CTBUH Journal

Tall buildings: design, construction and operation | 2008 Issue III

China Central Television Headquarters The Vertical Farm Partial Occupancies for Tall Buildings CTBUH Working Group Update: Sustainability Tall Buildings in Numbers Moscow Gaining Height Conference Australian CTBUH Seminars Editor’s Message

The CTBUH Journal has undergone a major emerging trend. A number of very prominent cases transformation in 2008, as its editorial board has are studied, and fundamental considerations for sought to align its content with the core objectives each stakeholder in such a project are examined. of the Council. Over the past several issues, the journal editorial board has collaborated with some of the most innovative minds within the field of tall The forward thinking perspectives of our authors in building design and research to highlight new this issue are accompanied by a comprehensive concepts and technologies that promise to reshape survey of the structural design approach behind the the professional landscape for years to come. The new China Central Television (CCTV) Tower in Beijing, Journal now contains a number of new features China. The paper, presented by the chief designers intended to facilitate discourse amongst the behind the tower structure, explores the membership on the subjects showcased in its pages. groundbreaking achievements of the entire design And as we enter 2009, the publication is poised to team in such realms as computational analysis, achieve even more as brilliant designers, researchers, optimization, interpretation and negotiation of local builders and developers begin collaboration with us codes, and sophisticated construction on papers that present yet-to-be unveiled concepts methodologies. Many of the considerations made that change the way we think about tall buildings by the design team throughout design and and the urban habitats that develop within, around, construction are thoroughly discussed, and paint a and beneath them. vivid portrait of many modern challenges facing the most geometrically complex towers of our time.

This current issue of the Journal follows suit, as it showcases the research and work of researchers and These papers, presented here in this issue of the designers who have envisioned the tall building CTBUH Journal, represent only a few of the many typology as a vessel for social, cultural and economic groundbreaking subjects that are currently being activities that have not as yet reached their true explored by contributors from every corner of the potential for enhancing urban life, and in some cases industry, who are today working with our editorial have not to date been implemented in large board to develop pieces that will be featured in our measure anywhere in the world. The concept of future issues. As we continue to grow, we look to our vertical farming for instance, presented in the membership to participate in this evolution, by following pages by Eric Ellingsen and Dickson participating in the development of a paper on a Despommier, holds promise to revitalize every stage topic of interest, or serving on the editorial board as of food production by importing the entire complex an advisor or peer reviewer. If you would like to system to the city and housing it within highly contribute to the Council through the authoring of a specialized tall buildings adapted for this purpose. It paper or conducting peer reviews, please contact us is a notion that is not without its pragmatic at [email protected]. On behalf of the Council, I quandaries, but one whose merits more than justify look forward to hearing from you. in-depth exploration. Best Regards, Robert Lau explores a series of novel construction projects involving post-occupancy construction, which has facilitated early revenue generation for © Arup Zak Kostura developers who have been bold enough to join this Zak Kostura, Editor

Published by CTBUH Chairman Copyright the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat David Scott Copyright 2008 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban © CTBUH 2008 Habitat. All rights reserved. No part of this publication CTBUH Executive Director may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any Editor Antony Wood means, electronic or mechanical, without permission in Zak Kostura Manager of Operations writing from the publisher. t: +1 212 896 3240 Geri Kery e: [email protected] Image Copyright t: +1 312 909 0253 CTBUH Journal has endeavored to determine the Associate Editor f: +1 610 419 0014 copyright holders of all images. Those uncredited have Robert Lau e: [email protected] been sourced from listed authors or from within CTBUH. Design & Layout Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Print Katharina Holzapfel Illinois Institute of Technology CTBUH Journal is printed by Source4-Chicago. e: [email protected] 3360 South State Street www.source4.com Design Consultant Chicago, IL 60616-3793 Front cover: CCTV Building © Frank P. Palmer Thomas Graham www.ctbuh.org

2 | Editor's Message CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Inside

News and Events Features

Case Study: CCTV Building - Headquarters & Cultural Center 04 Message from the Chairman 42 Tall Buildings in Numbers 14 Authors Chris Carroll, Paul Cross, Xiaonian Duan, Craig Gibbons, Goman Ho, Michael Kwok, Richard David Scott, CTBUH Chairman An Overview of Historical Lawson, Alexis Lee, Ronald Li, Andrew Luong, Rory McGowan, Chas Pope Arup

Arup is a global firm of designers, engineers, Factors Affecting Tall Building planners and business consultants providing a diverse range of professional services to clients around the world. The firm has over 10 000 staff working in more than 90 offices in 37 countries.

