DOCSLIB.ORG

"Aneurin" WW1 Timeline 1919 to Date

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Aneurin Great War Project: Timeline Part 11 - Versailles and After, 1919 to Right Now! Copyright Notice: This material was written and published in Wales by Derek J. Smith (Chartered Engineer). It forms part of a multifile e-learning resource, and subject only to acknowledging Derek J. Smith's rights under international copyright law to be identified as author may be freely downloaded and printed off in single complete copies solely for the purposes of private study and/or review. Commercial exploitation rights are reserved. The remote hyperlinks have been selected for the academic appropriacy of their contents; they were free of offensive and litigious content when selected, and will be periodically checked to have remained so. Copyright © 2014/2018-2021, Derek J. Smith. First published 09:00 BST 30th July 2014. This version 09:00 BST 6th October 2021 [BUT UNDER CONSTANT EXTENSION AND CORRECTION, SO CHECK AGAIN SOON] This timeline supports the Aneurin series of interdisciplinary scientific reflections on why the Great War failed so singularly in its bid to be The War to End all Wars. It presents actual or best-guess historical event and introduces theoretical issues of cognitive science as they become relevant. UPWARD Author's Home Page Project Aneurin, Scope and Aims BACKWARD IN TIME Part 1 - (Ape)men at War, Prehistory to 730 Part 2 - Royal Wars (Without Gunpowder), 731 to 1272 Part 3 - Royal Wars (With Gunpowder), 1273-1602 Part 4 - The Religious Civil Wars, 1603-1661 Part 5 - Imperial Wars, 1662-1763 Part 6 - The Georgian Wars, 1764-1815 Part 7 - Economic Wars, 1816-1869 Part 8 - The War Machines, 1870-1894 Part 9 - Insults at the Weigh-In, 1895-1914 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1914 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1915 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1916 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1917 Part 10 - The War Itself, 1918 The Timeline Items ***** ALI BABA AND HIS FORTY THIEVES ***** 1919 [1st-2nd January] The Russian Civil War [LXXXII - Food, High Finance, and Espionage Fronts (The Men Behind Hoover)]: [Continued from 31st December 1918] On 1st January 1919 the American occupation's food tsar, Herbert Hoover [see 7th November 1918], now based in Paris [he is close to, but not part of the Versailles negotiating team - Ed.], is beginning to get his team together. And most impressive it is, too, as biographer Walter W. Liggett will later explain ... "... Hoover had powerful aides. Lord Reading (Sir Rufus Isaacs) [check him out], English food controller and member of the [Supreme Economic Council], had been Hoover's lawyer for many years. Emile Francqui [check him out] was perhaps the most influential man in Belgium. A large Paris bank also was interested in Hoover's Russian holdings." ... ASIDE: We shall be returning to this den of thieves when profiling said Supreme Economic Council [see 24th February below]. Burner (1979) identifies the Russian holdings as "Kyshtym [map] and Orsk [map] in Siberia" (p54), and suggests that he acted through the "Inter-Russian Company" [nothing known]. He was also involved in some unsuccessful oil prospecting projects in the Maykop region [map] of the western Kuban. Another biographer, Kellogg (1920/2009) [Amazon], reviews Hoover's banking network, as also do Wentling and Medoff (2002) [Amazon]. ... "The Romanoff family had been his partners." ... ASIDE: Burner covers Hoover's Russian investments in some detail, if interested. Hoover visited Russia "several times", adding up to a total 72 weeks. The Tsar did indeed commission his services in 1912. ... "Clemenceau and Lord Curzon of England [check him out] were perfectly fanatical in their anti-Bolshevism. It is probable that Woodrow Wilson - willing to sacrifice any principle to put over the League of Nations - didn't know what it was all about [... and] it is quite possible that he had never heard of Hoover's interests in Russia. In any event, Wilson left our Russia policy almost entirely in Hoover's hands. [...] The Russians are to starve because four men in Paris do not like their politics; on the day when they surrender to the ideas and armies of the Big Four, then they may have bread" (Liggett, 1932, p261). Hoover sets the tone for his intervention by letting it be known from the outset that he intends being particularly strict on the Germans given the "wanton destructiveness" he had seen from them in Belgium, and that the Allied naval blockade of Germany is going to remain in force until they sign up to the Versailles Treaty [see 12th July below]. The Germans, too, are to starve, etc. On the intelligence front, Allen Dulles arrives in Paris 2nd January to work with one of the American delegation's co- opted academics, Yale historian Charles Seymour [Wikipedia biography] [sub-thread continues at next entry ...]. