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Synoptic View of Lithospheric S-Wave Velocity Structure in the Southern United States: a Comparison of 3D Seismic Tomographic Models 2020 CALENDAR

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Synoptic View of Lithospheric S-Wave Velocity Structure in the Southern United States: a Comparison of 3D Seismic Tomographic Models 2020 CALENDAR Member Appreciation Issue VOL. 29, NO. 7 | J U LY 2019 Synoptic View of Lithospheric S-Wave Velocity Structure in the Southern United States: A Comparison of 3D Seismic Tomographic Models 2020 CALENDAR BUY ONLINE } rock.geosociety.org/store | from the 2020 Postcards Field toll-freeBUY 1.888.443.4472 ONLINE | +1.303.357.1000, } rock.geosociety.org/store option 3 | [email protected] JULY 2019 | VOLUME 29, NUMBER 7 SCIENCE 4 Synoptic View of Lithospheric S-Wave Velocity Structure in the Southern United States: GSA TODAY (ISSN 1052-5173 USPS 0456-530) prints news A Comparison of 3D Seismic Tomographic Models and information for more than 22,000 GSA member readers Alden Netto et al. and subscribing libraries, with 11 monthly issues (March- April is a combined issue). GSA TODAY is published by The Cover: Map view of four recent seismic shear wave models of the southern U.S. at 5 km above the Geological Society of America® Inc. (GSA) with offices at 3300 Penrose Place, Boulder, Colorado, USA, and a mail- Moho, plotted as perturbations with respect to the same average 1D model. Solid black lines represent ing address of P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA. a proposed rift and transform fault system. The southern U.S. has relatively low seismicity compared GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation to western and northeastern North America, so few local earthquakes are available for imaging, and of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, there have historically been few seismic stations to record distant earthquakes as well. These results regardless of race, citizenship, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this were made possible by EarthScope’s Transportable Array. 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Printed in the USA using pure soy inks. 46 In Memoriam 47 2019 Field Award Recipients 48 Meet Your Fiscal Year 2019 Officers & Councilors 50 2018–2019 GSA-USGS Congressional Science Fellow Report 51 36th International Geological Congress (IGC) 52 Congressional Visits and the Power of a Good “Ask” 53 Geoscience Jobs & Opportunities 54 GSA Foundation Update Synoptic View of Lithospheric S-Wave Velocity Structure in the Southern United States: A Comparison of 3D Seismic Tomographic Models Alden Netto, Jay Pulliam, Dept. of Geosciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, USA; and Patricia Persaud, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA ABSTRACT evolution of the southern U.S. margin tomography. But, first, robust tectonic fea- The southern U.S. continental margin remains poorly understood. The primary tures must be identified. Well-constrained records a history spanning ca. 1.2 Ga, contributing factors to this status quo are features should appear consistently across including two Wilson cycles. However, (1) the presence of a thick sediment cover models. Differences between models could due to a thick sediment cover, the paucity that obscures crustal structure through be due to (1) types of data incorporated, of significant local seismicity, and, until most of the region, (2) the paucity of sig- such as body wave arrival times, surface recently, sparse instrumentation, details nificant local seismicity, and, until recently, wave dispersion, receiver functions, or of this passive margin’s tectonomagmatic (3) sparse seismic instrumentation in the combinations of two or more data types; evolution remain disputed. This paper region. Earthscope’s USArray temporarily (2) measurement techniques employed; compares recent S-wave tomography and densified the set of broadband seismo- (3) the theoretical basis of the forward crustal thickness models based on USArray graphs available for studies of the region’s calculation, such as ray theory versus data to help establish a framework for lithosphere (http://www.usarray.org/ finite difference versus finite frequency; geodynamic interpretation. Large-scale researchers/obs/transportable). Approx- (4) the initial model and parameterization patterns of crustal velocity anomalies, imately 435 stations occupied a total of used; (5) regularization choices (“damp- corresponding to major regional features 1830 locations in the continental U.S., for ing” and “smoothing” schemes and param- such as the Ouachita orogenic front and the two years each, at a nominal spacing of eter values); and (6) inversion methods, Precambrian margin, are generally consis- 70 km. In USArray’s wake, there has been such as gradient-based local minimization tent between the models. The spatial extent a surge in the number of continental-scale versus global optimization techniques. of smaller-scale tectonic features, such as tomographic studies presenting snapshots The purpose of this study is to provide a the Sabine Uplift and Wiggins block, of the compressional and shear wave veloc- systematic analysis of similarities and dif- remains poorly resolved. An inverse rela- ities of the region’s crust and upper mantle. ferences between recent shear wave tomo- tionship between crustal thickness and Although the volume of seismic data avail- graphic models with respect to the litho- Bouguer gravity across the continental able for studies of the region has increased spheric structure of the southern U.S. margin is observed. This model compari- dramatically and sampling of the sub- continental margin. Similar comparisons son highlights the need for additional surface has improved as well, the presence P-wave tomography studies and targeted, of a thick layer of sediments and relatively have been conducted for the western U.S. higher density station deployments to low levels of seismicity (with the exception by Becker (2012) and Pavlis et al. (2012). better constrain tectonic features. of Oklahoma) continue to challenge efforts to image the lithosphere. TECTONIC SETTING INTRODUCTION The collection of models for the south- The region that now comprises the The southern U.S. margin (Fig. 1) ranges ern U.S. region represents the state-of-the- southern U.S. has witnessed two complete from the stable Laurentia craton beneath art of seismic tomography: a broad range Wilson cycles of orogeny and rifting Oklahoma to a stretched and thinned pas- of approaches, the inclusion of various (Fig. 1). These cycles can be chronologi- sive margin to oceanic lithosphere in the types
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