DOCSLIB.ORG

Number 1896/3

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Number 1896/3 NUMBER 1896/3: JULY 11, 1896 59 of the twenty second year of the Emperor Kuang Hsu, being the twenty third day of March one thousand eight hundred and ninety six Western Calendar. For the H ongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, ( Sgd.) E. G. HILLIER, Agent. For the Deutsch-Asiatische Bank, (Sgd.) FRANZ URBIG. Schedule of interest and sinkillg fund payments. Date. Interest. Sinking fund. Total. 1896. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. August 20 ................................ 133,333 6 8 27,825 6 8 161,158 13 4 September 5 .............................. 133,333 6 8 27,825 6 8 161,158 13 4 September 20 ............................ 133,333 6 8 27,825 6 8 161,158 13 4 a 483,476 October 20 ............................... 66,666 13 4 13,912 13 4 80,579 6 8 November 20 ............................. 66,666 13 4 13,912 13 4 80,579 6 8 December 20 ............................. 66,666 13 4 13,912 13 4 80,579 6 8 a Less interest at 5 per cent on £6,000,000 calculated from first April to the first day of the month of its issue, \Vestcrn Calendar. The same payment of eighty thousand five hundred and seventy nine pounds six shillings and eight pence shall be repeated on the twentieth day of each month of the year one thousand eight hundred and ninety seven \V estern Calendar and of each succeeding year until the twentieth day of March one thousand nine hundred and thirty two inclusive that being the last payment when the loan will be extinguished. ( Sgd.) E. G. HILLIER. (Sgd.) FRANZ URBIG. NUMBER 1896/3. DENMARK (Great Northern Telegraph Company), GREAT BRITAIN (Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph Company, Ltd.) AND CHINA. Convention regulating the relations between the Chinese Telegraph Administra­ tion and the companies.*-July 11, 1896. THE Imperial Chinese Telegraph Administration, hereinafter called the Ad­ ministration, on the one part, and the Great Northern Telegraph Company of *Text as printed in H ertslet, p. 1140. Printed also in R-ecueil, p. 183. In connection with this convention see the following telegraph conventions: With Great Northern, May 60 CHINA TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS Copenhagen, and the Eastern Extension, Australasia, and China Telegraph Company (Limited), hereinafter called the Companies, on the other part, being desirous of facilitating international telegraphic communication, have decided to conclude a Convention, with a view to regulate the relations between the Ad­ ministration and the Companies. Consequently, the following stipulations have been agreed on, and, under date below given, signed by the Administration represented by its Director-General Sheng Hsuen Huai, and by the Companies represented by their respective managers in China, viz., Mr. J. Henningsen and Mr. W. Judd, all three duly furnished with full and special powers for this purpose. ARTICLE I.-1. The total charge per word fixed in francs in the annexed Table stipulated in Article XI of the present Convention for telegrams ex­ changed terminally between China, on the one side, and Europe (Russia excepted), America, and, when transiting Europe, all other countries beyond Europe on the other side, is to be the same by the routes of the Companies via India (Madras), and via Russia in Asia, as by the routes of the Administration via Russia in Asia. 2. This equalisation of total charges shall be effected by the necessary regu­ lation of the Administration's terminal charge via Russia in Asia, and of the Companies' cable charges respectively between China and India (Madras), and between China and Russia in Asia. 3. For the same telegrams as described under Section I in this Article via other routes, present and future, across the land frontiers of China the Adminis­ tration undertakes, when concluding, renewing, or revising Telegraph Conven­ tions, to fix their proportion of the total charges in such manner that the total charges collected for the said telegrams via such routes at the time of the con­ cluding, renewing, or revising of such Conventions shall in no case be lower than the total charges collected for the same telegrams when exchanged by the normal routes above described under Section 1 of this Article. The Companies on. their side undertake a corresponding obligation for the same telegrams via all routes, present or future, established beyond the termini of their systems in India and in Russia in Asia. 4. The stipulations under Sections 1, 2, and 3 of this Article shall apply equally to telegrams exchanged terminally between the British Colony of Hong Kong, on the one side, and Europe (Russia excepted), America, and, transit­ ing Europe, all other countries beyond Europe on the other side. 5. With regard to the telegrams specified under Sections 1, 3, and 4 of this Article transmitted by other routes, present or future, than those specified under Sections 1. and 3 of this Article, the Administration and the Companies recipro­ cally undertake to do all in their power to protect the joint interests established by the present Convention, and to carry to the Joint Purse stipulated in Article II of the present Convention all revenues accruing to the Administration or to the Companies from the said traffic coming under Sections 1 and 3 of this Article, 13, 1897 (No. 1897/3, post); with Great Northern and Eastern Extension, October 26, 1900 (No. 1900/6, post); with Great Northern, and with Eastern Extension, October 22, 1902. See also the agreement of the British Government with the Eastern Extension, April 23, 1901 (No. 1901/1, post). See also Note to this document, post, p. 67. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Peace Conference Day by Day a Presidential Pilgrimage Leading to the Discovery of Europe
    THE PEACE CONFERENCE DAY BY DAY A PRESIDENTIAL PILGRIMAGE LEADING TO THE DISCOVERY OF EUROPE AMERICAN COMMISSION TO NEGOTIATE PEACE PARIS, 23 Juno, 1919. My dear Mr. Thompson;- I learn with real regret tint you are leaving shortly for the felted States. Almost exactly oight months ago today I arrived in Franca to confer with the representatives of the Allies respecting Arr.istloe Jerms tc be offered Germany, Immediately upon my arrival you called on me and simce that timo you have, without interruption, acted as a Spoo:al Cor- respondent of the Associated Press in reporting the proceedings of tho Peace Conference. I have had tha crppcrumity of reading your dispatches after they have been printed in tha American papers, and it is ray firm conviction that these dispatches have represented accurately the sitiiation as it changed from time to time* You have bean altogether fair, and at the same time entirely sympathetic tc the aims of tho representatives of the United States at fee Conference. You have indeed, my dear Mr. Thorap- 3on, splendidly maintained tha traditions of the great organization with which you are associated; besides, it haa beca a great pleasure to mo personally to have been given the opportunity to be associated with ycu. Taitnfuily y Charles T. Thompson, Esq., Associated Press, PARIS. THE PEACE CONFERENCE DAY BY DAY A PRESIDENTIAL PILGRIMAGE LEADING TO THE DISCOVERY OF EUROPE BY CHARLES T. THOMPSON WITH AN INTRODUCTORY LETTER BY COLONEL E. M. HOUSE NEW YORK BRENTANO'S PUBLISHERS Copyright, 1920, by BRENTANO'S All rights reserved CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Introductory Letter by Colonel House .
    [Show full text]
  • List of Shareholdings 2018 List of Shareholdings Deutsche Bank Group 2018 Deutsche Bank Shareholdings (Deutsche Bank Group) Shareholdings 2018
    Deutsche Bank List of Shareholdings 2018 List of Shareholdings Deutsche Bank Group 2018 Deutsche Bank Shareholdings (Deutsche Bank Group) Shareholdings 2018 List of Shareholdings 2 Subsidiaries 10 Consolidated Structured Entities 14 Companies accounted for at equity 16 Other Companies, where the holding exceeds 20 % 20 Holdings in large corporations, where the holding exceeds 5 % of the voting rights The following pages show the Shareholdings of Deutsche Bank Group pursuant to Section 313 (2) of the German Commercial Code (“HGB”) as well as to the Guidelines on disclosure requirements under Part Eight of Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 (Template EU LI3). Footnotes: 1 Entity fully consolidated under the regulatory scope. 2 Entity neither consolidated nor deducted under the regulatory scope. 3 Status as shareholder with unlimited liability pursuant to Section 313 (2) Number 6 HGB. 4 Entity under the regulatory scope deducted from own funds according to Articles 36 and 48 CRR. 5 Controlled. 6 Limited Partnership. 7 Only specified assets and related liabilities (silos) of this entity were consolidated. 8 General Partnership. 9 Not controlled. 10 Accounted for at equity due to significant influence. 11 Classified as Structured Entity not to be accounted for at equity under IFRS. 12 Classified as Structured Entity not to be consolidated under IFRS. 13 Preliminary Own funds of € 7,085.8m / Result of € 4.6m (Business Year 2018). 14 Not consolidated or accounted for at equity as classified as non-trading financial assets mandatory at fair value through profit or loss. 15 Preliminary Own funds of € 7,970.5m / Result of € 63.9m (Business Year 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • 'It Is Therefore Both in the German and in the Dutch Interest...'
