DOCSLIB.ORG

Principles of Systematic Zoology, 2Nd Edition. Review Author[S]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Principles of Systematic Zoology, 2Nd Edition. Review Author[S] Principles of Systematic Zoology, 2nd Edition. STOR Review Author[s]: Kevin de Queiroz Systematic Biology, Volume 41, Issue 2 (Jun., 1992), 264-266. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1063-5157%28199206%2941%3A2%3C264%3A%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR' s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of ajournai or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. Systematic Biology is published by Society of Systematic Biologists. Please contact the publisher for further permissions regarding the use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/joumals/ssbiol.html. Systematic Biology ©1992 Society of Systematic Biologists JSTOR and the JSTOR logo are trademarks of JSTOR, and are Registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. For more information on JSTOR [email protected]. ©2002 JSTOR http://www.j stor.org/ Mon Mar 11 14:09:12 2002 Reviews Syst. Biol. 41(2):264-266, 1992 Principles of Systematic Zoology, 2nd edition.•Ernst ing species concepts (p. xix), but that does not excuse Mayr and Peter D. Ashlock. 1991. McGraw-Hill, their failure to mention one concept that has received New York, xx + 475 pp. $39.95 (cloth). considerable attention in the recent systematic liter- ature, namely, the phylogenetic species concept (e.g., In 1969, Mayr's Principles of Systematic Zoology was Cracraft, 1987; Mishler and Brandon, 1987; Nixon and probably the best systematic text and reference book Wheeler, 1990). If nothing else, phylogenetic per- available (Michener, 1969), and it retained a promi- spectives on the species problem have drawn atten- nent place among such works for years after its pub- tion to the fact that interbreeding is not the only lication. When first published, it was current, au- interesting phenomenon that occurs at the microtax- thoritative, and comprehensive, and even more than onomic level (de Queiroz and Donoghue, 1988). 20 years after its heyday I continue to use my copy Mayr and Ashlock also dismiss too hastily Pater- frequently. Although several excellent books on the son's (e.g., 1985) critique of the biological species con- subject have been published subsequently, only Wi- cept. Paterson called for replacement of what he views ley's (1981) Phylogenetics serves as many different pur- as the traditional version of that concept, which he poses. But a lot has happened since 1969. No book calls the isolation concept, with an alternative that about systematics published that long ago is current emphasizes mate recognition instead of reproductive today. Consequently, the publication of a revised edi- isolation. He has attempted to discredit the biological tion of Principles of Systematic Zoology raises hopes of species concept because of a supposed tie to the con- a new standard for the field. cept of reinforcement, the idea that characters re- The new edition has been reorganized and, com- sponsible for the absence of interbreeding between pared with its predecessor, places greater emphasis the organisms of different species ("isolating mech- on concepts and theory. It consists of 14 chapters, the anisms") have evolved as a result of selection against first of which is an introduction to the science of hybrids. In Mayr and Ashlock's defense, even if Pater- taxonomy, including a brief history and a discussion son is correct in concluding that reinforcement is un- of the role of taxonomy in biology. The remaining 13 important in the evolution of intrinsic reproductive chapters are divided among three major sections. The barriers, the biological species concept need not be first two of these sections, which were devoted to replaced. Regardless of historical associations be- principles and methods in the first edition, are now tween the concepts of biological species and rein- devoted to "Microtaxonomy," dealing with species forcement, the two are not tied logically to one an- and infraspecific categories, and "Macrotaxonomy," other. As a general species concept based on dealing with higher taxa. The last major section, titled interbreeding, the biological species concept can be "Methodological Issues," covers issues relating to sys- adopted regardless of whether intrinsic reproductive tematic collections, taxonomic publications, and the barriers result from reinforcement or, as Paterson be- rules of zoological nomenclature. Also included are lieves, they are by-products of the adaptation of mate a glossary, a bibliography, and a combined subject recognition systems to different environments. and author index. The volume is reasonably well pro- Nevertheless, other aspects of Paterson's critique duced, with only a moderate number of typographical deserve consideration. For example, according to Mayr errors, and its size is comfortable in the hand. and Ashlock, the term "species