviour.” against the soil-profile formed the work should be more than simply The UK’s research culture is one conceptual basis of my film, communicating scientific ideas in a of the most progressive in the Embodied Profiles, created as output mathematics-free version. It should world, and UK funding for my fellowship. The geologist’s impact on people in a direct way, organisations are creating initial response, springing from his with a sensory component that opportunities for artists to work habitual criteria for judging moves them.” with leading science research scientific pictures was, “Beautiful – Gongbing Shan, a reviewer for organisations like BGS to address too bad about the shadows.” From Leonardo Journal of Art Science and such pressing concerns. My year my standpoint, the transparent Technology writes: with BGS was one of the most primitive silhouette provided the "Multidisciplinary has become a productive and pleasurable of my creative resolve – a physical catch-word of some currency. professional career, however art- manifestation of evolution through However, those who engage in science research collaboration which to access and engage with multidisciplinary research typically poses conceptual challenges – to the science. find that it is considerably more

16 APRIL 2013 difficult to do than they initially Right: Earth Spine anticipated. This is especially the (see image notes on case for the multidisciplinary page 19 for further research between art and science. information) If artists and scientists aim toward a Below: Fractal common goal, then as fundamental Fields (see image research methodologies of notes on page 19 for further information) constituent disciplines diverge, new demands are placed on both parties and their efforts must become complementary rather than merely integrative. Perhaps the next stage in the evolution of multidisciplinary research between art and science will be one where artists and scientists can supersede both disciplinary boundaries and the mere coordination perspectives,

resulting in modes of thinking that ▼

APRIL 2013 17 ▼ become transdisciplinary. I consider [such fellowship work to be] moving toward this direction.” The goal of my fellowship was to investigate the creativity of the scientific method and the methodology of scientific creation. Ann Pizsorusso, a geologist who researches Leonardo da Vinci’s work, offers a relevant perspective here: ‘Leonardo's paintings and drawings, viewed from a geological perspective, reveal a remarkable fidelity to nature.[…] He memorialised his observations in his notebook, now known as the Codex Hammer, which details his thoughts and observations on geology, hydrology and the effects of water and air on the Earth. He revealed his observations in his paintings and drawings by precisely depicting geologic formations which, at the time had not been named, but which are readily identifiable to a modern geologist.[…] All we know about Leonardo suggests that he had too much respect for the nuances of natural beauty to ignore them.” Lack of resonance with the real world inevitably leads to reductive aridity. Without sensitivity to environment, an artist has little upon which to draw, and Left and above the work offers the viewer little to left: Stills from the film which to respond. Embodied Advanced technologies have Profiles, an provided Earth science with a installation featuring 18 x plethora of new ways to study the 24 inch soil- earth, and as a result of their profile peelings prevalent use, the public risks losing from Holland – two that are touch with the physical adjacent and a environment. A decade ago a group perpendicular cross section – of hikers were much less likely to and a third wall risk a mountain trek without a map. which features Today emergency services are a film created from my footage routinely called out to rescue hikers in Holland. The relying on satnavs and other devices film uses the that are unable to show features at distortion of slow motion to the appropriate scale for fell reveal walking, or that have lost signal, mysterious sounds and the power, or both. Stanford University timeless Professor Robert Harrison writes elegance of that these computer devices “draw Earth science fieldwork. [students] into their blinkered Dr Westerhoff’s personal realms[...]. This retreat profile is from the natural world is most embodied against the evident in the young, but it is not a soil-profile, in a generational phenomenon.[…] distillation of time and The computer is changing the very evolution that essence of the human animal”. speaks to the My time at BGS revealed the vulnerability of Earth at limited knowledge and our hands understanding of the natural world that prevails among those of us soft pastel because it is such an FURTHER IMAGE NOTES Below: The 7 x 4 untrained in geoscience. foot triptych Angle intimate medium, much like Fractal Fields, (P17) also resulted from To paraphrase Hydrogeologist of Repose features drawing with soil. (In fact, my hues the fieldwork in Holland. Fractals are the a 2 x 4 foot soft ‘self-similar’ patterns common in nature Dr Vanessa Banks, to the Earth pastel and graphite were matched to the geologically scientist the landscape represents a drawing flanked by precise ‘Munsel’ colour chart.) in which corresponding patterns recur at ‘time shot’ of the continuing two soil-profile I created four large-scale multi- progressively smaller scales. The first peelings of the evolution of the Earth’s crust, and same size created media arte/facts, collectively called panel is a highly textured 18 x 24 inch understanding of the landscape is during our ‘Authentic Landscapes’. These were soil-profile peeling. My soft pastel based on a range of scientifically fieldwork in derived from rigorous study of the drawing in the centre replicates the Holland. My tested conceptual models. drawing replicates nuanced structure of the soil in precise location from which the peel was These models provide a route a vertical section collaboration with geoscientists at taken. The third image uses microscopy from each of the to magnify a few sand grains taken from to an artificial visual literacy, as peels, and imbeds BGS and BGS affiliate, Dr Wim drawn from training and textual and graphic Westerhoff (Netherlands the peel. An antique brass film loop acquired experience. ‘borehole log’ Organisation of Scientific magnifying the sand grains hovers over annotation into the fabric of the Research-TNO). See captions for the drawing. Written between the lines MULTI-MEDIA drawing. further explanation. of the soil are riddles about landscape Engaging with the working ‘Oscillating Although we all, to some extent, preservation comprised of antiquated between the micro methods and processes of and macroscopic’, find ourselves immersed in an phrases dating as far back as the geoscience through the first-hand Angle of Repose increasingly virtual world, a 16th century. re/presents Jeanine produced five short films. experiences of a layman with very multiple layers and renewed investment in the material little physical science background, I textures of the soil nature of drawing continues to Embodied Profiles (see P18) focused on creating multi-media and its geology, emerge and engage on all levels and Authentic Landscapes begins with a brief which in this case ‘arte/facts’ that integrate soft pastel dates back 70 in all fields, because human beings narrative describing insights about my drawing and geological annotation million years continue to be drawn to an intimate, investigation with BGS, and is followed by with geological techniques using material experience of their crisply edited documentation of the soil- soil itself as medium. One such environment – ever curious about profile peeling process.The Dichotomy of technique is ‘soil-profile peeling’ how, as Paul Klee put it, ‘to make Being Underfoot is a frenzied three- in which lacquer is used to bind a unseen things visible’. minute filmic ‘trip’ compressed from two thin layer of soil onto a backing- hours of footage taken down a 90-meter board with muslin to extract *Jeanine Breaker was funded by a borehole with a 360-degree CCTV large-scale vertical slices of the Leverhulme Trust Research ‘spinning camera’ on a private estate in soil-profile intact. Fellowship, in the first ever art- the Peak District. The audio track mixes My drawings were created with based fellowship to be held at NERC British the rhythmic sounds of borehole drilling the loosely bound materiality of Geological Survey (BGS) [email protected] with that of a human heartbeat.

