WOMEN in GEOSCIENCE Elizabeth Pickett Depicts a Geoscientist Building on Foundations Laid Down by a Predecessor

Home , Aubrey Manning, Peter Styles (geologist), Women in geology

SCIENTISTVOLUME 29 No. 04 ◆ MAY 2019 ◆ WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST

GEOThe Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London @geoscientistmag

WOMEN IN GEOSCIENCE Elizabeth Pickett depicts a geoscientist building on foundations laid down by a predecessor

MINE HEAT OUTNUMBERED GIRLS INTO GEOSCIENCE The potential in Malin Kylander on the hurdles still Jodie Fischer & Sarah Boulton abandoned coalmines faced by women in science on the growth of this scheme WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 1 Lyell poster 2019 v1_ART 14-9-18_Lyell leaflet 16/09/2018 18:45 Page 1

Lyell Meeting 2019 Carbon: geochemical and palaeobiological perspectives

28 June 2019 The Geological Society, Burlington House

The fundamental building block of life as we know it, carbon, is critical to the Earth system. Traditionally biological and chemical approaches to understanding carbon dynamics in the geological past have been AD SPACEconsidered in relative isolation. For the 2019 Lyell Meeting we will to bring together a broad spectrum of scientists that address the big picture of carbon in the Earth system, drawing on expertise in Convenors: palaeontology, geochemistry, palaeobotany, atmospheric Barry Lomax (Nottingham University) processes, deep-Earth processes, and anthropogenic WT Fraser (Oxford Brookes University) impacts. Further information: For further information about the conference This meeting seeks to foster conversation between please contact: Katherina Steinmetz, Conference Office, The these disparate communities to facilitate a more holistic Geological Society, Burlington House, approach to considering carbon, and how it cycles Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG T: 0207 434 9944 between Earth’s organic and inorganic reservoirs. E: [email protected] Web: www.geolsoc.org.uk/lyell19 Call for Abstracts Follow this event on Twitter #lyell19 We invite oral and poster abstract submissions for the meeting, and these should be sent in a Word document to [email protected] by 30 April 2019. Abstracts should be approximately 250 words and include a title and acknowledgement of authors and their affiliations. WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 3 Lyell poster 2019 v1_ART 14-9-18_Lyell leaflet 16/09/2018 18:45 Page 1

GEOSCIENTIST CONTENTS

Geoscientist is the W www.centuryone Fellowship magazine publishing.uk of the Geological Society of London ADVERTISING SALES Alex Killen The Geological Society, T 01727 739 182 Burlington House, Piccadilly, E [email protected] Lyell Meeting 2019 London W1J 0BG T +44 (0)20 7434 9944 ART EDITOR F +44 (0)20 7439 8975 Heena Gudka E [email protected] (Not for Editorial - Please PRINTED BY contact the Editor) Century One Publishing Ltd. Carbon: geochemical and Publishing House The Geological Society Copyright Publishing House, Unit 7, The Geological Society of Brassmill Enterprise Centre, London is a Registered Charity, Brassmill Lane, Bath number 210161. palaeobiological perspectives BA1 3JN ISSN (print) 0961-5628 T 01225 445046 ISSN (online) 2045-1784 F 01225 442836 The Geological Society of London accepts no responsibility for the views 16 Library expressed in any article in this publication. 28 June 2019 The Geological Society, Burlington House T +44 (0)20 7432 0999 All views expressed, except where explicitly E [email protected] stated otherwise, represent those of the author, and not The Geological Society of EDITOR-IN-CHIEF London. All All rights reserved. No paragraph Professor Andy Fleet of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written The fundamental building block DEPUTY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF permission. Users registered with Copyright Mr David Shilston Clearance Center: the Journal is registered of life as we know it, carbon, is with CCC, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA EDITOR 01970, USA. Every effort has been made Dr Amy Whitchurch to trace copyright holders of material in this 10 24 critical to the Earth system. publication. If any rights have been omitted, E [email protected] the publisher offer their apologies.

Traditionally biological and EDITORIAL BOARD No responsibility is assumed by the Mrs Natalyn Ala Publisher for any injury and/or damage to ON THE COVER: chemical approaches to Mr Steve Branch persons or property as a matter of products Dr Robin Cocks liability, negligence or otherwise, or from 07 REACHING ACROSS TIME understanding carbon dynamics Dr Howard Falcon-Lang any use or operation of any methods, Prof. Tony Harris products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. All advertising Elizabeth Pickett is the winner of in the geological past have been Mr Edmund Nickless material is expected to conform to ethical Dr Alan Roberts and trading standards, and reasonable our ‘women in geoscience’ cover considered in relative isolation. Prof. Peter Styles care is taken to ensure that advertisers are Dr Colin Summerhayes reputable and reliable. However, inclusion competition Dr Jan Zalasiewicz in this publication or as an insert does not constitute a guarantee or endorsement For the 2019 Lyell Meeting we Trustees of the of the quality or value of such products Geological Society or services, or of the claims made by will to bring together a broad of London its manufacturer. Geoscientist and the Geological Society of London can give no FEATURESFEATURES Prof Nick Rogers (President) assurance that an advertiser will fulfil its spectrum of scientists that Mr Thomas Backhouse obligation under all circumstances. Mr Andrew Bloodworth 10 MINING FOR HEAT address the big picture of carbon Mr John Booth (Vice President) Subscriptions: All correspondence Charlotte Adams & colleagues highlight the potential of Dr Jason Canning relating to non-member subscriptions coalmines as a low-carbon heat source Ms Lesley Dunlop should be addresses to the Journals in the Earth system, drawing on expertise in Subscription Department, Geological Mr Graham Goffey (Treasurer) Society Publishing House, Unit 7 Brassmill 16 GIG: WHERE ARE WE NOW? Convenors: palaeontology, geochemistry, palaeobotany, atmospheric Dr Sarah Gordon (Secretary, Enterprise Centre, Brassmill Lane, Bath, BA1 Foreign & External Affairs) 3JN, UK. Tel: 01225 445046. Email: sales@ Jodie Fisher & Sarah Boulton on the need to pique girls’ Barry Lomax (Nottingham University) Prof James Griffiths geolsoc.org.uk. Contact us by phone or interest in geoscience during childhood processes, deep-Earth processes, and anthropogenic Ms Naomi Jordan email for current rates. WT Fraser (Oxford Brookes University) Prof Chris King impacts. Dr Robert Larter © 2019 The Geological Society Further information: Prof Bryne Ngwenya of London REGULARS For further information about the conference Dr Colin North (Secretary, Geoscientist is printed on FSC® mixed This meeting seeks to foster conversation between Publications) credit - Mixed source products are a blend 05 WELCOME Amy Whitchurch appeals to women to please contact: Dr Sheila Peacock of FSC 100%, Recycled and/or Controlled these disparate communities to facilitate a more holistic Mr Nicholas Reynolds (Vice fibre. Certified by the Forest Stewardship voice their opinions Katherina Steinmetz, Conference Office, The ® President) Council . Geological Society, Burlington House, approach to considering carbon, and how it cycles Prof Katherine Royse (Secretary, 06 SOCIETY NEWS What your Society is doing at Professional Matters) home and abroad Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG SCIENTISTVOLUME 29 No. 04 ◆ MAY 2019 ◆ WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST GEOThe Fellowship Magazine of the Geological Society of London @geoscientistmag between Earth’s organic and inorganic reservoirs. Mr Keith Seymour (Vice T: 0207 434 9944 President) 09 SOAPBOX Explore avenues for outreach outside the E: [email protected] Miss Jessica Smith classroom, urges Phil Heron Dr Helen Smyth Web: www.geolsoc.org.uk/lyell19 Call for Abstracts Prof Robin Strachan 21 CALENDAR Activities this month Mr John Talbot (Vice President) Follow this event on Twitter #lyell19 WOMEN IN GEOSCIENCE Dr Alexander Whittaker Elizabeth Pickett depicts a geoscientist building (Secretary, Science) on foundations laid down by a predecessor 22 B OOKS & ARTS Four new books reviewed by Fiona Todd, MINE HEAT OUTNUMBERED GIRLS INTO GEOSCIENCE The potential in Malin Kylander on the hurdles still Jodie Fischer & Sarah Boulton We invite oral and poster abstract submissions for abandoned coalmines faced by women in science on the growth of this scheme WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 1 Nina Morgan, Eleanor Dunn & Georgina Blair Published on behalf of the meeting, and these should be sent in a Word Cover image: An original gouache painting the Geological Society portraying two female field geologists, 100 years 24 CAREERS Malin Kylander on how to tackle the obstacles still of London by: apart, in the same (imaginary) field location. By document to Elizabeth Pickett (© Elizabeth Pickett) faced by women in science Century One Publishing [email protected] by 30 April Alban Row, 27–31 Verulam Road, St Albans, Herts, 27 PEOPLE Early attitudes towards female geologists, 2019. Abstracts should be approximately 250 AL3 4DG crossword & more T 01727 893 894 words and include a title and acknowledgement E enquiries@centuryone 29 OBITUARY John Veevers 1930-2018, Aubrey Manning of authors and their affiliations. publishing.uk 1930-2018 WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 3 Petroleum Group

Corporate Supporters: Call for Abstracts – Deadline: 31 May 2019 30th Annual Dinner Salt Tectonics: Natural History Museum Understanding Rocks that Flow 20th June 2019 29-31 October 2019 The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London

The complex behavioural and rheological characteristics of salt can strongly influence the structural and stratigraphic evolution of a basin. With many of the largest hydrocarbon provinces existing within salt-related basins understanding of the processes involved in Convenors: salt tectonics has important scientific and James Hammerstein economic implications for geological research Royal Holloway and hydrocarbon exploration. University of London Modern high-resolution 3D seismic data Jürgen Adam with improved imaging of salt structures in Royal Holloway combination with more advanced physical University of London and numerical modelling techniques Clare Bond revolutionises the way we see salt tectonics University of Aberdeen and the role of salt structures. and Tectonic Studies Group This three-day international conference aims to bring together leading academic and industry geoscientists to discuss new techniques and case studies, and to capture an up to date Christina assessment of our understanding of salt tectonic processes including: Von Nicolai BP • Geographical case studies; e.g. North Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Persian Gulf, Campos Basin • Salt tectonics in extensional and contractional settings • Halokinetic sequence stratigraphy • Analytical methods of interpreting salt in seismic data • Physical and numerical modelling of salt tectonics • Implications of salt tectonics for hydrocarbon exploration.

Call for Abstracts: Please submit talk or poster abstract to [email protected] by 31 May 2019.