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF THE MODERN WORLD] [THREAD = THE NEVER-ENDED RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR, 1917-ONGOING] [THREAD = THE COLD WAR IN THE MAKING] [THREAD = FOOD AS "HERE, DOGGY" PROPAGANDA] 1919 [2nd January] The Russian Civil War [LXXXIII - South Russian Front (The Svechnikov Offensive)]: [Continued from preceding entry] On 2nd January 1919 General Mikhail Svechnikov's [Wikipedia biography] 11th and 12th Armies advance westward out of their base at Astrakhan [map] toward Armavir [map] and Tikhoretsk [map], threatening [Y]Ekaterinodar [see 15th August 1918] and Denikin's hold over the western Kuban, and southward down the Caspian coast toward Baku [see 30th October 1918], threatening the oilfields there. Denikin gives as good as he gets, however, and Svechnikov soon has to fall back on his North Caspian heartland [sub-thread continues at next entry ...]. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF THE MODERN WORLD] [THREAD = WW1 MAJOR BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS] [THREAD = THE NEVER-ENDED RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR, 1917-ONGOING] [THREAD = THE COLD WAR IN THE MAKING] 1919 [3rd January-2nd February] The Russian Civil War [LXXXIV - South Russian Front (The Ukraine Goes Red)]: [Continued from preceding entry] On 3rd January 1919 the Allied masterplan for the south [see preceding entry] is thrown into confusion by a snap Bolshevik push into the Ukraine from the north which captures Kharkov [map] and pushes the Whites back a hundred miles to Poltava [map]. On 6th January the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (UkSSR) [Wikipedia briefing] is established to administer the territory acquired ... ASIDE: Foreign Commissar Georgy Chicherin [see 4th April 1918] carefully points out to foreign journalists that this advance was not Moscow's work, but rather regional Reds fighting regional Whites. The UkSSR will endure, in some form or other, until the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991. Further attacks on 20th January take Poltava and push the Whites back another 100 miles to Kremenchuk [map]. Then, on 2nd February, the jewel in the regional crown - Kiev [map] - also falls to the Reds. To add insult to injury, for much of the summer the White Armies in the south and west suffer severe non-combat losses due to the ravages of typhus [sub-thread continues at next entry ...]. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF THE MODERN WORLD] [THREAD = WW1 MAJOR BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS] [THREAD = THE NEVER-ENDED RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR, 1917-ONGOING] [THREAD = THE COLD WAR IN THE MAKING] ***** NEW BATTLE FRONT IN EASTERN EUROPE ***** 1919 [3rd January] The Russian Civil War [LXXXV - West Russian Front (Riga Goes Red)]: [Continued from preceding entry] On 3rd January 1919 a Red Latvian offensive succeeds in capturing Riga [map] ... QUICKIE - ESTONIA AND LATVIA BETWEEN THE ARMISTICE AND VERSAILLES: Stewart (1932/2009) devotes an entire chapter to the history of these two East Baltic states. The White Estonians were centred on Pskov [map] under the command of Stanislav Bulak-Balakhovich [Wikipedia biography] (in fact, a Lithuanian). The White Latvians were centred at Riga. The Armistice had included a clause requiring Germany to maintain order in the territories they had overrun, but in many places she lacked the physical resources so to do. Stewart continues ... "The chief actor in the drama of German occupation at this time was the famous General von der Goltz [see 10th December 1918], who attempted to combine anti-Bolsheviks [into] a force of some twenty thousand men in Latvia and Lithuania not only with the intention of fighting the Soviets but also of providing a refuge for such Germans as wished to flee the consequences of their own revolution. [...] As the Germans retired the Reds followed them" (op. cit., k3238-3255). The stage is now set for a summer of strife in which a "Freikorps" [Wikipedia briefing] of like-minded Germans and Latvians get together - with Allied blessing - to operate in the Baltic States with a view to clearing them of different-minded Latvian and Russian Bolsheviks, thus turning Latvia into what we know nowadays [= March 2021] as a "Proxy War". In London, meanwhile, the Foreign Office diplomat [Sir]1953 Harold Nicolson [Wikipedia biography] entrains at Charing Cross for Paris, where he will be working to the Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour [check him out]. His particular - and in many regions impossible - task will be to tweak the maps of Europe (indeed much of the planet) to suit the war victors, and many of the lines he is persuaded to draw may never see peace again [sub-thread continues at 4th January 1919 ...]