    'It is therefore both in the German and in the Dutch interest...' Dutch-German relations after the Great War. Interwoven economies and political détente, 1918-1933 Jeroen Euwe ‘Het is dus zoowel een Duitsch als een Nederlandsch belang…’ Hendrik Colijn aan de Raad van Bijstand van Economische Zaken, Departement Buitenlandsche Zaken, Den Haag, 28-2-1920. 'It is therefore both in the German and in the Dutch interest...' Dutch-German relations after the Great War. Interwoven economies and political détente, 1918-1931 ‘Het is dus zoowel een Duitsch als een Nederlandsch belang…’ Nederlands-Duitse betrekkingen na de Eerste Wereldoorlog. Verweven economieën en politieke detente, 1918-1931 Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. H.G. Schmidt en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op vrijdag 21 december 2012 om 15.30 uur door Jilles Jeroen Euwe geboren te Vlaardingen Promotiecommissie: Promotor: Prof.dr. H.A.M.Klemann Overige leden: Prof.dr. A. de Jong Prof.dr. J.P.B. Jonker Prof.dr. P.T. van de Laar Contents Acknowledgements i Chapter 1 – Introduction 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 The Dutch-German economic bonds 7 1.3 The historiography of Dutch-German (economic) relations 11 1.4 Theoretical framework: interdependence theory 17 Proving themselves right: liberal and neo-realist models 20 1.5 Interdependence theories: relevance to this study 24 Complicating factors 26 1.6 Central research question, sub-questions,
    [Show full text]
  • 100 Years of Bauhaus
    Excursions to the Visit the Sites of the Bauhaus Sites of and the Bauhaus Modernism A travel planner and Modernism! ↘ bauhaus100.de/en # bauhaus100 The UNESCO World Heritage Sites and the Sites of Bauhaus Modernism Hamburg P. 31 Celle Bernau P. 17 P. 29 Potsdam Berlin P. 13 Caputh P. 17 P. 17 Alfeld Luckenwalde Goslar Wittenberg P. 29 P. 17 Dessau P. 29 P. 10 Quedlinburg P. 10 Essen P. 10 P. 27 Krefeld Leipzig P. 27 P. 19 Düsseldorf Löbau Zwenkau Weimar P. 19 P. 27 Dornburg Dresden P. 19 Gera P. 19 P. 7 P. 7 P. 7 Künzell P. 23 Frankfurt P. 23 Kindenheim P. 25 Ludwigshafen P. 25 Völklingen P. 25 Karlsruhe Stuttgart P. 21 P. 21 Ulm P. 21 Bauhaus institutions that maintain collections Modernist UNESCO World Heritage Sites Additional modernist sites 3 100 years of bauhaus The Bauhaus: an idea that has really caught on. Not just in Germany, but also worldwide. Functional design and modern construction have shaped an era. The dream of a Gesamtkunst- werk—a total work of art that synthesises fine and applied art, architecture and design, dance and theatre—continues to this day to provide impulses for our cultural creation and our living environments. The year 2019 marks the 100 th anniversary of the celebration, but the allure of an idea that transcends founding of the Bauhaus. Established in Weimar both time and borders. The centenary year is being in 1919, relocated to Dessau in 1925 and closed in marked by an extensive programme with a multitude Berlin under pressure from the National Socialists in of exhibitions and events about architecture 1933, the Bauhaus existed for only 14 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    BIBLIOGRAPHY I. PRIMARY SOURCES A. Germany I) Bundesarchiv Koblenz Reichskanzlei, R 43 1 Reichsfinanzministerium, R 2 Reichsministerium fiir den Wiederaufbau, R 38 2) Politisches Archiv des Auswiirtigen Amts, Bonn a) Biiro des Reichsministers Reden des Reichskanzlers fiber auswartige Politik Reparationsfragen Reparationen 5 seer. MaBnahmen der Entente bei Nichterfiillung der Reparationen Intemationale Geschiiftsleutekonferenz Deutsch-Englische Industrie Cooperation Ruhrgebiet Frage des Abbruchs der Beziehungen Frage der Aufgabe des passiven Widerstandes b) Sonderreferat Wirtschaft Verhandlungen der Sechserkommission des bergbaulichen Vereins mit der MICUM Verhandlungen Krupp, Wolff, Becker, u.a. mit der MICUM Die Aktion der amerikanischen Handelskammer Wirtschaftliche Vereinigungen c) Wirtschaftsreparationen Organisation der Sachleistungen, Vorschlage, Seydoux: AbschluB von Ab­ kommen mit Frankreich fiber Sachleistungen und Lauf der Sachleistungen (Verhandlungen mit Tannery, Loucheur, Rathenau) Lieferungsabkommen zwischen de Lubersac und Stinnes Besetzung des Ruhrgebiets Sonderakte Kohle, Koks, usw. BIBLIOGRAPHY Plane bzw. Vorschlage zur Regelung der Reparationsfrage Allgemeine Reparationsfrage Vorarbeiten zum Memorandum v. 7.6.23 Kommissionsarbeiten zur Bereitstellung des Reparationsmaterials Die amerikanische Vermittlung in der Reparationsfrage d) Handakten, Direktoren Schubert Ha. Pol. Ritter 3) Historisches Archiv der Gutehoffnungshiitte (RA GRR) 4) Werksarchiv der MAN Augsburg 5) Westfiilisches Wirtscha!tsarchiv, Dortmund rvvw A)