APRIL 2013 19

Geoscientist welcomes readers’ letters. These are published as promptly as possible in Geoscientist Online and a selection READERS’ printed each month. Please submit your letter (300 words or fewer, by email only please) to [email protected]. LETTERS Letters will be edited. For references cited in these letters, please see the full versions at www.geolsoc.org.uk/letters PROBLEMS IN THE WATERWORKS Image: Goodluz / Shutterstock.com

Where will students learn their hydrogeology in future?

Sir, I was disappointed by Bruce Misstear's from the second round of such behaviour, will make strong representations in all Soapbox article (Geoscientist 22.01, p09) if not the first. relevant places. It is very important that it although I agree with him almost entirely. My only issue is with the statement that: does so. I wonder whether the Council and We seem to be faced once again with "... the implications for the profession will be President might approach government unthinking and fundamentally illogical serious". While that is certainly true, I do not directly, both independently - ie, on behalf bureaucracy. This is at least the third such believe that it is strong enough or its scope of geology - and in association with The occurrence with respect to hydrogeology in wide enough. The implications will be Royal Society, The Institute of the last 30 years. It might have been serious for the country and its environment Environmental Management and reasonable to hope that current as a whole; the profession is only one part Assessment, and any other bodies likely to administrators, bureaucrats, politicians - of that, important though it is in itself. share our concerns. call them what you will - would have learnt I assume that the Hydrogeology Group Jeremy Joseph

APRIL 2013 21 GEOSCIENTIST BOOKS & ARTS

geological maps by first setting out some of the fundamental rules such as the laws of superposition, cross-cutting relationships etc. Once the foundation has been established the authors build up through the basics of the interpretation of horizontal and dipping strata that are the cornerstones of geological map and structure interpretation, before moving on to the more detailed aspects of geological structures including unconformities, archaeological museums of Western faults and folding. The final portion of Ice Age Art: Arrival of Europe from London to Brno. A visit is the book describes more complicated the Modern Mind well worth the effort and the £10 entry geological structures such as igneous and fee but if you cannot get to it, consider impact features, economic problems and Quite apart from its aesthetic appeal the excellent book. It is a stand-alone complex structures. and general cultural value, the work, covering much more background The book is peppered with maps, exhibition of Ice Age art at the British information than can be gleaned from photographs and examples of the Museum also has specific interest for the exhibition and iillustrates many geological structures discussed in the text geologists and especially more works than are on display. on practically every page. These frequent palaeontologists. interludes bring the text to life and allow The exhibition includes over 130 Reviewed by Douglas Palmer the reader to visualise clearly the topics objects - carvings, engravings and some under discussion. The photographs of the oldest ceramic works known, ICE AGE ART: ARRIVAL OF THE (many in colour) add a practical real- mostly dating from between 35,000 and MODERN MIND EXHIBITION world dimension to the ‘idealised’ figures 7 February – 26 May Room 35 - British Museum, Great 15,000 years ago. The objects accurately Russell Street, London. Entry: £10 Late opening: Fridays. and the 3D models are useful. depict a selection of the Middle to Late Booking T: 020 7323 8181. W: www.britishmuseum.or This book is immensely practical and is Devenisan bestiary encountered by the g/whats_on/exhibitions/ice_age_art.aspx chock full of examples to teach the Late Paleolithic people who first ICE AGE ART: ARRIVAL OF THE MODERN MIND student as he or she starts on this occupied Eurasia. From their close JILL COOK, Published by: The British Museum Press 2013 fascinating and rewarding journey - as encounters with the Ice Age ISBN 9780 7141 2333 2 HB (hbk) 240 pp well as offering the more experienced megafauna, these hunters developed List price £30 www.britishmuseum.org/publishing practitioner a reminder of the tools an intimate knowledge and of the trade. (Don’t worry - the answers understanding of their prey and the are at the back!) Readers can work numerous dangerous carnivores, their way through simple bed which saw them as prey. thickness and interpretation of outcrop These ‘art’ images were made mostly locations, essential for the practising from mammoth ivory, bone, stone and engineering geologist, through to clay and include mammoth, big cats, more specialised aspects of geological reindeer, bison, auroch, ibex and horses, structure interpretation associated with along with fish such as salmon and ore deposits. sole, birds such as swans and I would photocopy the maps before ptarmigan and of course the humans attempting the problems, as it can be themselves, especially the so-called difficult to work around the spine of the ‘venus figurines’ of pregnant women. book (and it gives you the opportunity to Many of these images represent have multiple attempts). Although this the only existing first hand Introduction to Geological excellent book is aimed primarily at observations of these animals, Structures and Maps students (and it should be high up on especially the extinct species. their ‘to buy’ list), it would make a They show details of soft tissues that The 8th edition of this classic geology text welcome addition to any geologist’s support other evidence from frozen book has been updated and expanded bookcase. The manager who has been cadavers and behaviours, which and now includes colour photographs kept from field mapping might find this otherwise can only be assumed from and maps as well as the extensive black book provides a welcome antidote to his comparisons with the closest living and white figures and diagrams of spreadsheets, while even the working relatives. All these images may be previous editions. In addition to the field geologist may find it a useful familiar enough from photographs but improved look, the sections describing reference - or light relief after a hard day. seeing the real thing is still something igneous intrusions, plate tectonics and An excellent book well worth purchasing. of a shock, partly because of their impact structures have been expanded antiquity but more especially from the and there is the welcome addition of a Reviewed by Tom Berry great skill and sensitivity with which new section on way-up criteria. they were made. In summary, the book, which is aimed AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES The exhibition represents a once-in- at students (‘A’-Level to undergraduate AND MAPS (8TH EDN. ) BENNISON, OLVER & MOSELEY, Published by: Hodder a-lifetime opportunity to see works that level), leads the reader through the basics Educational, London 2011 are normally scattered through the of interpreting geological structures and ISBN: 978-1444112122 184pp. List Price: £21.99

