Volume 2013 Article 18

2013

Landscape as a Ritual Object: Exploring Some Thoughts on Organized Space in the Great Bend Region in Southwestern Arkansas

Duncan P. McKinnon University of Central Arkansas, [email protected]

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Cite this Record McKinnon, Duncan P. (2013) "Landscape as a Ritual Object: Exploring Some Thoughts on Organized Space in the Great Bend Region in Southwestern Arkansas," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2013, Article 18. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2013.1.18 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2013/iss1/18

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This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2013/iss1/18 ĆēĉĘĈĆĕĊĆĘĆĎęĚĆđćďĊĈęǣ ĝĕđĔėĎēČĔĒĊčĔĚČčęĘĔēėČĆēĎğĊĉĕĆĈĊĎēęčĊ ėĊĆęĊēĉĊČĎĔēĎēĔĚęčĜĊĘęĊėēėĐĆēĘĆĘ

— ƒǤ ‹‘

„•–”ƒ –

 Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ’”‘’‘•‡• ƒ –‡•–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘†‡Ž –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ Š—ƒ‹•–‹  ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ””ƒ‰‡†ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ǡ‡š‡ —–‡†ǡƒ†‘†‹ϐ‹‡†„ƒ•‡†—’‘ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•—‹–‡‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠŽ› ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡƒ†‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ƒ†ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–•’ƒ ‡ǤŠ‹•‘†‡Ž‡šƒ‹‡• –Š‡Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ƒ•ƒ”‹–—ƒŽ‘„Œ‡ –ǡ‡„‡††‡†™‹–Š ‘•‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰ǡ’—”’‘•‡ǡƒ†˜‹•‹‘Ǥ•‹‰†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘ ƒ” Šƒ‡‘‰‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽ •—”˜‡›•ǡ ‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•ǡ •‘‡ –Š‘—‰Š–• ‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† •’ƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†”‡‰‹‘‹•‘—–Š™‡•–‡””ƒ•ƒ•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ•‹–‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•ǡ ƒ”†‹ƒŽ †‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†‹–”ƒǦ•‹–‡•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ƒ•–Š‡›‡š‹•–ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ

–”‘†— –‹‘

 Š‡ ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‡š’”‡••‡† ‹ ‘•–”— –‡† Žƒ†• ƒ’‡• Šƒ• „‡‡ ‡šƒ‹‡† ƒ– —‡”‘—• ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ •‹–‡• –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‹ „‘–Š ǮŠ‹•–‘”‹ ǯ ƒ† Ǯ’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ǯ –‡’‘”ƒŽ ‘–‡š–• ȋ•Š‘”‡ ƒ† ƒ’’ ͳͻͻͻǢƒ˜‹† ƒ† Š‘ƒ• ʹͲͲͺǢŠ‘’•‘ ͳͻͻͷǢ‹Ž‹•‘ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ  ‡ƒ•–‡” ‘”–Š ‡”‹ ƒǡ ƒ› ‹‰Š– ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› „‡ ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” ™‹–Š ˜ƒ”‹‘—• Žƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǧ ‡–”‹  ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† •’ƒ ‡ ƒ– —‡”‘—•” Šƒ‹ ǡ‘‘†Žƒ†ǡƒ†‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒ’‡”‹‘† ‡–‡”•Ǥ‘ ƒ–‹‘••— Šƒ•ƒ–•‘”ƒ‡ȋƒ—†‡”•‡– ƒŽǤʹͲͲͷȌǡ‘˜‡”–›‘‹–ȋ ‹„•‘ʹͲͲͳȌǡ‡™ƒ”ȋ‡’’‡”ʹͲͲͶȌǡƒŠ‘‹ƒȋƒŽƒ‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͵Ǣ‡”•‘ͳͻͻ͹Ȍǡƒ† ‘—†˜‹ŽŽ‡ȋ‹‰Š–ͳͻͻͺȌƒ”‡„—–ϐ‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š—†”‡†•ǡ‹ˆ‘––Š‘—•ƒ†•ǡ‘ˆ ‘•–”— –‡†Žƒ†• ƒ’‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡ †‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ””ƒ‰‡†ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ǡ‡š‡ —–‡†ǡƒ†‘†‹ϐ‹‡†„ƒ•‡†—’‘ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•—‹–‡‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠŽ›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡƒ†‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ƒ†ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–•’ƒ ‡ȋ•‡‡ ‡Ž†ƒ†ƒ••‘ͳͻͻ͸Ǣ ‹” Š ƒ†ǯ ƒŽ‘ͳͻͻͷǢ‘™ƒ†ƒ™”‡ ‡ǦïӋ‰ƒʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

 ‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ††‘ ‘‡Žƒ†‘ˆ•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–ŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ•‘—–Š™‡•–”ƒ•ƒ•ǡ‘”–Š™‡•–‘—‹•‹ƒƒǡƒ† ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡šƒ•ȋ•‡‡‹ˆˆ‡‡–ƒŽǤͳͻͺ͹Ǣ”‹‡‰‡”ͳͻͶ͸Ǣ ‹‘ʹͲͳͳƒǢ‡™ ‘„ͳͻ͸ͳǢ‡”––—ŽƒͳͻͻʹǡʹͲͲͻƒǡ ʹͲͳʹƒǡʹͲͳʹ„Ǣ‡„„ƒ† ”‡‰‘”›ͳͻͺ͸Ȍǡ•‹‹Žƒ”ƒƒŽ›•‡•‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‡„‡††‡†™‹–Š‹Žƒ†• ƒ’‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘™ƒ”†‘”‡Š—ƒ‹•–‹ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆŽƒ†• ƒ’‡•ǡ–Š‡‹”˜ƒ”‹‘—••’ƒ–‹ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–•ǡƒ† ’‘••‹„Ž‡‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰•‡ ‘†‡†™‹–Š‹ȋ•‡‡ƒ›‡–ƒŽǤͳͻͺͻǢ‡”––—ŽƒʹͲͲͻ„Ǣƒ„‘ʹͲͲͺǡʹͲͳʹǢƒ„‘ƒ† ƒ„‘ʹͲͲͷȌǤŠ‡•‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•”‡˜‡ƒŽ–Šƒ–ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽˆ‘”•ƒ†ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†•‡––Ž‡‡–†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ƒ††‘Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›Ž‹‡†–‘ ‘•‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ‘•ǡ†‡”‹˜‡†„—–”‡‰‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ǡˆ”‘‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ†•›„‘Ž‹ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”‡”‡‘‹ƒŽ‘’Ž‡šȋ•‡‡”‘™ͳͻ͹͸Ǣ ƒŽŽ‘™ƒ› ͳͻͺͻǢ ‘™ƒ”†ͳͻ͸ͺǢ‹‰Š–ͳͻͺ͸Ǣ‹‰Š–‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲͳǢƒ”‹‰ƒ† ‘Ž†‡”ͳͻͶͷȌǤ

 Š‹•’ƒ’‡”‡š’Ž‘”‡••’ƒ–‹ƒŽǦ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–•–Šƒ–†‡ϐ‹‡ƒ•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒ††‘Žƒ†• ƒ’‡‹•‘—–Š™‡•– ”ƒ•ƒ• –‘ ‹ˆ‡” ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† Ž‹ƒ‰‡• –‹‡† –‘ ‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ† •›„‘Ž‹  ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ǡƒ•ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•’ƒ ‡–Šƒ– ‘–ƒ‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽƒ†•›„‘Ž‹  ‘’‘‡–•ǡ‹•–”‡ƒ–‡†Š‡”‡‹ ƒ•ƒ”‹–—ƒŽ‘„Œ‡ –Ȃƒ‘„Œ‡ ––Šƒ–‹•‡„‡††‡†™‹–Š ‘•‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰ǡ’—”’‘•‡ǡƒ†˜‹•‹‘ƒ†‹•ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ †ƒ‹Ž› Ž‹˜‡• ƒ† ˆ— –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ —’ƒ–• ȋ• Š—‡–œ ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͳǢ ‘”ˆ‡Ž† ƒ† •„‘”

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈ͸͹ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ‘„„ͳͻͻͺȌǤŠ‡•‡ ‘‡ –‡†ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽƒ†•›„‘Ž‹  ‘’‘‡–•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–ƒ—Ž–‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡ•— Šƒ•„”‘ƒ†Ǧ• ƒŽ‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ› ‘•–”— –‡†ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ȋŽ‹–œƒ†‘”‡œʹͲͲ͸Ǣ ‹”ƒ”†ʹͲͳʹǢ‘ Šƒ”–ʹͲͳʹǢƒ””‹ƒƒ†Š‹–‡ ʹͲͲ͹Ǣ‡”––—ŽƒʹͲͲͻ„Ǣ‘ŽŽƒ ʹͲͲͶǢƒˆˆ‡”–›ƒ†‡ƒ ‘ ʹͲͲͺǢ‡‡•ƒ†‹˜‹‰‘‘†ʹͲͲ͹Ǣƒ„‘ʹͲͲͺǢ‘‰‡Ž ʹͲͳʹȌǡƒ‹–”ƒǦ•‹–‡‘”‹–”ƒǦ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡”‡ϐŽ‡ –‡†ƒ•–Š‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ—•‡ •–”— –—”‡•ǡƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡƒ††‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡†•’ƒ ‡•ȋƒ‹Ž‡›ͳͻͻͷǢ”‘™ʹͲͳʹǢ‹‰‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳͳǢ‹‰Š–ͳͻͻͺǢ ‡”––—Žƒƒ†‘‰‡”•ʹͲͲ͹Ǣƒ„‘ʹͲͳʹǢƒŽ‡”ƒ† ‹‘ʹͲͳʹȌǡƒ†‹ ”‘‘”•ƒŽŽ• ƒŽ‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ– –Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‘”•–”— –—”‡Ž‡˜‡Žƒ†–Š‡‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡”‹‘”•’ƒ ‡ȋ•‡‡‡‡–œͳͻͺʹǢ ƒ• ‘ͳͻͻʹǢ ƒ •‘‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳʹǢ Šƒ„ƒ Šͳͻͻ͸ǢŽ— ŠƒŠʹͲͳͲǢ”—„‹––ʹͲͲͻǢ‹Žƒ†ƒ–ŠŒ‡ͳͻͺʹȌǤ