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Edition 2004/3
    Historical Association of Deutsche Bank Bank and History Historical Review No. 6 Beginning of November 2004 A marriage of convenience 75 years ago: the big merger of 1929 In 1929, two Berlin banks joined forces that team of the competitor: “I am afraid that be- had pitted their strengths in competition tween Disconto-Gesellschaft and ourselves against one another over several decades. lasting peace and honest agreement are im- Both were leaders in capital markets, and possible. Salomonsohn [...] is insincere and both had excellent contacts to big industry fully unreliable; Solmssen, who I hold to be and international finance. But despite the an upright man, has yet to make a decision; common aspects in the structure of their Schoeller is a show-off, whose primary con- business, there were fundamental differ- cern is all too frequently the canapés, and ences between the two. Peter Brunswig, who cannot forgive us for having so resound- Deputy Member of the Board of Managing ingly surpassed his institution.” Even if a Directors of Deutsche Bank at the time of the quarter of a century later, when a different merger, described them concisely: “Deutsche generation was at the helm, and Gwinner Bank was entirely consumed by the com- was relegated to observing events as a mercial spirit. Every big company has a cer- member of the Supervisory Board, there was tain tendency towards bureaucracy, but at no doubt about it: The merger of the long- Deutsche Bank this tendency was repressed time competitors was a marriage of conven- as much as possible. At Disconto-Gesell- ience, and not of love.
    [Show full text]
  • Behrens V. Düsseldorf” * by HENNING KAHMANN and VARDA NAUMANN © 1
    Comment on the Recommendation by the Advisory Commission in the case of “Behrens v. Düsseldorf” * by HENNING KAHMANN and VARDA NAUMANN © 1 In its recommendation of February 3, 2015 2 the Advisory Commission on the return of cultural property seized as a result of Nazi persecution, especially Jewish property ( Beratende Kommission für die Rückgabe NS-verfolgungsbedingt entzogener Kulturgüter or Limbach Commission for short) has advised against the restitution of a painting. The work concerned is “Pariser Wochentag” by Adolph von Menzel. The claimant was the community of heirs to the estate of George Eduard Behrens. The respondent, the City of Düsseldorf, opposed the claim arguing that the sale of the painting from the Behrens collection to the municipal art collections (Städtische Kunstsammlungen Düsseldorf) had not been a loss of property as a consequence of Nazi persecution. I. Factual background The factual background to the recommendation was essentially as follows: “Pariser Wochentag” was painted by Adolph von Menzel in 1869 and acquired by Eduard Ludwig Behrens, the owner of L. Behrens & Söhne, a private bank in Hamburg, for his art collection in or before 1886. The painting remained in the family’s ownership until 1935. In March of that year George E. Behrens informed the Hamburger Kunsthalle about the proposed sale of 33 paintings from the Behrens collection which were on loan to the Kunsthalle. That same year, Hans-Wilhelm Hupp 3, the director of Düsselsdorf’s municipal art collections since 1933, was attempting to acquire a “major work by Menzel”. In July 1935 Menzel’s painting “Pariser Wochentag” came into the possession of the Galerie Paffrath, the same gallery which earlier that year Hupp had commissioned to look for a work by Menzel.