05 CTBUH News and Events Energy Consumption Arup has three main global business areas – buildings, infrastructure and consulting – although their multi-disciplinary approach means that any given project may involve people from any or all of the sectors or regions in which they operate. Arup has extensive experience in the field of tall Antony Wood, CTBUH Figure 2. Uniform bracing pattern Figure 3. Unfolded’ view of final bracing pattern buildings, having provided core multidisciplinary Figure 1. Architect’s impression of the building design services for such notable projects as 30 St. Mary Axe in London, the International Commerce Center (ICC) in Hong Kong, and the I.Q. Tower in ng. In their architectural response, however, Development of the structural form two-storey module (see Figure 2). This was Doha, Qatar. The new headquarters of China Central Television contains the entire television-making process Executive Director 50 Review within a single building. The 234m tall tower redefines the form of the skyscraper, with the OMA decided that by doing just this, it should From the outset, it was determined that the chosen to coincide with the location of several primary system comprised of a continuous structural tube of columns, beams and braces be possible to break down the ‘ghettoes’ that only way to deliver the desired architectural double-height studios within the Towers. A Arup around the entire skin of the building. In order to gain structural approval an Expert Panel tend to form in a complex and compartmen- form of the CCTV building was to engage the stiff floor plate diaphragm is therefore only 13 Fitzroy Street London process was necessary, for which a performance-based analysis was carried out to justify the talized process like making TV programmes, entire façade structure, creating in essence an guaranteed on alternate storeys, hence lateral W1T 4BQ design. This made extensive use of finite element analysis and advanced non-linear elasto- and create a building whose layout in three external continuous tube system. This would loads from intermediate levels are transferred Skyscraper Museum Exhibit: t: (+44) 020 7636 1531 plastic time history to evaluate the structural behaviour and ensure the building safety under dimensions would force all those involved to give the structure the largest available dimen- back to the principal diaphragm levels via the www.arup.com different levels of seismic event. The leaning form and varied programme, including the need to mix and produce a better end-product more sions to resist the huge bending forces gener- internal core and the columns. accommodate large studio spaces, posed additional challenges for the gravity structure, and efficiently. ated by the cranked, leaning form – as well as resulted in the introduction of a large number of transfer trusses throughout the tower. Erecting loads from wind and extreme earthquakes. and connecting the two massive towers presented the structural engineers and contractors However, results of the preliminary analysis 05 What’s on the Web Vertical Cities: Hong Kong I with further design and construction challenges. The winning design for the 473,000m², showed that the forces in the braces varied 234m tall, CCTV building (see Figure 1) thus The ‘tube’ is formed by fully bracing all sides of considerably around the structure, with combines administration and offices, news the façade. The planes of bracing are continu- particular concentrations near the roof of the Introduction Architectural Concept and broadcasting, programme production ous through the building volume in order to Overhang and at the connection to the Base. This article describes the structural design and China Central Television (CCTV), the country’s Featuring new content now New York and services – the entire TV-making process reinforce and stiffen the corners. The system This led to an optimization process in which construction of the CCTV Building in Beijing, state broadcaster, plans to expand from 18 – in a single loop of interconnected activities is ideally suited to deal with the nature and the brace pattern was modified by adding or including development of the structural con- to 200 channels and compete globally in the around the four elements of the building: the intensity of permanent and temporary loading removing diagonals (i.e. ‘doubling’ or ‘halving’ cept, performance-based seismic design and coming years. To accommodate this expan- nine-storey ‘Base’, the two leaning Towers that on the building, and is a versatile, efficient the pattern), depending on the strength and Expert Panel Review process. sion, they organized an international design slope at 6° in each direction, and the nine to structure which can bridge in bending and stiffness requirements of the design, based on available on the CTBUH competition early in 2002 to design a new 13-storey ‘Overhang’, suspended 36 