 –Š‹•’ƒ’‡”ǡ–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ȋ„”‘ƒ†Ǧ• ƒŽ‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹–”ƒǦ•‹–‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ȍƒ”‡‡šƒ‹‡† —•‹‰ †ƒ–ƒ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡† ˆ”‘ ƒ” Šƒ‡‘‰‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽ •—”˜‡›•ǡ ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ‘†‡Ž‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†•’ƒ ‡‹•’”‡•‡–‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡Š‘™ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‹‰Š–„‡‡š’”‡••‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†Žƒ†• ƒ’‡‹•‘—–Š™‡•–”ƒ•ƒ•Ǥ

š’Ž‘”‹‰ƒ††‘ƒ†• ƒ’‡•ƒ•‹–—ƒŽ„Œ‡ –•

 ‹‹Žƒ”–‘‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡Ž› ”ƒˆ–‡†‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘„Œ‡ –•ǡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†”‹–—ƒŽ‹—•‡ƒ†‡„‡††‡†™‹–Š ‡ƒ‹‰–Šƒ–‹••›„‘Ž‹ ƒŽŽ›Ž‹‡†–‘‹†‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡƒ† ‡”‡‘›ǡŽƒ†• ƒ’‡ ƒƒŽ•‘„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ”‹–—ƒŽ‘„Œ‡ –ǡ‡„‡††‡†™‹–Š•‹‹Žƒ”‡ƒ‹‰•ƒ†Ž‹‡†–‘•‹‹Žƒ”•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–•ȋ•‡‡ ”‡‹†‡Žƒ† Š‡Ž‡ ͳͻͺͺǢƒ––Š‡™•ʹͲͲͶǢ‘„„ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ”‘ƒŠ—ƒ‹•–‹ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡŽƒ†• ƒ’‡‹•Dz ‘–‡•–‡†„‘–Šƒ• ƒƒ –—ƒŽ’Žƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ•–Š‡ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹˜‡•‹–‡‘ˆƒ‘‰‘‹‰•‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ†‹• ‘—”•‡ ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡ ‘—‹–›ǡ•‡Žˆǡƒ†’Žƒ ‡dzȋŽ™‹‰ʹͲͲͳǣͻͶȌǤ—–Š‘™†‘™‡ǡƒ•ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•ǡ‡–Š‘Š‹•–‘”‹ƒ•ǡ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”•ǡ ƒ†–Š‡Ž‹‡ǡ—•‡•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒǡ‹ƒŽŽ‹–•˜ƒ”‹‘—•–ƒ„—Žƒ”ˆ‘”•ǡ–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘Š—ƒ‹•–‹  ‘ ‡’–•‘ˆ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ƒ†”‹–—ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰ǫ‡™ƒ›–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Š‹•‹•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡––Ž‡‡–’ƒ––‡”‹‰ –‘Dz•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”Žƒ†—•‡’ƒ––‡”•ƒ†•–”‹˜‡–‘ϐ‹††”‹˜‹‰ˆ‘” ‡•„‡Š‹†Žƒ†—•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•–‘ ‘‡—’™‹–Š Žƒ†—•‡ Žƒ••‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‹•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ–‡”•dzȋ‘”ƒʹͲͲͺǣͳͲͲȌǤ‘”‡•‘ǡ –Š‡‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ––‡”•‹Žƒ†—•‡ƒ†ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†Dz•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ‘”†‡”‹‰ƒ– ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ› –Š—•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡™‹•‹‰Š–• ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ ‘•‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‹’”‡Ǧ ‘–ƒ ––‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‡”‹ ™Š‹ Š–Š‡•‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•’‡”•‹•–‡†‘” Šƒ‰‡†‘˜‡”–‹‡dzȋƒ„‘ʹͲͳʹǣͶͶ͸ȌǤ

 ƒ”‹‘—• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ††‘•‡––Ž‡‡–’ƒ––‡”‹‰ƒ ”‘••ƒŽƒ†• ƒ’‡Šƒ˜‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›„‡‡‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡† „›ƒƒ’‘ˆƒ’’‡”ƒ•‘‹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡†‹˜‡” ”‡ƒ–‡†„›ƒƒ‘›‘—• ƒ”–‘‰”ƒ’Š‡”‘ˆ –Š‡‘‹‰‘‡”ž†‡Ž‘•‹‘•‡š’‡†‹–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ͳ͸ͻͳƒ†ͳ͸ͻʹȋ•‡‡ ƒ– Š‡”ͳͻ͵ʹǢ™ƒ–‘ͳͻͶʹǢ‡†‡Ž ͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ‘™ ‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ•–Š‡‡”žƒ’ǡ–Š‡ƒ’‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡™‡–Š‘Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ•‘—” ‡•†‘ —‡–‹‰ ƒ synchronic ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆƒ•’ƒ–‹ƒŽŽƒ›‘—–‘ˆƒƒ††‘ ‘—‹–›ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›„ƒ•‡†‘†‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‡†‹˜‡”ƒ††‘ ‘—‹–›ƒ† ‘•–‹–—‡–ˆƒ”•–‡ƒ†•ǡas documented in 1691ȋ Šƒ„ƒ Š ͳͻͺʹȌǤ Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•‘‹ ‘—‹–›Šƒ•„‡‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ– Š‡ŽǦ‹– Š‡ŽŽǦ‘‘”‡•ȋͶͳ͵Ȍ •‹–‡ ‘’Ž‡š Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‹ ‘™‹‡ ‘—–›ǡ ‡šƒ• ȋ‡”––—Žƒ ʹͲͲͷǢ ƒŽ‡” ƒ†  ‹‘ ʹͲͳʹǢ ‡†‡Ž ͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ ’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”‘—†ƒ––Š‡ ƒ– Š‡Ž•‹–‡‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡–‡’Ž‡‘—††‡’‹ –‡†‹–Š‡‡”žƒ’ ȋ‡”––—ŽƒʹͲͲͷǢ‡†‡Žͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‘—†•‹–—ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǡ ƒˆ‡™‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•’‡”•‡†ˆƒ”•–‡ƒ†•†‘ —‡–‡†‹–Š‡ƒ’Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ†”‡ ‘”†‡† ƒŽ‘‰–Š‹•’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ȋ‡”––—ŽƒʹͲͲͷǢƒŽ‡”ƒ† ‹‘ʹͲͳʹǢƒŽ‡”ƒ†‡”––—ŽƒʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ Š‡Žƒ”‰‡–‡’Ž‡‘—† ‘–ƒ‹•‘Ž›–Š”‡‡ ‘•–”— –‡† ‘’‘‡–•‹–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡˜‹ ‹‹–›Ȃ–Š‡‘—† ‹–•‡Žˆǡƒtemplo‘”–‡’Ž‡‘–Š‡‘—†•—‹–ǡƒ†ƒ‘’‡Ǧƒ‹”•–”— –—”‡ƒ––Š‡‘—†„ƒ•‡Ǥ™‘†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡† ˆƒ”•–‡ƒ†•ǡ‡ƒ Š•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†„›ƒ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘„‘—†ƒ”›‘”ˆ‡ ‡ǡƒ”‡•‹–—ƒ–‡††‹”‡ –Ž›‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ƒ†‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—†Ǥ —”–Š‡”–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ– Š‡Ž‘—†ǡƒ† ‡–”ƒŽŽ›Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǡ‹•–Š‡Š‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Caddi‘” ‘—‹–›Ž‡ƒ†‡”ȋ•‡‡‘Ž–‘ͳͻͺ͹Ǣ ”‹ˆϐ‹–ŠͳͻͷͶǢ™ƒ–‘ͳͻͶʹȌǤ

͸ͺȈ‘Ž—‡͸͹ǡ͸Ͷͷ͹  Š‡‡”žƒ’Šƒ•„‡‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†„›ƒ„‘ȋʹͲͳʹȌ–‘”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ ‘•‘‰”ƒ–Šƒ–‹•‡„‡††‡†‹–Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’ƒ ‡ƒ––Š‡ ƒ– Š‡ŽǦ‹– Š‡ŽŽǦ‘‘”‡• ‘—‹–›Ǥ Š‹•ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡƒ„‘ȋʹͲͳʹȌ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘—†ƒ†–‡’Ž‡‘–Š‡™‡•–‡”ˆ”‹‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•‘‹ ‘—‹–›ˆ— –‹‘‡†ƒ•„‘–Šƒ’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ†•›„‘Ž‹  Dz‰ƒ–‡™ƒ›dz ™Š‡”‡ ˜‹•‹–‘”• ‡–‡”‡† –Š‡ ‘—‹–› ƒ† ™‡”‡ ™‡Ž ‘‡† ™‹–Š ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ •‘‹‰ǡ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ ‡”‡‘‹‡•ƒ†”‹–—ƒŽ•ȋ•‡‡ƒ„‘ͳͻͻͷȌǤŠ‡•‡”‹–—ƒŽ••‡”˜‡†–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ƒ† ‘‡ –‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™‹–Š„‘–Š–Š‡Š—ƒ”‡ƒŽȋŠ‹•‘”Ž†‘”‹††Ž‡‘”Ž†Ȍƒ†–Š‡•’‹”‹–”‡ƒŽȋ’’‡”‘”Ž†‘”„‘˜‡‘”Ž†Ȍ ȋ•‡‡‡‹ŽŽ›ʹͲͲͶȌǤ –‡”•‘ˆ•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”‹‰ǡƒ„‘•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ•‘‹ ‘—‹–›Žƒ›‘—–”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒDzŠ‹‡”ƒ” Š‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǧ‘”†‡”‡† ‘—‹–›dz™‹–Š–Š‡–‡’Ž‡‘—†ǡŠ‘‡–‘–Š‡’”‹‡•–Ž›Xinesiƒ†•‡”˜‹‰ƒ•–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ’‘‹–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•™‹–Š–Š‡’’‡”‘”Ž†ǡƒ†–Š‡Caddi”‡•‹†‡ ‡ ‡–”ƒŽŽ› Ž‘ ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ƒ†•‡”˜‹‰ƒ•–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ’‘‹–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•™‹–Š ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹•‘”Ž† ‘—‹–›ǤŠ‡•‡–™‘ ‡–‡”•ǡƒ†–Š‡•›„‘Ž‹  ‘•–‹–—‡–•–Š‡›•—’’‘”–ǡ™‡”‡ Ǯ ‘‡ –‡†ǯ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹†Ž‹‰‘ˆƒ•ƒ ”‡†ϐ‹”‡‘”Ǯƒš‹•—†‹ǯ–Šƒ–™ƒ• ‘–‹—ƒŽŽ›”‡ƒˆϐ‹”‡†–Š”‘—‰Š”‹–—ƒŽǤ Š‹••ƒ ”‡†ϐ‹”‡™ƒ••—„•‡“—‡–Ž›Ǯ•Šƒ”‡†ǯ™‹–Š–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽϐ‹”‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ˆƒ”•–‡ƒ†•ǡ–Š—• ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰•›„‘Ž‹ ƒ† ‘—‹–› ‘Š‡•‹‘™‹–Š‹ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‘ˆ‘˜‡”ƒ” Š‹‰ ‘•‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ† ‘—‹–›”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•Ǥ

Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†‹–—ƒŽƒ†• ƒ’‡

‹–Š‹–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ•‘—–Š™‡•–”ƒ•ƒ•ǡƒ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡ ƒ–ƒ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡‘ˆˆ‡”••‘‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ– ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘•‡––Ž‡‡–†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ƒ† ‘•‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡ ‡‡’‹‰ ‹ ‹† –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” •‹–‡ „‹ƒ•‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡† •—”˜‡› ’”‘Œ‡ –•ƒ†‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡†ƒ–ƒ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†”‡‰‹‘‹•ˆƒ‹”Ž› ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ††‘” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‡ƒǡƒƒ”‡ƒ†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡† „ƒ•‡†‘ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†‡–Š‘Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒǡƒ†–Š‡”ƒ•Ǧ‹••‹••‹’’‹‘—–Šǡƒ†‹•–‹ –„‹‘‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘™‡”‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒŽŽ‡›ƒ†–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”Žƒ‹•ȋ•‡‡‡”––—ŽƒͳͻͻʹǢ Šƒ„ƒ Š ͳͻͺʹȌǤ‹–Šƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›’”‘†— –‹˜‡•‘‹Ž†‡’‘•‹–•ǡ†‹˜‡”•‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ†ƒ˜‹‰ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ǡ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ”‡‰‹‘‹•Š‘•––‘—‡”‘—•’”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒ†Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•‹–‡•Ǥ”‹ ‹’ƒŽƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ› •‹–‡•Ž‡ˆ–„›–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘ †‹ƒ•–Šƒ–Ž‹˜‡†‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ• ƒǤǤǤͻͲͲȋ•‡‡ Šƒ„ƒ Š ͳͻͺʹǢ‡”––—ŽƒͳͻͻʹǡʹͲͳʹȌǤ

Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†”‡‰‹‘‹•ƒŽƒ”‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ™‹–Š—‡”‘—••‹–‡••’”‡ƒ†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”–Šƒ–‡š–‡†ǡ‘”‡ ‘”Ž‡••ǡƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ•ˆƒ”™‡•–ƒ•–Š‡ ƒ– Š‡ŽǦ‹– Š‡ŽǦ‘‘”‡• ‘—‹–›ƒ†ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ•ˆƒ”•‘—–Šƒ•–Š‡‡Ž Š‡” ȋͳ͸ͳ͵Ȍ•‹–‡ƒ††‘ƒ”‹•Šǡ‘—‹•‹ƒƒȋ‡„„ͳͻͷͻȌǤ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ǡƒ•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡” ”‡ƒ– ‡†”‡‰‹‘™ƒ••‡Ž‡ –‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ†‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’ƒ ‡ ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤŠ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‹••–—†›‹•ƒƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–Ž‡›͸ͲͲ•“—ƒ”‡‹Ž‘‡–‡”ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—†‡†–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•– ƒ†™‡•–„›–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”—’Žƒ†•ǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡ƒ––Ž‡‘—†ȋ͵ͳȌ•‹–‡‹• ‡–”ƒŽŽ›•‹–—ƒ–‡†Ǥ

•‹‰–Š‡—–‘ƒ–‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹–‡ƒ–ƒ‹”ƒ•ƒ•ȋȌ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡ•‹–‡• ȋαͻ͹Ȍƒ†–Š‡‹””‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ––”‹„—–‡•™‡”‡‡šƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•–Šƒ–‹‰Š–”‡ϐŽ‡ – —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–ǤŠ”‡‡Dz‰”‘—’•dz‘”Dz Ž—•–‡”•dz‘ˆ•‹–‡•ƒ”‡”‡ ‘‰‹œƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡‡ƒ†‡”‹‰‡†‹˜‡” „‹•‡ –‹‰–Š‡”‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›‘ƒ‘”–ŠǦ•‘—–ŠƒŽ‹‰‡–Ǥ•–Š‹•†‹• —••‹‘‹•ƒ‘†‡Ž‘ˆŽƒ†• ƒ’‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ•’ƒ ‡–‘„‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†ƒ†–‡•–‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”ǡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ‡‹–›„‡–™‡‡•‹–‡•‹•‘–•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ††”‡••‡†‹–Š‹• ’ƒ’‡”Ǥ— Šƒ†‹• —••‹‘™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡–‡•–‹‰‹–Š‡ϐ‹‡Ž†–‘‰ƒ–Š‡”ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽȋ‘”‹ƒ› ƒ•‡•ǡ•‘‡Ȍ–‡’‘”ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒǤ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈ͸ͻ ‹‰—”‡ͳǤ‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ”‡ ‘”†‡†•‹–‡•‹–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†”‡‰‹‘•–—†›ƒ”‡ƒǤŽ—‡ ‹” Ž‡‹ ”‘—’”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ ‡•Ž‡›‘—†ȋ͵ ͳʹ͵Ȍ•‹–‡Ǥ‡† ‹” Ž‡‹ ”‘—’”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘—†ȋ͵ͳȌ•‹–‡Ǥ —”’Ž‡ ‹” Ž‡•‹ ”‘—’”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡’‹”‹–ƒ‡ ƒ”‘—†ȋ͵ʹ͵ͻȌǡ‡† ‹ŽŽ‘—†ȋ͵ʹͳȌǡ ƒ† ‹‡Ž†ƒ›‘—‘—†ȋ͵ʹʹȌ•‹–‡•Ǥ

 ‘—‰ŠŽ›•‹š‹Ž‘‡–‡”•™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ƒ†Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒŽ‘‰ ‹‡›ƒ›‘—ȋ ”‘—’Ȍƒ”‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ •‹–‡•ȋαʹͶȌ•‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡™‡•–‡”‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ϐŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘”ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ”–‹ˆƒ ––›’‡•ƒ–ƒŽŽ•‹–‡•‹ ”‘—’ǡŽ‹–Š‹ †‡„”‹•Šƒ•„‡‡”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ–ͻ͹Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡ •‹–‡•ǡ ‡”ƒ‹ •Š‡”†•ƒ–ʹͻΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡•ǡƒ†ˆƒ—ƒŽ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ–ͲǤͲͶΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡•ȋƒ„Ž‡ͳȌǤ–ƒ•‹‰Ž‡•‹–‡ ȋ͵ ͻʹȌǡˆƒ—ƒŽ”‡ƒ‹•™‡”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ǤŠ‡Š‹‰Š‘ —””‡ ‡‘ˆŽ‹–Š‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ†Ž‘™’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‡”ƒ‹ • ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ‹‡›ƒ›‘—Žƒ†• ƒ’‡•—‰‰‡•–•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ––Š‡•‡•‹–‡•”‡’”‡•‡–‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ —•‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•Š—–‹‰‘””‡•‘—” ‡’”‘ —”‡‡–ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‘‡š–ƒ–‘—†•”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ‘‰–Š‡•‡•‹–‡•ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‡•Ž‡›‘—†ȋ͵ ͳʹ͵Ȍ•‹–‡†‡˜‹ƒ–‡•ˆ”‘–Š‹•’ƒ––‡”Ǥˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡‘—†™ƒ•’Ž‘™‡† †‘™‹–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͻ͹Ͳ•ƒ†— Š‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†Ž‡˜‡Ž‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š ‡•Ž‡›‘—†•‹–‡ǤŠ‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹•Ž‡ˆ–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡•Ž‡›‘—†‹•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͸ȋ͵Ǥ͹ʹ‹Ž‡•Ȍ–‘–Š‡ ‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‘—’ Ž—•–‡”ƒ†‹•ƒŽ•‘•‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒŽ‘‰ ‹‡›ƒ›‘—Ǥ

͹ͲȈ‘Ž—‡͸͹ǡ͸Ͷͷ͹ ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤ ”‡ƒ–‡†–—†›”‡ƒ‹–‡•ƒ†••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†”–‹ˆƒ –•”‡ ‘”†‡†‹Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈ͹ͳ ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤ ”‡ƒ–‡†–—†›”‡ƒ‹–‡•ƒ†••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†”–‹ˆƒ –•”‡ ‘”†‡†‹Ǥȋ ‘–ǤȌ

