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The Peace Conference Day by Day a Presidential Pilgrimage Leading to the Discovery of Europe

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The Peace Conference Day by Day a Presidential Pilgrimage Leading to the Discovery of Europe THE PEACE CONFERENCE DAY BY DAY A PRESIDENTIAL PILGRIMAGE LEADING TO THE DISCOVERY OF EUROPE AMERICAN COMMISSION TO NEGOTIATE PEACE PARIS, 23 Juno, 1919. My dear Mr. Thompson;- I learn with real regret tint you are leaving shortly for the felted States. Almost exactly oight months ago today I arrived in Franca to confer with the representatives of the Allies respecting Arr.istloe Jerms tc be offered Germany, Immediately upon my arrival you called on me and simce that timo you have, without interruption, acted as a Spoo:al Cor- respondent of the Associated Press in reporting the proceedings of tho Peace Conference. I have had tha crppcrumity of reading your dispatches after they have been printed in tha American papers, and it is ray firm conviction that these dispatches have represented accurately the sitiiation as it changed from time to time* You have bean altogether fair, and at the same time entirely sympathetic tc the aims of tho representatives of the United States at fee Conference. You have indeed, my dear Mr. Thorap- 3on, splendidly maintained tha traditions of the great organization with which you are associated; besides, it haa beca a great pleasure to mo personally to have been given the opportunity to be associated with ycu. Taitnfuily y Charles T. Thompson, Esq., Associated Press, PARIS. THE PEACE CONFERENCE DAY BY DAY A PRESIDENTIAL PILGRIMAGE LEADING TO THE DISCOVERY OF EUROPE BY CHARLES T. THOMPSON WITH AN INTRODUCTORY LETTER BY COLONEL E. M. HOUSE NEW YORK BRENTANO'S PUBLISHERS Copyright, 1920, by BRENTANO'S All rights reserved CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Introductory Letter by Colonel House . v I Landing of the Pilgrims: Brest ... 1 II Pilgrims Progress: Paris ..... 13 III A Tiger in the Path: Clemenceau ... 18 IV Wanted, a Peace Congress 27 V Quirinal, Vatican and Downing Street . 36 VI Scholars and Diplomatists 45 VII A Duel of Wits: Wilson vs. Cleamenceau Covenant vs. Alliance .... 53 VIII The Great Year: 1919 62 IX A Mare's Nest: Secret Treaties ... 76 X Delegations Named A Visitor from Wash- ington The President and Mr. Lansing 86 XI Signs of life : Supreme Council Meets . 94 XII America's Part in Europe's Problems Glimpses Behind the Scenes .... 105 XIII At Last, the Peace Conference . .118 XIV Russia Rebellious 128 XV A Napoleonic Stroke: Peace Treaty and Covenant United 140 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XVI Spoils of War German Colonies Kiau- Chau Mandatories 156 XVII Strenuous Days: The Covenant Takes Form 173 XVIII Storm Signals The President's Warning The Covenant Realized .... 187 XIX The President Leaves with the Covenant . 197 XX A Message from the British Cabinet Peace Plans Take Form 209 XXI A Wounded Tiger: Clemenceau Shot: Peace Plans Halt 218 XXII European Diplomacy Alert: Peace Treaty Takes Form with President Absent . 230 XXIII The President Returns: An Ultimatum: Treaty Must Include Covenant . 243 XXIV "The Peace Conference Is Sitting on a Powder Magazine" 257 XXV The President Wins: Intensive Sessions Council of Four in Control .... 265 XXVI At the Breaking Point: The President Pre- pares to Leave: Calls for His Ship . 282 XXVII Passing of the Crisis: Peace Treaty As- sured The Monroe Doctrine . 292 XXVIII Momentous Results The Balance Sheet Peace Treaty Completed .... 303 XXIX The Italian Crisis Wilson vs. Orlando Italy Quits the Conference . .321 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XXX The President's Greatest Triumph : Revised Covenant Adopted 342 XXXI Versailles: Germany Receives the Peace Treaty 359 XXXII German Delays: An Ultimatum . 384 XXXIII Germany's Unconditional Surrender . 399 XXXIV Versailles: Signing the Peace Treaty: The Pilgrims Depart 417 THE PEACE CONFERENCE DAY BY DAY CHAPTER I LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS A STRANGE animation has suddenly taken possession of this quaint old Breton city of Brest on this memorable Friday, December 13, 1918. Vast crowds of fisher-folk and peasantry, in holiday attire with starched Brittany caps and laces, pack the streets and public places. The whole city is ablaze with bunting. School children in groups sing along the street. Soldiers, sailors and ma- rines march and counter-march and line the quays. Spe- cial trains are arriving from Paris bringing the Chiefs of State, Cabinet Ministers, field marshals, generals, ad- mirals. Ambassadors, statesmen and the leaders of parties are assembling. All of them, the mighty and the lowly, are moving toward the ocean front with their eyes straining off to seaward. For at noon today the ancient city is to have its most momentous experience since Julius Caesar arrived here, 55 years before the birth