storeys in torsion between the Towers, provide enough a Level 1 earthquake analysis. This also enabled headquarters building. This was won by OMA “Prior to connection, the two Towers would the air. strength and stiffness in the Towers to deliver a degree of standardization of the brace ele- (Office of Metropolitan Architecture) and Arup, loads to the ground, and stiffen up the Base ment section sizes (see Figure 3). move independently of each other due to which subsequently allied with the East China to reinforce the lower Tower levels and deliver 51 CTBUH Working Group: Design Institute (ECADI) to act as the essential The public facilities are in a second building, website loads to the foundations in the most favour- environmental conditions, in particular wind and local design institute (LDI) for both architecture the Television Cultural Centre (TVCC), and both able possible distribution, given the geometry. This was an extremely iterative process due thermal expansion and contraction. As soon as and engineering. are serviced from a third Service Building that to the high indeterminacy of the structure, The unusual brief, in television terms, was that houses major plant as well as security. The with each changing of the pattern altering the Update they were joined, therefore, the elements at the all the functions for production, management, whole development will provide 599,000m² The tube was originally envisaged as a regular dynamic behaviour of the structure and hence and administration would be contained on the gross floor area and covers 187,000m², includ- pattern of perimeter steel or steel-reinforced the seismic forces that are attracted by each link would have to be able to resist the stresses chosen site in the new Beijing Central Business ng a landscaped media park with external concrete (SRC) columns, perimeter beams, element. It was carried out in close 06 Global News Tall Buildings + Sustainability caused by these movements. ” District (CBD), but not necessarily in one build- features. and diagonal steel braces set out on a typically Highlights from the CTBUH global news archive 52 Diary What’s coming up? 26 The Vertical Farm - The origin of a 21st century Architectural Typology 12 CTBUH Awards Dinner The Vertical Farm, as perceived by the public, is mutates from the hospital and proliferated into variations at every architectural scale, from choreography of food visibility. Food is the house to office, studio to indoor stadium. most dynamic and complex of systems in the “While no one questions the value of farming in 21st century, requiring a web of 2008 Winners of the ‘Best Tall interrelationships. Yet we often forget, as getting us to this point in our evolutionary The Vertical Farm is a correlate of the modern Wendell Berry states, that ”eating is an city, offering stability while embracing the agricultural act.” (Berry, 1990) Therefore, the first CTBUH change. Far from fantasy, the Vertical Farm thing the vertical Farm does is mediate the Eric C. Ellingsen history, even our earliest efforts caused scoops up the available ducts and technologies visibility of the production of food. The Vertical Building’ and 'Lifetime at the opening of the 21st century, organizing irreversible damage to the natural landscape, and Farm helps you realize that your engagement and redistributing otherwise unrelated parts, with the world, particularly in terms of what are so wide-spread now that it threatens to alter grafting together everything available, from you eat, has consequences. the rest of the course of our life on this planet.” NASA Biosphere control systems to Achievements' awards. Greenhouse technology. What is crucial to understand at the outset is that the Vertical As you approach the Vertical Farm from a Farm is a complex system rather than a single distance, you witness transparent shelves of 44 Moscow Gaining Height Dickson Donald Despommier building. In other words, the Vertical Farm is not color and texture cantilevered off the structural core of the living system (see Figure 1). The Though often bandied about by architectural form chasers, the invention of typologies are merely a building where you grow tomatoes Authors rare. The fortuitous resultant of social imperatives, cultural and economic necessity, intrac- and shortened corn situated in the milieu of an shelves are agricultural programmed boxes, 1Eric C. Ellingsen urban setting; rather, the Vertical Farm is a each striated with modern fields of ripe Figure 1. The Vertical Farm model from above as seen in 2Dickson Donald Despommier table environmental pressures and technological prodigality, architectural typologies, like the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago. real paradigm shifts, are mostly nothing more than UFO sightings: stories dreamt up in bars functional part of the urban system itself. The agricultural foliage: vegetation, fruits, etc.