22 APRIL 2013 BOOKS & ARTS GEOSCIENTIST

Darwin, who in the early days of the cover depends on factors such as latitude, Beagle voyage complained that he was elevation, orography and meteorological just dogging Humboldt’s footsteps factors, all of which are discussed in detail without finding anything new. and at length. And then the Leakeys; significant The treatment deals with models figures, but in the top ten? And Virginia considering snow cover (largely Land Morell’s brief biography is rather Surface and General Circulation Models). pedestrian compared with her much It gives details of the mathematics more searching and revealing biography, necessary to understand the processes ‘Ancestral Passions’. Perhaps the involved; mathematics occurs often in this problem is the nature of Earth science book, but it is neither too extensive nor too where major breakthroughs are more complicated to make the book unattractive. The Scientists: An Epic incremental than in other sciences such as Of course the authors explain the high of Discovery maths or physics, so choosing who made albedo of snow and its effect on satellite the most important find is inherently images. They touch briefly on neural Here’s the game: choose the top 43 more difficult. Ref: Morell, V 1995. Ancestral network algorithms but once again avoid outstanding scientists who have Passions. Touchstone, New York, 640pp. the bear-trap of going into too much detail. revolutionised our understanding of the The book reviews the condition of world. Or, to make it simpler, choose the Reviewed by Douglas Palmer glaciers all around the world, and eight who have had the biggest impact on avalanches, and then takes a longer Earth science. Andrew Robinson’s THE SCIENTISTS: AN EPIC OF DISCOVERY perspective by examining ice ages and ice- ANDREW ROBINSON (ED. ), Published by: Thames and geological pantheon includes James Hudson Publication 2012 ISBN 978-0-500-25191-1. free periods in the geologic past - including Hutton, Charles Lyell, Alexander von 304pp. List Price: £24.99 ‘Snowball Earth’ and the ice-free Humboldt, Alfred Wegener under the Cretaceous. The text examines recent category ‘Earth’, Ernest Rutherford under changes in the cryosphere (retreat of ‘Inside the Atom’, Carl Linnaeus and glaciers and Arctic ice sheets and the Charles Darwin under ‘Life’ and Louis degradation of the permafrost) and as you and Mary Leakey under ‘Body and Mind’. would expect, anthropogenic climate I bet that you, ‘dear, geologically minded change issues make an appearance. reader’, would have had a significantly The book concludes with a survey of the different list. winter sports industry, hydropower and Robinson’s total list of 43 is heavily the uses of freshwater ice (which has been weighted towards European DWMs used in China to keep things cool in (Dead White Males) and I suspect that summer since the 7th Century BC). any non-UK scientist would produce a This is a very good book and taught me very different list. Perhaps ‘The a lot. It represents good overall value at Scientists’ is not pretending to be The Global Cryosphere, the rather peculiar price of £42.50 anything other than a vehicle for a well- Past, Present and Future presented selection of potted biographies Reviewed by Steve Rowlatt of interesting scientists. At least they are This is an excellent book which deals with written by appropriate authors, many of all the components of the Earth's THE GLOBAL CRYOSPHERE, PAST, whom are emeritus professors of a cryosphere – all forms of snow and ice, PRESENT AND FUTURE ROGER BARRY AND THIAN YEW GAN. Published by discipline relevant to their subject, plus both terrestrial and marine. It gives a Cambridge University Press, 2011 some well-known science journalists and summary of snow cover, glaciers, ice ISBN 978-0-521-15685-1 Softback. 472pp. historians of science. sheets, lake and river ice, permafrost, sea List price: £42.50 www.cambridge.org Our geological giants are appraised by ice and icebergs – their history and writers such as Martin Rudwick, who projected future. It is agreeably written certainly know their stuff. He does and suitable for undergraduate and REVIEWS: COPIES AVAILABLE Hutton and Lyell, who would probably be graduate level students in environmental members of any geological pantheon; but science, geography, geology, glaciology, Please contact [email protected] if you would like to supply a review. These with only a thousand or two words hydrology, water resource engineering and and more review books available on available, the writer’s horizons are quite ocean sciences. www.geolsoc.org.uk/reviews limited. As we would expect, Rudwick The book includes a useful index, turns in a couple of very interesting glossary and a large list of references. It n Geochemistry of Fossil Fuels - from essays, which ‘burst the limits’ of space, if has many black and white photographs, conventional to unconventional hydrocarbon not time, imposed upon him. Both of his figures, maps, tables, colour plates and systems by Alain-Yves Huc. Editions Technip, eminences are firmly placed in context thematic boxes on selected topics. It also 2013. Softback, 254pp. without in any way belittling their gives an up-to-date summary suitable for n Glaciogenic Reservoirs and Hydrdocarbon individual contributions. anyone undertaking research on the Systems (2012) Edited by Huuse et al. An American academic, Laura Walls, cryosphere. Geological Society Special Publication 368. describes Alexander von Humboldt, who There is a detailed discussion of the n Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of might seem a surprising choice but in the formation of snow. At continental scales, Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Basins in Asia (2012) Edited by Bhat et al. Geological Society wider Earth science context is an snow distribution depends on latitude and Special Publication 366. hbk important figure, admired and envied by season. However, at regional scales snow

