List of Butterflies from Tambopata (Explorer's Inn Reserve) Gerardo Lamas
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Artaxerxes II
Artaxerxes II John Shannahan BAncHist (Hons) (Macquarie University) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University. May, 2015. ii Contents List of Illustrations v Abstract ix Declaration xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Conventions xv Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY REIGN OF ARTAXERXES II The Birth of Artaxerxes to Cyrus’ Challenge 15 The Revolt of Cyrus 41 Observations on the Egyptians at Cunaxa 53 Royal Tactics at Cunaxa 61 The Repercussions of the Revolt 78 CHAPTER 2 399-390: COMBATING THE GREEKS Responses to Thibron, Dercylidas, and Agesilaus 87 The Role of Athens and the Persian Fleet 116 Evagoras the Opportunist and Carian Commanders 135 Artaxerxes’ First Invasion of Egypt: 392/1-390/89? 144 CHAPTER 3 389-380: THE KING’S PEACE AND CYPRUS The King’s Peace (387/6): Purpose and Influence 161 The Chronology of the 380s 172 CHAPTER 4 NUMISMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SOLIDARITY Coinage in the Reign of Artaxerxes 197 The Baal/Figure in the Winged Disc Staters of Tiribazus 202 Catalogue 203 Date 212 Interpretation 214 Significance 223 Numismatic Iconography and Egyptian Independence 225 Four Comments on Achaemenid Motifs in 227 Philistian Coins iii The Figure in the Winged Disc in Samaria 232 The Pertinence of the Political Situation 241 CHAPTER 5 379-370: EGYPT Planning for the Second Invasion of Egypt 245 Pharnabazus’ Invasion of Egypt and Aftermath 259 CHAPTER 6 THE END OF THE REIGN Destabilisation in the West 267 The Nature of the Evidence 267 Summary of Current Analyses 268 Reconciliation 269 Court Intrigue and the End of Artaxerxes’ Reign 295 Conclusion: Artaxerxes the Diplomat 301 Bibliography 309 Dies 333 Issus 333 Mallus 335 Soli 337 Tarsus 338 Unknown 339 Figures 341 iv List of Illustrations MAP Map 1 Map of the Persian Empire xviii-xix Brosius, The Persians, 54-55 DIES Issus O1 Künker 174 (2010) 403 333 O2 Lanz 125 (2005) 426 333 O3 CNG 200 (2008) 63 333 O4 Künker 143 (2008) 233 333 R1 Babelon, Traité 2, pl. -
The Satrap of Western Anatolia and the Greeks
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2017 The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Eyal Meyer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons Recommended Citation Meyer, Eyal, "The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks" (2017). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2473. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2473 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The aS trap Of Western Anatolia And The Greeks Abstract This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth ec ntury BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the power dynamic between the Great Persian King and his provincial governors and the nature of the office of satrap has been analyzed, I begin a diachronic scrutiny of Greco-Persian interactions in the fifth century BC. -
Phylogenetic Relationships and Historical Biogeography of Tribes and Genera in the Subfamily Nymphalinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKBIJBiological Journal of the Linnean Society 0024-4066The Linnean Society of London, 2005? 2005 862 227251 Original Article PHYLOGENY OF NYMPHALINAE N. WAHLBERG ET AL Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 86, 227–251. With 5 figures . Phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of tribes and genera in the subfamily Nymphalinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) NIKLAS WAHLBERG1*, ANDREW V. Z. BROWER2 and SÖREN NYLIN1 1Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 2Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331–2907, USA Received 10 January 2004; accepted for publication 12 November 2004 We infer for the first time the phylogenetic relationships of genera and tribes in the ecologically and evolutionarily well-studied subfamily Nymphalinae using DNA sequence data from three genes: 1450 bp of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) (in the mitochondrial genome), 1077 bp of elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-a) and 400–403 bp of wing- less (both in the nuclear genome). We explore the influence of each gene region on the support given to each node of the most parsimonious tree derived from a combined analysis of all three genes using Partitioned Bremer Support. We also explore the influence of assuming equal weights for all characters in the combined analysis by investigating the stability of clades to different transition/transversion weighting schemes. We find many strongly supported and stable clades in the Nymphalinae. We are also able to identify ‘rogue’ -