is a relational term like The section on microtaxonomy covers a diversity the word brother" (p. 39). This proposition implies of topics, including species concepts, the ontology of that it is nonsensical to speak, even hypothetically, species, infraspecific categories, population structure, of the existence of only a single species. In contrast, different kinds of variation within species, methods Paterson's emphasis on recognition, rather than iso- for comparing population samples, and speciation. lation, led him to reject the idea that the term "spe- Given Mayr's prior writings on species, it is not sur- cies" is relational (e.g., Paterson, 1984). Paterson's po- prising to find strong advocacy for the biological spe- sition is more congruent with the view, endorsed by cies concept. I was, however, surprised to find logical Mayr and Ashlock themselves (p. 40), that species are inconsistencies reflecting incomplete acceptance of "individuals" (composite wholes). Organisms form that concept. For example, Mayr and Ashlock seem composite wholes called populations as a result of unable to decide whether asexual organisms form interbreeding with one another, not as a result of species (p. 32), and at one point they suggest that avoiding interbreeding with the organisms of other reproductively separate entities that are not distinct populations. in other respects should not be recognized as separate The section on macrotaxonomy consists of chapters species (p. 93). The authors admit their bias concern- devoted to general principles, taxonomic characters. 264 1992 REVIEWS 265 phenetics, cladistics, evolutionary classification, and names) were seen to be composite wholes•albeit of numerical methods of phylogeny inference. Mayr and different kinds (populations and clades)•rather than Ashlock favor evolutionary classification over phe- classes based on shared organismal characters. And netics and cladistics, which is to be expected, but their in each case, the new concept of taxa brought a new bias becomes too great when they define certain gen- theoretical context to comparative biology (popula- eral terms, such as "biological classification" and "tax- tion thinking and tree thinking) (O'Hara, 1988). From on," in a way that precludes the alternative approach- the viewpoint of developing a phylogenetic system es. In any case, the chapters devoted to alternative of taxonomy, the changes involving the higher taxa macrotaxonomic approaches reveal much, both stated are particularly important in that they grant the con- and unstated, about how Mayr and Ashlock perceive cept of evolution a more important role in taxonomy. the alternatives. The chapters on phenetics and cla- No longer are taxa based on shared characters and distics are largely critiques. Unfortunately, Mayr and only interpreted after the fact as having been pro- Ashlock's characterizations of those approaches are duced by evolution; evolution is now fundamental inaccurate or outdated. For example, they attribute to to the very concept of taxa (de Queiroz, 1988). pheneticists the claim that grouping according to sim- Although Mayr and Ashlock have made the con- ilarity will automatically produce a phylogenetic clas- ceptual shift with regard to species, they have not yet sification, and they continue to characterize the cla- done so for higher taxa. For example, they continue distic approach to classification as being concerned to view higher taxa explicitly as classes (p. 113). They only with the branching component of phylogeny. view the entire endeavor of macrotaxonomy as a Regardless of these problems, the discussion of phe- problem of how best to classify organisms "according netics receives only 11 pages, whereas cladistics gets to their similarities" (p. 115), rather than a question of 36. Furthermore, the chapter on evolutionary classi- inferring which organisms or species are descended fication (32 pages) is devoted in a large part to con- from a particular common ancestor. For Mayr and tinuing the argument against cladistics. Mayr and Ashlock, macrotaxonomy is a two-step process (p. 243). Ashlock apparently perceive cladistics as posing a In the first step, species are sorted into relatively ho- serious threat to their preferred approach. mogeneous groups that reflect their overall similarity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor How They Arise, Modify and Vanish