. [THREAD = THE SHAPING OF THE MODERN WORLD] [THREAD = WW1 MAJOR BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS] [THREAD = THE NEVER-ENDED RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR, 1917-ONGOING] [THREAD = THE COLD WAR IN THE MAKING] 1919 [3rd January] The Versailles Peace Conference [I - Arrivals (The Arabs Arrive)]: [New sub-thread] On 3rd January 1919, before departing London for Paris, the Zionist front man Chaim Weizmann [see 31st October 1917] and the Arabian dynastic leader Prince Faisal bin Hussein [see 30th September 1918] meet to clear the air on the Palestinian question.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • United States Air Force and Its Antecedents Published and Printed Unit Histories
    UNITED STATES AIR FORCE AND ITS ANTECEDENTS PUBLISHED AND PRINTED UNIT HISTORIES A BIBLIOGRAPHY EXPANDED & REVISED EDITION compiled by James T. Controvich January 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERS User's Guide................................................................................................................................1 I. Named Commands .......................................................................................................................4 II. Numbered Air Forces ................................................................................................................ 20 III. Numbered Commands .............................................................................................................. 41 IV. Air Divisions ............................................................................................................................. 45 V. Wings ........................................................................................................................................ 49 VI. Groups ..................................................................................................................................... 69 VII. Squadrons..............................................................................................................................122 VIII. Aviation Engineers................................................................................................................ 179 IX. Womens Army Corps............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Peace Conference Day by Day a Presidential Pilgrimage Leading to the Discovery of Europe
    THE PEACE CONFERENCE DAY BY DAY A PRESIDENTIAL PILGRIMAGE LEADING TO THE DISCOVERY OF EUROPE AMERICAN COMMISSION TO NEGOTIATE PEACE PARIS, 23 Juno, 1919. My dear Mr. Thompson;- I learn with real regret tint you are leaving shortly for the felted States. Almost exactly oight months ago today I arrived in Franca to confer with the representatives of the Allies respecting Arr.istloe Jerms tc be offered Germany, Immediately upon my arrival you called on me and simce that timo you have, without interruption, acted as a Spoo:al Cor- respondent of the Associated Press in reporting the proceedings of tho Peace Conference. I have had tha crppcrumity of reading your dispatches after they have been printed in tha American papers, and it is ray firm conviction that these dispatches have represented accurately the sitiiation as it changed from time to time* You have bean altogether fair, and at the same time entirely sympathetic tc the aims of tho representatives of the United States at fee Conference. You have indeed, my dear Mr. Thorap- 3on, splendidly maintained tha traditions of the great organization with which you are associated; besides, it haa beca a great pleasure to mo personally to have been given the opportunity to be associated with ycu. Taitnfuily y Charles T. Thompson, Esq., Associated Press, PARIS. THE PEACE CONFERENCE DAY BY DAY A PRESIDENTIAL PILGRIMAGE LEADING TO THE DISCOVERY OF EUROPE BY CHARLES T. THOMPSON WITH AN INTRODUCTORY LETTER BY COLONEL E. M. HOUSE NEW YORK BRENTANO'S PUBLISHERS Copyright, 1920, by BRENTANO'S All rights reserved CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE Introductory Letter by Colonel House .