For further information please contact: Sarah Woodcock, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG. Tel: +44 (0)20 7434 9944

For further information or to book a table for this event, At the forefront of petroleum geoscience please contact [email protected] www.geolsoc.org.uk/petroleum

Corporate Supporters: Registration Now Open Corporate Supporters: Registration Now Open Petroleum Geology of Mexico Capturing Geoscience and the Northern Caribbean 14-16 May 2019 in Geomodels The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London 26-27 June 2019 Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen

Convenors:

Jonathan Hull Convenors: Ophir Energy – Chair Matt Jameson Matthew Bowyer Glencore Cairn Energy 2017 Zama Discovery Gwilym Lynn Ian Davison Shell Earthmoves Leigh Truelove Mike Hohbein The Gulf of Mexico is a world class prolific hydrocarbon system. As a result of recent energy reform the Schlumberger Over recent years the construction of 3D static and dynamic reservoir models has become Ophir Energy Mexican sector of this basin has been open to international companies for the first time through a series of competitive licence rounds. The first phase of drilling on these newly awarded permits has resulted in the Ingrid Demaerschalk increasingly complex. With the availability of extensive tools and technology it is important not to Aruna Mannie Tullow Premier Oil discovery of giant hydrocarbon accumulations in the Mexican offshore sector. Geologically, the offshore and forget the objective of the modelling process. onshore basins of Mexico offer a diverse range of play types with multiple source / reservoir pairs and are Alun Griffiths Chris Matchette Rockhopper As we develop our hydrocarbon fields it is essential that 3D Static Models be built with fit-for- Downes characterised by complex tectonic evolution with associated halokinesis and shale tectonics. CaribX Catherine Tonge purpose geological models, honouring the geological, geophysical and petrophysical data that More widely within the Northern Caribbean region, exploration activities are ongoing in several countries Shell Adrian Neal targeting both proven and frontier petroleum systems. Some of these play elements are potential extensions they are created from. David Hulme Badley Ashton of the proven systems in Mexico. While geologically complex, these areas have the potential to emerge as Equinor This two-day conference will explore how geoscience information should be used to best effect, Mark Shann major hydrocarbon basins. Sierra Oil & Gas Tom Marsh and how to identify when geoscience data may no longer add value. Sessions will include the An excellent series of abstracts have been submitted for the conference which have been arranged into the Rock Flow Dynamics following themes: following themed sessions – Mexico Regional Tectonics, Mexican Basins - Sureste, Campeche, Burgos, James Aguas Perdido Basins, Onshore Basins, Northern Caribbean Regional Tectonics, Northern Caribbean Basins Halliburton • Data integration: seismic, well log, sedimentological, core dynamic data and beyond Sponsored by: Reservoir Distribution, Petroleum Systems and Salt Tectonics with the following Keynote Presenters: • Capturing conceptual geology in reservoir modelling for different settings and depositional • Elisa Fitz-Diaz, Instituto de Geología, Universidad • Jim Pindell, Tectonic Analysis Ltd environments Nacional Autónoma de México • Mark Rowan, Mark Rowan Consulting • Iain MacEwen, Premier Oil • John Snedden, The University of Texas Sponsored by: • Scale: geology vs model vs data • Chris Matchette Downes, CaribX Limited • Uncertainty: dealing with geological uncertainty in modelling and understanding its benefits and Registration is now open and the full conference program is available on the Geological Society Website: limitations https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/petroleum • Embracing new modelling technology and approaches. Poster submissions are still being accepted until 15th March 2019 and the committee would encourage further submissions for this category. For further information please contact: For further information please contact: Sarah Woodcock, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG. Sarah Woodcock, The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BG. Tel: +44 (0)20 7434 9944 Web: https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/PG-Geomodels Tel: +44 (0)20 7434 9944

At the forefront of petroleum geoscience At the forefront of petroleum geoscience www.geolsoc.org.uk/petroleum www.geolsoc.org.uk/petroleum #PGMexico19 4 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 5 ~ GEOSCIENTIST WELCOME

AS WE CELEBRATE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF FEMALE GEOSCIENTISTS, WE ARE REMINDED THAT THERE IS STILL SOME WAY TO GO~ FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK: Make your voice heard

lthough founded in 1807, it wasn’t until 1919 that Geoscientist magazine (compared to a male-to-female split of 71% women could be elected as Fellows of the to 29% for the Fellowship). The statistic for Letters is similarly Geological Society of London. Women were making depressing at just 6%. There are several years where no female important contributions in geological science, yet voices have featured on the opinion pages in any issue (see the they weren’t allowed to attend Society meetings— raw data online). evenA to read their own papers or receive their awards. So, to This lack of female voices is disappointing, but not surprising. mark the centenary of this major turning point for the Society, The dearth of female-authored opinion pieces published in major this issue is devoted to women in geoscience. newspapers, including the New York Times, the Guardian and Fronted by an arresting cover painted by Elizabeth Pickett, the the Telegraph, is widely documented (see further reading online). winner of our cover competition (see page 7), this issue is packed Reasons often cited for this disparity are that women are full of interesting science, analysis, reviews and advice, largely overloaded with ‘soft’ work, such as childcare, teaching or authored by brilliant female scientists. But, you’ll notice that mentoring and so don’t have time to write, or that many women Soapbox (page 9)—our main outlet for opinion—is not authored remove themselves from the discussion because they discount by a woman. Not that author gender has any bearing on the their knowledge, essentially due to a crisis of confidence that significance of the message. In his piece, Phil Heron makes the stems from ingrained and implicit societal bias. These reasons important argument that we should broaden our views of resonate with some of the responses I received from the women I outreach and impact, in the process highlighting a approached, at least anecdotally. disadvantaged minority group in society—an apt point for an To remedy these disparities in our pages, I work hard to issue that celebrates the contributions of the under-represented. commission content and publish diverse views, but I need your I approached several women to ask if they might want to help: we cannot publish what we do not receive, so I encourage all contribute to our Soapbox section, but they declined due to members of our community to get in touch. Our opinion pages over-commitments elsewhere, or a lack of time to really delve provide an opportunity to make your voice heard, as well as an into the details that they felt would be required to make a additional avenue for outreach—please feel free to use them. compelling argument. This got me thinking about the scarcity of Historically, women’s contributions have been undervalued women’s voices in the opinion pages of our magazine and it was a long wait before women could and I decided to dig into participate in Geological Society debates. In the stats. line with the Society’s policy on It turns out that since 2007 diversity, equality and inclusion, it’s (the limit of our digital important to see their voices, and archives), women have those of other under-represented authored just 6.7% of groups, reflected in the pages Soapbox articles in of this magazine.

DR AMY WHITCHURCH, EDITOR - [email protected] @geoscientistmag

4 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 5 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

SOCIETYNEWS

President’s Day Election results

President’s Day at Burlington House on Thursday, 6 June will begin The advisory ballot for Council, conducted by Electoral Reform with the Annual General Meeting at 11.00am followed by a buffet Services, closed on 31 March. The turnout was 18.1%. lunch with the award winners (members with ticket only—£28.00 per A total of 2,055 valid votes were cast for President-designate. head). As in previous years, the recipients of the major medals have The results were as follows: been invited to give a short talk on their subject, and the Awards Ceremony will be followed by presentations by the Lyell, Murchison, Dr Michael Daly – 1,196 votes (58.2%) William Smith and Wollaston medallists (details on the website: www. Prof Jonathan Craig – 859 votes (41.8%) geolsoc.org.uk/GSL-Presidents-Day-2019). The timetable for President’s Day and the agenda for the AGM are below. To obtain Dr Michael Daly will go forward to the Annual General Meeting on 6 luncheon tickets please send cheques (payable to the Geological June 2019 for election as President-designate. Society) to Stephanie Jones at Burlington House or email stephanie. A total of 2,040 valid votes were cast for the remaining five vacancies [email protected]. Please also contact Stephanie if you wish to on Council. The results were as follows: attend the afternoon events for which there is no charge. Dr Kathryn Goodenough 1,544 (75.7%) Timetable Ms Gemma Sherwood 1,495 (73.3%) 11.00 Annual General Meeting (members only) Mrs Sarah Scott 1,326 (65.0%) 12.30 Lunch with the Award winners (members with tickets only) Dr Joel Gill 1,186 (58.1%) 14.00 Awards Ceremony Mr Andrew Moore 1,088 (53.3%) 15.15 Talks by Lyell, Murchison and William Smith medallists 16.30 Tea Prof Quentin Crowley 863 (42.3%) 17.00 Talk by Wollaston Medallist Dr Stephen Laubach 570 (27.9%) 17.30 President’s closing remarks 17.40-19.30 Drinks reception The five candidates receiving the most votes will go forward to the Annual General Meeting on 6 June 2019 for election as AGM Agenda Council members. Apologies Minutes of the Annual General Meeting held on 6 June 2018 Appointment of Scrutineers for the ballots for Council and Officers Notification of Officers 2019/2020 Ballot for Council Annual Report and Accounts for 2018 At the AGM, Fellows will be asked to elect the following members of • President’s Report Council as Officers for 2019/20: • Secretaries’ Reports • Treasurer’s Report President: Prof Nicholas Rogers Comments from Fellows Vice-Presidents: Mr John Booth Report of Scrutineers on the ballot for Council Mr Nicholas Reynolds Ballot for Officers Miss Jessica Smith Fellowship subscriptions for 2020 Mr John Talbot Deaths Secretaries: Prof Katherine Royse Appointment of Auditors Prof Robin Strachan Report of Scrutineers on the ballot for Officers Dr Alexander Whittaker Any other business Secretary, Foreign & Provisional date of next Annual General Meeting – 4 June 2020 External Affairs: Dr Sarah Gordon Treasurer: Mr Graham Goffey Future meeting dates President’s Awards for 2019 OGMs: 19 June 2019, 17 September 2019, 20 November 2019, The President’s Awards for 2019 are made to Oliver Dabson for the 5 February 2020, 8 April 2020 quality of his work with Jacobs and his academic publication record; and Nicole Duffin for the quality of her work with Shell and her work Council: 19 June 2019, 17 & 18 September 2019 (residential), with the Society on the Science Committee and last year’s Janet 20 November 2019, 5 February 2020, 8 April 2020 Watson Conference. Congratulations to both.

6 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 7 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS

What your society is doing at home and abroad

Annual Fellowship subscriptions Cover competition

Since 2015, the annual increase in The results are in and we’re thrilled to announce that the winner Fellowship fees has been set with of our cover competition is Elizabeth Pickett. Congratulations! reference to the prevailing annual rate To mark the 100th anniversary of female Fellowship of the Society, of Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation we asked you to send us an image that celebrates women in when proposals are considered for geoscience, whether past or present. We received many fantastic the following year in March and April. entries—a big thank you to all those who contributed. The rate of CPI for January 2019 was It was a tough choice and we eventually whittled the entries down 1.8%. Inflation has recently been on a to three wonderfully creative and striking submissions. But, there downward trend and in recent months could only be one winner, and so the top prize goes to Elizabeth has been fairly static. It is forecast to rise slightly in the coming Pickett for her stunningly detailed, original gouache painting months and though the effects of an exit from the EU is portraying two female field geologists, 100 years apart, in the same unknown, it is projected to be in the 2.0% - 2.2% range during (imaginary) field location. Elizabeth writes: 2020. It is an established principle that the fellowship fees “Although knowledge, understanding and technology have should be set at a level commensurate with the cost of providing developed enormously since 1919, the rocks are still fundamentally the fellowship services provided, therefore an increase in line the same, as are many aspects of geological fieldwork. Today’s with CPI has been recommended. geologist is building on foundations, both geological and societal, laid At its meeting on 17 April, Council will discuss the subscription down by her pioneering 1919 predecessor. Despite the differences in rates for 2020 shown below. An increase of 1.8% has been their situations, they can still reach across the time gap to discuss the recommended. Due to rounding, not all categories are adjusted geology of an area and share observations and ideas—I like to think and the maximum fee payable will be £214, up by £4 on the they’d have lots to discuss!” equivalent 2019 rate. Once ratified by Council, these rates will Eye-catching and beautiful illustrations from Lauren Moore, be recommend to the Fellowship for approval at the Annual depicting the diversity of female geoscientists through time, and Nicola General Meeting. Dakin, depicting Mary Anning, one of the first recognised female palaeontologists of the 19th Century, came in as close runners up. 2019 £ 2020 £ You can read more about the competition winners and see the entries in more detail on our website here: www.geolsoc.org.uk/ Junior Candidate Fellow 10.00 10.00 covercompetition

Candidate Fellow 15.00 15.00

27 and under 74.00 75.00

28-33 138.00 140.00

34-59 210.00 214.00

34-59 (Overseas) 161.00 164.00

60-64 138.00 140.00

65-69 105.00 107.00 © Elizabeth Pickett 70+ 72.00 73.00

Concessions 74.00 75.00 -- :: Full time postgraduate MSc 30.00 31.00

Full time postgraduate PhD 43.00 44.00

..· .. 0 • ...... () . .,. : . 0 . ... o, RAS 25% discount 158.00 161.00 ·e .. 0 " 0