ʹȈ‘Ž—‡͸͹ǡ͸Ͷͷ͹  ‹”‡ –Ž›‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ǡƒŽƒ”‰‡‰”‘—’ȋ ”‘—’Ȍ‘ˆ•‹–‡•ȋαͷ͸ȌŠƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ —””‡–”‹˜‡” Šƒ‡Žȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤ‹–Š‹–Š‹•‰”‘—’ƒ”‡•‹š”‡ ‘”†‡†‘—†•‹–‡•ȋ͵ ʹͻǡ͵ͳǡ͵ͳͷǡ ͵ͳ͵ʹǡ͵ͳ͵͵ǡ͵ʹʹ͵ȌǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†•‹–‡•‹•–Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘—†ȋ͵ͳȌ•‹–‡ȋ ‹‘ʹͲͲͻǡ ʹͲͳͲƒǢƒŽ•‘†‹• —••‡†„‡Ž‘™ȌǤ‹–Š‹ ”‘—’ǡŽ‹–Š‹ †‡„”‹•Šƒ•„‡‡”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ–ͺ͸Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡•ǡ ‡”ƒ‹  •Š‡”†•ƒ–ͺʹΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡•ǡƒ†ˆƒ—ƒŽ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ–ʹͺΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡•ȋ•‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ͳȌǤ —ƒ”‡ƒ‹•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‘—† ƒ–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•‹–‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‹•‰”‘—’ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽǤŠ‡ƒ„—†ƒ ‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹”Ž›‡“—ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆŽ‹–Š‹ ƒ† ‡”ƒ‹  ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•ǡƒ†‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŠ—ƒ”‡ƒ‹•Ž‹‡Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š ‘—‹–› ‡‡–‡”‹‡•ȋ•‡‡ ”‘™ͳͻͺͶǣͷͶǢ‡”––—Žƒͳͻͻʹǣͺ͵Ǣ–‘”›ͳͻͻͲǣ͵͵ͺȂ͵͵ͻȌǡ•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡•‹–Š‹•‰”‘—’”‡’”‡•‡– –Š‡ †‘‡•–‹  ‘•–‹–—‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ††‘ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‘” ‘—‹–› •’”‡ƒ† ‘—– ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ‡† ‹˜‡”ǡ •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ –Šƒ– ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡†‹•’‡”•‡† ‘—‹–›”‡ ‘”†‡†‘–Š‡‡”žƒ’ȋ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ„ƒ ŠͳͻͺʹǢ”—„‘™‹–œ ͳͻͺͶȌǤ

 ˆ‹–‡”‡•–ƒ†‘–‡™‘”–Š›–‘‡–‹‘ǡ‹•–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ•‹–‡•ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡™‡•–„ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡†‹˜‡”Ǥ•‹’Ž‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‹‰Š–„‡–Š‡†‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ•‹–‡•‘˜‡”–‹‡„›–Š‡‡ƒ†‡”‹‰‡†‹˜‡”Ǥ ˆ•‘ǡ ™Š›ƒ”‡™‡•‡‡‹‰†‡•–”— –‹‘ƒ†ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ•‹–‡•‘–Š‡™‡•–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ••‘ƒ›ƒ”‡‡š–ƒ–‘ –Š‡‡ƒ•–•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǫ

 —”–Š‡”‡ƒ•–‹•ƒ•ƒŽŽ‡” Ž—•–‡”ȋ ”‘—’Ȍ‘ˆ•‹–‡•ȋαͳ͹Ȍ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡•‹–—ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡—’Žƒ†Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ǡ ’‡‡”‹‰†‘™ǡ‹ˆ›‘—™‹ŽŽǡ‹–‘–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ϐŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤ‘‰–Š‹•‰”‘—’ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡‘—†•ǣ ’‹”‹–ƒ‡ ƒ”‘—†ȋ͵ʹ͵ͻȌǡ‡† ‹ŽŽ‘—†ȋ͵ʹͳȌǡƒ† ‹‡Ž†ƒ›‘—‘—†ȋ͵ʹʹȌǤ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ –Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘—†•‹–‡•‹ ”‘—’ǡŽ‹–Š‹ †‡„”‹•Šƒ•„‡‡”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ–ͻͶΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡•ǡ ‡”ƒ‹ •Š‡”†•ƒ–͹ͳΨ ‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡•ǡƒ†ˆƒ—ƒŽ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ–ͳͺΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡•ȋ•‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ͳȌǤ —ƒ”‡ƒ‹•Šƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ–ƒ› ‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‘—’•‹–‡•Ǥ

 ˆ–Š‡•‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆŽƒ†• ƒ’‡—•‡ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡƒ•’”‘˜‹•‹‘ƒŽŽ›†‡ϐ‹‡†„›–Š‡ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡ ‘”†ǡƒ”‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ††‘ ‘•‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡ•‘‡–Š‘—‰Š–•‘–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’ƒ ‡‹–Š‡ ”‡ƒ– ‡†”‡‰‹‘ƒ”‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†Ǥ•ƒ„‘ȋʹͲͳʹȌŠƒ•‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†‹Š‹•ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‡”žƒ’ƒ†ƒ††‘ ‘•‘Ž‘‰›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”†‹ƒŽ †‹”‡ –‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•–Ǧ™‡•– ‘””‡•’‘† –‘ Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ† †‡ƒ–Š •›„‘Ž‹•Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ•–ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‹•‹‰ •—ǡ ‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡Ǧƒˆϐ‹”‹‰‡˜‡–•ƒ†”‹–—ƒŽ•ǡ•— Šƒ•”‡‡™ƒŽ ‡”‡‘‹‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡™‡•–ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡ •‡––‹‰•—ǡ‹• ‘‡ –‡†–‘Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰‡˜‡–•ƒ†”‹–—ƒŽ•ǡ•— Šƒ•Š—–‹‰ƒ†™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡Ǥ

 ’’Ž›‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ‘•‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• –‘ •‹–‡• ‹ –Š‡ •–—†› ƒ”‡ƒ ƒ† ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”–ŠǦ•‘—–Š ‡ƒ†‡”‹‰‡†‹˜‡”ƒ•–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–ȋƒš‹•—†‹ǫȌǡ‹‰Š––Š‡DzŽ‹–Š‹ Ǧ†‘‹ƒ–dz‰”‘—’‘ˆ•‹–‡•Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”ȋ ”‘—’Ȍ”‡’”‡•‡–•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ —•‡‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰‡˜‡–•ǡ•— Šƒ• Š—–‹‰ǫ‘‘‹‰‡ƒ•––‘–Š‡‰”‘—’‘ˆ•‹–‡•ȋ ”‘—’Ȍ•‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡—’Žƒ†•ƒ†–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆŽ‹–Š‹ • ȋˆ‘‘† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǫȌǡ ‡”ƒ‹ • ȋŽƒ”‰‡ ‘‘‹‰ ˜‡••‡Ž•ǫȌǡ ˆƒ—ƒŽ ”‡ƒ‹• ȋˆ‡ƒ•–‹‰ǫȌǡ ƒ† ƒ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘—†•ȋ ‡”‡‘‹ƒŽ‰”‘—†•ǫȌǡ‹‰Š––Š‹•‰”‘—’”‡’”‡•‡–•’‡ ‹ϐ‹ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡—•‡‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧƒˆϐ‹”‹‰ ‡”‡‘‹ƒŽ‡˜‡–•ǡ•— Šƒ••‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ ‘‘‹‰ƒ†ˆ‡ƒ•–‹‰ ‡”‡‘‹‡•’—”’‘•‡ˆ—ŽŽ›Š‡Ž†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ —’Žƒ†•ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ†‘˜‡”Ž‘‘‹‰–Š‡”‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›ǫ

 – –Š‹• ’‘‹–ǡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‘—‰Š–• „ƒ•‡† ‘ •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –• ȋƒ› ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǧ„‹ƒ•‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ Ž‡˜‡‡ ”‡˜‡–‡– ’”‘Œ‡ –•ȌǤ • •— Šǡ –Š‡•‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‘—‰Š–•™‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡ˆ—”–Š‡”†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š•‹–‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•ǡƒ†‹–”ƒǦ•‹–‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒŽƒ––”‹„—–‡•Ǥ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ–Š‡•‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•’”‘˜‹†‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ‘†‡Ž–‘ –‡•––‘™ƒ”†‡š’Ž‘”‹‰”‡‰‹‘ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡•ƒ†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’‘ˆ•‹–‡•‘ƒ‘”‡Š—ƒ‹•–‹ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ•‹’Ž›Ž‘‘‹‰ƒ––Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽŽƒ†• ƒ’‡ƒ• Ž—•–‡”•‘ˆ•‹–‡•Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈ͹͵  –”ƒǦ‹–‡‹–—ƒŽƒ†• ƒ’‡

 ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†‘†‡Ž–‘ƒ•‡ ‘†”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǡ–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡‘”‹–”ƒǦ•‹–‡• ƒŽ‡ǡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ •‹‹Žƒ””‡‰‹‘ƒŽǦ„ƒ•‡†ƒ††‘ ‘•‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ƒƒŽ•‘„‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†Ǥ‘‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ›–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘—† •‹–‡™‹ŽŽ„‡—–‹Ž‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒ ƒ•‡•–—†›Ǧ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡™•‹–‡•‹–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†”‡‰‹‘–Šƒ– Šƒ•„‡‡”‡ ‡–Ž›‡šƒ‹‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‹–”ƒǦ•‹–‡Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ȋ ‹‘ʹͲͲͻǡʹͲͳͲƒȌǤ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ•‹–”‡Žƒ–‡•–‘–Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‹–‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†•–—†›ƒ”‡ƒ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›†‹• —••‡†ǡ–Š‡•‹–‡ ‹• ‡–”ƒŽŽ›Ž‘ ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡–Š”‡‡‰”‘—’•‘” Ž—•–‡”•‘ˆ•‹–‡••‹–—ƒ–‡†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ϐŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹˜ƒŽŽ‡›Ǥ †‘—„–‡†Ž›ǡƒ––Ž‡‘—† ‡”–ƒ‹Ž›•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ ‡–‡”‘ˆ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ”‡‰‹‘†—”‹‰–Š‡‹††Ž‡ƒ†ƒ–‡ƒ††‘‡”‹‘†ˆ”‘ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ǤǤͳʹͲͲȋ Šƒ„ƒ ŠͳͻͺʹȌǤƒ†‹‘ ƒ”„‘†ƒ–‡• ˆ”‘‘—†‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ––Š‡•‹–‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘ ƒǤͳ͵ͻͲǦͳͷͶͷȋ ‹‘ʹͲͳͳ„ǡʹͲͳʹƒǢƒŽƒ•–”‘‡–ƒŽǤ ͳͻ͹ʹȌǤ