    Fascinating Life Sciences Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor Bird Species How They Arise, Modify and Vanish Fascinating Life Sciences This interdisciplinary series brings together the most essential and captivating topics in the life sciences. They range from the plant sciences to zoology, from the microbiome to macrobiome, and from basic biology to biotechnology. The series not only highlights fascinating research; it also discusses major challenges associated with the life sciences and related disciplines and outlines future research directions. Individual volumes provide in-depth information, are richly illustrated with photographs, illustrations, and maps, and feature suggestions for further reading or glossaries where appropriate. Interested researchers in all areas of the life sciences, as well as biology enthusiasts, will find the series’ interdisciplinary focus and highly readable volumes especially appealing. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15408 Dieter Thomas Tietze Editor Bird Species How They Arise, Modify and Vanish Editor Dieter Thomas Tietze Natural History Museum Basel Basel, Switzerland ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic) Fascinating Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-91688-0 ISBN 978-3-319-91689-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91689-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948152 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Names in Phylogenetic Nomenclature
    Syst. Biol. 48(4):790–807, 1999 Species Names in Phylogenetic Nomenclature PHILIP D. CANTINO,1* HAROLD N. BRYANT,2 KEVIN DE QUEIROZ,3 MICHAEL J. DONOGHUE,4 TORSTEN ERIKSSON,5 DAVID M. HILLIS,6 AND MICHAEL S. Y. LEE7 1Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA; E-mail: [email protected] 2Royal Saskatchewan Museum, 2340 Albert Street, Regina, Saskatchewan S4P 3V7, Canada; E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA; E-mail: [email protected] 4Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA; E-mail: [email protected] 5Bergius Foundation, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Box 50017, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden; E-mail: [email protected] 6Section of Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA; E-mail: [email protected] 7Department of Zoology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; E-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—Linnaean binomial nomenclature is logically incompatible with the phylogenetic nomenclature of de Queiroz and Gauthier (1992, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23:449–480): The former is based on the concept of genus, thus making this rank mandatory, while the latter is based on phylo- genetic definitions and requires the abandonment of mandatory ranks. Thus, if species are to re- ceive names under phylogenetic nomenclature, a different method must be devised to name them. Here, 13 methods for naming species in the context of phylogenetic nomenclature are contrasted with each other and with Linnaean binomials.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylocode: a Phylogenetic Code of Biological Nomenclature
    PhyloCode: A Phylogenetic Code of Biological Nomenclature Philip D. Cantino and Kevin de Queiroz (equal contributors; names listed alphabetically) Advisory Group: William S. Alverson, David A. Baum, Harold N. Bryant, David C. Cannatella, Peter R. Crane, Michael J. Donoghue, Torsten Eriksson*, Jacques Gauthier, Kenneth Halanych, David S. Hibbett, David M. Hillis, Kathleen A. Kron, Michael S. Y. Lee, Alessandro Minelli, Richard G. Olmstead, Fredrik Pleijel*, J. Mark Porter, Heidi E. Robeck, Greg W. Rouse, Timothy Rowe*, Christoffer Schander, Per Sundberg, Mikael Thollesson, and Andre R. Wyss. *Chaired a committee that authored a portion of the current draft. Most recent revision: April 8, 2000 1 Table of Contents Preface Preamble Division I. Principles Division II. Rules Chapter I. Taxa Article 1. The Nature of Taxa Article 2. Clades Article 3. Hierarchy and Rank Chapter II. Publication Article 4. Publication Requirements Article 5. Publication Date Chapter III. Names Section 1. Status Article 6 Section 2. Establishment Article 7. General Requirements Article 8. Registration Chapter IV. Clade Names Article 9. General Requirements for Establishment of Clade Names Article 10. Selection of Clade Names for Establishment Article 11. Specifiers and Qualifying Clauses Chapter V. Selection of Accepted Names Article 12. Precedence Article 13. Homonymy Article 14. Synonymy Article 15. Conservation Chapter VI. Provisions for Hybrids Article 16. Chapter VII. Orthography Article 17. Orthographic Requirements for Establishment Article 18. Subsequent Use and Correction of Established Names Chapter VIII. Authorship of Names Article 19. Chapter IX. Citation of Authors and Registration Numbers Article 20. Chapter X. Governance Article 21. Glossary Table 1. Equivalence of Nomenclatural Terms Appendix A.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS and EVOLUTIONARY THEORY By
    BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY by Aleta Quinn BA, University of Maryland, 2005 BS, University of Maryland, 2005 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2015 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH KENNETH P. DIETRICH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Aleta Quinn It was defended on July 1, 2015 and approved by James Lennox, PhD, History & Philosophy of Science Sandra Mitchell, PhD, History & Philosophy of Science Kenneth Schaffner, PhD, History & Philosophy of Science Jeffrey Schwartz, PhD, Anthropology Dissertation Director: James Lennox, PhD, History & Philosophy of Science ii Copyright © by Aleta Quinn 2015 iii BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Aleta Quinn, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2015 In this dissertation I examine the role of evolutionary theory in systematics (the science that discovers biodiversity). Following Darwin’s revolution, systematists have aimed to reconstruct the past. My dissertation analyzes common but mistaken assumptions about sciences that reconstruct the past by tracing the assumptions to J.S. Mill. Drawing on Mill’s contemporary, William Whewell, I critique Mill’s assumptions and develop an alternative and more complete account of systematic inference as inference to the best explanation. First, I analyze the inadequate view: that scientists use causal theories to hypothesize what past chains of events must have been, and then form hypotheses that identify segments of a network of events and causal transactions between events. This model assumes that scientists can identify events in the world by reference to neatly delineated properties, and that discovering causal laws is simply a matter of testing what regularities hold between events so delineated.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylocode: a Phylogenetic Code of Biological Nomenclature Version 2B
    PhyloCode: A Phylogenetic Code of Biological Nomenclature Version 2b Philip D. Cantino and Kevin de Queiroz (equal contributors; names listed alphabetically) Advisory Group: William S. Alverson, David A. Baum, Christopher A. Brochu, Harold N. Bryant, David C. Cannatella, Peter R. Crane, Michael J. Donoghue, Torsten Eriksson, Jacques Gauthier, Kenneth Halanych, David S. Hibbett, Kathleen A. Kron, Michel Laurin, Michael S. Y. Lee, Alessandro Minelli, Brent D. Mishler, Gerry Moore, Richard G. Olmstead, Fredrik Pleijel, J. Mark Porter, Greg W. Rouse, Timothy Rowe, Christoffer Schander, Per Sundberg, Mikael Thollesson, and André R. Wyss. Most recent revision: June 17, 2004* *The only change since the previous version (December 21, 2003) in a rewording of Recommendation 10A. 1 Table of Contents Preface 3 Preamble 15 Division I. Principles 16 Division II. Rules 17 Chapter I. Taxa 17 Article 1. The Nature of Taxa 17 Article 2. Clades 17 Article 3. Hierarchy and Rank 19 Chapter II. Publication 19 Article 4. Publication Requirements 19 Article 5. Publication Date 20 Chapter III. Names 20 Section 1. Status 20 Article 6 20 Section 2. Establishment 21 Article 7. General Requirements 21 Article 8. Registration 22 Chapter IV. Clade Names 23 Article 9. General Requirements for Establishment of Clade Names 23 Article 10. Selection of Clade Names for Establishment 26 Article 11. Specifiers and Qualifying Clauses 27 Chapter V. Selection of Accepted Names 34 Article 12. Precedence 34 Article 13. Homonymy 34 Article 14. Synonymy 37 Article 15. Conservation 37 Chapter VI. Provisions for Hybrids 38 Article 16. 38 Chapter VII. Orthography 39 Article 17. Orthographic Requirements for Establishment 39 Article 18.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic Analyses of Rates of Body Size Evolution Should Show
    SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... The origins of diversity in frog communities: phylogeny, morphology, performance, and dispersal A Dissertation Presented by Daniel Steven Moen to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology and Evolution Stony Brook University August 2012 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Daniel Steven Moen We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. John J. Wiens – Dissertation Advisor Associate Professor, Ecology and Evolution Douglas J. Futuyma – Chairperson of Defense Distinguished Professor, Ecology and Evolution Stephan B. Munch – Ecology & Evolution Graduate Program Faculty Adjunct Associate Professor, Marine Sciences Research Center Duncan J. Irschick – Outside Committee Member Professor, Biology Department University of Massachusetts at Amherst This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Charles Taber Interim Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation The origins of diversity in frog communities: phylogeny, morphology, performance, and dispersal by Daniel Steven Moen Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology and Evolution Stony Brook University 2012 In this dissertation, I combine phylogenetics, comparative methods, and studies of morphology and ecological performance to understand the evolutionary and biogeographical factors that lead to the community structure we see today in frogs. In Chapter 1, I first summarize the conceptual background of the entire dissertation. In Chapter 2, I address the historical processes influencing body-size evolution in treefrogs by studying body-size diversification within Caribbean treefrogs (Hylidae: Osteopilus ).
    [Show full text]
  • The Species Problem: a Conceptual Problem?