5227-2-Kuchuk Asya-2-Cughrafyasi
CHARLES TEXIER 00 00 II�J[J�liJII( A§YA Coğrafyası,Tarihi ve Arkeolojisi Çeviren Ali SUAT Latin Harflerine Aktaran Sadeleştiren Prof. Dr. Yard. Doç. Dr. Kazım Yaşar KOPRAMAN Musa YILDIZ ENFORMASYON VE DOKÜMANTASYON HİZMETLERİ VAKFI Ankara - 2002 © 2002 Enformasyon ve Dokümantasyon Hizmetleri Vakfı 7. Cadde, Kültür Sitesi, No: 104 06370 Batıkent Ankara/ TÜRKİYE Tel: (+90.312) 354 62 66 • Faks: (+90.312) 354 64 63 e-mail: edhvakfı@ada.net.tr • www.edhvakfi.org.tr Eserin Orijinal Adı: Asi e Mineure; Description Geographique, Historique et Archeologique des Provinces et des Villes de la Chersonnese d' Asie. Paris, Typographie de Firmin Didot Freres, Fils et C., Editeurs Imprimeurs de L' Institut de France, 1862, 1882. Eserin Arap Hart'liTürkçe Adı: Kü çük Asya; Coğrafyaya, Tarihe, Asar-ı Atikaya Ait Tarif. İstanbul, Matbaa-i Amire J 92: 1924, 3 c. Proje ve Koordinasyon Hasan DUMAN Latin Harflerine Aktaran Prof. Dr. Kazım Ya§ar KOPRAMAN Gazi Üniv. Fen-Ed. Fak Sadeleştiren Yard. Doç. Dr. Musa YILDIZ Gazi Üniv. Eğt. Fak. Katkıda Bulunanlar Prof. Dr. Semavi EYİCE istanbul Üniv. Ed. Fak. Prof. Dr. Mesut ELİBÜYÜK Ankara Üniv. D.T.C. Fak. Yard. Doç. Dr. Esma İNCE Gazi Üniv. Eğt. Fak. Yard.Doç. Dr. Kenan BİLİCİ Ankara Üniv. D.T.C. Fak. Yard. Doç. Dr. Yücel ŞENYURT Gazi Üniv. Fen-Ed. Fak. Yard. Doç. Dr. Kamil AKARSU Gazi Üniv. Eğt. Fak. Murat ÖNGÖREN Teknik Yardımcı Eserin tüm yayın hakları saklıdır. Hiç bir şekilde gravürler de dahil olmak üzere kısmen de olsa herhangi bir yöntemle kopye edilip, çoğaltı lamaz, yayınlanamaz. ISBN 975-7473-12-X Takım/Set ISBN 975-7473-13-8 I. -
Elevational Record of Vanessa Carye (Hübner 1812) (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae) in the Northern Chilean Altiplano Highlands
Nota Lepi. 42(2) 2019: 157–162 | DOI 10.3897/nl.42.38549 Elevational record of Vanessa carye (Hübner 1812) (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae) in the northern Chilean Altiplano Highlands Hugo A. Benítez1, Amado Villalobos-Leiva2, Rodrigo Ordenes1, Franco Cruz-Jofré3,4 1 Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica, Chile; [email protected] 2 Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile 3 Facultad de Recursos Naturales y Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Avenida Limonares 190, Viña del Mar, Chile 4 Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile http://zoobank.org/B86C7885-380F-44C9-B61C-332983032C0F Received 25 July 2019; accepted 28 August 2019; published: 21 October 2019 Subject Editor: David C. Lees. Abstract. Vanessa carye (Hübner, [1812]) has been reported to have a wide latitudinal range from Venezuela to the south of Chile (Patagonia). Populations are established at 3500 m in Putre region of Chile, with occa- sional observations around 4500 m. This article reports a new elevational record of V. carye above 5200 m located at the Sora Pata Lake, northeast of Caquena, in the highlands of the Chilean altiplano. This finding is the highest population ever reported for this migratory butterfly and one of the highest in the genusVanessa . Introduction The cosmopolitan butterfly genus Vanessa Fabricius, 1807 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is a small genus that comprises approximately 20 species present in all the continents except Antarctica. There are six species (V. cardui, V. virginiensis, V. atalanta, V. -
Plinius Senior Naturalis Historia Liber V