 Š‡‘•–’”‘‹‡–ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘—†•‹–‡‹•ƒ—Ž–‹ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž’Žƒ–ˆ‘”‘—†ǤŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡‘—† ‹• ‘’‘•‡†‘ˆƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––Š”‡‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”Ž‡˜‡Ž•ƒ†ƒŽƒ”‰‡•Ž‘’‡‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”•‹†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†Ǥ”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†‹•‘”–ŠǦ•‘—–Šȋ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”Ȍƒ††‹”‡ –Ž›‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†ƒ”‡–™‘ ˜‡”›Ž‘™”‹•‡•ȂƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–‹••–‹ŽŽ— Ž‡ƒ”ƒ––Š‹•–‹‡‹ˆ–Š‡•‡Ž‘™”‹•‡•ƒ”‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘•‘” ”‡ƒ–‡† „› ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‹˜‡”‹‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ƒ† •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› —–‹Ž‹œ‡† ȋ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› „‘–ŠȌǤ – ‹• ‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡› †‘ ‘–ƒ‹ ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ‰‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽ•—”˜‡›• ‘†— –‡†ƒ––Š‡•‹–‡Ǥ

 ‘†ƒ–‡ǡƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆͳͶǤʹͶŠƒȋ͵ͷǤͳͻƒ ”‡•Ȍ‘ˆƒ‰‡–‹ ‰”ƒ†‹‘‡–”›†ƒ–ƒŠƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ƒ––Š‡ •‹–‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘”’—• ‘ˆ ƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡• ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡† ƒ• ƒ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •—”˜‡›• ƒ”‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• ƒ –‘–ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ͳͻ ‹” —Žƒ”•–”— –—”‡•ǡͳʹ”‡ –ƒ‰—Žƒ”•–”— –—”‡•ǡƒ†‡•‡ˆƒ”•–‡ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒǡˆ‘—”’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘’‘—†ˆ‡ ‡•ǡƒŽ‹‡Ž› ‘—‹–› ‡‡–‡”›ǡƒ†ƒ„—”‹‡†„‘””‘™’‹–ȂƒŽŽ‘ˆ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•„‡‹‰ƒ††‘‹‘”‹‰‹ȋ ‹‘ ʹͲͲͻǡʹͲͳͲƒȌǤ

 ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ͳͻͺͲ•ǡ ƒ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† •—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ™ƒ• —†‡”–ƒ‡ ‹ ͳͲ †‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡† ƒ”‡ƒ•ȋŽƒ„‡Ž‡†Ǧ Ǣ•‡‡ ‹‘ʹͲͳͲƒǣ ‹‰—”‡͵Ȍƒ†–Š‘•‡ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•Šƒ˜‡”‡ ‡–Ž›„‡‡•‘”–‡†ƒ† ‘—–‡† ȋ Šƒ„ƒ Š‡–ƒŽǤͳͻͺͲǢ ‹‘ʹͲͳͲ„ȌǤ‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡†•—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ”‡ƒ•‘˜‡”Žƒ’‰‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽ •—”˜‡›ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”‘”‡ ‘ϐ‹†‡–‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•—„•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡•Ǥ

 ‡šƒ‹‹‰–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†‹‰‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽ•—”˜‡›ǡˆ‘—”ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ ‹”•–ǡƒ•—”˜‡›ƒ”‡ƒȋ”‡ƒȌŽ‘ ƒ–‡††‹”‡ –Ž›™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—† ‘–ƒ‹•˜‡”›ˆ‡™‰‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡•ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰ƒŽƒ ‘ˆŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡”•–”— –—”‡•‘”ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆŽ‘™‡”ƒ –‹˜‹–›‘”—•‡Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡•‹”‡ƒǡ•‹–—ƒ–‡††‹”‡ –Ž›™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‘—†ǡ‹•‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•ƒ ‹” —Žƒ”•–”— –—”‡ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ‡š–‡†‡†‡–”ƒ ‡™ƒ›ȋ ‹‰—”‡ʹȌǤŠ‡’”‘’‘•‡†‡š–‡†‡†‡–”ƒ ‡™ƒ›‹•ˆƒ ‹‰‡ƒ•––‘™ƒ”†–Š‡‘—†Ǥ —”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒ–‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒŽ‘™‡”ƒ –‹˜‹–›—•‡ƒ”‡ƒ™‹–Šƒ ˆ‡™ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ†ƒ—„ȋαʹͻȌǡ ‡”ƒ‹ •Š‡”†•ȋαͻͶȌǡƒ•ƒŽŽƒ‘—–‘ˆŽ‹–Š‹ †‡„”‹•ȋαʹ͹Ȍǡƒ†ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ˆƒ—ƒŽ „‘‡ȋαͳȌ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†Ǥ

 •‡ ‘†ƒ”‡ƒȋ”‡ƒȌǡ†‹”‡ –Ž›‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‘—†ƒ†•‹–—ƒ–‡†‘ƒŽ‘™”‹•‡ǡ ‘–ƒ‹•—‡”‘—• ƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡•–Šƒ–ˆ‘” ‘ ‡–”‹  ‹” Ž‡•‘ˆŽ‘™ƒ‰‡–‹•ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡•‡ƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ ‹‹ƒŽ‘”‹‘”„—”‹‰‡’‹•‘†‡•ȋ ‹‰—”‡͵ƒȌǤŠ‡‹” ‘ ‡–”‹ ’ƒ––‡”‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‹‹–•‘™”‹‰Š–ǡ„—– ™Š›ƒ”‡•‘ƒ›•–”— –—”‡• Ž—•–‡”‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–ŠŽ‹‹–‡†‡˜‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ„—”‹‰ǫ—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•”‡˜‡ƒŽ ˆƒ‹”Ž›Ž‘™—„‡”•‘ˆ†ƒ—„ȋαͷȌǡ ‡”ƒ‹ •ȋαʹͺͺȌǡƒ†Ž‹–Š‹ •ȋαͷ͸Ȍȋƒ„Ž‡ʹȌǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Š‡•‡‹‰Š–„‡ ‘—‹–›•–”— –—”‡•ǡ”‡„—‹Ž–‘˜‡”–‹‡ƒ†Žƒ ‹‰—‡”‘—•˜‡••‡Ž•ǤŠ‡ϐ‹ƒŽŽ›†‹•’‘•‡†ǡ‹–‹••—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ––Š‡•–”— –—”‡•‹”‡ƒ™‡”‡‘–•—„Œ‡ –‡†–‘Š‹‰ŠŠ‡ƒ–„—”‹‰ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ„‡‹‰’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›†‹•ƒ–Ž‡†

͹ͶȈ‘Ž—‡͸͹ǡ͸Ͷͷ͹ ’”‹‘” –‘ †‹•’‘•ƒŽǤ ‘ ‘’ƒ”‡ǡ ‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘• ‘ –Š‡ •‘—–Š ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—† †‘ —‡– ƒ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ϐŽ‘‘” •–”— –—”‡ȋ–”— –—”‡ͳȌ–Šƒ–™ƒ•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š ‘—‹–›‡˜‡–•ȋ ‘™ƒ”†ͳͻͶͺǢ”‹‡‰‡”ͳͻͶͻǢ ‹‘ ʹͲͳͲ ȌǤ–”— –—”‡ ͳ Šƒ† ƒ ‘•–”— –‹‘ •‡“—‡ ‡ –Šƒ– ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ ƒ •–”— –—”ƒŽ ”‡–”‘ϐ‹– ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ”‘‘ˆ ™ƒ• ”‡‘˜‡†ƒ†–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰”‡ ‘•–”— –‡†™‹–Š‘—–„—”‹‰ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹”‡ –Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ‘‘‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡•–”— –—”‡ȋ ‹‘ʹͲͳʹ„ȌǤ

‹‰—”‡ʹǤ ‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽ”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘”‡ƒ†‹”‡ –Ž›™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‘—†ǣȋƒȌ ‹” —Žƒ”•–”— –—”‡™‹–Š‡š–‡†‡†‡–”ƒ ‡™ƒ›Ǥ

‹‰—”‡͵Ǥ ‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽ”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘”‡ƒƒ†”‡ƒ ‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‘—†ǣȋƒȌ ‹” —Žƒ”•–”— –—”‡•‹”‡ƒ†‹”‡ –Ž›‡ƒ•– ‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†‘ƒŽ‘™”‹•‡Ǣȋ„Ȍ ‹” —Žƒ”•–”— –—”‡•‹”‡ƒ ʹͲͲ‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†‘ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž‘™”‹•‡Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡ʹǤ—”ˆƒ ‡‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘”‡ƒ•ƒ†••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†‘—–•‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†”–‹ˆƒ –•Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈ͹ͷ  –Š‹”†ƒ”‡ƒȋ”‡ƒ ȌǡƒŽ•‘‘ƒŽ‘™”‹•‡ƒ†ƒŽ‹––Ž‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‡ƒ•–ǡ ‘–ƒ‹•–™‘Žƒ”‰‡ ‘ ‡–”‹  ‹” —Žƒ” ƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡• ƒ† ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† •–”— –—”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡–• ȋ ‹‰—”‡ ͵„ȌǤ ƒ‰‡–‹  ”‡ƒ†‹‰• ƒ”‡ — Š Š‹‰Š‡” ‹ –Š‹• ƒ”‡ƒ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡•‡ƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡•”‡’”‡•‡– ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ„—”‡†•–”— –—”‡•Ǥ—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘• ‘””‘„‘”ƒ–‡ –Š‹••—‰‰‡•–‹‘™‹–ŠŽƒ”‰‡ Š—•‘ˆ†ƒ—„ȋαͳ͵Ȍ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘—–•‘ˆ ‡”ƒ‹ ȋαͺͻȌƒ† Ž‹–Š‹ ȋαͺͲȌƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ”‡Ž‘™‹“—ƒ–‹–›Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡•–”— –—”‡•‹”‡ƒǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ •–”— –—”‡•‹‰Š–ƒŽ•‘”‡’”‡•‡– ‘—‹–›•–”— –—”‡•–Šƒ–Žƒ —‡”‘—•˜‡••‡Ž•Ȃ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡‹‰–Šƒ– –Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–”— –—”‡•‹”‡ƒ ƒ”‡†‡ϐ‹‡†„›ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘•–”— –‹‘•‡“—‡ ‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡‡–‹”‡•–”— –—”‡™ƒ• •—„Œ‡ –‡†–‘Š‹‰ŠŠ‡ƒ–„—”‹‰‡˜‡–•ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ†‹•ƒ–Ž‡†‘”‘Ž›’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›„—”‡†Ǥ