APRIL 2013 23 GEOSCIENTIST PEOPLE

Geoscientists in the news and on the move in the UK, PEOPLE Europe and worldwide CAROUSEL

All fellows of the Society are Al-Hashimi remembered entitled to entires in this column. Please email ted.nield Society and IUGS commemorate murdered Iraqi geologist Wissam @geolsoc.org.uk, quoting your Al-Hashimi by publishing a memorial volume, reports Dawne Riddle Fellowship number. Dr Wissam Al-Hashimi n PAUL G MARINOS (1942-2004), one of Iraq’s Paul G Marinos, leading geoscientists, did his Emeritus professor, PhD at the University of National Technical Newcastle (1968-1972) on University of the sedimentology and Athenshas been dolomitisation of named “Chevalier dans l’ordre Carboniferous limestones des Palmes académiques”. The in Northumberland. Order of Academic Palms is an He became President of the Order of Chivalry of France for Geological Society of Iraq, those persons with outstanding and of the Union of Arab devotion and accomplishment Geologists, as well as in the areas of teaching, Vice-President of IUGS scholarship and research. (1996-2002), when he was a key supporter of the L-R: Prof. Eduardo de Mulder (IUGS, co-author); Balsam Wissam n JOHN RAMSAY proposal to establish the Al-Hashimi (daughter); Mrs Muatabar Hasan (widow); Mr David Shilston (President), and Farah Wissam Al-Hashimi (daughter) John Ramsay, International Year of Planet Professor Emeritus, Earth. This eventually won University of Zurich, UN approval for 2008, and Subsurface, dedicated to his Mulder (speaking on behalf has been awarded operated over a triennium memory by IUGS. of Roland Oberhänsli, the IUGS Science that began with the balloon The volume, published for current IUGS President) Excellence Award for his lifetime release in Burlington IUGS by the Society, is described Wissam’s life and contribution to structural House that opened the currently out to review. work, and especially the geology. Society’s bicentenary debt owed to him by the celebrations in 2007. HUGE DEBT geological community n ALEX STATON However, Wissam The lunch was hosted by worldwide for IYPE. Alex Staton has Al-Hashimi never witnessed David Shilston (President) Replying, Wissam passed the SiLC its success. On the morning and Alan Lord (Secretary, Al-Hashimi’s widow, Mrs 2012b exam. Alex of 24 August 2004 while Foreign & External Affairs) Muatabar Hassan, thanked has over 10 years’ going to work, Wissam was and Eduardo de Mulder the IUGS and the experience as a kidnapped, ransomed and - (former President, IUGS, Geological Society for the contaminated land specialist despite payment being Chair, IYPE and co-author of book and the event. and hydrogeologist working in a made to his captors - the volume), in the presence “Wissam was an honest and consulting environment. He is brutally murdered. His ID of Prof Mosa Almosawe dedicated scientist who currently employed by URS in was stolen and it was two (Iraqi Cultural Attaché), Dr worked for his country in Glasgow. He has prepared weeks before his family Robert Hack (Unviersity of its darkest hour. His death numerous Phase 1 desk study were able to locate his body Twente, co-author), and came as a great loss to his reports and Phase 2/Phase 3 in one of Baghdad’s members of Wissam’s family and the whole interpretative reports for a wide overstretched hospitals. family, including his widow community, but he was a range of brownfield sites and On 12 February, the Mrs Muatabar Hasan, his kind hearted person - we has particular experience of Society welcomed members daughters Farah Wissam miss him a lot and still carrying out detailed of Dr Al-Hashimi’s family to Al-Hashimi, Balsam suffer. May his soul rest in quantitative hydrogeological risk Burlington House where Wissam Al-Hashimi, and peace. If he were still assessment using probabilistic they were presented with several other family among us he would be so models. Alex has experience of copies of the volume members and friends. grateful for all that has been several other aspects of Sustainable Development and Dr Hack described the done for him by those who brownfield development Management of the Shallow volume, while Dr Ed de appreciate science.” including ground gas risk.

24 APRIL 2013 PEOPLE GEOSCIENTIST

HELP YOUR OBITUARIST The Society operates a scheme for Fellows to deposit biographical material. The object is to assist obituarists by providing contacts, dates and other information, and thus ensure that Fellows’ lives are accorded appropriate and accurate commemoration. Please send your CV and a photograph to Ted Nield at the Society.

Albert Ludford at 100 IN MEMORIAM WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/OBITUARIES

We learn that Dr Albert Ludford, THE SOCIETY NOTES WITH SADNESS THE PASSING OF: (centre) in 1945 (one year after Bailey, Kenneth * Dawson, Barry Million, Ronald * Blackburn, James Kirk * Holroyd, J D * Williams, Colin L * he joined the Society) and Bowler, Christopher Hoare, R H (Bob) Willis, John Humfrey A. Michael Lance * Hobson, David M Zwart, Hendrik * pictured in the main feature of our Chapman, W T * Jones, Brian Lloyd * February issue, is 100 years old Copp, Vera E * Middleton, John * this month. In the interests of recording its Fellows' work for posterity, the Society publishes obituaries online, and in Geoscientist. The most recent additions to the list are shown in bold. Fellows Some of his friends and former for whom no obituarist has yet been commissioned are marked with an asterisk (*). The students are holding a celebration symbol § indicates that biographical material has been lodged with the Society. for him on April 6 in Hereford. If you would like to contribute an obituary, please email [email protected] to be commissioned. You can read the guidance for authors at www.geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries. Anyone wishing to attend should To save yourself unnecessary work, please do not write anything until you have received a commissioning letter. Deceased Fellows for whom no obituary is forthcoming have their contact Valerie Clure names and dates recorded in a Roll of Honour at www.geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries. E: [email protected].