PLINIUS SENIOR NATURALIS HISTORIA LIBER V 1 Africam Graeci Libyam appellavere et mare ante eam Libycum; Aegyptio finitur, nec alia pars terrarum pauciores recipit sinus, longe ab occidente litorum obliquo spatio. populorum eius oppidorumque nomina vel maxime sunt ineffabilia praeterquam ipsorum linguis, et alias castella ferme inhabitant. 2 Principio terrarum Mauretaniae appellantur, usque ad C. Caesarem Germanici filium regna, saevitia eius in duas divisae provincias. promunturium oceani extumum Ampelusia nominatur a Graecis. oppida fuere Lissa et Cottae ultra columnas Herculis, nunc est Tingi, quondam ab Antaeo conditum, postea a Claudio Caesare, cum coloniam faceret, appellatum Traducta Iulia. abest a Baelone oppido Baeticae proximo traiectu XXX. ab eo XXV in ora oceani colonia Augusti Iulia Constantia Zulil, regum dicioni exempta et iura in Baeticam petere iussa. ab ea XXXV colonia a Claudio Caesare facta Lixos, vel fabulosissime antiquis narrata: 3 ibi regia Antaei certamenque cum Hercule et Hesperidum horti. adfunditur autem aestuarium e mari flexuoso meatu, in quo dracones custodiae instar fuisse nunc interpretantur. amplectitur intra se insulam, quam solam e vicino tractu aliquanto excelsiore non tamen aestus maris inundant. exstat in ea et ara Herculis nec praeter oleastros aliud ex narrato illo aurifero nemore. 4 minus profecto mirentur portentosa Graeciae mendacia de his et amne Lixo prodita qui cogitent nostros nuperque paulo minus monstrifica quaedam de iisdem tradidisse, praevalidam hanc urbem maioremque Magna Carthagine, praeterea ex adverso eius sitam et prope inmenso tractu ab Tingi, quaeque alia Cornelius Nepos avidissime credidit. 5 ab Lixo XL in mediterraneo altera Augusta colonia est Babba, Iulia Campestris appellata, et tertia Banasa LXXV p., Valentia cognominata. -
1 Divine Intervention and Disguise in Homer's Iliad Senior Thesis
Divine Intervention and Disguise in Homer’s Iliad Senior Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Undergraduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Undergraduate Program in Classical Studies Professor Joel Christensen, Advisor In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts By Joana Jankulla May 2018 Copyright by Joana Jankulla 1 Copyright by Joana Jankulla © 2018 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Joel Christensen. Thank you, Professor Christensen for guiding me through this process, expressing confidence in me, and being available whenever I had any questions or concerns. I would not have been able to complete this work without you. Secondly, I would like to thank Professor Ann Olga Koloski-Ostrow and Professor Cheryl Walker for reading my thesis and providing me with feedback. The Classics Department at Brandeis University has been an instrumental part of my growth in my four years as an undergraduate, and I am eternally thankful to all the professors and staff members in the department. Thank you to my friends, specifically Erica Theroux, Sarah Jousset, Anna Craven, Rachel Goldstein, Taylor McKinnon and Georgie Contreras for providing me with a lot of emotional support this year. I hope you all know how grateful I am for you as friends and how much I have appreciated your love this year. Thank you to my mom for FaceTiming me every time I was stressed about completing my thesis and encouraging me every step of the way. Finally, thank you to Ian Leeds for dropping everything and coming to me each time I needed it. -
THE ODYSSEY of HOMER Translated by WILLIAM COWPER LONDON: PUBLISHED by J·M·DENT·&·SONS·LTD and in NEW YORK by E·P·DUTTON & CO to the RIGHT HONOURABLE
THE ODYSSEY OF HOMER Translated by WILLIAM COWPER LONDON: PUBLISHED by J·M·DENT·&·SONS·LTD AND IN NEW YORK BY E·P·DUTTON & CO TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE COUNTESS DOWAGER SPENCER THE FOLLOWING TRANSLATION OF THE ODYSSEY, A POEM THAT EXHIBITS IN THE CHARACTER OF ITS HEROINE AN EXAMPLE OF ALL DOMESTIC VIRTUE, IS WITH EQUAL PROPRIETY AND RESPECT INSCRIBED BY HER LADYSHIP’S MOST DEVOTED SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. THE ODYSSEY OF HOMER TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BLANK VERSE BOOK I ARGUMENT In a council of the Gods, Minerva calls their attention to Ulysses, still a wanderer. They