 ƒ•–Ž›ǡƒ„‘—–ʹͲǦ‡–‡”•‡ƒ•–‘ˆ”‡ƒ ‹•ƒƒ”‡ƒ–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• ƒ ƒ††‘ ‘—‹–› ‡‡–‡”› ȋ ‹‘ ʹͲͲͻǣ ‹‰—”‡ ͸Ǣ ƒŽ‡” ƒ†  ‹‘ ʹͲͳʹǣ ‹‰—”‡ ͹Ǧͳ͹ȌǤ ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘• „› ‘‘”‡ ȋͳͻͳʹǣͷ͸͸Ȃͷ͹͵Ȍ‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‘—†Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ϐ‹˜‡„—”‹ƒŽ•‹ƒŽ‘™”‹•‡Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ—‡”‘—•‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘• ‹–Š‡ͳͻ͵Ͳ•ƒ†ͳͻͶͲ•”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ›„—”‹ƒŽ•‹ƒ ‡‡–‡”›‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‘—†ȋ‡Ž‡›‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘–‡•ȌǤ ƒ††‘ ‘—‹–› ‡‡–‡”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘–‡†–‘ ‘–ƒ‹—‡”‘—•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‡–‡”‹‡• †‡’‡†‹‰‘•‡––Ž‡‡–†‡•‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ȋ”‘™ͳͻͺͶǣͷͶǢ‡”––—Žƒͳͻͻʹǣͺ͵Ǣ–‘”› ͳͻͻͲǣ͵͵ͺȂ͵͵ͻȌǤ –‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ”‰‡ ‡‡–‡”›Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡ ƒ– Š‡Ž•‹–‡ǡ–Šƒ–‹•–Š‡•‹–‡ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰–Š‡–‡’Ž‡‘—††‡’‹ –‡†‘–Š‡‡”žƒ’ǡ™ƒ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‘—†ȋ‡”––—ŽƒʹͲͲͷȌǤ

 •™‹–Š–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‰‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ–ƒ––Ž‡‘—† ƒ „‡‡šƒ‹‡†‹–‡”•‘ˆ ‘•‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•‡š’”‡••‡†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡Žƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ•‹‰–Š‡•ƒ‡•‹’Ž‹ϐ‹‡† ‘†‡ŽǦ–Š‡‡ƒ•–ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡Ǧƒˆϐ‹”‹‰‡˜‡–•ƒ†”‹–—ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡™‡•–ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ ‡˜‡–•ƒ†”‹–—ƒŽ•ȂŠ‘™‹‰Š––Š‡•‡„‡ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–ȋƒ†‹Ȍ–Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘—†Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ǫ

 ‘”‡‘•–‹•–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹“—ƒ–‹–›‘ˆƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡ƒ•–ƒ†™‡•–•‹†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†Ǥ ˆ –Š‡‘”–ŠǦ•‘—–Š‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‘—†‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–ȋƒš‹•—†‹ǫȌ–Šƒ–„‹•‡ –•–Š‡ •‹–‡Ǧ— ŠŽ‹‡–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”„‹•‡ –‹‰–Š‡ϐŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹Žƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǧ–Š‡”‡‹• Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†‰‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡ƒ•–ƒ†™‡•–Ǥ‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†‹••’ƒ”•‡ǡ™‹–Š‘Ž›ϐ‹˜‡•ƒŽŽ •–”— –—”‡•‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ȋ•‡‡ ‹‘ʹͲͲͻǣ ‹‰—”‡ͳͲǢ ‹‘ʹͲͳͲƒǣ ‹‰—”‡ͳͳȌǤƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†‹•— Š ‘”‡’‘’—Ž‘—•ǡ™‹–Šƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ͳͷ•–”— –—”‡•‹–‡”’”‡–‡†Ǥƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡“—‹–‡Žƒ”‰‡‹†‹‡•‹‘ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰ ‘—ƒŽ‘” ‡”‡‘‹ƒŽ—•‡Ǥ‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡‹–”ƒǦ•‹–‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ• ƒŽ‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ‹‰Š– –Š‡”‡„‡ƒ•‹‹Žƒ””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ•‹–‡•†‹”‡ –Ž›™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”ƒ†–Š‡Ž‘™—„‡” ‘ˆ•–”— –—”‡•‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†‹‰‡‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ†‹”‡ –Ž›™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†ǫ‘—Ž†–Š‘•‡•–”— –—”‡•‘–Š‡™‡•–•‹†‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†„‡”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰‡˜‡–•ǡ•— Šƒ•’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘”Š—–‡†‰ƒ‡ǫ ˆ•‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ ™‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ ‡”–ƒ‹Ž› ‘–ƒ‹‡†—‡”‘—•–‡’‘”ƒ”›•–”— –—”‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ ‡ƒ–ƒ†Š‹†‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•†”›‹‰”ƒ •Ȃ‡’Š‡‡”ƒŽƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†„‡†‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž––‘†‡–‡ –—•‹‰ ‰‡‘’Š›•‹ •Ǥ

 ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ƒ„—†ƒ ‡‘ˆ•–”— –—”‡•‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†•’ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘””‡Žƒ–‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ„—†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ•‹–‡•‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”Ǥ‹‰Š––Š‡•‡—‡”‘—•ƒ†Žƒ”‰‡•–”— –—”‡•‡ƒ•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘—†”‡’”‡•‡–Ž‘ ƒŽ‡• ”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘” ‘—ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡Ǧƒˆϐ‹”‹‰ ‡”‡‘‹‡•ǫŠ‡Žƒ”‰‡•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒƒ†  ‹” —Žƒ”ƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡•ǡ–Š‡‹” ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ‘ ‡–”‹ Ǧ ‹” Ž‡ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡– ȋ•‡‡  ‹‘ ʹͲͲͻǣʹͷʹ ˆ‘” †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘ ‡–”‹  ‹” Ž‡ƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡•Ȍǡ•—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰Ž‘™ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ ‡”ƒ‹ ƒ†Ž‹–Š‹ †‡„”‹•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘‘–™‘ȋ–Š‡‘Ž›–™‘–Šƒ– ƒ„‡•‡‡–‘†ƒ›ȌŽ‘™”‹•‡••—‰‰‡•–•–”— –—”‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ ‘—ƒŽ‘” ‡”‡‘‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ

͹͸Ȉ‘Ž—‡͸͹ǡ͸Ͷͷ͹  Šƒ–ƒ„‘—––Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘—‹–› ‡‡–‡”›‘–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”’‡”‹’Š‡”›ǫ ‘‹‰‘—–‘ƒ‹–‡”’”‡–‹˜‡ Ž‹„ǡ‹‰Š––Š‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‡–‡”›”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„‘˜‡‘”Ž†ƒ†–Š‡ ‡Ž‘™‘”Ž†ǫ †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‹–‡””‡†‘–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧƒˆϐ‹”‹‰‡ƒ•–‡”‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǡ–‘–Š‡–”ƒ˜‡Ž–‘–Š‡ „‘˜‡‘”Ž†ȋƒŽ‹ˆ‡Ǧƒˆϐ‹”‹‰”‡‡™ƒŽǡ‹ˆ›‘—™‹ŽŽȌ–‘™ƒ”†–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ƒ†Ǥ

‘ Ž—•‹‘

 •–Š‡–‹–Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‹•’ƒ’‡”•–ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡–Š‘—‰Š–•Ǥ•’”‡•‡–‡†Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡›‘ˆˆ‡” ‘’’‘”–—‹–›ƒ††‹”‡ –‹‘ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•Ǧƒ‘†‡ŽǦ–Šƒ– ƒ„‡–‡•–‡†ƒ† ‘’ƒ”‡†ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ†ƒ–—Ž–‹’Ž‡• ƒŽ‡•‹ƒƒ––‡’––‘†‡ϐ‹‡˜ƒ”‹‘—••’ƒ–‹ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–•ƒ†–Š‡‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰•‡ ‘†‡† ™‹–Š‹ǤŽ‡ƒ”Ž›ǡϐ‹‡Ž†™‘”™‹–Šƒˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–‡•–‹‰–Š‡’”‘’‘•‡†‘†‡Žƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”–‹ˆƒ – ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ ƒ› ƒ•‡•ǡ•‹–‡•Šƒ˜‡‘Ž›„‡‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡’”‘Œ‡ –•™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ‡š–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ȋ†‡ϐ‹‡†‹•‘‡ ƒ•‡•‘Ž›„›ƒ ‘—’Ž‡‘ˆ•Š‘˜‡Ž–‡•–•Ȍ‹•‘–—†‡”•–‘‘†Ǥ

 ‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ –Š‡”‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‘ †‘—„– –Šƒ– Žƒ†• ƒ’‡• ‘–ƒ‹ ‡ƒ‹‰• Ȃ „‡ –Š‡› ‡•‘–‡”‹  ‘” ‘‘’Žƒ ‡Ǥ—” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ƒ•ƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•‹•–‘—•‡ƒ‹–‡”†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šȋ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡƒ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‡–Š‘Š‹•–‘”›ǡ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡƒ†–Š‡Ž‹‡Ȍ™Š‡ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘Š—ƒ‹•–‹  ‘ ‡’–• ‘ˆŽƒ†• ƒ’‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ””ƒ‰‡†ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ǡ‡š‡ —–‡†ǡƒ†‘†‹ϐ‹‡†„ƒ•‡†—’‘ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” •—‹–‡‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠŽ›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡƒ†‹†‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ƒ†ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–•’ƒ ‡Ǥ

 ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–•

 Šƒ•–‘‡Žƒ‘ƒ–ǡ‡‰‹•–”ƒ”ƒ––Š‡”ƒ•ƒ•” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡˆ‘”ƒ ‡••–‘”‡ ‘”†•Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‹–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǤŠƒ•–‘”Ǥ ”ƒ Šƒ„ƒ Šǡ ‘Š‹ŽŽ‡”ǡƒ†”Ǥƒ˜‹†‡ŽŽ‡›ˆ‘”–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ––Š‡ƒ––Ž‡‘—†•‹–‡ȋͳ͹ȌǤƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡††—”‹‰•—”ˆƒ ‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•Šƒ•’”‘˜‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘ˆˆǦ‘—† †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•Ǥ  ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ™ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•›’‘•‹—Dz›„‘Ž‹ ƒ†‹•—ƒŽ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒ‡”‹‘†ǣ –‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘–‡š–ǡƒ†‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›dzȋ Ǥ‡–‡‹ŽŽ›ǡ ƒ††ƒ‹‰ǡ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡”•Ȍƒ––Š‡͸͹–Š—ƒŽ ‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ‡š‹‰–‘ǡ‡–— ›Ǥ

‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†

• Š—‡–œǡ—”– Ǥǡ‹ Šƒ”† Ǥ‹Ž•Š—•‡ǡƒ†Š‡”‹‡Ǥ Š‡‹   ʹͲͲͳ ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆƒ†• ƒ’‡•ǣ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†‹”‡ –‹‘•ǤJournal of Archaeological Research ͻǣͳͷ͹ǦʹͳͳǤ

•Š‘”‡ǡ‡†›ǡƒ†Ǥ‡”ƒ”†ƒ’’ȋ‡†‹–‘”•Ȍ  ͳͻͻͻ Archaeologies of Landscape: Contemporary PerspectivesǤŽƒ ™‡ŽŽǡšˆ‘”†Ǥ

ƒ‹Ž‡›ǡ ƒ””‹ ȋ‡†‹–‘”Ȍ  ͳͻͻͷ The Osage and Invisible World: From the Works of Francis la FlescheǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡•Ǥ

Ž‹–œǡ ‘Š Ǥǡƒ†‘”‡œǡƒ”Ž Ǥ  ʹͲͲ͸ The Chattahoochee ChiefdomsǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒ„ƒƒ”‡••ǡ—• ƒŽ‘‘•ƒǤ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈ͹͹ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†ȋ ‘–ǤȌ

‘Ž–‘ǡ ‡”„‡”–—‰‡‡  ͳͻͺ͹ The Hasinais: Southern Caddoans as Seen by the Earliest EuropeansǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒŠ‘ƒ”‡••ǡ ‘”ƒǤ

”‘™ǡ ƒ‡•Ǥ  ͳͻ͹͸ Š‡‘—–Š‡”—Ž–‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ǤMidcontinental Journal of ArchaeologyͳǣͳͳͷǦͳ͵͸Ǥ  ͳͻͺͶ Prehistoric Southern Ozark Marginality: A Myth ExposedǤ ’‡ ‹ƒŽ —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘Ǥ ͸Ǥ ‹••‘—”‹ ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡ‘Ž—„‹ƒǤ  ʹͲͳʹ ’‹”‘‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ǣƒ ”‡† ‘‘›ƒ––Š‡‡•–‡” ”‘–‹‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡”‘‘†Žƒ†•Ǥ The Archaeology of the Caddoǡ ‡†‹–‡† „› ‹‘–Š› Ǥ ‡”––—Žƒ ƒ† Š‡•–‡” Ǥ ƒŽ‡”ǡ ’’Ǥ ͳͳ͹Ǧͳ͵ͺǤ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡„”ƒ•ƒ”‡••Ǥ

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‡‡–œǡ ƒ‡• Ǥ  ͳͻͺʹ ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•ǣ–”— –—”ƒŽ‡›–‘” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽš’Žƒƒ–‹‘ǤAmerican Behavioral Scientistʹͷǣ͹ͳ͹Ǧ ͹ʹͶǤ

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‹”ƒ”†ǡ ‡ˆˆ”‡›Ǥ  ʹͲͳʹ ‡––Ž‡‡–ƒ––‡”•ƒ†ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ††‘‘––‡”›‡ ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǣƒ•‡–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‘™Š—–‡ ƒ›‘— ‘ ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ  The Archaeology of the Caddoǡ ‡†‹–‡† „› ‹‘–Š› Ǥ ‡”––—Žƒ ƒ† Š‡•–‡” Ǥ ƒŽ‡”ǡ’’Ǥʹ͵ͻǦʹͺ͹Ǥ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡„”ƒ•ƒ”‡••Ǥ

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ͺͲȈ‘Ž—‡͸͹ǡ͸Ͷͷ͹ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†ȋ ‘–ǤȌ

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‘”ƒǡ‹Ž‹‘ Ǥ  ʹͲͲͺ Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological AnthropologyǤ‡•–˜‹‡™”‡••ǡ‘—Ž†‡”Ǥ

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‡”––—Žƒǡ‹‘–Š›Ǥ  ͳͻͻʹ “The Caddo Nation”: Archaeological and Ethnohistoric PerspectivesǤ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ‡šƒ• ”‡••ǡ —•–‹Ǥ  ʹͲͲͷ ͳͻ͵ͺǦͳͻ͵ͻš ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ––Š‡ ƒ– Š‡Ž‹–‡ȋͶͳ͵Ȍ‘–Š‡‡†‹˜‡”‹‘™‹‡ǡ‘—–›ǡ‡šƒ•Ǥ Southeastern ArchaeologyʹͶǣͳͺͲǦͳͻͺǤ  ʹͲͲͻƒ ‘”‡™‘”†ǣ—””‡–‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ƒ††‘” Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Classics in Texas Archeology: Selected Articles from the Early Years of the Bulletin of the Texas Archeological ‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ‘Ž—‡ ͳǡ ƒ††‘ ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ••‡„Ž‡†„›‹‘–Š›Ǥ‡”––—Žƒǡ’’ǤͷǦͳͺǤ —•–ƒ˜ǯ•‹„”ƒ”›—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡƒ˜‡’‘”–ǡ Ǥ  ʹͲͲͻ„ š–‡†‡† –”ƒ ‡™ƒ› –”— –—”‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ††‘ ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”‡ƒǤ Southeastern Archaeology ʹͻȋͳȌǣʹ͹ǦͶʹǤ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͺͳ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†ȋ ‘–ǤȌ

‡”––—Žƒǡ‹‘–Š›Ǥ  ʹͲͳʹƒ Š‡” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ††‘‹‘—–Š™‡•–”ƒ•ƒ•ǡ‘”–Š™‡•–‘—‹•‹ƒƒǡƒ•–‡”ŽƒŠ‘ƒǡ ƒ†ƒ•–‡šƒ•ǣ –”‘†— –‹‘–‘–Š‡‘Ž—‡Ǥ The Archaeology of the Caddoǡ‡†‹–‡†„›‹‘–Š› Ǥ‡”––—ŽƒƬŠ‡•–‡”ǤƒŽ‡”ǡ’’ǤͳǦʹͷǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡„”ƒ•ƒ”‡••Ǥ  ʹͲͳʹ„ ƒ††‘” Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ’ǤCaddo Archeology Journalʹʹǣͳ͹ǦʹͲǤ

‡”––—Žƒǡ‹‘–Š›Ǥǡƒ†‘„‡”–‘‰‡”•  ʹͲͲ͹ Š‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ††‘‘—‹–›‹‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”‡šƒ•ǣŠ‡ƒ ‹ŽŽ‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹–‡ ȋͶͳʹͳͶȌǡ—•‘—–›ǡ‡šƒ•ǤAmerican Antiquity͹ʹȋͳȌǣ͹ͳǦͻͶǤ

Ž— ŠƒŠǡŠ‘ƒ• Ǥ  ʹͲͳͲ ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›‹–Š‡‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǣ ‹•–‘”›ǡ”‡†•ǡƒ†ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǤJournal of Archaeological Researchͳͺǣ͵͵ͳǦ͵ͺͷǤ

‘ŽŽƒ ǡƒ˜‹†  ʹͲͲͶ Caborn-Welborn: Constructing a New Society after the Angel Chiefdom CollapseǤ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ Žƒ„ƒƒ”‡••ǡ—• ƒŽ‘‘•ƒǤ

ƒˆˆ‡”–›ǡ ƒ‡–Ǥǡƒ†‡ƒ ‘ ǡ˜ƒȋ‡†‹–‘”•Ȍ  ʹͲͲͺ Time’s River: Archaeological Syntheses from the Lower Mississippi River ValleyǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒ„ƒƒ ”‡••ǡ—• ƒŽ‘‘•ƒǤ

‡‡•ǡƒ”Ǥǡƒ†‹˜‹‰‘‘†ǡƒ–”‹ Ǥȋ‡†‹–‘”•Ȍ  ʹͲͲ͹ Plaquemine ArchaeologyǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽƒ„ƒƒ”‡••ǡ—• ƒŽ‘‘•ƒǤ

‡‹ŽŽ›ǡ Ǥ‡–ǡ  ʹͲͲͶ ‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆƒ”–Šǡ‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ›ǣ‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰–Š‡ƒ ”‡†‹ƒ–‹˜‡‡”‹ ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹ƒ ‡”‹‘†Ǥ Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and Southǡ‡†‹–‡† „›‹ Šƒ”† Ǥ‘™•‡†ǡ’’ǤͳʹͷǦͳ͵ͻǤƒŽ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

‘„„ǡ ‘Š Ǥ  ͳͻͻͺ Š‡Ǯ‹–—ƒŽƒ†• ƒ’‡ǯ‘ ‡’–‹” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǣ ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡‘•–”— –‹‘ǤLandscape Researchʹ͵ȋʹȌǣͳͷͻǦͳ͹ͷǤ

ƒ„‘ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ǡ  ͳͻͻͷ  ‘—–‡”•ƒ† ƒ‰‡•ǣ—”‘’‡ƒ‘–ƒ –ƒ†–Š‡ƒ††‘ †‹ƒ•Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‡ϔŽ‡ –‹‘•Ȁ‡ϔŽ‡š‹‘• Historiquesʹͳǣʹͳ͹ǦʹͶʹǤ  ʹͲͲͺ ‘ ”–ƒ†–Š‡–—†›‘ˆ ‹‡–‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‹‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”‘”–Š‡”‹ ƒǤ  Religion, Archaeology, and the Material Worldǡ‡†‹–‡†„›ƒ”• ‘‰‡Ž‹ǡ’’Ǥʹ͹ͻǦʹͻ͸Ǥ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽƒ’‡”‘Ǥ͵͸Ǥ ‡–‡”ˆ‘”” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘—–Š‡” ŽŽ‹‘‹•‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ”„‘†ƒŽ‡Ǥ  ʹͲͳʹ Š‡ ‡”ž ƒ’ ƒ† ƒ††‘ ‘•‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ  The Archaeology of the Caddoǡ ‡†‹–‡† „› ‹‘–Š› Ǥ ‡”––—Žƒƒ†Š‡•–‡”ǤƒŽ‡”ǡ’’ǤͶ͵ͳǦͶͶͺǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡„”ƒ•ƒ”‡••Ǥ