DISTANT THUNDER Wedi'i golli yn y cyfieithiad* Geologist and science writer Nina Morgan asks - what’s in a name?

The type localities for the 1990s, when a combination of quite like a Celt. Should the word showing me around Murchison’s Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian very detailed field and linguistic be Bwlch, take care to observe the field area in the Wye Valley and Systems are all located in Wales – work enabled it to be located. previous direction, only, in addition discussing the methods he used to but the exact sites where they In contrast, the Reverend Adam while the wind is whistling between locate the site where Murchison were first defined are not always Sedgwick, who also worked in your rigid tongue (sticking forwards discovered the Silurian. The location easy to pinpoint. This is not Wales, appeared to take the spade-fashion), and your of the key Murchison Silurian site is necessarily because they are hard Welsh language in his stride. distended cheeks, contrive by way described in: Hawley, Duncan, 1997, to reach geographically – the site Although born in Yorkshire, he of a finale to give a noise with your The first true Silurian: an evaluation where Roderick Murchison represented himself as somewhat throat such as you make when an of the site of Murchison’s discovery ‘discovered’ the Silurian is located of an expert in Welsh intrusive fishbone is sticking in it. of the Silurian, Proceedings of the just alongside the A470, south of pronunciation. In a letter dated So much for my first Welsh Geologists Association, vol 108, pp. Builth – but because for non-native ‘Tremadoc, July 23rd 1846’, he lesson… If you write by return of 131-140. Sedgwick’s letter is speakers, the Welsh language, instructed his niece Fanny Hicks post you may address me at reprinted in: Clark & Hughes, and particularly the spelling, can how it should be done: Dolgelly, North Wales. “ ‘The Life and Letters of the Reverend be very hard to grasp. The early “….The miserable damp But even Sedgwick had some Adam Sedgwick’ vol. 2, pp. 105- 19th Century English-speaking weather made me rheumatic and trouble with Welsh spelling. The 106. The difficulties of recording surveyors working for the low-spirited, so I nursed one day correct English spelling of Welsh place names in the 19th Ordnance Survey relied on noting in Carnarvon and then drove to Tremadoc – different Welsh century are discussed on pp. 191- down place names as they heard Pwllheli. What a charming name! spellings are often used in Wales 194 of the book, Map of a Nation by them spoken aloud by locals – and In order to pronounce the first part these days -- is Tremadog, and Rachel Hewitt. An Ordnance Survey introduced some very creative (Pwll), you must blow out you Carnarvon translates as guide, Introduction to the Welsh spellings as a result. cheeks just as you do when Caernarvon (Caernarfon, if you’re origins of place names in Britain is While working in Wales, puffing at a very obstinate candle; Welsh). And Sedgwick’s ‘Doglelly’ available at www.ordnancesurvey. then you rapidly and cunningly put is more commonly referred to as Murchison, it seems, adopted a co.uk/oswebsite/freefun/didyou your tongue to the roof of your Dolgellau. A case of the pot calling similar approach and achieved know/placenames/welshglossary mouth behind the fore teeth, and the kettle black? Or proof that similar results. In 1831 Murchison -a-b.html. identified ‘the first true Silurian’ blow hard between your cheeks when working in Wales, annigonol rocks at a place in the Wye Valley and your tongue, holding your ydy un iaith (one language is never he referred to as ‘Cavansham tongue quite steady all the while, enough). Pob lwc! [good luck!]. *‘Lost in translation’, somewhat Ferry’ – a name that isn’t as a man does a spade just awkwardly rendered into the recognised locally, and doesn’t before he is going to give it a ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Language of Heaven, but with less appear on any map. The exact good thrust with his right foot. Thanks to Duncan Hawley for loss than Google translate, which site of Murchison’s discovery With such a beautiful direction you drawing my attention to Sedgwick’s suggests ‘ar goll yn cyfieithu’ or remained a mystery in until the cannot fail to pronounce Pwll letter on Welsh pronunciation, ‘lost translating’ Editor

APRIL 2013 25 GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY

OBITUARY‘

PETER RALPH HOOPER 1931-2012 Igneous petrologist and pioneer of X-Ray Fluorescence Microscopy

eter Hooper was returned to Britain (1957), fusion) technique for effective in establishing the born in married Caroline (a fellow St determining major and architecture and elucidating Edinburgh, and Andrews graduate) and minor elements. the genesis of this and other spent his early spent two years at In 1960 Peter began flood basalt provinces. P years on his Birmingham University research on the Caledonian Canadian father’s farm in preparing his PhD on Anvers layered ultramafic complexes NUCLEAR WASTE Alberta, returning to Island, under the supervision of the SW Finnmark-Troms In 1971, Peter became Edinburgh for schooling. of Ray Adie. He was region (N. Norway). Over a Chairman of the WSU He gained his Geology awarded the Polar Medal decade he and research Department, and remained degree at St Andrews, where in 1958. students successfully there for the rest of his

he first evinced his lifelong unravelled the complex career, greatly expanding its

