Müh 100 Mühendisliğe Giriş
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CHAPTER 1 THE ENGINEER 1.1. INTRODUCTION The root of the word “engineer” derives from “engine” and “ingenious” both of which come from the Latin root “ingenerate” meaning “to create”. “Mühendis” in Turkish derives from “hendese” which means “geometry” and thus mühendis is the one who makes dimensional calculations. “Hendesehane” means “School of Engineering”. Engineers are individuals who combine knowledge of science, mathematics and economics to solve technical problems that confront society. Main difference between scientists and engineers is the cost analysis. Early in human history, there were no formal schools to teach engineering. Early engineers were those, “Alaylı” in Turkish, who had a gift for manipulating the physical world to achieve a practical goal. Often, it would be learned through apprenticeship with experienced practitioners. Current engineers are educated, “Okullu” in Turkish, in mathematics, science and economics. According to ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, USA) engineers must demonstrate that they have: (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering, (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data, (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs, (d) an ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams, (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problems, (f) an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility, (g) an ability to communicate effectively, (h) the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context, (i) a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning, (j) a knowledge of contemporary issues, (k) an ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice. 1.2. ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES Figure 1.1 shows when the major engineering disciplines were born. Nearly all engineering disciples are thought to have evolved from civil engineering. Note that all engineering disciplines require extensive knowledge of physics, whereas chemical and materials engineering require extensive knowledge of physics and chemistry. Some recent disciples require extensive knowledge of physics, chemistry and biology. Physics Chemistry Biology Civil 3000 BC Engineering Military 1000 BC Engineering AD 1700 Mechanical Engineering AD 1800 Materials Engineering Electrical Agricultural Engineering Engineering Chemical Engineering AD 1900 AD 1950 Aerospace Engineering Computer Engineering Industrial Engineering Nuclear Engineering Biomedical Engineering Figure 1.1. Birth of engineering disciplines (A) Civil Engineering: Civil engineering is generally considered the oldest engineering discipline- its works trace back to the Egyptian pyramids and before. Many of the skills possessed by civil engineers (e.g., building walls, bridges, roads) are extremely useful in warfare, so these engineers worked on both military and civilian projects. Civil engineers are responsible for constructing large-scale projects such as roads, buildings, airports, dams, bridges, harbors, canals, water systems, and sewage systems. (B) Mechanical Engineering: Mechanical engineering was practiced concurrently with civil engineering because many of the devices needed to construct great civil engineering projects were mechanical in nature. During Industrial Revolution (1750-1780), wonderful machines were developed: steam engines, internal combustion engines, mechanical looms, sewing machines, and more. Thus, the birth of mechanical engineering took place as a discipline distinct from civil engineering. Mechanical engineers make engines, vehicles (automobiles, trains, planes, ships), machine tools, heat exchangers, industrial process equipment, power plants, consumer items, and systems for heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, and ventilation. (C) Electrical Engineering: Soon after physicists began to understand electricity, the electrical engineering profession was born. Electricity has served two main functions in society: the transmission of power and of information. Those electrical engineers who specialize in power transmission design and build electric generators, transformers, electric motors, and other high- power equipment. Those who specialize in information transmission design and build radios, televisions, computers, antennae, instrumentation, controllers, and communications equipment. Modern life is largely characterized by electronic equipment. Daily, we rely on many electronic devices-televisions, telephones, computers, calculators, and so on. (D) Chemical Engineering: Chemical engineering was born in 1880s as a combination of mechanical engineers and industrial chemists. Chemical engineering is characterized by a concept called unit operations. A unit operation is an individual piece of process equipment (chemical reactor, heat exchanger, pump, compressor, distillation column). Chemical engineers assemble chemical plants by combining unit operations together. Chemical engineers process raw materials (petroleum, coal, ores, corn, trees) into refined products (gasoline, heating oil, plastics, pharmaceuticals, paper, detergents, foods, sugar). (E) Industrial Engineering: Beginning of assembly lines in 1900s for mass production of cars and many other types of equipment resulted in time-motion studies for increasing the efficiencies of workers. Today industrial engineers develop, design, install, and operate integrated systems of people, machinery, and information to produce either goods or services. (F) Aerospace Engineering: Aerospace engineers design vehicles that operate in the atmosphere and in space. They design and built high performance flight vehicles (aircraft, helicopters, missiles, and spacecrafts). (G) Materials Engineering: Materials engineers are concerned with obtaining the materials required by modern society. Metals and their alloys, plastics, ceramics, composites, rocks, concrete, and many others are commonly used engineering materials. (H) Agricultural Engineering: Agricultural engineers help farmers efficiently produce food and fiber. They develop many farming machines (tractors, plows, combined harvesters, milking machines), and buildings (silos, green houses, barns). (I) Computer Engineering: Computer engineering evolved from electrical engineering. They understand both from hardware and software. They design and build various computers, operating systems, networks, and similar information processing systems. Computer engineering is the fastest growing engineering discipline all over the world. (J) Biomedical Engineering: Biomedical engineers combine traditional engineering fields (mechanical, electrical, chemical, industrial) and medical professions. They develop prosthetic devices, artificial kidney, pacemakers, and artificial hearts. Figure 1.2 Engineering degrees awarded in USA universities in 1993-94 academic year. 1.3. ENGINEERING FUNCTIONS Regardless of their disciplines, engineers can be classified by the function they perform: • Research engineers search for new knowledge to solve difficult problems that do not have readily apparent solutions. They require the greatest training, generally an MS or PhD degree. • Development engineers apply existing and new knowledge to develop prototype of new devices, structures, and processes. • Design engineers apply the results of research and development engineers to produce detailed designs of devices, structures, and process that will be used by the public. • Production (construction) engineers are concerned with specifying production schedules, determining raw materials availability, and optimizing assembly lines to mass produce the devices conceived by design engineers. • Testing engineers perform tests on engineered products to determine their reliability and suitability by design engineers. • Operations engineers run and maintain production facilities such as factories and chemical plants. • Sales engineers have the technical background required to sell technical products. • Managing engineers are needed in industry to coordinate the activities of the technology team. • Consulting engineers are specialists who are called upon by companies to supplement their in- house engineering talent. Figure 1.3 Employment records of various engineering disciplines in USA (1993-94) 1.4. CREATIVITY Rarely is creativity directly addressed in the engineering classroom. Some of the professors think that creativity is a talent students are born with and cannot be taught. Instead, the primary goal of engineering education is the transfer of knowledge to future generations that was painstakingly gained by past generations. Further, engineering education emphasizes the proper manipulation of knowledge to correctly solve problems. These activities support analysis, not synthesis. However, engineers are expected to combine knowledge together, synthesis, for developing a new product or a process. Both analysis and synthesis are part of the creative process. Table 1.1 lists some creative professions, of which engineering is one. Although the goals of authors, artists, and composers are many, most have the desire to communicate. Table 1.1 Creative professions Profession Goals Constraints Author Communication, exploration of emotions, Language development of characters Artist Communication, creation of beauty, Visual form experimentation with different media Composer Communication, creation of new sounds, Musical