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle of the Ardennes 22 August 1914
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The Battle of the Ardennes 22 August 1914 House, Simon Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 This electronic theses or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The Battle of the Ardennes 22 August 1914 Title: Author: Simon House The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle of the Marne in Memoriam N
    THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE IN MEMORIAM N. F. P. + E. L. P. fhetmnfi Douat# POSITIONS firms'* Bonchx t& ARMIES Doultzris Camb onifk'&xtf die. Battle*- mndt&c «<rvtml vtrtMtiv GB*man Armies. I-Von Kliick. H-Von Biilow. HI-Von Hansen. IV-Duke of Wurtemberg. V~ Imperial Crown Prince. VPC. Princa of Bavaria. (& troops from Metz) VTT Vbn Heeringen French & BritL-sh Annies: 6-Maimoupy-.. B.E.E British. 5-F.d'Espcrey-.. 9-Foch 4-DeLanole deCary. 3-SarraiL 2-DeCa5*elnau.. f-DubaiL... vr eLcLpgae-rmms Plia.lsboLWgr '8 0 Save l]Jt::£lainon ,MI DONON _ ST!/ ? — SchMtskadt*tstao 51.Marie 'jVisLri^A'ay --.uns'ter V. THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE BY GEORGE HERBERT PERRIS SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT OF "THE DAILY CHRONICLE" WITH THE FRENCH ARMIES, 1914-18 WITH TWELVE MAPS JOHN W. LUCE & CO. BOSTON MCMXX PREFACE HE great war has entered into history. The restraints, direct and indirect, which it imposed being gone with it, we return to sounder tests of what should be public knowledge—uncomfortable truths may be told, secret places explored. At the same time, the first squall of controversy in France over the opening of the land campaign in the West has subsided; this lull is the student's opportunity. No complete history of the events culminating in the victory of the Marne is yet possible, or soon to be expected. On the German side, evidence is scanty and of low value ; on that of the Allies, there is yet a preliminary work of sifting and measuring to undertake ere definitive judgments can be set down.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle of the Marne in M E M O R I a M
    9'^ f<^ CDCO O CO •CD CO ;0 .CD .1^ Presented to the UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY by the ONTARIO LEGISLATIVE LIBRARY 1980 THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE IN M E M O R I A M N. F. P. + E. L. P. Digitized by the Internet Arciiive in 2010 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/battleofmarnOOperr . ttr^ (qfcneral IVlap shcwma VOSlTlOKoP ta ARMIES on the Pvc cftne Bztdc: suxdtEc cctttfeii(}cvmazv lines ofApproick Germem Arraias I-VonKLuck. II-VonBiilow. ni-Von Hansen . IV-Duke of Wiirtjerabepg. V- I-mperbsd. Crown Prmcc. VI-C. Prnrbcxz of Bavaria (c^- /rocps )9'OT7i Metz) VH- "Vbn He<2rmg<zn French & British Arrnias ; 6-Maiincnipy.. B.E-K Brliish 5-E d'Espcrey . 9- Foch. 4-DeLanal2deCary. 3-SarraiL 1- S-DeCasteLnaoi . DubadL . ntzPtzviUe f "l/IT MI DONON ^ ®-^/^Sw '""*' °^* Schjittstadt .^ S't'.Mar'ie Bpixyeres i ;•• -^ • ^-. , # /^i^'»lma.T* * *^^ \ /Sir * * iV ^^ Qaunster «S^ V^ Miles u^"''^ >.?<jSlV£j4r IHE BATTUEwim^^ THE MARN£;.,J^ BY GEORGE HERBERT PERRIS SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT OF "THE DAILY CHRONICLE" WITH THE FRENCH ARMIES, 1914-18 WITH TWELVE IVTAPS METHUEN & GO. LTD. 36 ESSEX STREET W.G. LONDON %r. First Published in IQ20 PREFACE THE great war has entered into history. The restraints, diiect and indirect, which it imposed being gone with it, we return to sounder tests of what should be pubUc knowledge—uncomfortable truths may be told, secret places explored. At the same time, the first squall of controversy in France over the opening of the land campaign in the West has subsided ; this lull is the student's opportunity.