0 Supplement (to payer) 60.00 – for Joint Fellowship 0 0

Joint Fellow discount – 35% 0

6 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 7 GEOSCIENTIST SOCIETY NEWS Earth Science Week 2019 100 years of female Fellows

This year’s Earth Science Week is taking Sarah Day calls on female Fellows to recount their stories. place on 12-20 October, with a theme of 2019 marks the 100th anniversary of female Fellowship of the ‘Geoscience is for everyone.’ An annual Geological Society. Throughout the year we will be highlighting the work celebration of the geology all around us, of our pioneering early members, as well as celebrating the contributions Earth Science Week is coordinated by women have made to the geosciences before and since. Find out more the American Geoscience Institute in the about the anniversary at www.geolsoc.org.uk/100years. US, and the Geological Society in the As part of this project, we’re embarking on an oral history project UK & Ireland. The week also takes place in partnership with our History of Geology Group to capture the in an increasing number of countries memories of female Fellows; particularly those who have been around the world. members for a long period of time. In doing so, we hope to both Events include lectures, geology walks, family activity days and enhance our oral history archives, and provide a more balanced and workshops, organised by institutions and individuals around the accurate representation of the Society’s heritage. country. Last year, a number of our Regional Groups got involved, If you have memories you would like to share with us, whether via alongside Dynamic Earth in Edinburgh, the North West Highlands interview or more informally, we would love to hear from you. Please Geopark, National Museums Scotland and many more. contact [email protected], or write to us at: Find out more about Earth Science Week on our website at www.geolsoc.org.uk/earthscienceweek. A number of small grants Oral History Project are available from the Geological Society to help with running your The Geological Society of London event—details on how to apply will be available on our website soon. Burlington House If you would like to organise an event, find out more or discuss your Piccadilly, London ideas, please get in touch with us via [email protected]. W1J0BG

Society. We intend to offer more in the future, along the lines of previous Chartership news workshops that give attendees an appreciation of what mentoring CGeol: Massimo Antonelli, Dario Avagliano, Jessica Charles, Thomas entails and how to avoid pitfalls. The Chartership and Professional David Desmond Curran, Nicola Daniele, Hywel Gwrthefyr Davies, Payal Committees is also considering the possibility of developing Webinars Debroy, Stephen Joseph Dixon, Timothy John Downes, Katherine covering this introductory area and perhaps others that offer training Alexandra Elizabeth Edwards, Robert David Fordham, Lyndsey beyond the preliminary level. Fletcher, Ruth Leala Jacobs, Rigilia Lau Chu Leh, Pak Wing Leung, A form for reporting annual professional development and George Lawrence Lloyd Mitchell, Nicholas Charles Peters, Robert training is available on the Society’s web site www.geolsoc.org.uk/ Colin Pugh, Silvia Terzuoli, John Wilton Membership/Chartership-and-Professional/Applicants.

CSci: Fiona Waldron, Anthony Windsor

Mentoring An update on mentoring from Bill Gaskarth The Mentoring Workshop scheduled for 26th March was cancelled because there were too few registrants to make it viable. PUBLIC LECTURE SERIES The Society is committed to the provision of mentoring support for Chartership Applicants. At present, companies with Accredited Training Recipes for Making the Earth Schemes are required to provide their trainees with a mentor to guide their professional development. Trainees in these companies therefore get the Speaker: Tim Elliot, University of Bristol necessary support and many companies have sent people to the GSL Location: Burlington House, London workshops or have organised ‘in house’ mentor training. Date: 30 May The Society maintains a list of Chartered Fellows who have offered to help any early career Fellow looking towards Chartership. This support is Programme largely in the form of coaching/advising in the late stages of an application. ◆ A fternoon talk: 14:30 Tea & Coffee; Such help has been useful to a number of people who work in companies 15:00 Lecture begins; 16:00 Event ends where a mentor is not available, usually due to the size of the company. ◆ E vening talk: 17:30 Tea & Coffee; 18:00 We wish to continue to offer this service, but the numbers offering help Lecture begins; 19:00 Reception have shrunk to a low level following the introduction of GDPR, when many former Mentors did not sign up again. Further Information Experienced CGeols who are willing to be contacted for help by Please visit www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsllondonlectures18. early career geologists are asked to contact the Chartership Officer Entry by ticket only (contact the Society about four weeks before ([email protected]) with their details. In the meantime, the the talk). Both lectures will be available to watch live streamed. Regional Groups are encouraged to see if they have members who could help develop ‘self-help’ groups for aspiring applicants. The Chartership Contact: The Geological Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J Officer is always available to visit and advise groups or companies. 0BG T: +44 (0) 20 7434 9944 E: [email protected] Those that attended greatly appreciated the workshops run by the

8 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 9 GEOSCIENTIST SOAPBOX

The ‘impact’ factor: Can we be more useful?

Expanding our portfolios. Phil Heron reaches out on outreach

mpact. The section on the grant Other avenues application that is becomingly I live and work in Durham, a city that has, SOAPBOX increasingly important to funding broadly speaking, a university, a cathedral bodies. How is your project going to and a few prisons. As part of my outreach benefit people? And by ‘people’ I mean activity, I thought I could try and combine CALLING! Ireal people. Not those twelve souls in your one of the non-university institutes. Going precise area of expertise that are genuinely in and talking to prison leaders interested (some may even say keen) to hear (sidestepping the cathedral), it became clear Soapbox is open to contributions about your new research. Or the scattering of that there is a real lack of science education from all Fellows. You can always other geologists in different fields that might on the inside due to a lack of funding and write a letter to the Editor, of find your work useful. Actual people. personnel. To try to bridge this gap, I’ve set course, but perhaps you feel you up what appears to be England’s first need more space? Schools science course to be taught inside the For a number of years, I have prison system. If you can write it entertainingly in been going into high The work within a young 500 words, the Editor would like schools and primary offenders institution has to hear from you. Email your piece, schools armed with a enabled the students to and a self-portrait, to bag of rocks, spaghetti gain access to [email protected]. and marshmallows, information on STEM Copy can only be accepted and some chat about apprenticeships, and electronically. No diagrams, tables plate tectonics. I love it. mentor them in or other illustrations please. I don’t even do it ‘thinking like a because I said I would scientist’. As the course Pictures should be of print in a grant—I just like continues to gather pace, quality – please take photographs presenting things I find it could be genuinely on the largest setting on your interesting to people. And useful and impactful to the camera, with a plain background. it is impactful. I find a good prison system and to the percentage of students I meet students. I’m encouraging Precedence will always be given to love the exposure to geology. Geoscientist readers to reach out more topical contributions. Some would rather I was Brian if they have guidance of any sort Any one contributor may not Cox or Tim Peake, but you can’t to young offenders who are keen appear more often than once per please everyone. for rehabilitation through science volume (once every 12 months). The Geological Society has a education. This may be anything comprehensive school outreach from ideas for routes into science programme—the Science, employment, to qualities that Technology, Engineering and employers would need to see Maths (STEM) Ambassador from non-graduate IS IT Programme is phenomenal employees. TIME TO START in getting positive role Grants demand EXPLORING OTHER models into classrooms to academics to be impactful enthuse students about science. There are a with our science and our outreach AVENUES OUTSIDE number of national initiatives, like Earth Science programmes—is it time to expand our THE TRADITIONAL Week, to focus student’s attention on our dear portfolio of classrooms and science fairs? CLASSROOM? subject, as well as a wealth of online material for PHIL HERON teachers to peruse for lessons. With that in Philip J. Heron is a Marie Skłodowska Curie Research Fellow at Durham University; e-mail: philip.j.heron@ mind, is it time to start exploring other avenues durham.ac.uk (Phil’s science course is called ‘Think outside the traditional classroom setting for our Like A Scientist’; https://philheron.com/think-like-a- required outreach programme? scientist/)

8 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 9 MINING FOR HEAT

Image: Yerko Espinoza/shutterstock.com

Many UK towns were eep coal mining in the UK has coal deposits, coal is now regarded as a left a legacy of flooded former “dirty” fuel because of the associated CO2 built on coal. mines. Water within these and other pollutant emissions, and is mines can provide a source of being phased out of our energy mix. UK Charlotte Adams, D heat energy. Durham government demonstrated its University is researching the potential of commitment to reducing coal use by Alison Monaghan this resource and the British Geological joining 27 other national governments that Survey (BGS), commissioned by the have signed up to the “powering past coal and Jon Gluyas Natural Environment Research Council alliance” and there are now days when (NERC), are constructing and operating a coal is not being burned to produce highlight the vast research site in Glasgow to further electricity in the UK. potential to repurpose understanding of mine energy systems. The UK has made good progress in decarbonising its electricity supplies over our abandoned When coal was king the past decade, with around half of UK Over the past century, vast quantities of electricity demand supplied from low- mining infrastructure coal were mined from the UK subsurface carbon sources (DBEIS, 2018). However, as it fuelled our industrial and economic electricity provision is only part of the as a low-carbon heat growth. The 15 billion tonnes mined are story and half of the UK’s total energy equivalent to a 5-cm-deep layer of coal demand is used to produce heat, most of source spread over the entire UK land surface. which is consumed by the domestic sector. Despite the wealth generated by the UK’s Heat is predominantly produced from

10 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 11 Fig 1: Schematic Diagram of a mine water heat pump system (Drawn by Charlotte Adams)

Energy Centre or Heat User

Heat Pump

Warm Water Cooled Water Pumped Returned to Mine from Mine Water Level ç√ Mine Shaft

Coal Seams

ç√

Flooded Abandoned Mine

burning natural gas. In the meantime, the but heat pumps can boost temperatures to Mine-water heat systems are generally UK has been a net importer of natural gas provide hot water and space heating. Heat operated open-loop, which offers better for over a decade and is reliant on other pumps require an energy input, but thermal efficiency than standard closed- nations to meet any shortfalls in demand. because each kW of electrical energy input loop ground-source heat systems. Finally, could be expected to deliver a heat output mine-water systems offer economies of Developing a legacy of 3-4 kW, heat is provided in an energy- scale, meaning that clusters of hundreds of Our abandoned mining infrastructure efficient way. properties could be served from a single now lies largely derelict and many have Mine water is accessed by drilling mine and a few boreholes. To deliver this forgotten its existence. Yet, people in boreholes into flooded workings through vision requires changes to planning and former mining towns and villages remain which water is abstracted, heat is removed building control policies that support the strongly connected to their mining and the temperature boosted with a heat future development of low-temperature heritage, even though its decline brought pump, before the water is returned to the energy systems. hardship and, in some areas, subsurface (Fig. 1). Using mine water as Durham Energy Institute at Durham environmental pollution. an energy source compared with University is undertaking national, Our mining legacy and the associated individual closed-loop, ground-source regional and local assessments of mine infrastructure could be repurposed and heat pumps offers some advantages for energy potential for a range of has potential as a future energy source. domestic properties. Decreased garden applications, under the auspices of The mine shafts and galleries that are now size of newer housing stock leads to BritGeothermal, which is a national flooded contain copious volumes of water reduced space for horizontal ground research partnership for deep geothermal at 12-20℃. Clearly you would not want to arrays, meaning that boreholes would be energy. This work includes assessing take a bath in water of this temperature, required, which are more capital intensive. domestic residences, industrial