resolve to grant him a safe return to Ithaca. Minerva descends to encourage Telemachus, and in the form of Mentes directs him in what manner to proceed. Throughout this book the extravagance and profligacy of the suitors are occasionally suggested. Muse make the man thy theme, for shrewdness famedAnd genius versatile, who far and wideA Wand’rer, after Ilium overthrown,Discover’d various cities, and the mindAnd manners learn’d of men, in lands remote.He num’rous woes on Ocean toss’d, endured,Anxious to save himself, and to conductHis followers to their home; yet all his carePreserved them not; they perish’d self-destroy’dBy their own fault; infatuate! who devoured10The oxen of the all-o’erseeing Sun,And, punish’d for that crime, return’d no more.Daughter divine of Jove, these things record,As it may please thee, even in our ears.The rest, all those who had perdition ’scapedBy war or on the Deep, dwelt now at home;Him only, of his country and his wifeAlike desirous, in her hollow grotsCalypso, Goddess beautiful, detainedWooing him to her arms. -
Peru Conservation Recorded Wildlife at Taricaya
Peru Conservation Recorded Wildlife at Taricaya Butterflies (Mariposas) in Taricaya Reserve, Madre de Dios CLASS: Insecta ORDER: Lepidoptera 1. Familia Nymphalidae Subfamilia Apaturinae Doxocopa kallina (Staudinger, 1886). Doxocopa laure (Drury, 1776). Doxocopa lavinia (Butler, 1886). Doxocopa linda (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860). Doxocopa pavon (Latreille, 1809). Subfamilia Nymphalinae Tribu Coeini Baetus aelius (Stoll, 1780). Baetus deucaliom (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860). Baetus japetus (Staudinger, 1885). Colobura annulata (Willmot, Constantino & J. Hall, 2001). Colobura dirce (Linnaeus, 1758). Historis acheronta (Fabricius, 1775). Historis odius (Fabricius, 1775). Smyrna blomfilda (Fabricius, 1781). Tigridia acesta (Linnaeus, 1758). Tribu Kallimini Anartia jatrophae (Linnaeus, 1763). Junonia everate (Cramer, 1779). Junonia genoveva (Cramer, 1780). Metamorpha elissa (Hübner, 1818). Siproeta stelenes (Linnaeus, 1758). Tribu Melitaeini Eresia clio (Linnaeus, 1758). Eresia eunice (Hübner, 1807). Eresia nauplios (Linnaeus, 1758). Tegosa claudina (Escholtz, 1821). Tegosa fragilis (H. W. Bates, 1864). Tribu Nymphalini Hypanarthia lethe (Fabricius, 1793). Tribu Acraeini Actinote pellenea (Hübner, 1821). Subfamilia Charaxinae Tribu Preponini Agrias amydon (Hewitson, 1854). Agrias claudina (Godart, 1824). Archaeoprepona amphimacus (Fabricius, 1775). Archaeoprepona demophon (Linnaeus, 1758). Archaeoprepona meander (Cramer, 1775). Prepona dexamenus (Hopffer, 1874). Prepona laertes (Hübner, 1811). Prepona pheridamas (Cramer, 1777). Prepona pylene -
Papilionoidea (Butterfly & Skipper) Species List
Papilionoidea (Butterfly & Skipper) Species List Higher Classification1 Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Arthropoda, Class: Insecta, Order: Lepidoptera, Superfamily: Papilionoidea Family (F:), Subfamily (sF:) and Tribe (T:) Scientific Name1 English Name1 F: Hesperiidae (Skippers) sF: Eudaminae (Spreadwing Skippers) Astraptes anaphus annetta Yellow-tipped Flasher Central American Banded- Autochton vectilucis Skipper Urbanus pronus Pronus Longtail sF: Hesperiinae (Grass Skippers) T: Anthoptini Synapte salenus salenus Salenus Faceted-Skipper T: Calpodini Calpodes cf. ethlius Brazilian Skipper Talides alternata Alternate Ruby-eye T: Hesperiini Hylephila cf. phyleus phyleus Fiery Skipper Poanes inimica Yellow-stained Skipper Poanes cf. zabulon Hobomok Skipper T: Moncini Halotus angellus Angellus Skipper Lerema accius Clouded Skipper Remella rita Rita's Remella sF: Heteropterinae (Skipperlings) Dalla lethaea Schaus' Skipperling sF: Pyrginae (Spread-wing Skippers) T: Achlyodidini Doberes anticus Dark Doberes T: Carcharodini Noctuana lactifera lactifera Cryptic Skipper T: Erynnini Mylon cf. maimon Common Mylon F: Lycaenidae (Gossamerwings) sF: Theclinae (Hairstreaks) T: Eumaeini (Hairstreaks) Contrafacia bassania White-etched Hairstreak F: Nymphalidae (Brushfoots) sF: Apaturinae (Emperors) Doxocopa cyane mexicana Mexican Emperor Doxocopa laurentia cherubina Turquoise Emperor sF: Biblidinae (Exotic Brushfoots) T: Callicorini Diaethria anna anna Anna’s Eighty-eight Diaethria astala astala Astala Eighty-eight Diaethria clymena marchalii Widespread Eighty-eight -