Conference: Review, 1 and wishfully elaborated for credibility in digital manifestoes. Vertical Farm is not merely a skyscraper with (Note: the particular foods in each shelf would College of Architecture 25 Letters Illinois Institute of Technology farm plots chopped up like strips of turf and be controlled to cancel the foods traveling the S.R. Crown Hall, 3360 S. State St “The duct is one of the most monumental relationship between parts, rooms, program, rolled into FAR [foot to area ratio] rationed most miles to your now truly sustainable city, Chicago, IL 60616 nd th [innovations] in the history of environmental mechanical and natural systems of exchange e: [email protected] floorplates. Indeed, the Vertical Farm is not and, be selected around the individual dietary 22 – 24 October 2008 engineering.” and circulation that allowed the hospital to merely about food, but about the unseen and cultural palette of the community). Also, Reyner Banham (Banham, 1969) become a finely tuned and controlled circuits of energy and materials, labor and springing from the structural core, you notice Feedback and Comments 2Department of Environmental Health Sciences Mailman School of Public Health instrument of beauty, very literally an organon resources, capital and infrastructure, residential apartments set like seeds into the Columbia University However, one such occurrence can be noted of change. (Organic has Greek roots from technology and politics upon which our cities more hermitically sealed laboratories in which 60 Haven Ave, Rm. 100 at the opening of the 20th century, which did Organon: instrument, tool. (Rykwert, 1992)). At depend; food is only a single component of the the agricultural systems would be researched The conference focused on New York, NY 10032 e: [email protected] not appear as visibly among all the that moment architecture evolved as a Vertical Farm, the most visible part, the market and initially cultivated for control purposes and

