CTBUH Journal Tall buildings: design, construction and operation | 2008 Issue III China Central Television Headquarters The Vertical Farm Partial Occupancies for Tall Buildings CTBUH Working Group Update: Sustainability Tall Buildings in Numbers Moscow Gaining Height Conference Australian CTBUH Seminars Editor’s Message The CTBUH Journal has undergone a major emerging trend. A number of very prominent cases transformation in 2008, as its editorial board has are studied, and fundamental considerations for sought to align its content with the core objectives each stakeholder in such a project are examined. of the Council. Over the past several issues, the journal editorial board has collaborated with some of the most innovative minds within the field of tall The forward thinking perspectives of our authors in building design and research to highlight new this issue are accompanied by a comprehensive concepts and technologies that promise to reshape survey of the structural design approach behind the the professional landscape for years to come. The new China Central Television (CCTV) Tower in Beijing, Journal now contains a number of new features China. The paper, presented by the chief designers intended to facilitate discourse amongst the behind the tower structure, explores the membership on the subjects showcased in its pages. groundbreaking achievements of the entire design And as we enter 2009, the publication is poised to team in such realms as computational analysis, achieve even more as brilliant designers, researchers, optimization, interpretation and negotiation of local builders and developers begin collaboration with us codes, and sophisticated construction on papers that present yet-to-be unveiled concepts methodologies. Many of the considerations made that change the way we think about tall buildings by the design team throughout design and and the urban habitats that develop within, around, construction are thoroughly discussed, and paint a and beneath them. vivid portrait of many modern challenges facing the most geometrically complex towers of our time. This current issue of the Journal follows suit, as it showcases the research and work of researchers and These papers, presented here in this issue of the designers who have envisioned the tall building CTBUH Journal, represent only a few of the many typology as a vessel for social, cultural and economic groundbreaking subjects that are currently being activities that have not as yet reached their true explored by contributors from every corner of the potential for enhancing urban life, and in some cases industry, who are today working with our editorial have not to date been implemented in large board to develop pieces that will be featured in our measure anywhere in the world. The concept of future issues. As we continue to grow, we look to our vertical farming for instance, presented in the membership to participate in this evolution, by following pages by Eric Ellingsen and Dickson participating in the development of a paper on a Despommier, holds promise to revitalize every stage topic of interest, or serving on the editorial board as of food production by importing the entire complex an advisor or peer reviewer. If you would like to system to the city and housing it within highly contribute to the Council through the authoring of a specialized tall buildings adapted for this purpose. It paper or conducting peer reviews, please contact us is a notion that is not without its pragmatic at [email protected]. On behalf of the Council, I quandaries, but one whose merits more than justify look forward to hearing from you. in-depth exploration. Best Regards, Robert Lau explores a series of novel construction projects involving post-occupancy construction, which has facilitated early revenue generation for © Arup Zak Kostura developers who have been bold enough to join this Zak Kostura, Editor Published by CTBUH Chairman Copyright the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat David Scott Copyright 2008 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban © CTBUH 2008 Habitat. All rights reserved. No part of this publication CTBUH Executive Director may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any Editor Antony Wood means, electronic or mechanical, without permission in Zak Kostura Manager of Operations writing from the publisher. t: +1 212 896 3240 Geri Kery e: [email protected] Image Copyright t: +1 312 909 0253 CTBUH Journal has endeavored to determine the Associate Editor f: +1 610 419 0014 copyright holders of all images. Those uncredited have Robert Lau e: [email protected] been sourced from listed authors or from within CTBUH. Design & Layout Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Print Katharina Holzapfel Illinois Institute of Technology CTBUH Journal is printed by Source4-Chicago. e: [email protected] 3360 South State Street www.source4.com Design Consultant Chicago, IL 60616-3793 Front cover: CCTV Building © Frank P. Palmer Thomas Graham www.ctbuh.org 2 | Editor's Message CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Inside News and Events Features Case Study: CCTV Building - Headquarters & Cultural Center 04 Message from the Chairman 42 Tall Buildings in Numbers 14 Authors Chris Carroll, Paul Cross, Xiaonian Duan, Craig Gibbons, Goman Ho, Michael Kwok, Richard David Scott, CTBUH Chairman An Overview of Historical Lawson, Alexis Lee, Ronald Li, Andrew Luong, Rory McGowan, Chas Pope Arup Arup is a global firm of designers, engineers, Factors Affecting Tall Building planners and business consultants providing a diverse range of professional services to clients around the world. The firm has over 10 000 staff working in more than 90 offices in 37 countries. 