![The Lifecycle of Nymphalis Vaualbum ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) in Serbia Including New Records and a Review of Its Pr](https://docslib.b-cdn.net/cover/9543/the-lifecycle-of-nymphalis-vaualbum-denis-schifferm%C3%BCller-1775-in-serbia-including-new-records-and-a-review-of-its-pr-1399543.webp)
The Lifecycle of Nymphalis Vaualbum ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) in Serbia Including New Records and a Review of Its Pr
©Entomologischer Verein Apollo e.V. Frankfurt am Main; download unter www.zobodat.at Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N. F. 35 (1/2): 77–96 (2014) 77 The lifecycle of Nymphalis vaualbum ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775) in Serbia including new records and a review of its present status in Europe (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Martin GascoignePees, Colin Wiskin, Milan Đurić and Duncan Trew Martin GascoignePees, 2 Barretts Close, Stonesfield, Oxfordshire OX29 8PW, U.K.; [email protected] (corresponding author) Colin Wiskin, 3 Coleson Hill Road, Wrecclesham, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4QQ, U.K.; [email protected] Milan Đurić, Bul. oslobodjenja 106/34, 11000 Beograd, Serbia; [email protected] Duncan Trew, 8 Welles Road, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire HP13 7XA, U.K.; [email protected] Abstract: We describe the biology of the complete life cycle Croatia, where the species is possibly a re si dent, it is hard of N. vaualbum in Serbia, including a detailed account of its to verify whether these sight ings are those of vagrant preimaginal stages, larval hibernation, courtship behaviour, individuals, or if the species has be come a temporary mating, and oviposition. We publish new records from the Republic of Serbia and review its present status in Europe. resident. In most in stan ces, these new records have only In addition, we discuss the climatic requirements for hi ber been single obser va tions and pos s ibly the result of recent na tion and larval development and compare its preimaginal immigration and subse quent population increase. stages and adult behaviour with Polygonia c-album (Lin nae us, 1758). -
The Arms of Achilles: Re-Exchange in the Iliad
The Arms of Achilles: Re-Exchange in the Iliad by Eirene Seiradaki A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Classics University of Toronto © Copyright by Eirene Seiradaki (2014) “The Arms of Achilles: Re-Exchange in the Iliad ” Eirene Seiradaki Doctor of Philosophy Department of Classics University of Toronto 2014 Abstract This dissertation offers an interpretation of the re-exchange of the first set of Achilles’ arms in the Iliad by gift, loan, capture, and re-capture. Each transfer of the arms is examined in relation to the poem’s dramatic action, characterisation, and representation of social institutions and ethical values. Modern anthropological and economic approaches are employed in order to elucidate standard elements surrounding certain types of exchange. Nevertheless, the study primarily involves textual analysis of the Iliadic narratives recounting the circulation-process of Achilles’ arms, with frequent reference to the general context of Homeric exchange and re-exchange. The origin of the armour as a wedding gift to Peleus for his marriage to Thetis and its consequent bequest to Achilles signifies it as the hero’s inalienable possession and marks it as the symbol of his fate in the Iliad . Similarly to the armour, the spear, a gift of Cheiron to Peleus, is later inherited by his son. Achilles’ own bond to Cheiron makes this weapon another inalienable possession of the hero. As the centaur’s legacy to his pupil, the spear symbolises Achilles’ awareness of his coming death. In the present time of the Iliad , ii Achilles lends his armour to Patroclus under conditions that indicate his continuing ownership over his panoply and ensure the safe use of the divine weapons by his friend.