10 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 11 Fig 2: Stoop-and- room (Scottish terminology for pillar-and-room) mine workings subsequently exposed by opencast coal workings at Blindwells, Scotland. Photo number P001520 BGS©UKRI. The image illustrates the connected void space (‘rooms’) that could be targeted for mine water geothermal projects

developments and municipal ochre precipitation is key for mine- that involves driving tunnels to the buildings for mine energy systems. water treatment, in a heat-exchange farthest extent of the mine, then For these assessments, we need to system this can cause severe clogging removing coal from the seam laterally understand the nature of the and fouling of system components. whilst retreating from the workings. subsurface infrastructure and Ochre precipitation is normally Many areas formerly mined by the appreciate how water quality can avoided by keeping systems under room-and-pillar method were latterly evolve, both during mine positive pressure, limiting dissolution reworked using longwall extraction. abandonment and following periods of oxygen. As longwall mining proceeds the of abstraction. Research shows that To assess the potential of this overburden above the seam subsides following long periods of resource, it is necessary to obtain from producing “goaf” (collapsed waste). abandonment, water within mines the UK Coal Authority the Consequently, an area mined by can become highly stratified, with abandonment plans for seams within room-and-pillar methods can be better-quality water generally lying the collieries worked, and then use assumed to have around 50% of the above poorer-quality water (Nuttall & these to calculate the worked areas original void space remaining and, for Younger, J. Contam. Hydrol. 2004). and seam thickness. The large-scale longwall mining, around 20% of the Pumping and abstracting water from extraction of coal from the subsurface original void space remains (Younger mines induces turbulence and mixing leaves voids that remain long after & Adams, Tech. Report 1999). These within the mine. This means that the mine abandonment. Yet, these voids voids, in effect, have created an eventual quality might be poorer than will not remain exactly as they were anthropogenically-enhanced aquifer expected and it is important to take at abandonment. Shafts were often in which heat can be extracted from samples of the entire water column if filled with rubble from the or reinjected into the large water possible. Water quality may change demolished topside colliery volumes existing within the mine with pumping rate and is linked to infrastructure before being capped, workings. the areas of workings being drawn rendering many of no value for future The potential for the flooded from. Quality may improve once a few water pumping. The floor of galleries abandoned collieries of the UK to shaft volumes have been pumped. may heave and roof material may provide a source of heating, cooling Many mine waters contain iron, collapse, leading to tunnels with and energy storage is huge. The UK which is a remnant of the interaction partial blockages along their length. Coal Authority estimates that between the oxygenated mine-water The amount of remnant void space abandoned flooded mines contain and pyrite within the coal depends upon the method of deep around 2.2 million GWh of heat, (particularly high-sulphur coals) and mining employed. Early ‘room-and- with an even greater potential for is the nemesis of mine-water pillar’ mining involves working a heat storage. Furthermore, because management. As long as air is grid, leaving pillars of coal intact for coal spawned the development of excluded from a mine-water heat roof support and mining the areas many of our towns and cities, mine pump system, iron remains in between (Fig. 2). Room-and-pillar energy resource aligns well with solution, but introducing air even mining was later replaced by centres of heat demand. The Coal when there are low concentrations of longwall mining (first developed in Authority estimates that around one iron present (1mg/l) leads to the Shropshire in the 17th Century), a quarter of UK housing stock overlies deposition of ochre. Though iron more efficient means of removing coal areas of abandoned mine workings.

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 13 GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

There are a few examples of mine to flow adequate quantities of water for relatively cheap gas supplies provide energy projects that serve smaller and energy extraction. There is only one some answers. Complexities associated individual developments in the UK. operational deep geothermal heat scheme with retrofit of heat exchangers and heat Bridgend Council in Wales is working to in the UK, at Southampton. It was pumps, economic risks linked to deliver a larger district heating system developed in response to a national audit difficulties in securing long-term that will initially supply heat to around of the UK’s geothermal resources in the contracts for heat supply and system 150 homes. At Heerlen in the 1980s, prompted by the oil crisis. maintenance, as well as concerns over Netherlands, abandoned mines are used Although abandoned mines are water quality and subsidence may effectively to deliver space heating and shallower and the temperature of water present barriers to widespread cooling to around 200,000 m2 of mixed within them is cooler, copious quantities development. use new and retrofit buildings via a of water flow through these systems, thus BritGeothermal is lobbying for 7-km-long heat network (Verhoeven et reducing development risk. The UK is changes to national planning policy, al., Energy Procedia 2014). In addition to sitting above an extensive but yet-to-be licensing and regulation of subsurface delivering low-carbon energy to Heerlen, commissioned heat network. Mine energy use to ensure that mine energy potential the money spent on heat by their has a much higher technology readiness is considered when planning new customers is retained within the region level than other low-carbon replacements developments. This group is also rather than going to a major, national for natural gas, such as hydrogen. investigating the mine energy potential energy supplier, thereby promoting Heat-pump technology is proven, we of a number of former coalfields and it is economic regeneration to a formerly have a long experience of drilling in hoped that the new Glasgow Geothermal deprived mining region. mining areas and have evidence of Energy Research Field Site (BGS, 2018), success, as demonstrated by projects in as well as a variety of industrial and Hostages to fortune the UK and beyond. Why then is this type council supported projects in north-east The UK geothermal industry has of heat not used more widely? A whole England, will significantly reduce struggled to develop, not from lack of new approach to the licensing of heat, - subsurface, geoscientific uncertainties potential but because of the upfront [risk-averse attitudes] to “untested and risks, raise awareness and stimulate capital cost and risks involved with technologies” (Banks, GSL SP 2004) and the market for this low-carbon energy drilling boreholes that are not guaranteed the fact the UK has had ready access to source.

Fig 3: Cross-section of the geology in the Cuningar Loop area with the planned borehole target depths shown, UK Geoenergy Observatory in Glasgow. Note that the thick black lines represent areas recorded on abandonment plans as mine workings. TVD=true vertical depth relative to Ordnance Datum, top X-axis is in metres

WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 13 GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

UK Geoenergy Observatories glacial and post-glacial Quaternary Glasgow site aims The BGS is constructing and operating the superficial deposits, overlain by a The Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research UK Geoenergy Observatories on behalf of variable thickness of made Field Site aims to provide access to NERC. This is an ambitious £31 million (anthropogenic) ground. The infrastructure and a wide range of openly investment that will develop and operate Quaternary deposits vary in thickness accessible data to answer key research two subsurface research observatories. up to 30 m. The upper surface of questions on low-carbon, mine energy Funded by the UK Government bedrock was incised, with thicker systems, to enable sustainable, responsible Department for Business, Energy and accumulations of superficial deposits and more widespread use of this resource. Industrial Strategy (DBEIS), the infilling a broadly NW-SE trending This facility will develop understanding of observatories will facilitate improved channel following the modern-day factors critical to successful development understanding of subsurface change River Clyde. There is widespread made, of mine energy systems, such as the beneath our feet. filled and landscaped ground relating longevity and sustainability of the resource The Glasgow Geoenergy Observatory, to a variety of prior industrial land use, and the hydrogeochemistry of the mine currently being constructed, will focus on in some places this is 10 to 15 m thick. water through time. Development of the shallow, low-temperature mine energy These deposits rest on approximately field site will also explore the risks opportunities using the flooded 300 m of bedrock strata of the Scottish associated with drilling into the roadways, abandoned mine workings below the east Upper, Middle and Lower Coal pillars and goaf at different depths within end of the city. The other UK Geoenergy Measures formation—cyclical abandoned mines. It will also explore the Observatory, in the Ince Marshes area of sedimentary rocks of sandstone, potential for subsurface connections to north Cheshire, will focus on improved siltstone, mudstone and coal. Recorded exist between near-surface and mine understanding of the subsurface coal mine workings in the area were waters, and the consequences of this for environment across a 12 km2 area, down to active from 1810 to 1934, with total environmental protection. 1,200 m below ground. This knowledge extraction and stoop-and-room workings The infrastructure to be installed will can be applied to a range of energy shown on abandonment plans. It is include an array of 12 boreholes at technologies. expected that total extraction areas various depths equipped to provide a collapsed within a few years of mining continuous time-series of geological, Site geology to form goaf and that the mines will be hydrogeological and thermal datasets The Glasgow Geothermal Energy flooded. As the cross-section in figure 3 (Fig. 3). Samples, tests and measurements Research Field Site is located on the shows, there are multiple levels of mine will be taken from the boreholes, such as western side of the Central Coalfield of workings in the area where the Glasgow temperature and aquifer properties, the Midland Valley of Scotland, within research site will be situated. water chemistry and microorganisms

Fig 4: Map of the UK Geoenergy Observatories: Glasgow borehole locations. Contains Ordnance Survey Taking a sample of borehole water during drilling of the seismic data © Crown copyright and database rights. All rights reserved [2019] Ordnance Survey monitoring borehole at Dalmarnock, Glasgow in November 2018. [100021290 EUL] Photo number P987023 BGS©UKRI

14 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 15 GEOSCIENTIST FEATURE

(geomicrobiology). Environmental help characterise and monitor the In 2019, the continuous data from the monitoring of near-surface soil chemistry, environmental baseline by targeting the boreholes will be available and freely soil gases, seismicity, surface and upper bedrock and the superficial accessible to the public, government, groundwaters will also be undertaken deposits. A range of sensors such as regulators, academia, and industry via prior to development, to provide a site resistivity and temperature cables and an online portal. Rock and fluid sample baseline before any geothermal research groundwater data loggers will be material will also be available for takes place. Existing, commercially installed. Regular water samples will research and there will be limited early developed mine energy systems focus on also be taken for geochemical analysis. access to the observatory, including heat production and there is limited In addition, there is one seismic training opportunities for students to subsurface and environmental monitoring borehole of around 200 m observe borehole drilling and sampling. monitoring data. In contrast, the Glasgow drill length at Dalmarnock (Fig. 4), research site offers huge potential for which has recently delivered a borehole Future energy source researchers to access large, integrated core. A new core-scanning facility at The high-resolution datasets from datasets on the mine-water system. It will BGS Keyworth will be used to give a Glasgow’s subsurface will provide a also provide opportunities for researchers high-resolution geophysical, step change in understanding of to undertake their own experiments, with mineralogical, geochemical and optical/ low-temperature heat resources, the common aim of reducing uncertainty X-ray downcore record (see BGS 2018 balanced with their impacts on people on mine energy systems and for more detail). and the subsurface to surface environmental impacts for schemes across environment. Clearly the potential to the UK and beyond. Timescale develop our mining heritage as a future Drilling of the first phase of boreholes energy source is huge. The message The infrastructure started in November 2018, with that our abandoned mining Planning approval and permits for the construction and testing expected to infrastructure, which was so hard won, characterisation and monitoring phase take a year or so. Subsequent to that could provide a source of low-carbon have been granted, with the majority of and permissions for the installation of energy for the future is a powerful one. the boreholes located at the Cuningar the heat pumps and above-ground Loop, Rutherglen (Fig. 4). Planned drill infrastructure that will allow Charlotte Adams is Assistant Professor at lengths are between 10 and 90 m. Six geothermal research, the research site Durham University; Alison Monaghan is science mine-water boreholes target the will be open to the whole of the UK lead for the Glasgow Geoenergy Observatory at Glasgow Upper and Glasgow Main coal science community to undertake the BGS; Jon Gluyas holds the Ørsted/Ikon Chair in Geoenergy and CCS at Durham University workings (Figs 3, 4). Five boreholes will research, for a 15-year lifespan.

Drilling of the Glasgow Geoenergy Observatory seismic monitoring borehole at Dalmarnock in November 2018. Photo number P987021 BGS©UKRI ▼

14 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 15 GIRLS INTO GEOSCIENCE: WHERE ARE WE NOW?