    [Show full text]
  • The All–American Airman
    John Alison shot down two—or perhaps three—enemy aircraft in his first aerial combat, and went on from there. The All–American Airman By Walter J. Boyne N late 1940, a delegation from Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek Iwas in the United States to buy airplanes for what would become the fabled American Volunteer Group, the Flying Tigers. A demonstration of the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk was laid on at Bolling Field in Washington for the Chinese visitors and their American advisor, Claire L. Chennault. The pilot for the demonstration was 2nd Lt. John R. Alison. As Chennault would later recall in his book, Way of a Fighter, Alison “got more out of that P-40 in his five-minute demonstration than anybody I ever saw before or after. ... “When he landed, they pointed at the P-40 and smiled, ‘We need 100 of these.’ ‘No,’ I said, pointing to Alison, ‘you need 100 of these.’ ” As always, Chennault was an excel- lent judge of people. Within a few years, Alison would be flying P-40s for Chennault in China—where he would shoot down two Japanese aircraft (a third was unconfirmed) in his first aerial com- bat. Later, along with his friend, Phil 52 AIR FORCE Magazine / March 2000 Standing (l–r) beside a Curtiss P-40 are Maj. John Alison, Maj. “Tex” Hill, Capt. “Ajax” Baumler, and Lt. Mack Mitchell. They were serving with the 23rd Fighter The All–American Group in China at the time, in an environment described as “the end of the line.” Airman AIR FORCE Magazine / March 2000 53 World War II fighters, it was in fact a fine airplane when flown so that its strengths could be maximized and its weaknesses minimized.
    [Show full text]
  • Air Force Pricelist As of 3/1/2011
    Saunders Military Insignia PO BOX 1831 Naples, FL 34106 (239) 776-7524 FAX (239) 776-7764 www.saundersinsignia.com [email protected] Air Force Pricelist as of 3/1/2011 Product # Name Style Years Price 1201 Air Force Branch Tape Patch, sew on, Black 3.00 1216 AVG Blood Chit Flying Tigers Silk 20.00 1218 Desert Storm Chit Silk 8/1990-Current 38.00 1219 Korean War Chit Silk 38.00 1301 336th Fighter Squadron USAF F-15E Fighter Color Patch 10.00 1305 F15E Fighter Weapons School Patch 10.00 1310 EB66 100 Missions Patch 9.00 1311 129th Radio Squadron Mobile Patch, subdued 3.50 1313 416th Bombardment Wing Patch 9.00 1314 353rd Combat Training Squadron Patch 6.50 1315 Air Education and Training Command InstructorPatch 6.50 1317 45th Fighter Squadron USAF Fighter Patch Color 10.00 1318 315th Special Operations Wing Patch 9.00 1321 1st Fighter Wing (English) Patch, Handmade 9.00 1326 100th Fighter Squadron USAF Fighter Patch Color 10.00 1327 302nd Fighter Squadron USAF Fighter Patch Color 23.00 1328 48th Tactical Fighter Squadron USAF Fighter Patch Color 7.50 1329 332nd Fighter Group Patch 10.00 1330 20th Fighter Wing Patch, desert subdued 7.50 1331 21st Special Operations Squadron KnifePatch 6.50 1333 Areospace Defense Command GoosebayPatch Lab 4.00 1335 60th Fighter Squadron USAF Fighter Patch Color 9.00 1336 Spectre AC130 Patch 9.00 1338 Spectre Patience Patch 8.00 1339 162nd Fighter Gp Int Patch 10.00 1341 442nd Tactical Fighter Training SquadronPatch (F111) 8.00 1342 21st Special Operations Squadron patch 7.50 1346 522nd Tactical Fighter Squadron Patch, subdued 3.00 1347 Doppler 1984 Flt.