    [Show full text]
  • Oscar Wassermann Und Die Deutsche Bank: Bankier in Schwierigen Zeiten'
    H-German Spoerer on Barkai, 'Oscar Wassermann und die Deutsche Bank: Bankier in schwierigen Zeiten' Review published on Friday, July 1, 2005 Avraham Barkai. Oscar Wassermann und die Deutsche Bank: Bankier in schwierigen Zeiten. München: C.H. Beck Verlag, 2005. 180 S. + 45 Abb. EUR 22.90 (cloth), ISBN 978-3-406-52958-0. Reviewed by Mark Spoerer (University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart)Published on H-German (July, 2005) Throughout the twentieth century, Deutsche Bank was the leading German commercial bank and, at the time of this writing, it still is. In 1995 it set precedent by publishing a comprehensive study of its history written by eminent scholars of the historical profession who did not ignore or whitewash the years 1933 to 1945. Encouraged by the largely positive public response to the Deutsche Bank volume, many large German firms followed and had their history in the National Socialist era researched and published by academic historians rather than journalists. Ten years later, our knowledge on the complex relations between German firms and the Nazi regime has improved extraordinarily. Meanwhile the team of historians working for Deutsche Bank has continued to publish studies that deal with special aspects of the company history. Avraham Barkai has now submitted a concise study on Oscar Wassermann (1869-1934), who headed Deutsche Bank's managing board asprimus inter pares, in a position comparable to that of a CEO, from 1923 to 1933. Barkai, born in Berlin but living in Israel, has published numerous important and influential studies both on Nazi economic history as well as on the history of German Jewry.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Social Capital CSR Report 2008
    Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2008 Our Goals for 2009 Building Social Capital CSR Report 2008 To introduce the Sustainability Management System in the growth regions Deutsche Bank regards Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as an investment in Asia, South America, and the Middle East society and in its own future. Our goal as a responsible corporate citizen is to create social capital. We leverage our core competencies in five areas of activity. To continue pressing ahead with climate-friendly activities, with the aim of Sustainability: An integral part of all Deutsche Bank activities – in our core business making all business processes totally CO2-neutral from 2013 onwards Our Identity. We are a leading global investment bank with a and beyond – is being responsible to our shareholders, clients, employees, society, To expand the educational initiatives for intercultural understanding, with strong and profitable private clients franchise. Our and the environment. the aim of increasing equality of opportunity and promoting integration businesses are mutually reinforcing. A leader in Germany and Europe, we are powerful and growing Corporate Volunteering: A growing number of our employees are committed To step up our commitment to helping children and AIDS orphans in in North America, Asia and key emerging markets. to civic leadership and responsibility – with the support and encouragement of developing and emerging countries and to strengthen our collaboration Deutsche Bank. with SOS Children‘s Villages in our German home market Our Mission. We compete to be the leading global provider of Social Investments: We create opportunities for people and communities. We help To increase the Corporate Volunteering rate still further and extend paid financial solutions for demanding clients creating Building Social Capital them overcome unemployment and poverty, and shape their own futures.