wonderful—indeed they are extraordinary!— modern enterprise, not merely a structural and marketable part (imagine the politically finally deployed, by way of the core, into the avant-garde manifestoes. It is the modern revolution, but the material embodiment of a marketable ‘greenness’ of a 1000ft luscious shelves. Apartments to both scientists and Eric C. Ellingsen hospital as a new architectural typology and networked, technical, spatial assemblage cornicopic living transparent zone of fertility students, the Vertical Farm also contains Figure 2. The Vertical Farm Park at base of model Eric C. Ellingsen holds a Masters of Architecture, information and cultural and a Master of Landscape from the University of the untold (and not adequately told here) where 19th century structural revolutions of next to the black steel and glass skyscraper in program for private residences, and for those Pennsylvania, (2005); a Masters in Classical history of the duct (think of the Vertical Farm as the steel frame could be enmeshed with your city); food, the only part of farming which residents, gardens and vertical parks linking Philosophy, St. John’s College, Annapolis MD (2000). He is a Senior Lecturer at the College of Reyer Banham might, a history of the near mechanical technology, the individual, the consumers see while the rest of the industrial the outside of the shelves with the living and Architecture, Illinois Institute of Technology, and future). microbe, the city. It was near this time that the process remaining invisible, unquestioned, the labs (see Figure 2). As you look closer you serves as Assistant Director of the Graduate Case Study exchange. Landscape Program. surgical suite replaces the anatomical theater, absolved by sheer ignorance. Essentially, the will notice that some of the programmatic and the natural environment is linked together Vertical Farm allows us to address in one shelves contain grazing colors, which seem to In 1906 the Royal Victoria Hospital, by Henman in a living mechanical architectural system, ambitious but realistic strategy, the precarious be in motion. Upon closer inspection (see Dickson Donald Despommier and Cooper, opened in Belfast, Ireland. which addressed social, societal, political, and tricky crisis of modernity between the Figure 3) you notice pigs and chickens, not the Dickson Donald Despommier holds a Ph. D in (Banham, 1969). It was the first modernized, Biology from University of Notre Dame (1967), a biological, and individual needs. It was the individual and the city, which French sour image via noisome smell of the factory Masters in Science in Medical Parasitology from air-conditioned building in the world, and duct which permitted the reinvention of the philosopher Paul Ricour stated so poignantly, it farm hidden out of site and attempting to Columbia University (1964). He is a Professor of launched the hospital as an apparatus that hospital, which had been in existence since allows us to participate in the local place and evade the eye, but rather sterile and proud Public Health and Microbiology at Columbia simultaneously reached across multiple scales University, NYC, 1982-present. Associate Professor 4000BC. Thus a mechanism of exchange and global flow at the same time, to embrace public animal production. Finally, you will of Public Health and Microbiology, Columbia of engagement. It addressed and organized environmental controls becomes the impetus modernity and simultaneously return to our notice two systems of tanks; one system 14 China Central Television 48 Australian CTBUH Seminars: University, NYC,1975-1982. the internal needs of a person and the internal for both new typologies, and a new breed of roots.” (Ricour, 1965) Those roots simply exist comprised of smaller pools filled with fish and control of a building environment, to the architecturally mediated and controlled 1000 feet above the ground. (A ground which shrimp, the other much larger tank linked into mediation of an external population of environmental possibilities, pressures, and would be better served by forests than by a waste water and bio-solid treatment facility, Figure 3. A vertical Farm in Dubai. Design by Eric Ellingsen individuals and the external conditions of the and Dickson Despommier. Image by Eric Ellingsen, Homero constraints, possibilities which leaps and feed-stock, as it turns out.) looking much like active industrial Rios, and Mo Phala. (CCTV) Headquarters Report natural environment. It was the functional Building & Cultural Centre, Green or Grey - The Aesthetics Beijing of Tall Building Sustainability Partial Occupancies for Phased and Multi-Use Tall Buildings 53 Alan Jalil 36 "What if parts of a building could be occupied Research Profile - CTBUH Country before the entire building is completed?"