05 CTBUH News and Events Energy Consumption Arup has three main global business areas – buildings, infrastructure and consulting – although their multi-disciplinary approach means that any given project may involve people from any or all of the sectors or regions in which they operate. Arup has extensive experience in the field of tall Antony Wood, CTBUH Figure 2. Uniform bracing pattern Figure 3. Unfolded’ view of final bracing pattern buildings, having provided core multidisciplinary Figure 1. Architect’s impression of the building design services for such notable projects as 30 St. Mary Axe in London, the International Commerce Center (ICC) in Hong Kong, and the I.Q. Tower in ng. In their architectural response, however, Development of the structural form two-storey module (see Figure 2). This was Doha, Qatar. The new headquarters of China Central Television contains the entire television-making process Executive Director 50 Review within a single building. The 234m tall tower redefines the form of the skyscraper, with the OMA decided that by doing just this, it should From the outset, it was determined that the chosen to coincide with the location of several primary system comprised of a continuous structural tube of columns, beams and braces be possible to break down the ‘ghettoes’ that only way to deliver the desired architectural double-height studios within the Towers. A Arup around the entire skin of the building. In order to gain structural approval an Expert Panel tend to form in a complex and compartmen- form of the CCTV building was to engage the stiff floor plate diaphragm is therefore only 13 Fitzroy Street London process was necessary, for which a performance-based analysis was carried out to justify the talized process like making TV programmes, entire façade structure, creating in essence an guaranteed on alternate storeys, hence lateral W1T 4BQ design. This made extensive use of finite element analysis and advanced non-linear elasto- and create a building whose layout in three external continuous tube system. This would loads from intermediate levels are transferred Skyscraper Museum Exhibit: t: (+44) 020 7636 1531 plastic time history to evaluate the structural behaviour and ensure the building safety under dimensions would force all those involved to give the structure the largest available dimen- back to the principal diaphragm levels via the www.arup.com different levels of seismic event. The leaning form and varied programme, including the need to mix and produce a better end-product more sions to resist the huge bending forces gener- internal core and the columns. accommodate large studio spaces, posed additional challenges for the gravity structure, and efficiently. ated by the cranked, leaning form – as well as resulted in the introduction of a large number of transfer trusses throughout the tower. Erecting loads from wind and extreme earthquakes. and connecting the two massive towers presented the structural engineers and contractors However, results of the preliminary analysis 05 What’s on the Web Vertical Cities: Hong Kong I with further design and construction challenges. The winning design for the 473,000m², showed that the forces in the braces varied 234m tall, CCTV building (see Figure 1) thus The ‘tube’ is formed by fully bracing all sides of considerably around the structure, with combines administration and offices, news the façade. The planes of bracing are continu- particular concentrations near the roof of the Introduction Architectural Concept and broadcasting, programme production ous through the building volume in order to Overhang and at the connection to the Base. This article describes the structural design and China Central Television (CCTV), the country’s Featuring new content now New York and services – the entire TV-making process reinforce and stiffen the corners. The system This led to an optimization process in which construction of the CCTV Building in Beijing, state broadcaster, plans to expand from 18 – in a single loop of interconnected activities is ideally suited to deal with the nature and the brace pattern was modified by adding or including development of the structural con- to 200 channels and compete globally in the around the four elements of the building: the intensity of permanent and temporary loading removing diagonals (i.e. ‘doubling’ or ‘halving’ cept, performance-based seismic design and coming years.