ƒ„‘ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ǡ ǡƒ†‡„‘”ƒŠƒ„‘ȋ‡†‹–‘”•Ȍ  ʹͲͲͷ Rock Art in ArkansasǤ‘’—Žƒ”‡”‹‡•‘ǤͷǤ”ƒ•ƒ•” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ ƒ›‡––‡˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ

ͺʹȈ‘Ž—‡͸͹ǡ͸Ͷͷ͹ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†ȋ ‘–ǤȌ

ƒ—†‡”•ǡ ‘‡Ǥǡ‘Žˆ‡Ǥƒ†‡Žǡ ƒ”–Šƒ’•‘ǡŠƒ”Ž‡•ǤŽŽ‡ǡǤŠ—”ƒŽŽ‡ǡƒ‹‡ŽǤ—•Šǡ ƒ‡•Ǥ ‡ƒ–Š‡”•ǡ”‹•–‡ Ǥ ”‡‹ŽŽ‹‘ǡǤǤ ƒŽŽƒ”ǡ Ǥ†™‹ ƒ •‘ǡ ƒ›Ǥ ‘Š•‘ǡ‡ ƒ ‘‡•ǡ‘‰‡”Ǥ ƒ— ‹‡”ǡ ƒ”›Ǥ–”‹‰‡”ǡƒ†ƒŽ ‘Ž Ǥ‹†”‹‡  ʹͲͲͷ ƒ–•‘”ƒ‡ǡƒ‹††Ž‡” Šƒ‹ ‘—†‘’Ž‡š‹‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤAmerican Antiquity͹Ͳǣ͸͵ͳǦ͸͸ͺǤ

 Šƒ„ƒ Šǡ ”ƒ Ǥ  ͳͻͺʹ Š‡” Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†‡‰‹‘‹”ƒ•ƒ•Ǥ Contributions to the Archeology of the Great Bend Region,‡†‹–‡†„› ”ƒ Ǥ Šƒ„ƒ Šƒ† ”ƒƒ ‡”„›ǡ’’ǤͳǦͳͳǤ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹‡• ‘ǤʹʹǤ”ƒ•ƒ•” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ ƒ›‡––‡˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ  ͳͻͻ͸ ‘—†•ǡ „ƒ‡–•ǡ ƒ† ‡”‡‘‹ƒŽ‹• ‹ –Š‡ ”ƒ•Ǧ‹••‹••‹’’‹ ‘—–ŠǤ  Mounds, Embankments, and Ceremonialism in the Midsouthǡ ‡†‹–‡† „› ‘„‡”– Ǥ ƒ‹ˆ‘”– ƒ† ‹ Šƒ”† ƒŽŽ‹‰ǡ’’Ǥ͵͸ǦͶ͵Ǥ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹‡•‘ǤͶ͸Ǥ”ƒ•ƒ•” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ ƒ›‡––‡˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ

 Šƒ„ƒ Šǡ ”ƒǤ Ǥǡ ‘Š‹ŽŽ‡”ǡƒ†ƒ˜‹†Ǥ‡ŽŽ‡›  ͳͻͺͲ ”‹‰‹ƒŽ —’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ϐ‹‡Ž† ‘–‡• ˆ”‘ ƒ––Ž‡ ‘—† ȋ͵ͳȌǤ ƒ—• ”‹’– ‘ ϐ‹Ž‡ǡ ”ƒ•ƒ• ” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ ƒ›‡––‡˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ”ƒ•ƒ•Ǥ

–‘”›ǡ‡‡  ͳͻͻͲ —Ž–—”‡ ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡‡”‹ ƒ•Ǥ The Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Gulf Coastal Plainǡ„›‡‡–‘”›ǡ ƒ‹ ‡Ǥ —›ǡƒ”–ŠƒǤ ”‡‡ƒǡ ‡”‘‡Ǥ‘•‡ǡǤ ‡–”›–‡‡Ž‡ǡ‡ ǤŽ‹˜‡ǡƒ†ƒ”Ž Ǥ‡‹Šƒ”†ǡ’’Ǥͳ͸͵Ǧ͵͸͸Ǥʹ‘Ž•Ǥ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹‡•‘Ǥ͵ͺǤ”ƒ•ƒ•” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —”˜‡›ǡ ƒ›‡––‡˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ

™ƒ–‘ǡ ‘ŠǤ  ͳͻͶʹ Source Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddo IndiansǤ—ŽŽ‡–‹ͳ͵ʹǤ—”‡ƒ—‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒ –Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹–Š•‘‹ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǤǤ

Š‘’•‘ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ Ǥ  ͳͻͻͷ Landscapes in AmericaǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡šƒ•”‡••Ǥ

”—„‹––ǡƒ”›‡–Š  ʹͲͲͻ —”‹‰ƒ†—”›‹‰—‹Ž†‹‰•ǣš’Ž‘”‹‰ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ††‘” Š‹–‡ –—”‡‹‘—–Š™‡•–”ƒ•ƒ•Ǥ Southeastern ArchaeologyʹͺȋʹȌǣʹ͵͵ǦʹͶ͹Ǥ

”—„‘™‹–œǡ‡ƒŽǤȋ‡†‹–‘”Ȍ  ͳͻͺͶ Cedar Grove: An Interdisciplinary Investigation of a Late Caddo Farmstead in the Red River ValleyǤ ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹‡•‘Ǥʹ͵Ǥ”ƒ•ƒ•” Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ—”˜‡›ǡ ƒ›‡––‡˜‹ŽŽ‡Ǥ

ƒŽƒ•–”‘Ǥǡ ”ǤǡǤ‘––ƒ˜‹•ǡƒ†Ž‡Œƒ†”ƒ Ǥƒ”‡Žƒ  ͳͻ͹ʹ ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡šƒ•–—•–‹ƒ†‹‘ ƒ”„‘ƒ–‡• ǤRadiocarbonͳͶȋʹȌǣͶ͸ͳǦͶͺͷǤ

‘‰‡Žǡ ”‡‰‘”›  ʹͲͳʹ ‹‡™•Š‡†Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆƒ††‘‘—†•‹–Š‡”ƒ•ƒ•ƒ•‹Ǥ The Archaeology of the Caddoǡ ‡†‹–‡†„›‹‘–Š›Ǥ‡”––—Žƒƒ†Š‡•–‡”ǤƒŽ‡”ǡ’’Ǥͳ͵ͻǦͳ͹͸Ǥ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡„”ƒ•ƒ”‡••Ǥ

ĆĉĉĔėĈčĊĔđĔČĞ ĔĚėēĆđȈͺ͵ ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–‡†ȋ ‘–ǤȌ

ƒŽ‡”ǡŠ‡•–‡”Ǥǡƒ†— ƒǤ ‹‘  ʹͲͳʹ š’Ž‘”‹‰”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒ††‘‘—‹–‹‡•–Š”‘—‰Š” Šƒ‡‘‰‡‘’Š›•‹ •Ǥ The Archaeology of the Caddoǡ‡†‹–‡†„›‹‘–Š›Ǥ‡”––—ŽƒƬŠ‡•–‡”ǤƒŽ‡”ǡ’’Ǥͳ͹͹ǦʹͲͺǤ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡„”ƒ•ƒ ”‡••Ǥ

ƒŽ‡”ǡŠ‡•–‡”ǡǤǡƒ†‹‘–Š›Ǥ‡”––—Žƒ  ʹͲͲ͹ ‡‘–‡‡•‹‰ƒ––Š‡ ‘”ƒ ‡ƒ„‡‹–‡ȋͶͳͳͶȌǤCaddo Archeology Journalͳ͸ǣ͵͹Ǧ ͶͶǤ

ƒ”‹‰ǡ ”Ǥǡ–‘‹‘ Ǥǡƒ†”‡•–‘ ‘Ž†‡”  ͳͻͶͷ ”‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ‡”‡‘‹ƒŽ‘’Ž‡š‹–Š‡‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•ǤAmerican Anthropologist Ͷ͹ȋͳȌǣͳǦ͵ͶǤ

‡„„ǡŽƒ”‡ ‡ Ǥ  ͳͻͷͻ Š‡‡Ž Š‡”‘—†ǣ–”ƒ–‹ϐ‹‡†ƒ††‘ƒ‹–‡‹ƒ††‘ƒ”‹•Šǡ‘—‹•‹ƒƒǤSociety for American Archaeologyͳ͸Ǥ

‡„„ǡŽƒ”‡ ‡ Ǥǡƒ† ‹”ƒ Ǥ ”‡‰‘”›  ͳͻͺ͸ The Caddo Indians of LouisianaǤ ʹ† †‹–‹‘Ǥ –Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ –—†› ʹǤ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ǡ ‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‘—”‹•ǡ ‘—‹•‹ƒƒ ” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ —”˜‡› ƒ† –‹“—‹–‹‡• ‘‹••‹‘ǡ ƒ–‘ ‘—‰‡Ǥ

‡†‡Žǡ‹Ž†”‡†‘––  ͳͻ͹ͺ ƒ ƒ”’‡ǯ•ͳ͹ͳͻ‘•–‘‡†‹˜‡”ƒ†‡ƒ”„›ƒ††‘‡––Ž‡‡–•ǤThe Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin͵ͲǤ

‹Žǡ‹ Šƒ”†Ǥǡƒ†‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤƒ–ŠŒ‡  ͳͻͺʹ ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†” Šƒ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǤAmerican Behavioral Scientistʹͷǣ͸ͳ͹Ǧ͸͵ͻǤ

‹Ž‹•‘ǡǤ Ǥ  ʹͲͲ͵ Archaeological Landscapes of the Near EastǤŠ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ”‹œ‘ƒ”‡••ǡ— •‘Ǥ

ͺͶȈ‘Ž—‡͸͹ǡ͸Ͷͷ͹