Robert Lau In the Spring 2004 issue of the CTBUH journal I wrote an article ‘Multiple Phase Construction Representative, France Author for a Multi-Use Tall Building’. This article noted the financial risk that multi-use buildings can be Robert Lau exposed to because they can be constructed without becoming fully occupied upon Roosevelt University 430 S. Michigan Avenue completion. Another issue has been the long time-frame required for constructing large multi- Chicago, IL 60605-1394, USA use high-rise buildings. What if parts of a building could be occupied before the entire building 26 Eric Ellingsen & Dickson e: [email protected] is completed? What if a large high-rise project could be constructed in phases, so that only the Figure 1. Hotel entry at Trump Tower on upper Wabash Figure 2. North elevation of Trump Tower over Figure 3. Blue Cross Blue Shield at start of vertical expansion spaces that the current market can support will be constructed? hotel entry Robert M. Lau received his Bachelor of Architecture degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology (host institution for the CTBUH) and his Master of tower. Building the first, then the second or An advantage of Partial Occupancy projects is The financial advantage is occupying as each While any construction project involves risks, spaces can open as independent entities Business Administration at the Chicago School of third can be described as Vertical Expansion. their ability for some tenants to open for use is completed instead of at tower Despommier 53 Dr. Peyman Askari Nejad Real Estate at Roosevelt University. to construct above an occupied space has before the office and/or residential While the concepts are the same as other business as soon as possible, without waiting completion. In the case of multi-use Tall He has worked with Myron Goldsmith and Lucien inherently more risks. Planning can remedy components are completed above. In some master planned projects, the construction for the completion of the tower. An advantage Buildings, the time-frame for construction can Lagrange at Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (Chicago some of these risks. Each stakeholder has cases, this time lag could be months to over a office) and with Helmut Jahn and Jim Goettsch at takes place within one structure as opposed to of Phased Construction Vertical Expansion, as be years. Developers that can complete a Murphy/Jahn in Chicago. He is an advocate of the differing attitudes regarding the execution of year. Some examples include: many structures within the same site. Some in other master planned projects, is their ability space for occupancy by retail or offices, on the Chicago School of Architecture, beginning with the construction. City building departments The Vertical Farm - The origin William LeBaron Jenny, John Root, and Louis 1. One Rincon Hill in San Francisco by Profile - CTBUH Country examples include: to minimize the risks of constructing large- lower floors, have a financial advantage over Sullivan and continuing through Fazlur Khan and are skeptical about issuing a permit for only Solomon Cordwell Buenz (Post 2008) scale space at one time period and not those who must wait until total tower Myron Goldsmith. occupying part of the building instead of the 1. Bentall 5 in Vancouver by the Musson flooding the market at what could be a completion. Securing financing may be easier He has written several articles for the CTBUH entire structure. How the remainder is a. Floors 8-27 occupied in Jan. 2008 Cattell Mackey Partnership (bentall5) Journal. He presented the paper ‘A Platonistic vulnerable time. By being able to adjust to the in these scenarios. Program for Block 37 in Chicago’s Loop’ at the constructed, while tenants occupy the spaces b. Floors 28-35 occupied in Feb. 2008 a. Phase I office floors to 22 occupied in of a 21st century Architectural December 2001 CTBUH conference Building for the current market, Vertical Expansions can Representative, Iran below, is a concern to all involved. This paper 21st Century in London and the paper ‘Financial c. Residences to floor 60 occupied in Sept. 2002 minimize the financial risks inherent in Aspects That Drive Design Decisions’ at the October will discuss Partial Occupancy issues from the While current requirements are sometimes 2005 conference in New York City. He was also a Aug. 2008 b. Phase II office floors 23-34 occupied in large-scale construction projects. Both Partial member of the NY conference’s committee that views of designers, contractors, building difficult to assess, planning for future 2. Trump Tower Chicago by Skidmore, April 2007 Occupancy and Phased Construction projects reviewed the papers to be presented. owners, the city government that the project is requirements can be even more difficult. It is Owings, and Merrill (Bergen 2008) can benefit the financial bottom-line for Typology In addition to practicing architecture in Chicago, he constructed in, and the current tenants while 2. Blue Cross Blue Shield in Chicago by critical that the developer is aware of the risks is a Construction Committee member with the investors by their advantages. the construction is taking place. While there Goettsch Partners (Corning 2008) Windy City Habitat for Humanity (local affiliate). a. Hotel floors 14–27 occupied in Jan. involved for predicting the future. As are several examples of partial high-rise 2008 a. Phase I office floors to 32 occupied in construction material costs have risen in the occupancy, identifying and addressing these b. Residence floor 92 topped out in 1997, daytime worker population of 4,400 MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS OF THE PROJECT United States in 2008, convincing an owner to special concerns will be important for issuing August 2008 invest in materials, knowing that they will not 54 CTBUH Organizational future permits. b. Phase II office floors 33-57 to be Designers and Developers be used for years to come, could be a ‘tough c. Completion to be in 2009 completed in 2009, anticipated daytime While planning is required for the design of sell’. Setting aside certain assets today, to be worker population of 8,000 total for both any project, advanced planning is required in used in a future addition in the coming years, INTRODUCTION phases projects that include either Partial Occupancy Phased Construction (Vertical Expansion) could be difficult to persuade to a stockholder 36 Robert Lau Partial Occupancy or Vertical Expansion. In a designer’s mind, the Structure + Member Listings looking at the balance sheets. In master planned projects, components are In most construction projects, an Occupancy project is considered a combination of planned but not designed or intended for Incentives for Partial Occupancy or Phased Permit is secured after the construction has separate buildings. Each can be designed and construction for years or even decades to Construction Projects been completed. The city issuing this permit constructed on its own, as part of a complete A total planning package needs to be come. Master plan projects may (for example) Large-scale multi-use Tall Buildings are defines the project as safe and complete for whole. This approach will include inherent developed at the outset of the project by the Partial Occupancies for build an office tower first, then a retail mall, complicated structures involving an army of human habitation in which it was intended. A redundancies. By planning for elevators and designers and the developer. Andrew Weiss of and then a residential tower lastly, when the stakeholders. They require vast resources, Partial Occupancy permit allows only a portion utility shafts for the entire project, each the Trump Organization says,” We planned the neighborhood has established this market multi-year planning and multi-year of the completed project to be open for occupied phase will sustain itself within the entire project so that the different uses within over the past several years. This can be construction scheduling. Besides the large occupancy. The remainder of the construction context of the whole. Planning this the Trump Tower Chicago could open at Phased and Multi-Use Tall especially true in former industrial areas that quantities of materials required for infrastructure for the tower creates the can continue until its completion. This type of different times.” Tom Corning of Walsh are being converted to other zoning uses by construction, financing a project of this arrangement will benefit multi-use towers possibility of constructing each use Construction has been working on the Vertical the city. It is now possible to construct these magnitude is a major accomplishment. Many since the lower-floor commercial and retail individually and over time, if required. Expansion of the Blue Cross Blue Shield in Buildings independent components as one complete risks are inherent in any construction project. “What is crucial to understand at the outset is that the Vertical Farm is a complex system rather than a single building. In other words, the Vertical Farm is not merely a building where you grow tomatoes and corn situated in the milieu of an urban setting; rather, the Vertical Farm is a functional part of the urban system itself.” Visit www.ctbuh.org for more on the global tall building Eric Ellingsen and Dickson Despommier, page 26 industry and the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Content | 3 CTBUH Chairman’s Message