16 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 17 Jodie Fisher and Sarah Boulton argue that to retain women in STEM careers we first need to raise awareness and pique their interest during childhood

omen geologists. We’ve day one we offer an optional fieldtrip, certainly come a long way to demonstrate that there are no barriers since Martine Bertereau, to female inclusion in the field. In 2016 the first recorded female and 2017, we visited Dartmoor National W mineralogist, who was Park, and last year we headed to Torbay imprisoned for witchcraft in 1642. In the to find out about sedimentology and last 100 years, women have been elected palaeontology. A day in the field onto learned societies, taken positions introduces the students to the observation as geologists in industry, at national and description of geological materials surveys, and increased in numbers in and features, while giving the girls the academia. However, there is still work to chance to get a taste of fieldwork. do. Whilst we have greater understanding The second day consists of morning of what is needed to retain women in talks and afternoon workshops, with science, technology, engineering and topics from across the geosciences. The mathematics (STEM) professions, and a talks showcase the range of geoscience variety of initiatives exist to tackle bias career pathways that are possible from and inequality in the workplace, women across industry and academia, and still only make up 22% of the UK STEM importantly provide role models for the workforce (2018 Workforce statistics; girls. Speakers span the career spectrum, https://www.wisecampaign.org.uk/ from early career to experienced statistics/2018-workforce-statistics/). scientists, and they talk about their A similar pattern is seen in the unique journey to becoming Earth geosciences, and although the number Scientists, as well as informing the of females undertaking geology degrees students about the different disciplines in the UK has risen to about 40 % of and roles possible after graduation. The total student numbers over the last five girls then network over lunch with the years, we can still do more to challenge speakers, as well as with staff and female stereotypes within the Earth and physical students studying the Earth sciences sciences, to empower women to continue at the University of Plymouth. In the on into STEM careers, and to help retain afternoon, an insight into the university women as their careers develop. But, experience is given through hands-on in order to retain women in STEM, we workshops, again across a range of clearly need to do something to get girls geoscience topics. interested in the first place. Since 2014, 328 girls from schools across the country (Fig.1) have Addressing imbalance attended these two-day GiG events. To address the gender imbalance in Feedback from the girls and teachers geoscience, in 2014, we began Girls into has been fantastic. One student said, Geoscience (GiG). GiG is an outreach “Amazing event, would recommend initiative primarily based around to anyone thinking of a career in an annual two-day event held at the geoscience”, while another commented University of Plymouth, and this year “Lovely to get a hands-on experience sees the 6th annual event taking place on with the different areas in geology, July 1-2. Aimed at year 12 (aged 16-17) especially using real samples under female students who are thinking about the microscopes”. Others appreciated applying for university, we welcome all the opportunity to network with students who are interested in geoscience, likeminded girls: “I think it was really from those who have studied geology, great to meet girls with similar interests have some geological knowledge, or are to myself and all learning new things at © Sarah Boulton completely new to the geosciences. On the same time”.

16 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 17 % more likely to consider Monitoring progress % going on to do geoscience or Year studying geology following related degree course 1 year later This qualitative feedback has enabled us attending GiG to adapt the fieldtrip, talks and workshops 2016 75% (9% already intended to do so) 78% (55% response rate) to the girls’ interests. However, to properly monitor our impact on getting 2017 61% (9% already intending to do so) 63% (39% response rate) girls into geoscience over the last six 2018 84% (2% already intended to do so) Watch this space…. years, further evaluation has been key. A post-event questionnaire on the day and Table 1: Summary of survey results showing the impact of attending GiG on studying geoscience at university, both immediately after the event and one year later. a follow-up questionnaire to attendees a year later allows us to track the students stop there. With our first attendees Expansion through their university application now graduating from university we Since 2014, GiG has evolved and process. These data have enabled us to are seeing them entering into their own developed. Growing from a one-day event, fully monitor if, and how, attending GiG careers, and it is wonderful to hear to a network of girls, academics, teachers may have shaped girls’ ideas about the their stories. For example, Jessica Kitch and industry geoscientists. We have seen geosciences, and establish if the girls from Bridgewater College in Somerset the event become residential, include a have chosen to take a geoscience degree attended GiG2014, and following her fieldtrip and become international, with at university. These data are summarised graduation from the University of GiG Ireland joining the team in 2017 in table 1. 84% of our 2018 attendees said Plymouth is now working as a research (holding 2 events in 2018, and the next they were more likely to consider the technician on soil erosion in Latin taking place in Dublin in November 2019) geosciences following GiG18, so we are America. Jessica is also part of the and GiG Scotland scheduled to run for the looking forward to hearing from them organising team of GiG19, sharing her first time this August at the University of later this year as we continue to monitor experience with the next generation. Glasgow. We have been invited to provide our impact on the progression of women If you have attended one of our GiG editorials and articles for a number of into geoscience degree programmes. events, and are now embarking on your geoscience journals and magazines, and These data show the significant impact own geoscience career or degree course, were awarded the Geological Society’s that this event has had on university degree do get in touch, we’d love to hear premier outreach award—the R H Worth choices of the students. And it doesn’t from you! Prize in 2018.

18 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 19 Social networking has also proven girls make their career choices by during Earth Science Week 2019. key in expanding the GiG network. the time they are 14, and gender GiG is growing, and following the Our Twitter account (@girlsingeosci) stereotypes about potential careers launch of GiG Ireland, GiG Scotland, is successfully engaging potential are set as early as the age of four, with and international links with the attendees, female geoscientists seven-year-old’s career aspirations American Association of Women and others keen on supporting being strongly shaped by gender- Geoscientists, we are creating a women into the geosciences. We specific ideas about certain jobs multinational network for women in have 1,764 followers and regularly (Drawing the Future 2018; https:// the geosciences. With additional links reach more than 5,000 people with www.educationandemployers. to professional bodies in the UK, and our tweets. We have a blog (https:// org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ the promotion of our initiative at key girlsintogeoscience.wordpress.com/) DrawingTheFuture.pdf). So, whilst events across the UK we are excited that has similarly affected people we are promoting STEM and the to see where GiG will take us in the globally, with hits from more than geosciences to girls interested in future! 100 countries and over 6,500 visitors knowing more, we may already be too Dr Jodie Fisher and Dr Sarah Boulton are since 2016. In 2018, we also launched late for many girls who have already both at the University of Plymouth our ESRI (Environmental Systems ruled out STEM subjects. Research Institute) Crowdsource Story Consequently, this year we are map (https://arcg.is/1SuO0i), which launching a secondary GiG event ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS saw more than 375 women globally for year 8 and 9 girls (aged 12-14) We thank all the students, teachers, families, show where geoscience has taken to get these younger girls inspired sponsors and GiG team members without whom them, showcasing an inspiring range by STEM and show them where the these events would not be possible. of field locations, geocareers, and geosciences could take them. Linking role models. with other universities (initially the FURTHER INFORMATION universities of Leicester and Hull) we Booking is now open for both GiG19 at the Going forward hope to develop a network of smaller University of Plymouth, 1-2 July 2019 (bit. However, we realise there is still hub events across the country, in ly/1X5vbGg) and for GiG Scotland at the University more we can do in order to break turn feeding into the larger initiative of Glasgow, 1 August 2019 (bit.ly/2Vhrpiu). down the barriers that may exist and broadening our network. The GiG Ireland, 16 November at University College to females when thinking about University of Leicester will be holding Dublin will be opening for bookings soon https:// girlsintogeoscienceireland.wordpress.com/ STEM subjects and careers. Many the first ‘Junior GiG’ event in October,

Fig 1: Map to show the school locations that girls attending GiG are coming from. © Jodie Fisher, base map from ESRI.

18 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 19 Celebrating 2 years of Petroleum Geoscience5 The international journal of geoenergy and applied earth science

AD SPACE

Petroleum Geoscience transcends disciplinary boundaries and publishes a balanced mix of articles covering exploration, exploitation, appraisal, development and enhancement of sub-surface hydrocarbon resources and carbon repositories. The integration of disciplines in an applied context, whether for ﬂ uid production, carbon storage or related geoenergy applications, is a particular strength of the journal. Articles on enhancing exploration eﬃ ciency, lowering technological and environmental risk, and improving hydrocarbon recovery communicate the latest developments in sub-surface geoscience to a wide readership. Celebrating our 25th Year by Philip Ringrose

https://pg.lyellcollection.org/content/25/1/1 WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 21 GEOSCIENTIST CALENDAR

Celebrating 2 years of Petroleum Geoscience5 ENDORSED TRAINING/CPD AND EVENTS The international journal of geoenergy and applied earth science MEETING DATE VENUE AND DETAILS

Training. ‘Lapworth’s Logs’ is a series of e-courses involving practical exercises of increasing complexity. Contact: Michael de Freitas or Lapworth’s Logs n/a Andrew Thompson (First Steps Ltd) E: [email protected] (mention Lapworth’s Logs as the subject)

Conference Venue: Surgeons Hall, Edinburgh 3rd International Critical Metals Conference 30 Apr-2 May W: www.minersoc.org/3rd-international-critical-metals-conference.html

Conference Venue: Burlington House, London The Hydrogeology of the Superficial Deposits 1-2 May E: [email protected] W: www.hydrogroup.org.uk/hydrogeology-of-the-superficial-deposits/

Endorsed CPD Course, Field Trip Venue: Higham Hall College, Cumbria Geology of the Lakes: An Introduction 3-5 May E: [email protected] W: www.geolsoc.org.uk/Higham-Hall-Lakeland-Rocks_intro_May19

Field Trip, Geology Walk, Lecture, Open Day Venue: Multiple GeoWeek 2019 4-12 May W: www.bgs.ac.uk/geoweek/

Conference Venue: Burlington House, London Petroleum Geology of Mexico 14-16 May E: [email protected] and the Northern Caribbean W: www.geolsoc.org.uk/PG-Mexico-and-Northern-Caribbean

Conference Venue: Burlington House, London A Centenary Celebration of the First Female 21 May E: [email protected] Fellows of the Geological Society of London W: www.geolsoc.org.uk/HOGG-Female-Fellows-Event