    [Show full text]
  • G Esc H Äft S - B Er Ich T
    Deutsch-Asiatische Bank G esc h äft s - B er ich t über die Jahre -»..«»n». Deutsch-Asiatische Bank Schanghai Filialen in Canton, Hankau, Peking, Tientsin, Tsingtau, Kobe, Berlin, Hamburg. Geschäfts-Bericht über die Jahre 1915-1927 genehmigt durch die Generalversammlung am 21. September 1928. Am 21. September 1928 bildeten den Vorstand im Ausland: Adolf Koehn Gustav Rust Fritz Rittmüller John Kullmann stellvertretend : Ernst Mirow Hermann Koch Hans Kümmert August Reiss in Deutschland : Max W. Kochen Felix Kilian Dr. Richard Lange Ernst Fritz stellvertretend : Erich Lenz, Aufsichtsrat: Franz Urbig, Geschäftsinhaber der Disconto-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Vorsitzender, Dr. Arthur Salomonsohn, Geschäftsinhaber der Disconto-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Erster Stellvertreter des Vorsitzenden, Dr. Paul Millington-Herrmann, Kommerzienrat, Vorstandsmitglied der Deutschen Bank, Berlin, Zweiter Stellvertreter des Vorsitzenden, Siegmund Bodenheimer, Geschäftsinhaber der Darmstädter und Nationalbank Komman- ditgesellschaft auf Aktien, Berlin, Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, Wirklicher Geheimer Rat, Exzellenz, Berlin, Curt Erich, Bankdirektor a. D., Berlin, Dr. Otto Jeidels, Geschäftsinhaber der Berliner Handels-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Carl Kauffmann, Reichsbank-Vicepräsident a. D., Geheimer Ober-Finanzrat, Berlin, Dr. Rudolf Kaulla, Mitinhaber des Bankhauses Jacob S. H. Stern, Frankfurt a. Main, Ernst Kritzler, Mitinhaber des Bankhauses S. Bleichröder, Berlin, Paul von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Generalkonsul, Mitinhaber des Bankhauses Mendels- sohn & Co., Berlin, Henry Nathan,
    [Show full text]
  • Excursions to the Sites of the Bauhaus and Modernism
    Excursions to the Visit the Sites of the Bauhaus Sites of the and Bauhaus Modernism A travel planner for groups and individual travellers and Modernism ↘ bauhaus100.com # bauhaus100 The UNESCO- World Heritage Sites and the Sites of the Bauhaus and Modernism Hamburg P. 31 Celle Bernau P. 17 P. 29 Potsdam Berlin P. 13 Caputh P. 17 P. 17 Alfeld Luckenwalde Goslar Wittenberg P. 29 P. 17 Dessau P. 29 P. 10 Quedlinburg P. 10 Essen P. 10 P. 27 Krefeld Leipzig P. 27 P. 19 Düsseldorf Löbau Zwenkau Weimar P. 19 P. 27 Dornburg Dresden P. 19 Gera P. 19 P. 7 P. 7 P. 7 Künzell P. 23 Frankfurt P. 23 Kindenheim P. 25 Ludwigshafen P. 25 Völklingen P. 25 Karlsruhe Stuttgart P. 21 P. 21 Ulm P. 21 Bauhaus institutions that maintain collections The UNESCO-World Heritage Sites of Modernism Additional modernist sites 2 3 100 years of bauhaus The Bauhaus: an idea that has really caught on. Not just in Germany, but also worldwide. Functional design and modern construction have shaped an era. The dream of a Gesamtkunst- werk – a total work of art that synthesises fine and applied art, architecture and design, dance and theatre – continues to this day to provide impulses for our cultural creation and our living environments The year 2019 marks the 100th anniversary of the ion, but the allure of an idea that transcends both founding of the Bauhaus. Established in Weimar in time and borders. The centenary year is being mar- 1919, relocated to Dessau in 1925 and closed in Ber- ked by an extensive programme with a multitude of lin under pressure from the National Socialists in exhibitions and events about architecture and design, 1933, the Bauhaus existed for only 14 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Euwe (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
    Jeroen Euwe (Erasmus University Rotterdam) Amsterdam’s role as an international financial centre in Dutch-German economic relations, 1914-1931.1 The German economic difficulties after the defeat in the First World War were threatening to have disastrous consequences for the Dutch economy. As a result of the adoption of free trade in the late 1860s, Dutch-German trade had expanded tremendously and both countries had become important trading partners. As a consequence of German industrialization, the Dutch port of Rotterdam had become an outport to the Ruhr-district, a hub for an important part of German imports and exports.2 Dutch industry profited immensely from this traffic, as did the services sector: at that time transhipment and inland shipping, and later also finance. The Dutch-German economic bonds were therefore strong, and a German economic recovery was thus important to the Netherlands. Immediately after the war, influential Dutch bankers such as C.E. ter Meulen of Hope & Co. and G. Vissering, president of the Dutch central bank, were internationally active, trying to enable not only Germany and Austria, but the entire world to resume international trade by way of international loans, barter, or bilateral clearing.3 When international loans to Germany were not forthcoming, the Dutch government – out of well-understood self-interest – decided to furnish a ƒ 200 million loan with the Coal- & Credit Treaty of 1920, and four years later actively promoted the Dawes-loans. The post-war financial situation also presented Amsterdam with the opportunity to consolidate and expand its position as an international financial centre, a position it had attained during the war.
    [Show full text]