    [Show full text]
  • P-40 WARHAWK Ki-43 OSCAR China 1944–45
    P-40 WARHAWK Ki-43 OSCAR China 1944–45 CARL MOLESWORTH © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com P-40 WARHAWK Ki-43 OSCAR China 1944–45 CARL MOLESWORTH © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS Introduction 4 Chronology 6 Design and Development 8 Technical Specifications 20 The Strategic Situation 31 The Combatants 38 Combat 47 Statistics and Analysis 70 Aftermath 74 Further Reading 78 Index 80 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION In the annals of aerial warfare, no aircraft type has come to symbolize a campaign in which it fought as did the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk in China in 1941–45. Known the world over for the distinctive sharksmouth warpaint on their noses, P-40 fighters first saw combat in China with the legendary American Volunteer Group (AVG), and continued to fight while equipping squadrons of the US Army Air Forces (USAAF) throughout World War II. Just as ubiquitous as the P-40 in the skies over China during World War II was its most common Japanese Army Air Force (JAAF) adversary, the Nakajima Ki-43, or Type 1 Hayabusa, codenamed “Oscar” by the Allies. Though never achieving the iconic status of the P-40, the Ki-43 nevertheless proved a worthy opponent whenever the aircraft met in combat. These two aircraft types were the products of vastly different, yet contemporary, philosophies of fighter design. The P-40 reflected the thinking of American war planners in the late 1930s. It was heavily armed, sturdy and reasonably fast at medium and low altitudes, with armor plate protection for the pilot and self-sealing fuel tanks.
    [Show full text]
  • John S. Stewart (Part 2 of 2)
    The American Fighter Aces Association Oral Interviews The Museum of Flight Seattle, Washington John S. Stewart (Part 2 of 2) Interview Date: August 1989 2 Abstract: In this two-part oral history, fighter ace John S. Stewart discusses his military service with the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. In part two, he continues to describe his wartime experiences as a fighter pilot with the 76th Fighter Squadron in the China-India-Burma Theater. Topics discussed include his training and service history, notable combat missions, and stories about fellow servicemen. Special focus on a combat mission over Lingling on July 23rd, 1943 in which Stewart scored several aerial victories while suffering from hypoxia. Biography: John S. Stewart was born on September 13, 1919 in Basin, Wyoming. He joined the United States Army Air Corps in 1941 and graduated from flight training the following year. After serving briefly in the Panama Canal Zone, Stewart joined the China Air Task Force, the successor of the American Volunteer Group. He served with and eventually commanded the 76th Fighter Squadron, flying missions over China, Formosa, and other areas of the China-India- Burma Theater. Stewart remained in the military after the end of World War II and went on to serve as command director of the North American Air Defense Command Combat Center. He retired as a colonel in 1970. Biographical information courtesy of: Boyce, Ward J., ed., American fighter aces album. Mesa, Ariz: American Fighter Aces Association, 1996. Restrictions: Permission to publish material from the American Fighter Aces Association Oral Interviews must be obtained from The Museum of Flight Archives.