Introduction to diagrams are used throughout to effectively Cambridge don, but he never forgot his explain complicated mathematical rural Yorkshire roots. Although several Environmental Modeling problems. of the chapters specifically focus on This could be a very dense tome on what Sedgwick’s geological achievements, While being described could be a relatively dry subject, but the Speakman is not a geologist. The book as an introduction, authors succeed in making it accessible includes a very good bibliography and this book is pitched and engaging, with interesting anecdotes reference list, but it does not presume at upper-level and footnotes. More difficult concepts are to present a comprehensive discussion undergraduates explained through analogies, which even of Sedgwick’s geological achievements, and masters-level with an American slant can be appreciated or to serve as a scholarly scientific graduates in the field by all. The authors’ creative side also comes biography. Rather, it aims to highlight of environmental through, showing that environmental the many facets of Sedgwick’s life. And it modelling. It is aimed at readers with modelling requires some artistic flair, does this very successfully. limited modelling experience, but with as well as an understanding of the By drawing heavily on, and quoting an understanding of mathematics (in mathematical equations and processes. from, Sedgwick’s own writings about particular calculus and differential his background and lifelong love for the equations) and environmental scenarios. Reviewed by: Fiona Todd place of his birth—most notably from It is written in the form of a textbook (it is Sedgwick’s own ‘Memorial’ (available INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING based on university courses) with questions by William G. Gray & Genetha A. Gray, 2017. Published to read for free on Google Books, and placed throughout, which are designed by: Cambridge University Press 435pp. ISBN: a great read in itself) Speakman really to allow the reader time to reflect on the 9781107571693 brings the personality of Sedgwick to List price: £44.99 W: https://www.cambridge.org/ concepts described as they are covered. core/books/introduction-to-environmental-modeli life—and provides a fascinating picture More detailed questions at the end of ng/3335425998504E02F2051A07D4DCB923 of rural life in Yorkshire in the 19th each chapter provide an overview of the century. All in all, it’s a very enjoyable material. The aim of the summary questions read that will appeal to geologists is to promote debate in group discussions, Adam Sedgwick— interested in the history of geology, local which would work well in tutorial settings, and social historians in Yorkshire and where the non-unique nature of the Geologist and Dalesman Cambridge, and all lovers of Yorkshire answers could be explored in depth. These and its landscape. may not work so well for individual readers, Adam Sedgwick [1785- and the lack of solutions to either the 1873], Woodwardian Reviewed by: Nina Morgan summary questions, or the other “in-text” Professor in questions, could be a drawback for self- Cambridge from 1818 ADAM SEDGWICK—GEOLOGIST AND DALESMAN learners. The solutions are available online, until his death in by Colin Speakman. Published by Gritstone Publishing in partnership with the Yorkshire Geological Society, 2018. but access is limited to lecturers who might 1873, and one of the 145 pp. ISBN 978-0-9955609-4-9 wish to adopt the book for a particular pioneering geologists List price: £12.25 W: http://www.yorksgeolsoc.org.uk/book.php course. In this respect the book would be in the 19th century, an excellent set textbook for a university became a geologist almost by chance. As modelling course, particularly as additional Sedgwick himself noted when he applied extra material is also provided online. for the Woodwardian professorship, “I The Continent of With the above in mind, the book knew very little indeed of geology – just is extremely useful in gaining an enough to know that it was a glorious and Antarctica understanding of environmental healthy field in which I might find ample modelling. It is well written and logically enjoyment and better health.” But once Many years ago, structured, with each chapter building on elected as Woodwardian Professor he took when the great the previous. The introductory chapter his new role to heart, saying “hitherto I have explorers Captain sets out the expectations and limitations never turned a stone; henceforth I will leave Scott and Ernest of the book clearly, giving it context in the no stone unturned.” It was a promise he Shackleton first larger environmental modelling field. This kept for the rest of his long life. stepped foot on the section also provides examples of poor In this book, a reprint of a book first Antarctic continent modelling practice, before introducing published in 1982, Speakman, a fluent it was all unknown. better alternatives. The book then proceeds writer and poet with a passion for, and However, as the world developed and through the fundamentals of environmental deep knowledge of Yorkshire, focuses on geological knowledge increased so did modelling, from conceptualisation through a number of the highlights of Sedgwick’s the exploration of this landscape, with derivatives and integral theorems, to the life in a series of 12 related chapters— maps being drawn up and ships traipsing conservation of mass and momentum. any one of which could be read as a through the icy seas. It finishes with some specific modelling separate essay. As the book reveals, from When one ponders the wider world and examples, such as flow in porous media humble beginnings in Dent in Yorkshire, the least explored continent on Earth, it and groundwater systems. Figures and flow Sedgwick went on to become a lifelong may be a fantastic opportunity to pull

22 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 23 Would you like to receive a free book and write GEOSCIENTISTa review? CALENDAR Available titles are listed online. Contact the editor for further information [email protected]

this book from your shelf and become Energy and Climate the whole Earth system. Better data and immediately inspired. Written by Julian measurements of subsurface processes Dowdeswell and Michael Hambrey, Change: An Introduction would allow improved modelling of this book is a beautifully illustrated and to Geological Controls, geological impacts, such as groundwater provides a special look into what the flooding, cliff falls and erosion. relativity unknown continent is like. Interventions and Many existing books on climate change The reader is taken through all aspects, Mitigations and renewable energy provide more from the geography, to the sea life, to detailed information, and popular science managing and working on the relatively This wide-ranging books covering the same issues may be mysterious landscape. book starts by easier to read, but this book offers the The book is full of photos, each one explaining how the serious reader a good opportunity to excellent in quality, with some taking up carbon cycle links learn about a wide range of connected a two-page spread so that the reader can energy and climate issues, with supporting data. There is a really feel immersed in the surroundings. change. It discusses the bibliography at the end of each chapter for It also includes illustrations, such role of fossil fuels in the reader interested in further research. as maps and paintings, to aid the the economy, examines descriptions. The number of pictures is some geological aspects of climate change Reviewed by: Georgina Blair just enough to leave the reader wanting impacts and mitigations, and concludes more, if they so desire, yet would satisfy with the feedbacks and tipping points of ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE: AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGICAL CONTROLS, a reader who may have simply wanted to both the Earth and energy systems. The INTERVENTIONS AND MITIGATIONS know more about Antarctica. author notes that his aim is to highlight the by Michael Stephenson, 2018. Published by Elsevier Each chapter is detailed, covering connections between the different topics, 186 pp. ISBN: 9780128120217 (pbk.) List price: £88.95. not just the geology and perhaps rather than provide in-depth analysis, and W: https://www.elsevier.com/books/energy-and- encouraging a reader wanting to know with such a range of topics covered in under climate-change/stephenson/978-0-12-812021-7 more about the geological processes 200 pages, the book can only provide a brief behind the continent to research further overview of each. and find more detailed geological Geologically minded readers will be BOOKS FOR REVIEW volumes. However, for someone who familiar with the first third of the book, wants to know everything there is about and probably find the last third the most Please contact [email protected] if you this continent at an introductory level, it novel. The language and illustrations would like to supply a review. You will be invited to keep the review copy. See a full up-to-date list at is the perfect book to read. used assume more than a basic level of www.geolsoc.org.uk/reviews The book also includes anecdotes knowledge—the author does not shy away from each author about their time on from scientific and technical language and ◆ the continent, relating to the chapter makes extensive use of graphs and charts NEW! Aeolian Geomorphology: A New Introduction, by Ian Livingstone & Andew Warren at hand and aided by pictures so that to demonstrate his points. Most graphs are (eds), Wiley Blackwell 2019, 318pp. hbk. you’re not simply reading a fact book from academic papers and some are hard to ◆ NEW! Paleozoic Plays of NW Europe by A.A. about Antarctica, but a story that takes interpret for non-specialists. Monaghan et al. (eds), Geological Society SP 471, 398 you there, wandering across the vast Examples of climate change in the pp. hbk landscape yourself. The reader can geological record, such as the Palaeocene- ◆ NEW! The Encyclopedia of Engineering Geology imagine traversing the sea ice with your Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), are by Peter T. Bobrowsky & Brian Marker (eds), Springer team to your base, whilst observing how used to demonstrate both the potential 2019, 978 pp. hbk. animals interact from afar as waves crash scope of climate change and its impact ◆ NEW! Water Harvesting for Groundwater against the coastline. on life. However, the author makes the Management: Issues, Perspectives, Scope, and Challenges by Partha Sarathi Datta, Wiley Blackwell Antarctica is looked at from a global important point that attempts to model 2019, 203 pp. hbk. context down to the very details that future climate change based on geological ◆ NEW! Drought: Science and Policy by Ana Iglesias et make it what it is today. Dowdeswell ‘deep time’ do not produce results on a scale al. (eds), Wiley Blackwell 2019, 257 pp. hbk. and Hambrey draw from their own that is useful to planners or policymakers. ◆ NEW! Reconstructing Archaeological Sites: experiences, as well as those of their More detailed projections, for example Understanding the Geoarchaeological Matrix colleagues, putting everyone’s collective that forecast potential changes to the UK by Panagiotis (Takis) Karkanas & Paul Goldberg, Wiley enjoyment of such a fantastic untouched climate (warmer and wetter winters, hotter Blackwell 2019, 279 pp. hbk land into an awe-inspiring book. and drier summers), are based on climate ◆ Fluvial Meanders and their Sedimentary Products in models that are more akin to complex the Rock Record by Massimiliano Ghinassi et al. (eds), Wiley Blackwell 2019, 592 pp. hbk Reviewed by: Eleanor Dunn weather forecasting. Meteorologists and oceanographers have ◆ Martian Gullies and their Earth Analogues by S.J. Conway, J.L. Carrivick, P.A. Carling, T. de Haas THE CONTINENT OF ANTARCTICA benefitted from technological advances by Julian Dowdeswell & Michael Hambrey, 2018. and T.N. Harrisin (Eds), GSL SP467 2019, 434 pp. hbk in sensing and monitoring to collect Published by: Papadakis Publisher 298pp. (hbk.) ISBN: ◆ A Practical Guide to Rock Microstructure (2nd Edition) 9781906506643 List price: £35.00 data to inform their models. The author W: http://papadakis.net/books/the-continent-of- by Ron H. Vernon, Cambridge University Press 2018, antarctica/ suggests the development of a geological 431 pp. hbk ‘macroscope’ is needed to gather data on

22 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 23 CAREERS

Outnumbered and surrounded: Women working in male-dominated research fields

Malin Kylander on the obstacles Department of Mathematics at 2010-2011)2. The dearth of female still faced by women in science Stockholm University in 1884, had not professors in geology, and elsewhere in and how we can tackle them been allowed to attend classes in her the natural sciences, could lead female native Russia. Needing the permission of students and junior researchers to At one of the entrances to my her father or husband to leave the wonder if there is a place for them in department at Stockholm University, country, she had a fictitious marriage and academics. you will find a wall of portraits. These left for Germany where she attended Hypotheses as to why women still portraits are of the professors who have classes by special permission or haven’t reached these top positions are worked at our department since its received private lessons. She finally many and can be linked to the beginnings in 1881. Among the portraits, completed her PhD summa cum laude at individuals, the institutions in which they you will find geology giants like Gerard the University of Göttingen in 1874. work, and the cultural baggage we all De Geer and Lennart von Post, but you Women of the time were expected to carry. In the geosciences many women will not find a single woman. The reason be modest and ladylike, conditions that leave academia between postdoc and for this is of course partly historical, and contrast with digging around in rocks assistant professor positions. Some partly the rugged nature of the geology and dirt. Mary Anning, the famous women (and men) chose to leave discipline. So, what challenges do English palaeontologist, made a number academia due to their belief that they women in male-dominated research of important fossil finds, but was often lack the traits required for research, for areas face and what can we all do to not credited for her work. Indeed, she example, ambition, leadership and the increase the presence of women and was barred from the Geological Society ability to handle criticism. These losses other minorities in these fields? of London because she was a woman. could be minimized in a more supportive We can only imagine what a curious and encouraging environment. Others Historical hurdles figure she would have been for her are faced with lifestyle choices, such as During the early waves of feminism in the contemporaries, with her geology family or immobility due to a partner’s 19th century, women had to fight to get hammer and cumbersome skirts job. In some countries, like Sweden, into both classrooms and voting booths. combing the seashore. If she had lived women are well supported by the social Sweden for example, only saw its first until 1888, she might have breathed a welfare system if they chose to have a officially registered female university sigh of relief when the Rational Dress family. Women working in countries student, Betty Petterson, start in 1871 at Society of London recommended that without this type of culture may look to Uppsala University. Women were barred “the maximum weight of underclothing their institutions for such support and from reading a number of programmes [for women] should not exceed seven find it lacking. Institutions may not and were certainly not allowed to study pounds”1. It would appear that distribute resources (laboratory space, for a higher degree. Even the first female education, social constructs, and even money) and tasks fairly, with “soft issues” clothing, slowed the rise of like mentorship and administration women in geology. belonging in the female realm. Women in the What does the sciences today research suggest? Geology remains a It is suggested that gender imbalances in male-dominated discipline the sciences will even out with time. A where challenging field recent study looking at differences in conditions and hammers productivity between men and women, a are more associated with key parameter in promotion, shows the “lads” than the however, that the much-lauded “ladies”. The proportion of academic pipeline is still leaking. The Our team from a peat sampling campaign in Sichuan, China in 2006 women completing PhDs study’s authors, Peter van den Besselaar (author middle) is not atypical of a field campaign in geology, which remains a male-dominated discipline. ©Malin Kylander in the geosciences has and Ulf Sandström, base their study on a risen from 4% in 1974 to 40% by 2009. database of 47,000 Swedish researchers professor in northern Europe, Sofia However, women hold just 13% of full covering 2008-20113. Researchers were Kovalevskaya, who started at the professorial positions (US numbers for divided into seven different productivity