    Chapter 2 The Species Problem: A Conceptual Problem? Richard A. Richards Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54134 1. Introduction There have long been multiple ways of conceiving species that divide up biodiversity in dif‐ ferent and inconsistent ways. This “species problem” goes back at least to Aristotle, who used the Greek term eidos (translated as the Latin species) in at least three different ways. [1] Two thousand years later, Darwin confronted the species problem, listing some of the differ‐ ent ways species were conceived. How various are the ideas, that enter into the minds of naturalists when speaking of species. With some, resemblance is the reigning idea & descent goes for little; with others descent is the infallible criterion; with others resemblance goes for almost nothing, & Creation is everything; with other sterility in crossed forms is an unfailing test, whilst with oth‐ ers it is regarded of no value. [2] And one hundred years after Darwin, Ernst Mayr worried about this same problem in a book he edited, titled The Species Problem. Few biological problems have remained as consistently challenging through the past two centuries as the species prob‐ lem. Time after time attempts were made to cut the Gordian knot and declare the species problem solved either by asserting dogmatically that species did not exist or by defining, equally dogmatically, the precise characteristics of spe‐ cies. Alas, these pseudosolutions were obviously unsatisfactory. One might ask: “Why not simply ignore the species © 2013 Richards; licensee InTech. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylonyms; a Companion to the Phylocode
    Pan-Lepidosauria J. A. Gauthier and K. de Queiroz, new clade name Registration Number: 118 2009; Evans and Borsuk-Bialylicka, 2009; Evans and Jones, 2010; but see Müller, 2004; De!nition: !e total clade of the crown clade Jones et al., 2013). More recently, kuehneosaurs Lepidosauria. !is is a crown-based total-clade have been inferred to be stem archosaurs close de"nition. Abbreviated de"nition: total ∇ of to Trilophosaurus buettneri by Pritchard and Lepidosauria. Nesbitt (2017), although Simões et al. (2018) placed them as either stem saurians or stem Etymology: Derived from pan (Greek), here archosaurs depending on the analysis, but in referring to “pan-monophylum,” another term either case only distantly related to T. buettneri. for “total clade,” and Lepidosauria, the name !e Early Triassic Sophineta cracoviensis and the of the corresponding crown clade; hence, “the Middle Jurassic Marmoretta oxoniensis have been total clade of Lepidosauria.” more consistently regarded as stem lepidosaurs, although that inference depends upon cor- Reference Phylogeny: Gauthier et al. (1988) rect association among disarticulated remains Figure 13, where the clade in question is named (Evans, 1991; Waldman and Evans, 1994; Lepidosauromorpha and is hypothesized to Evans, 2009; Evans and Borsuk-Bialylicka, include Younginiformes, which is no longer con- 2009; Evans and Jones, 2010; Jones et al., 2013; sidered part of the clade (see Composition). Renesto and Bernardi, 2014). Depending on the analysis, Simões et al. (2018) inferred S. Composition: Pan-Lepidosauria is composed cracoviensis to be either a stem lepidosaurian of Lepidosauria (Pan-Sphenodon plus Pan- or a stem squamatan, but they consistently Squamata, see entry in this volume) and all inferred M.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematic Biology
    This article was downloaded by:[De Queiroz, Kevin] [Smithsonian Institution Libraries] On: 16 November 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 777121151] Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Systematic Biology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713658732 Species Concepts and Species Delimitation Kevin De Queiroz a a Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA First Published on: 01 December 2007 To cite this Article: De Queiroz, Kevin (2007) 'Species Concepts and Species Delimitation', Systematic Biology, 56:6, 879 - 886 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/10635150701701083 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10635150701701083 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
    [Show full text]
  • Variation in Female Mating Preferences in Swordtail Fishes: the Importance of Social
    Variation in Female Mating Preferences in Swordtail Fishes: the Importance of Social Experience, Male Aggression and Genetic Variation A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Donelle M. Robinson August 2011 © 2011 Donelle M. Robinson. All Rights Reserve 2 This dissertation titled Variation in Female Mating Preferences in Swordtail Fishes: the Importance of Social Experience, Male Aggression and Genetic Variation by DONELLE M. ROBINSON has been approved for the Department of Biological Sciences and the College of Arts and Sciences by Molly R. Morris Professor of Biological Sciences Howard Dewald Interim Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT ROBINSON, DONELLE M., Ph.D., August 2011, (Select Program Name from list:) Variation in Female Mating Preferences in Swordtail Fishes: the Importance of Social Experience, Male Aggression and Genetic Variation Director of Dissertation: Molly R. Morris Identifying the different factors that influence female preference is essential to our understanding of the evolution of female preferences. Plastic mate preferences can be favored by natural selection in varying environments, including social environments. In this dissertation, I addressed the following questions in Xiphophorus birchmanni, X. cortezi and X. malinche: 1) What factors affect variation in female preference for vertical bars; 2) Does experience with different male phenotypes affect female preferences for vertical bars; 3) Does female preference contribute to the evolution of the exaggerated dorsal fin; 4) Did the exaggerated dorsal fin evolve to enhance courtship displays; 5) What are the phylogenetic relationships within and across these species? Female preferences for vertical bars in X.