    [Show full text]
  • “Hump” Airlift and Sino-Us Strategy in World War Ii
    KEEPING CHINA IN THE WAR: THE TRANS-HIMALAYAN “HUMP” AIRLIFT AND SINO-US STRATEGY IN WORLD WAR II DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By John D. Plating, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor John F. Guilmartin, Jr., Adviser Professor Allan R. Millett _____________________________ Professor Christopher A. Reed Adviser Graduate Program in History ABSTRACT The trans-Himalayan airlift of World War II, better known as the “Hump,” is recognized among specialists as the first sustained and most ambitious combat airlift operation in modern history. Cobbled together with only a handful of airplanes and aircrews in early 1942, the operation grew to become the ultimate expression of the US government’s commitment to China, in the end delivering nearly 740,000 tons of cargo. This was no small feat, either, as the US Army Air Forces’ aircraft flew in what is arguably the world’s worst weather system and over its most rugged terrain, all the while under the threat of enemy attack. The thesis of this dissertation is that the Hump airlift was initially started to serve as a display of American support for its Chinese ally who had been at war with Japan since 1937. However, by the start of 1944, with the airlift’s capability gaining momentum, American strategists set aside concerns for the ephemeral concept of Chinese national will and used the airlift as the primary means of supplying American forces in China in preparation for the US’s final assault on Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Elgar Online at 10/02/2021 03:34:59AM Via Free Access
    JOBNAME: Kohen PAGE: 1 SESS: 9 OUTPUT: Tue Sep 18 15:50:05 2018 Table of legal instruments (in chronological order) A. Treaties Treaty between Spain and Portugal concluded at Tordesillas, 7 June 1494 ........................ 49, 68 Treaty between Spain and Portugal, concluded at Vitoria, 19 February 1524 ..................... 47, 50 Treaty between France and Spain concluded at Cateau-Cambrésis, 3 April 1559 .................... 70 Treaty of Peace with Necotowance, King of the Indians, 5 October 1646 .............................. 130 Peace of Westphalia (1648) ........................................................................................................ 265 Peace of Münster between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Spain, 30 January 1648, 1 C.T.S. 1 ..................................................................................................................... 70, 265 Treaty of Münster (Instrumentum Pacis Monasteriensis, IPM), concerning the Holy Roman Emperor and France and their respective allies, 24 October 1648, 1 C.T.S. 319–56 ..... 266 Treaty of Osnabrück (Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugensis, IPO), concerning the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of France, Sweden and their respective allies, 24 October 1648, 1 C.T.S. 198–269 ............................................................................................................... 266 Treaty at Middle Plantation with tributary Indians after Bacon’s rebellion, Articles of Peace, 29 May 1677 .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • He Flying Tigers
    The Flying Tigers Their combat run was only seven months, but that was enough to establish their legend. By John T. Correll en Japanese bombers, twin-en- known as the Flying Tigers. That name, gine Kawasaki Ki-48s, took off bestowed on them back in the United from the Gia Lam airfield near States, came later. They referred to Hanoi on the morning of Dec. themselves as the American Volunteer 20, 1941. Their target was Kunming in Group, or AVG. Tsouthwestern China, the capital of Yun- The P-40s returned to the field and nan Province and the eastern terminus one of them did a victory roll. They were of the Burma Road. met on the ground by their leather-faced The Japanese did not know—and leader, Claire L. Chennault. “It was a would not have cared if they had good job, but not good enough,” he said. known—that the surveillance and warn- “Next time, get them all.” ing network had spotted them and relayed The mayor of Kunming and hundreds the word to Kunming. They had bombed of citizens thronged to the airfield in a Kunming and Chungking regularly for procession to heap honor and thanks on more than a year without opposition. the AVG. There would be more encoun- This time, it would be different. For ters with the Japanese Air Force, but not the previous two days, two squadrons over Kunming. “Japanese airmen never of fighter aircraft had been stationed again tried to bomb Kunming while the at Kunming—Curtiss P-40s with 12- AVG defended it,” Chennault said.
    [Show full text]