24 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 25 GEOSCIENTIST CAREERS

classes for different disciplines. They found when in the field5. In that within the same productivity class, comparison to private women and men generally had the same and governmental impact (i.e., citations). In certain male- sectors, women in dominated fields, such as geology, women academia reported even out performed men in terms of higher rates of sexual impact. There were however, significantly harassment (58%), fewer women in the highest productivity which was topped only class (32 papers or more over a four-year by women in the period). As a result, when looking at overall military (69%)—both Mary Anning, based on a portrait from 1842, and a painting of the first Plesiosaurus macrocephalus fossil, publishing rates, women are producing male-dominated discovered by Mary Anning at Lyme Regis in December 67% of what their male colleagues do. This fields6. It is perhaps 1830. © The Geological Society of London number is virtually unchanged from that not surprising that reported for the 1960s (65%). research shows that If the academic pipeline was really this leads to lower job satisfaction and orientated and competitive. Studies have working, the productivity differences lower retention of women in science7. shown that men benefit more than women between the genders should have declined Even for those who actively work against when they show altruistic behaviour in the over the last half-century. The authors discrimination and harassment, there are workplace, since it goes against our propose that women get stuck in a vicious still a number of unconscious biases that unconscious expectations of men. cycle with lower academic positions and need tackling. A well-cited example of Conversely, a woman who doesn’t show fewer leadership roles, which leads to less unconscious bias comes from Corinne altruistic behaviour is more heavily research money, visibility and impact, as Moss-Racusin and co-workers8. People penalized than a man with the same well as diminished productivity. This were asked to evaluate one of two CVs for behaviour, regardless of whether the prevents women from getting into that a laboratory position with the only person making the behaviour judgement crucial top productivity category, further difference being the sex of the applicant. In was male or female11. In the same vein, reinforcing gender bias in research, and comparison to the female candidate, women have been shown to experience a keeping the proverbial glass ceiling in evaluators, regardless of gender, “co-author penalty”. Men and women who place. The lower status of women has consistently rated male applicants as more produce single-author papers are as likely been further confirmed by a recent qualified, giving them higher starting as each other to receive tenure, whereas examination of Nature articles between salaries and more mentoring (although the women who co-author more papers are 2008 and 2016 where only 18% of the female applicant was more “likable”). less likely to be given tenure than men who prestigious last author positions (i.e., Examination of reference letters for do the same12. research leader) were occupied postdoctoral fellowships showed that by women4. females were less likely to receive excellent Advantages of gender parity letters versus good letters than male We are facing a future shortage of people Discrimination, harassment applicants and that letters were shorter in in the Science, Technology, Engineering and unconscious bias length, regardless of the gender of the and Mathematics (STEM) fields. As such, Women in academia also face barriers referee9. There is also a tendency to use we cannot afford to exclude people based related to how we interact with each other. more “grindstone” (e.g., industrious, on gender, ethnicity, sexuality or religion. A positive outcome of the #metoo conscientious, dependable), rather than And we work better together. Diverse campaign is that awareness about direct “stand out” terms (e.g., exceptional, teams perform better than those discrimination and sexual harassment has amazing, magnificent) to describe women, comprised of only women or only men. increased, and moved it into an even more which could limit their chances of winning The collective intelligence of the group socially unacceptable place. Sexual prestigious positions10. exceeds that predicted by the individual IQ harassment in field-based disciplines is One could link this language to cultural of the members. Both the groups’ common, with a reported 64% of women stereotypes of women in the western collective intelligence and equality in having experienced some form of world. In general, women are expected to participation increased with the number of inappropriate sexual behaviour, and just be nurturing and socially orientated, while women in the group13,14. In contrast to over 20% being victims of sexual assault men are expected to be achievement people working in homogenous groups,

24 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 25 CAREERS

Removing gender biases We can help ourselves be more objective by removing some of the gender cues we unconsciously look for. In the world of music, the introduction of blind auditions for symphony orchestras in the 1970s can explain the 30% increase in the proportion of women being hired. While it may be hard to apply this model in the merit-based world of research, wherever possible when evaluating applications, project proposals and scientific Times have changed since Mary Anning’s days and women don’t shy from the field. Coring of lake sediments (with Joanne publications, we should use double-blind Muller, Florida Gulf Coast University and the author), peats (Jenny Sjöström and Mikaela Holm, Stockholm University and reviews. Budden et al.16 found that Richard Bindler, Umeå University) and ice (Sophia Hanson, Aarhus University) shown. © Malin Kylander representation of female first authors people working in groups hearing what Jenny has to say…”). If you increased 33% when double-blind review with greater diversity (not just in terms of catch a colleague condescendingly of manuscripts was used. gender or expertise) tend to be better explaining to a woman something that Awareness is the key to reducing prepared. They don’t necessarily expect she clearly knows (so called gender biases, which are held by both to reach consensus as easily since they “mansplaining”), give them a nudge. If sexes and unfair to men and women alike. are not assured that the rest of the you are in a position to organize The best way to achieve this in science is group will share the same opinions. speakers, committees, teaching staff, by using science. We have studies and Rather, there are more unique etc., strive to have diverse representation data, just a handful of which are discussed perspectives, information and of your research community. Mentorship above, that show women are at a experiences being shared. This leads to can also improve a person’s chance of disadvantage in the research world. We greater creativity and problem solving15. staying in academics. Mentors can cannot be complacent and wait passively provide mentees with an outside for the pipeline to do its job. We need to Levelling the field perspective on their research process, help women get up the academic ladder So, what can we do on a daily basis to introduce them to the unwritten rules of and lead the way for coming generations. reach gender parity? Institutional their research community, as well as To that end, I am pleased to say that our leadership has been found to be provide extra encouragement, career department installed its first female important for improving workplace advice and contacts. Five years ago, professor in 2007 with another two conditions for women, as it sets the tone along with my colleague Agatha de Boer, following in 2010, allowing all the women for what is acceptable or not, particularly we launched a mentorship programme who follow to believe that we too can have when it comes to sexual harassment. at the Bolin Centre for Climate Research our portraits placed on the wall. Women who described their departments at Stockholm University, Sweden. This as having good collaboration, programme was open to everyone, End Note: This article is slightly cooperation, respect and collegiality had regardless of rank or discipline. By and modified from the original: Kylander, M. higher job satisfaction, productivity and far the most requests we get are from (2019, Jan). Outnumbered and felt influence7. Institutions can foster an junior female researchers asking for Surrounded: Women Working in Male inclusive environment by making sure senior female mentors. As the saying Dominated Research Fields: Women in everyone receives the same information goes, you cannot be what you Science. Angle Journal. Retrieved from through formalized channels of cannot see. http://anglejournal.com/article/2018-12- departmental communication. For women, be seen. If you are given outnumbered-and-surrounded-women- Expectations from the leadership can be the chance to play a leadership role, working-in-male-dominated-research- made clear by having written codes of take it. At meetings, sit where you can fields-women-in-science-000128/ conduct, while assessment (e.g. for be seen and heard. For example, in (Published under a CC BY-ND license). promotion) and recruitment processes Sweden, it is required that at least one References are available online. should be transparent and involve member of a PhD examination gender-balanced panels. committee is female. While nobody likes Dr. Malin Kylander is an Associate We can all support minorities around to be the token representative, I think of Professor at the Department of Geological us. If you are in a meeting and a female the women in the auditorium behind Sciences and the Bolin Centre for Climate colleague is interrupted, redirect the me—they see a woman where the Research at Stockholm University; conversation (“I would really like to finish decisions are being made. e-mail: [email protected]

26 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 27 Geoscientists in the news and on the move in the UK, Europe and worldwide PEOPLE NEWS

DISTANT THUNDER Beauty and Brains

Geologist and science writer did not elect its first female President, Janet I am glad, concluded Cottle, “[that] you Nina Morgan recalls the early Vida Watson [1923-1985] until 1982. & Cuvier were not present. It would be attitudes towards female The Geologists’ Association (GA), worth an Oxford discussion to determine geologists established in 1858 as an Association of how many years it would take to make a Amateur Geologists, took a more liberal Lady a Geologist.” Many pioneering geologists depended attitude and accepted women right from its on the encouragement and practical help start. Its Association Rule III (1858) reads: Fear of flirtation of their wives and sisters to allow them ‘Ladies shall be eligible for election as What lay behind this condescending to carry out their scientific investigations. members of the Association’. attitude towards women amongst In those early days, a number of But in spite of these fine words, more geologists? One reason, revealed in a women made important contributions than 20 years after its founding, women letter from the then Geological Survey to geological research on their own were not considered entirely as equals in geologist and later Director, Jethro Teall account. But, as the accomplished the modern sense. In his address at the [1849-1924], to Charles Lapworth [1842- female palaeontologist Etheldred Benett Opening of the Session, 1880-81, Professor 1920], a graptolite expert and pioneer of [1775-1845] lamented in a letter to the T. Rupert Jones [1819-1911] noted that: faunal analysis, was fear of flirtation. English geologist Samuel Woodward “In one aspect particularly it is well that Writing in March 1889 to describe a [1790-1838] in 1836, ‘scientific people in women should know Geology, for thereby discussion about whether women should general have a very low opinion of my sex’. they are enabled to sympathise with, and be allowed to attend Geological Society to understand man’s work in this interesting lectures, Teall reported: Slow off the mark and not always easy line of Scientific work “We had some fun yesterday, but were Geologists, it seems, were particularly slow and thought. One link the stronger between beaten on all points. Ladies excluded by to formally recognise women’s contributions educated man and woman!” only three or four votes. to science. The Zoological Society of The anti-lady party had no arguments. London, founded in 1829 and the Royal Sign of the times Evans thought that the admission of young Entomological Society, founded in 1833, Sad to say, comments like this—however ladies might take off the interest of some both admitted women from the word go. well meaning—demonstrate how little fellows – lower the tone of the Society &c. In But the Geological Society, having begun attitudes towards female geologists had reply to this Hinde made the greatest point life in 1807 as a ‘little talking Geological changed since the beginning of the 19th of the evening – he should object as much Dinner Club’, restricted its membership century. In a letter dated March 16 1835 as Evans to anything tending to convert the to gentlemen—initially to only those of a sent to William Buckland [1784-1856], G.S. into a Flirtation Society – but there was certain class—until the early 20th century. reader in Geology at Oxford University, no danger – ‘we are not attractive enough’. It wasn’t until March 1919 that a resolution the publisher and author Joseph Cottle A Gorilla-faced person got up and in the stating “That it is desirable to admit Women [1770-1853] detailed an ‘amusing’ most solemn tones implored the fellows to as Fellows of the Society” was put forward. anecdote about a caller who “brought pause before taking such an important step. This was passed with a majority of 55 to his Wife with him, a portly Lady, who is ‘Why’, said he, ‘the proposal is 12 and the first eight women Fellows were no doubt consummately skilled in the absolutely revolutionary’. This was too elected on 21 May 1919. But the Society profound science of Preserves &c”. On much for us and we absolutely roared. The being shown person’s face was a sight to see.” the bones It’s nice to know that at least some of of tigers, the gentlemen of the Geological Society hyaenas appreciated that beauty and brains are not and wolves, mutually exclusive. the wife apparently End notes: Acknowledgments and remarked “I sources listed online can’t think, Mr Cottle, all these things * Nina Morgan is a geologist and science writer are half so based near Oxford. Her latest book, The Geology pretty as of Oxford Gravestones, is available via shells!” www.gravestonegeology.uk