interest in igneous processes SPECTROMETER igneous and tectonic history geochemical and (stimulated by Harold In 1959 Peter was appointed of this sector of the petrological facilities. WSU Drever). After a year of Lecturer at University Scandinavian~ Caledonides. labs gained a global postgraduate study he College Swansea, sharing reputation, providing rock joined the Falkland Islands responsibility for igneous analyses for many external Dependencies Survey, and metamorphic petrology. HE LEFT A bodies, including the US confessing later that he One of the first tasks he was SUBSTANTIAL BODY Department of Energy’s thought those Islands were allocated by HoD Frank Hanford nuclear waste in the South Pacific. Rhodes was to purchase an OF PUBLISHED WORK, disposal site. The WSU He was recruited by FIDS XRF Spectrometer – then a AND A LEGACY OF Department became a Chief Geologist Vivian newfangled tool. Peter and STUDENTS WHO world-leader in the study of Fuchs to map the geology of his geochemist colleague, continental flood basalt Anvers Island, off the Wallace Bloxam, were among BENEFITED FROM provinces. At the GSA Antarctic Peninsula - an the first geologists in Britain HIS IMPECCABLY Annual Meeting (Seattle, igneous complex dominated to adapt the XRF for rapid ORGANISED TEACHING 2003) Peter was honoured by basaltic lavas and a analysis of rock powders. for his achievements in granodiorite batholith. They also introduced the AND INCISIVE this field. After two field seasons Peter single-bead (tetraborate SUPERVISION Peter retired in 1996 and ~ in 1999 returned to England, Peter spent a sabbatical settling in Whitchurch-on- year (1968-69) on a Fulbright Thames, remaining active in Scholarship at Washington research until his untimely State University (Pullman), death. He left a substantial working on the Columbia body of published work, River Basalts (CRB). Peter and a legacy of students recognised that a key to who benefited from his understanding the CRB was impeccably organised indentifying and correlating teaching and incisive individual lava flows, and supervision. He will be thought that geochemical greatly missed by his wife ‘fingerprinting’ using XRF Caroline, daughters Lee and might help. Accordingly, he Bryony, four grandchildren and Phil Rosenberg collected and many friends locally multiple samples from each and internationally. flow in typical sequences of lavas and brought these back By Gilbert Kelling, with thanks to Swansea. The results to Caroline, Lee & Bryony. A confirmed Peter’s hypothesis. longer version of this obituary The technique proved highly may be read online

26 APRIL 2013 CALENDAR GEOSCIENTIST Can’t find your meeting? VISIT www.geolsoc.org.uk/listings] [full, accurate, up-to-date

ENDORSED TRAINING/CPD

Course Date Venue and details

Geology of the NW Highlands 4-22 April Two week course examining the classic areas. Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews. Venue: St Andrews, Fife, Mull and Ullapool (Scottish Highlands) Fee: £2000. GSL receive a 10% discount. See online for links.

Risk Mitigation Planning and 7-11 April Organised by: University of Sussex. Venue: University of Sussex. Convener – Dr David Robinson Engineering E: [email protected] Details on website.

Introduction to Micromine Course 16-17 April Organised by: MICROMINE Venue: Challoner House, 19 Clerkenwell Close, London. Full contact details on website. Cost: £110.00 (inc. VAT). Time: 0930- 1730. This course is also being held on: 15-16 July 2013 - Challoner House; 16- 17 October 2013 - The Geological Society, London

Soil and Rock Logging Course 16 April Organised by: First Steps Ltd. Venue: EM Drilling, Bath. Fee: £265 + VAT per person. GSL Fellows receive a 10% discount. Contact: Christine Butenuth. T: 0207 736 6889 E: [email protected]

2, 3 or 5 Day Introductory & 22-26 April Organised by: IGI Ltd Venue: IGI Ltd, Hallsannery, Bideford, Devon, UK. Fees: 2 Day Introductory - £900.00 + VAT Advanced Geochemistry Courses (GSL Fellows) £810.00 + VAT; 3 Day Advanced - £1350.00 + VAT (GSL Fellows) £1215.00 + VAT; 5 Day Intro & Adv Course - £2000.00 + VAT (GSL Fellows) £1800.00 + VAT For further details and to register, visit www.igiltd.com/future- courses.html.

3 Day Basin Modelling Course 24–26 April Organised by: IGI Ltd Venue: IGI Ltd, Hallsannery, Bideford, Devon, UK. Fees: £1350.00 + VAT. GSL Fellows receive a 10% discount (£1215.00 + VAT). For further details and to register, visit www.igiltd.com/future-courses.html.

Lapworth’s Logs n/a ‘Lapworth’s Logs’ are a series of e-courses involving practical exercises of increasing complexity. Contact: [email protected]. Lapworth’s Logs is produced by Michael de Freitas and Andrew Thompson.

DIARY OF MEETINGS APRIL 2013

Meeting Date Venue and details

Holocene Climate Change 4-5 April Venue: Burlington House. Registration open online. Contact: Georgina Worrall Tel: 020 7434 Geological Society 9944 E: [email protected]

Joint Workshop: Advances in Groundwater Quality 9 April Double lecture, Evening Meeting, Workshop Venue: Lapworth Museum of Geology, Sampling and Environmental Analysis University of Birmingham. 1800 for 1815 (Talk 1)Talk 2 - 1900. Contact: Daniel Welch West Midlands Regional E: [email protected]

Skittles Competition, Southern Wales Regional 11 April Venue: The Halfway, 247 Cathedral Road, Cardiff. Time: 1800. Cost: £36 per team, inc buffet (£6 per person) Contact: Karl Llewelyn E: [email protected]

Coastal Processes and Environments Under Sea- 14-19 April Venue: Galveston, Texas. For all details please see website. Level Rise and Changing Climate: Science to Inform Management, GSA, Geological Society

Ground Behaviour during the Christchurch 17 April Venue: Burlington House. Time: Evening meeting. Contact: Tom Casey E: Earthquakes, Engineering Group [email protected]

Incoming! Or, Why We Should Stop Worrying and 17 April Venue: Large Chemistry Lecture Theatre, Cardiff University. Time: 1900. Speaker: Ted Nield Learn to Love the Meteorite, Southern Wales Regional (Editor, Geoscientist). Contact E: [email protected]

Rivers under the Sea, Geological Society, Shell UK 17 April Venue: Burlington House. Shell London Lecture. See advert on p.8

Doing More with Less, Geological Curators’ Group 25-26 April Venue: Guernsey Museums & Galleries, Guernsey. Visit: www.geocurator.org for further details. Contact: Jim Spenser E: [email protected]