    [Show full text]
  • MECHANISMS THAT DRIVE VARIATION in FEMALE MATING PREFERENCES in XIPHOPHRUS MALINCHE a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Co
    MECHANISMS THAT DRIVE VARIATION IN FEMALE MATING PREFERENCES IN XIPHOPHRUS MALINCHE A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science M. Scarlett Tudor August 2007 2 © 2007 M. Scarlett Tudor All Rights Reserved 3 This thesis titled MECHANISMS THAT DRIVE VARIATION IN FEMALE MATING PREFERENCES IN XIPHOPHRUS MALINCHE by M. SCARLETT TUDOR has been approved for the Department of Biological Sciences and the College of Arts and Sciences by _______________________________________ Molly R. Morris Associate Professor of Biological Sciences _______________________________________ Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 4 Abstract TUDOR, M. SCARLETT M.S., August 2007, Biological Sciences MECHANISMS THAT DRIVE VARIATION IN FEMALE MATING PREFERENCES IN XIPHOPHRUS MALINCHE (65 pp.) Director of Thesis: Molly R. Morris In Xiphophorus malinche, larger, older females prefer asymmetrical males while smaller, younger females prefer symmetrical males. Mating experience has been shown to alter female preferences. I examined whether copulatory experience as well as experience with males of different symmetry affected female preference for symmetry in X. malinche. Male aggressive behaviors and male preferences may affect female experience, thus influencing female preference. I examined whether male aggression and male preferences for female size varies with symmetry. Female size at maturity and female experience affected female preference for symmetry suggesting a genetic and environmental component exists for preference for symmetry. Male mating preference for female size did not vary with symmetry and is not likely to affect female preferences. The less aggressive response by symmetrical males to the symmetrical image and their overall lower frequency in the field could play a role if females perceive symmetrical males as less aggressive.
    [Show full text]
  • International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature Version 4C
    International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature Version 4c Philip D. Cantino and Kevin de Queiroz (equal contributors; names listed alphabetically) In consultation with: Committee on Phylogenetic Nomenclature (2009–2010): Brian Andres, Tom Artois, Harold N. Bryant, Philip D. Cantino, Julia A. Clarke, Jacques A. Gauthier, Walter Joyce, Michael Keesey, Michel Laurin, David Marjanović, Kevin Padian, and David Tank. Additional members of the initial advisory group and Committee on Phylogenetic Nomenclature for earlier versions: William S. Alverson, David A. Baum, Christopher A. Brochu, David C. Cannatella, Peter R. Crane, Benoît Dayrat, Kevin de Queiroz, Michael J. Donoghue, Torsten Eriksson, Kenneth Halanych, David S. Hibbett, Kathleen A. Kron, Michael S. Y. Lee, Alessandro Minelli, Brent D. Mishler, Gerry Moore, Richard G. Olmstead, Fredrik Pleijel, J. Mark Porter, Greg W. Rouse, Timothy Rowe, Christoffer Schander, Per Sundberg, Mikael Thollesson, Mieczyslaw Wolsan, and André R. Wyss. Most recent revision: January 12, 2010 1 Table of Contents Preface 3 Preamble 26 Division I. Principles 27 Division II. Rules 28 Chapter I. Taxa 28 Article 1. The Nature of Taxa 28 Article 2. Clades 28 Article 3. Hierarchy and Rank 30 Chapter II. Publication 31 Article 4. Publication Requirements 31 Article 5. Publication Date 31 Chapter III. Names 32 Section 1. Status 32 Article 6 32 Section 2. Establishment 33 Article 7. General Requirements 33 Article 8. Registration 34 Chapter IV. Clade Names 36 Article 9. General Requirements for Establishment of Clade Names 36 Article 10. Selection of Clade Names for Establishment 42 Article 11. Specifiers and Qualifying Clauses 48 Chapter V. Selection of Accepted Names 57 Article 12.
    [Show full text]