26 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 27 PEOPLE NEWS

GEO CROSSWORD

Latest news from the Publishing House Broadhaven revisited: a new look at models of fault–fold interaction The Best of Geochemistry: Exploration, By J. Cawood and C. E. Bond Environment, Analysis Collection

lassic fold-thrust structures within Carboniferous-age strata at Broadhaven, SW Wales his collection comprises 11 papers recently published in Care well-known for their excellent preservation of Variscan deformation. These sites have TGeochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis (GEEA). been important for conceptual model generation of the link between faulting and folding, GEEA focuses on mineral exploration using geochemistry: and are often cited as exemplars of fault-propagation folds following work by Williams related ﬁ elds also covered include geoanalysis; the & Chapman. Here we development of methods and techniques used to analyse employ the virtual outcrop geochemical materials such as rocks, soils, sediments, waters method to digitally map and vegetation; and and measure, in detail, the environmental issues classic Den’s Door outcrop. associated with 3D reconstruction of the site mining and source by digital photogrammetry apportionment. allows us to extract Published by both the high-density structural Geological Society measurements, reassess the of London and the existing model of structural Association of Applied development for the outcrop, and re-evaluate the link between faulting and folding. We ﬁ nd Geochemists, the that digital mapping highlights greater variability in fault displacement and bed thicknesses journal encourages than previously documented. Fracture analysis shows that fracture intensity is closely linked the exchange of concepts and data between exploration and to structural position and bed-thickness variability, and fracture orientations record the environmental geochemistry; in particular, to differentiate existence of discrete mechanical boundaries through the structure …continue reading in the various sources of elements. Lyell Collection ...  View the Collection online now  Read the full abstract and paper in the Lyell Collection http://www.lyellcollection.org/cc/the-best-of-geochemistry- http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/early/2019/01/11/SP487.11 exploration-environment-analysis-collection

28 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 29 GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY

OBITUARY John Veevers 1930-2018

A pioneer of plate tectonic theory, John was ohn was born in Honours Sydney in 1930. He characterised by focus and discipline throughout In 1992, he received a Special won a scholarship to his career Investigator Award from J Sydney University the Australian Research where he majored in geology Council and won the S and agricultural chemistry, W Carey Medal of the graduating with First Class Geological Society. In Honours in 1951. While at 1995, John’s outstanding university, he was awarded contribution to science was a Cadetship by the Bureau of honoured by election to the Mineral Resources (BMR) that Fellowship of the Australian led to a summer job mapping Academy of Science. John the area of the forthcoming thought of himself as a Snowy Mountains Hydro- “general practitioner”, but he Electric Scheme. researched thoroughly, read He joined the BMR in voraciously and always kept 1952, prospecting for coal in mind the big picture. in the Hunter Valley and John “retired” in 1998 mapping the Bowen Basin in (and was made Emeritus Queensland. This formed the Professor), but continued his basis for an MSc from Sydney research. His final paper, University. on the Antarctic subglacial Gamburtsev Mountains and Marine geology East Gondwanaland, was Following a fire in the BMR’s Image credit: Macquarie University, published in 2018. Canberra offices in 1953, John courtesy of the Veevers family John was a brilliant and went to the Kimberleys to very productive scientist, collect fossils from the Fitzroy geology. John was awarded Syntheses but he had other interests, River area. He took leave and, a Harkness Fellowship During the 1970s and 1980s, particularly classical music, with those fossils and without to work at the Scripps John participated in Deep Sea art, films and rugby. He was pay, undertook a study of Institution of Oceanography Drilling Project cruises to the a devoted family man, his Devonian brachiopods at in California, where he heard Indian Ocean, one as co-chief wife accompanying him Imperial College London, and Bob Dietz’s announcement scientist. This led to numerous on much of his fieldwork, was awarded a PhD in 1956. of the recognition of seafloor publications on the geology sometimes with their In 1957, John led the BMR spreading. of the oceans surrounding children in tow. Canning Basin party to John joined the newly Australia and a grand John is survived by his the Great Sandy Desert in formed Macquarie University synthesis, Phanerozoic Earth wife, Erica, and his children, Western Australia. During in 1968 and stayed there until History of Australia, edited Tom, Kirstina and Elisabeth, a helicopter survey, he his retirement. He spent much and partly written by John. and fondly remembered by discovered a meteorite impact of his time researching the In collaboration with Chris his seven grandchildren. crater that later was named rapidly developing theory Powell and others, John after him. John compiled of plate tectonics. In 1971, he published extensively on the By Malcolm Walter (using notes compiled by John Veevers and with a chart summarising the visited the Lamont-Doherty geology of Gondwanaland the assistance of his family and off-shore extension of the Earth Observatory in New and tectonic supercycles, Dr Richard Flood). This obituary is Canning Basin. That led York state to learn about culminating in 2000 in modified from the original version to participation in Indian seafloor magnetic anomalies another grand synthesis: by Malcolm Water, reprinted with Ocean and Timor Sea cruises and to gather seismic Billion-year earth history of kind permission from the Geological Society of Australia, The Australian and the beginning of a information about drilling Australia and neighbours in Geologist, December 2018 strong interest in marine sites in the Indian Ocean. Gondwanaland.

HELP YOUR OBITUARIST The Society operates a scheme for Fellows to deposit biographical material. The object is to assist obituarists by providing contacts, dates and other information, and thus ensure that Fellows’ lives are accorded appropriate and accurate commemoration. Please send your CV and a photograph to Amy Whitchurch at the Society.

28 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST | MAY 2019 | 29 GEOSCIENTIST OBITUARY

OBITUARY Aubrey Manning 1930-2018

More than just an excellent zoologist; Aubrey was in rofessor Aubrey Here it is a privilege to document Manning, OBE, every sense a natural scientist with an infectious curiosity what he has done for Earth FRSE zoologist and about the world around us—a true polymath science. Aubrey will be fondly P broadcaster, was remembered by all whose lives born on April 24, 1930. He he touched but especially by his died from cancer on October wife, Joan and his three sons. 20, 2018, aged 88. Aubrey was a zoologist of considerable ➤ By Prof Stuart K Monro, OBE, FRSE distinction, specialising in animal behaviour. He was The full version of this obituary educated at Strode’s School in appears online. Editor Egham, at University College London, and then at Merton College, Oxford where he completed his DPhil under Niko Tinbergen. He joined the University

of Edinburgh as an assistant Image reproduced by kind lecturer, held the Chair of permission from the Wild Life Trust Natural History from 1973- The Society notes with 1997, and thereafter became Tharp who, with Bruce Heezen, on paper the scientific story for sadness the passing of: NCS Exploration 2019 Professor Emeritus. His main mapped out the Mid-Atlantic Dynamic Earth, the Edinburgh interests were animal behaviour, Ridge in the 1950s. He said that science centre focusing on Earth Barber, Peter Marriott Recent Advances in Exploration Technology Barnes, Barry * development and evolution, and for a biologist “it was like talking and environmental science. Blanche, James Bruce he authored “An Introduction with Darwin”! Passionate about the role of Bott, Martin Harold Phillips to Animal Behaviour”. He humanity and its relationship Bradshaw, Reginald DAY 1 DAY 2 was involved with the Centre The English Geologist with the natural world, Aubrey Broecker, Wallace * Burke, Kevin Charles Anthony * The Next Technological Breakthrrough Big Thoughts/Big Data for Human Ecology from its Bill Bryson, in his “A short had a life-long concern about Butler, Raymond John Thomas * Derisking the Petroleum System: How to Integrate The Petroleum System inception at the University of history of nearly everything” an ever-expanding population Clayton, Keith * Edinburgh in 1970. In 1997, a referred to Aubrey as “the and its influence on nature. Cooke, Herbert Basil * Technological Innovations in the Work Flow Imaging of Injectites Cornes, Barbara Charlotte * gallery in the Natural History English geologist” and we He was not afraid to address Dobson, Margaret * Exploration Innovation Prize CSEM – Fortunes and Misfortunes Collection of Edinburgh in the Geological Society of controversial issues, including Herries-Davies, Gordon L * Imaging: Present and Future of Seismic Acquisition on NCS The Exploration Forefront University was named in his London were delighted to make how genetically modified crops Huckerby, John Andrew * Ireland, Richard * Imaging: Examples from Regions with Complex Geology honour. that right by electing Aubrey and nuclear energy might be Jobbins, Alan * an Honorary Fellow in 2009. necessary for the long-term Kempton, Nicholas Hugh Earth Story Aubrey relished the company sustainability of the planet. Manning, Aubrey The hugely popular television of geologists. He was a great Aubrey expressed his arguments Moores, Eldridge * May 21-22 2019 | Scandic Fornebu Simpson, Ian Morven series “Earth Story” was a supporter of the Society and a clearly and cogently, with a Westhead, Robert Keith ncs-exploration.com | #ncsexploration milestone in the engagement of Goodwill Ambassador for the respect for others’ views. Whyatt, Stephen John * the public with modern Earth “Year of Planet Earth”. As a teacher, he was Whitham, Andrew Gordon science. To get Aubrey to present Aubrey went on to present inspirational. Generations of In the interests of recording Fellows’ this series was inspirational. He other television and radio students remember him with work for posterity, the Society publishes was the proxy for every viewer programmes. I have fond boundless affection. His ability obituaries online, and in Geoscientist. Bold, recent additions to the list; * who wanted to ask a question memories of a day out with to excite and enthral put him in Fellows for whom no obituarist has been but didn’t know quite what to Aubrey looking for graptolites constant demand as a speaker. commissioned; § biographical material ask. “Earth Story” opened to for the radio programme All he came in touch with left lodged with the Society. viewers the exciting story that “Sounds of Life”. His enthusiasm with a new understanding of If you would like to contribute an obituary, we geologists take for granted; for all aspects of the natural the natural world and some of please email amy.whitchurch@geolsoc. the emergence of that amazing world was boundless—we spent Aubrey’s concerns for its future. org.uk to be commissioned. paradigm Plate Tectonics! He as much time looking at birds Numerous obituaries Deceased Fellows for whom no obituary recalled to me interviewing some as we did the graptolites. He document Aubrey’s many is forthcoming have their names and dates recorded in a Roll of Honour at of the people who contributed was of immense assistance to Dr contributions as a zoologist, www.geolsoc.org.uk/obituaries. to the concept, not least Marie Sandy Crosbie and me as we put television presenter and teacher.

30 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST NCS Exploration 2019 Recent AdvancesAD in SPACEExploration Technology

DAY 1 DAY 2 The Next Technological Breakthrrough Big Thoughts/Big Data Derisking the Petroleum System: How to Integrate The Petroleum System Technological Innovations in the Work Flow Imaging of Injectites Exploration Innovation Prize CSEM – Fortunes and Misfortunes Imaging: Present and Future of Seismic Acquisition on NCS The Exploration Forefront Imaging: Examples from Regions with Complex Geology

May 21-22 2019 | Scandic Fornebu ncs-exploration.com | #ncsexploration

30 | MAY 2019 | WWW.GEOLSOC.ORG.UK/GEOSCIENTIST Click and collect a better career

AD2 hours ago SPACE

Geoscience Jobs is the official jobs platform for the Geological Society. Whether you are searching for a new role, or in a managerial position keen to advertise a new vacancy, you will be able to access and use jobs.geolsoc.org.uk knowing it is tailored to a broad spectrum of specialist earth science professions. Managed by the Geological Society of London, Geoscience Jobs is an essential resource for any earth science professional looking for the next step in their career.