CENTURY ONE PUBLISHING To plan your ad campaign in IS THE UK’S BRIGHTEST Geoscienst magazine contact: AWARD-WINNING Jonathan Knight t: 01727 739 193 CONTRACT PUBLISHING e: [email protected] AND ADVERTISING SALES AGENCY w: www.centuryonepublishing.ltd.uk

APRIL 2013 27 GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY

OBITUARY‘

GEORGE INNES LUMSDEN 1926-2012 Applied geologist who as Director of BGS helped save the organisation

nnes Lumsden FRSE, establishing a route for the throughout the UK. official reprimand from former Director of the M9 avoiding abandoned In 1980 he was appointed NERC for doing so. The British Geological oilshale workings, rerouting Assistant Director, result, however, was the Survey, died in Oxford the A1 to achieve a suitable Edinburgh and developed setting up of the Butler I on Tuesday 4 site for the Torness Power the facilities in the Survey’s Study Group into September aged 86. Brought Station while allowing the new Murchison House site. Geological Surveying and, up in Aberdeenshire, he maximum development of This was terminated in 1985 Innes was invited to

completed a BSc in Physics limestone resources in East abruptly in 1982 when he become Director of BGS! He

at Aberdeen University and Lothian and engaging with was appointed Deputy was responsible for added a First Class Honours the feasibility of underground Director at the Survey's new ensuring that the Butler degree in Geology in 1949. cavern storage. headquarters~ at Keyworth. Study Group understood in Innes wanted to be involved In 1970 he was appointed detail what the function in applied geology and so District Geologist in charge of and responsibility of a he turned down a South Scotland and became INNES WAS national geological survey lectureship at Glasgow heavily involved in the AN INNOVATOR, was; but when NERC University to take up an projects of the Industrial appointed a Director of appointment as a geologist Minerals Assessment Unit INTRODUCING NEW Earth Sciences based in in the Geological Survey of and surveys for metallic METHODOLOGIES Swindon, he decided to Great Britain, in Edinburgh. mineral resources, developing AND CONCEPTS, step away from the strong links with the Scottish inevitable controversy and COALFIELD Development Department. NEW ATTITUDES TO retired in August 1987. His early tasks were in On being instructed to GEOLOGICAL Throughout his coalfield geology, including resurvey the Southern SURVEYING AND geological career Innes was commissioning the Uplands he decided that an innovator, introducing Archerbeck Borehole, the traditional mapping would NEW STYLES OF new methodologies and deepest cored take too long and END-PRODUCT concepts, new attitudes to borehole in achieve little. ~ geological surveying and the country Instead he His task was to complete new styles of end-product at the time. started the the conversion of existing such as Environmental Innes first multi- buildings and develop Geology Maps. He believed dedicated disciplinary facilities for a modern fundamentally in the need himself regional Survey. He became heavily for a national geological to geological involved in the day-to-day survey, as a basic applied survey management of the British requirement for economic geology, project, a Geological Survey (BGS) growth and development - pattern with reductions in overall a view not always held by which was funding and difficult the scientific mandarins. soon to be relationships with the But BGS exists still, meeting copied in Natural Environment the needs of the modern similar Research Council (NERC) world. Innes Lumsden projects who were contemplating the has a place in history as future of BGS (without one of those that brought giving BGS the opportunity this about. to state its case). He is survived by his wife, Sheila and their three CABINET OFFICE children, Graham, Richard Lumsden sought the and Gillian. assistance of the Chief Scientist at the Cabinet Written by Prof Stuart K Monro Office and got an OBE DUniv FRSE

28 APRIL 2013 CROSSWORD GEOSCIENTIST

CROSSWORD NO. 168 SET BY PLATYPUS WIN A SPECIAL PUBLICATION

The winner of the February Crossword puzzle prize draw was Patrick Condon of Bangkok.

All correct solutions will be placed in the draw, and the winner’s name printed in the June issue. The Editor’s decision is final and no correspondence will be entered into. Closing date - 22 April.

The competition is open to all Fellows, Candidate Fellows and Friends of the Geological Society who are not current Society employees, officers or trustees. This exclusion does not apply to officers of joint associations, specialist or regional groups.

Please return your completed crossword to Burlington House, marking your envelope “Crossword”. Do not enclose any other matter with your solution. Overseas Fellows are encouraged to scan the signed form and email it as a PDF to [email protected]

Name ...... ACROSS DOWN Membership number ...... Address for correspondence ...... 1 Displacement surface along 1 Flat land across which a mature stream which shear movement has travels (10) ...... taken place (5) 2 Industry standard covering computer ...... 4 Retreat, or descent into the connections (1,1,1) underworld, Greekly (9) 3 Twice-bridged narrows of Puget Sound (6) ...... 9 Rare granite type featuring 4 Microscopically dispersed (9) ...... concentrically layered spheroidal structures (9) 5 Seven articulating foot bones (5) ...... 10 Elijah Bond's talking board, 6 Salts widely used in the 19th century as yes yes (5) sedatives and sexual suppressants (8) ...... 11 Breakdown into constituents 7 Elron's hokey cult (11) ...... (14) 8 'Spiced Ham' in aspic, allegedly 'wonderful' (4) ...... 14 Winding road (4) 12 Statistical measure the agreement between two 15 Extra-marital (10) variables (11) Postcode ...... 18 Destruction of religious 13 Verge, anchor, cylinder or deadbeat, for symbols (10) example (10) SOLUTIONS FEBRUARY 19 Highly alkaline evaporitic lake 16 Concentrated shaft of light (5,4) (4) 17 Sets, usually when cooled - like lava, or aspic (8) ACROSS: 21 First commercially successful 1 Epsom 4 Downfolds 9 Ephemeral 10 Auger 20 American English term, derived from Dutch, photographic process (13) describing a small flat, baked treat (6) 11 Replenishment 14 Gold 15 Distillers 24 Galilean wedding and feast site 18 Nimbleness 19 TGWU 21 Rationalistic 22 Three days of abstension following the four (5) 24 Laser 25 Adenosine 27 Redundant 28 Eosin seasonal fasts of the Christian calendar(5) 25 Fragile (9) 23 Layer of impurity on the surface of water or DOWN: 27 Lofoten whirlpool (9) molten metal (4) 1 Epeirogeny 2 Soh 3 Member 4 Darwinian 28 Pour out suddenly and 26 Traditional UK unit of energy, equal to about 5 Welsh 6 Flagella 7 Lightweight 8 Sort violently (5) 1055 joules (3) 12 Polymerised 13 Escutcheon 16 Testament 17 Flatiron 20 Ribose 22 Omaha 23 Blur 26 IDS