of Christ, on his way to add Britain to the Roman Empire. After twenty centuries, another ruler is coming; not from Rome but from the West, from the New World across the sea, that young and mighty na- 2 THE PEACE CONFERENCE DAY BY DAY tion, America. This is Wilson Day in Brest, for at noon Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, is to land, and for the first time an American president is to set his foot on the soil of Europe. There is special significance in his coming now, for the world war has just closed, largely through his efforts, and the Versailles Congress is about to reestablish peace and remold Europe. No wonder this ancient city is stirred to its very depths, and all Europe and the world outside has its eyes riveted on what is passing here. This is why I have come to this remote outpost on the Atlantic, to see the opening scene in this presidential pilgrimage and then to follow it, step by step, as the great war merges into the great peace and America enters upon the reconstruction of Europe. I went to the water front early in the day to see if a sunlit harbor was to greet the new arrival. But it was a day of gloom and darkness, with heavy clouds shutting out all sun and sky. The torrential downpour of the night had abated, however, and the gale had fallen to a breeze blowing in from the sea. The mists which had veiled the harbor for several days had now blown away, and the splendid panorama of the roadstead stood out plainly. The outer strait leading to the harbor was clearly marked with its towering black rocks, where the German subma- rines used to lurk; and across the strait rose tier on tier of land batteries capped on the summit by the lighthouse. Over the entrance to the harbor hovered a fleet of naval hydroplanes on the lookout for the approaching presiden- tial fleet. A big dirigible was just heading out to sea to give the first welcome. The scene within the harbor was one of gay animation LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS 3 as the fleets of warships and merchant craft broke out their colors and dressed ship with long lines of streamers span- ning the topmasts from stem to stern. A group of French cruisers in their war paint swung at anchorage, with a score of French destroyers. Near them loomed the big liner La France, used as a hospital ship, but now about to return to trans-Atlantic service. American destroyers, naval yachts and small craft darted about the harbor, and further off lay the great flotilla of merchant ships, trans- ports, freighters, and quaint Breton fishing craft. Two American freighters were still unloading army supplies, and an American transport was preparing to take Ameri- can troops homeward. It was a stirring scene afloat, and one which would have glowed with color by a single touch of sunlight. The scene ashore was equally full of animation as vast throngs of Breton peasantry in their picturesque headgear packed the streets and massed along the quays and ter- races overlooking the harbor. Early in the day French and American soldiers and sailors lined the streets and took position along the Cours Dajot where the President was to pass. The whole city was a mass of bunting, with the Place President Wilson hung with streamers and mot- toes, and the presidential route lined with Venetian masts, flags and transparencies. An army of laborers cleared the mud from the presidential route and replaced the wind-torn and bedraggled decorations. * * * President Wilson arrived in the harbor of Brest at noon, amid deafening salvos of artillery ashore and afloat, and a tumultuous demonstration of the vast multitude massed 4 THE PEACE CONFERENCE DAY BY DAY along the quays and terraces. It was the culmination of the imposing naval spectacle which began as the presiden- tial fleet rounded the outer capes, then passed the entrance forts and moved majestically into the harbor, where the steamer George Washington, bearing the President, an- chored at the head of the long double column of American dreadnaughts, destroyers, and the French cruiser squadron. The presidential fleet had first been sighted at 11.30, fifteen miles off shore. The sea was calm and the fleet moved under brightening skies. It was an hour later that the fleet was signalled at the entrance of the harbor, and a cloud of black smoke in the offing told that the presidential party was near. Ahead came a single destroyer, piloting the way, and close behind was the huge bulk of the superdreadnaughts, Pennsylvania and Wyoming, flying the flags of Admirals Mayo and Sims. Just back of them moved the George Washington bearing the President, flanked either side by the dreadnaughts Arkansas, Utah, Florida, Nevada, Okla- homa, New York, Texas, and Arizona, the French cruiser fleet and a great flotilla of destroyers. The entrance to the harbor is a narrow strait, less than a mile wide, with ten forts on the towering cliffs at either side.
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