APRIL 2013 29 Deep Subsurface

RECRUITMENT Geoscientist

The British Geological Survey (BGS), founded in 1835 is part of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), and is the world’s longest-established national geological survey and the UK’s premier centre for earth science information and expertise. A vacancy has arisen for a highly motivated and enthusiastic Deep Subsurface Geoscientist at our headquarters in Keyworth, Nottingham.

You will form part of a team of staff who work in the Energy Science Programme and contribute to high-profile scientific research, commercial and co-funded projects in the areas of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) and Geothermal Energy. These activities will involve modeling of the deep geology from seismic and well log interpretation on a workstation. In addition you will also be required to develop a principal scientific investigator role in one or more areas of CCS, Shale gas, Geothermal Energy or Geophysics, and build a scientific profile through the publication of research.

You should be qualified to 2i or above with a PhD in geoscience, geology or geophysics. The PhD should have a focus on the deep sub-surface, you should also have a very good knowledge and understanding of deep sub-surface imaging and modelling techniques used in basin analysis e.g. seismic and well data. In addition you should have excellent oral and written communication skills. As the post involves team working, you will be able to work effectively with others, and have good time management skills.

Starting salary will be between £26,450 per annum and £29,710 per annum depending on qualifications and experience. Working hours will be 37 per week excluding lunch breaks. A generous benefits package is also offered, including a company pension scheme, childcare voucher scheme, 30 days annual leave plus 10.5 days public and privilege holidays.

Applications are handled by the RCUK Shared Services Centre; to apply please visit our job board at http://www.topcareer.jobs/ and submit your up-to-date C.V. and covering letter, which clearly outlines why you are applying for this post and how you meet the criteria described in this advertisement. Applicants who would like to receive this advert in an alternative format (e.g. large print, Braille, audio or hard copy), or who are unable to apply online should contact us by telephone on 01793 867003, Please quote reference number IRC85229.

Closing date for receipt of application forms is Friday 19 April 2013.

The Natural Environment Research Council is an equal opportunities employer and welcomes applications from all sections of the community. People with disabilities and those from ethnic minorities are currently under-represented and their applications are particularly welcome. The British Geological Survey is an Investors in People organisation. There is a guaranteed Interview Scheme for suitable candidates with disabilities.

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30 APRIL 2013 Corporate 2EGISTRATION/PEN Supporters: -ICROBIAL#ARBONATES IN3PACEAND4IME )MPLICATIONSFOR'LOBAL

Organising Committee: %XPLORATIONAND0RODUCTION Bernie Vining Baker Hughes 19-20 June, 2013 Kate Gibbons The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London Baker Hughes

Bill Morgan Morgan Geoscience Consulting, LLC

Dan Bosence Royal Holloway University of London

Daniel Le Heron Microbial carbonates occur globally throughout the stratigraphic column, from the Archean to the Royal Holloway present-day and occur in a wide range of environments. They constitute principal reservoirs of the University of London recent pre-salt discoveries offshore Brazil, producing fields in the Middle East, and are the targets of the pre-salt play offshore Angola. Further development of our understanding and knowledge of microbial Erwan Le Ber carbonates has significant implications for future worldwide exploration and production of these Royal Holloway intriguing deposits. University of London +EYTHEMESTOBEEXPLOREDBYTHESPEAKERSOVERTHEDAYCONFERENCEINCLUDE Tim Pritchard s 2EGIONALAND"ASINSETTINGS INPARTICULARNEWADVANCESINTHEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPRE SALTSOUTH BG Group Atlantic margins. s 2ESERVOIR3TUDIESFROM'ULFOF-EXICO TO+AZAKHSTAN+ARACHAGANAK 4ENGIZAND+OROLEVlELDS AND/MAN3OUTH/MAN3ALT"ASINANDANALOGUE  Conference s !NALOGUES5NDERSTANDINGOFFRONTIER0RECAMBRIANPETROLEUMSYSTEMS WITHANALOGUESTUDIESIN Sponsors: Namibia to well-known reservoirs from Oman. s$EPOSITIONALANDENVIRONMENTALCONTROLSILLUSTRATEDBYARANGEOFSTUDIESFROMTHE'REAT3ALT,AKE Eocene Green River to the Permian Zechstein in the North Sea. s4EXTUREANDDIAGENESISUNLOCKINGTHECONUNDRUMOFTEXTURE DIAGENESIS PORESYSTEMSAND preservational vs. depositional environment. s0ETROPHYSICAL#HARACTERISATIONCHALLENGESINSAMPLINGANDMEASUREMENTSTOTECHNIQUES for 3D visualisation of porosity network. +EYNOTE3PEAKERS 3TANLEY!WRAMIKMicrobialites in Time and Space. 'IOVANNA$ELLA0ORTANon-marine carbonates: variety and porosity of microbially mediated and abiotic fabrics. 0AUL7RIGHTTo be or Not to be, Microbial: does it matter? 2EGISTRATION For registration, more information and to view a listing of the presentations, go to www.geolsoc.org.uk/carbonates13 or contact: Steve Whalley, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG. T:020 7434 9944 F:020 7494 0579

At the forefront of petroleum geoscience www.geolsoc.org.uk/petroleum