Unfortunately the recent drop in oil prices has reinforced the view that we are still in the era of cheap and plentiful fuel, and some companies/countries are even talking about putting their sustainable agenda on hold. This would be a mistake; as we will eventually have to understand that we have already passed Congratulations to Zak Kostura, Katharina Peak Oil, and when the world economy Structural Engineers of the Year 2007 Holzapfel and the production team for the returns, energy prices have the potential to September, 2008, The Structural Design of Tall & Special CTBUH Journal: we have now managed to skyrocket. The short term fall in energy costs Buildings, Volume 17, No. 3 achieve our goal of printing three editions per presents a false sense of security, however it is year, and with each edition we have had a also an opportunity for some developers to Ron Klemencic, CTBUH Vice-Chair and notable increase in both quantity and quality. make their building profile more sustainable President of Magnusson Klemencic Associates The Journal is fast becoming recognized as the which will have long term benefits.. and Robert McNamara, Principal at McNamara/ best multi-disciplinary publication whose focus Salvia have been selected as Structural is on the technical issues associated with tall Engineers of the Year 2007 in the journal The buildings and their place in the urban habitat. The Council’s is very pleased that the members Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, of our Sustainability Working Group, under the published by John Wiley and Sons. Ron and leadership of Sadhu Johnson and Antony To reflect the Council's increasing focus on Robert received their accolades in recognition Wood, are making significant progress in their sustainability we plan to feature articles on the of both their career contributions and objective of describing the issues of tall sustainable refurbishment of tall buildings in independently their major impact on building buildings and sustainability. Also in line with future issues of the Journal and all members the Council’s sustainable objectives, we are design. In recognition of their achievements, are invited to participate. It is sobering to planning for our next affiliate conference to The Structural Design of Tall and Special consider that buildings consume some focus on the issues of sustainable urban Buildings has published papers presenting a 30~40% of the world’s energy. While new planning and issues of sustainability that are summary of each of their careers. buildings tend to be increasingly sustainable best considered on a city or mega-project and energy efficient, one of the big challenges scale. This conference is scheduled for May that the world faces is to improve the CTBUH in the Media 2009 and will be located in Mumbai. performance of its existing building stock. Even The Future of the on buildings completed within the last 10 Skyscraper years, diligent operators have managed to At this time of year the Council recognizes October 14th, 2008, create energy savings of 30~50%, by several exceptional tall building projects and BusinessWeek Online improving operations and systems. We have a tall building designers through our annual lot to learn from such examples. Awards program. This year the Council has Antony Wood, CTBUH Executive Director, expanded its awards program to reflect the discusses the evolution of the world’s growing interest in tall buildings in all regions skyscrapers in a video interview for Towards the middle of this year it looked like of the world. I would like to congratulate all BusinessWeek Online. “We’re seeing a major the continuous climb of energy prices was the winners and all the runners up in our 2008 emphasis change both in who are building tall finally going to get people focused on annual tall building awards. I would particularly buildings and why they are being built” said improving, monitoring and comparing energy like to congratulate architect Cesar Pelli and Wood. “If you look at the title of the world's efficiency in buildings. Tall buildings, in engineer Bill Baker for their overall and tallest buildings historically, they had names particular, are major users of energy, simply like the Chrysler Building, the Tribune Tower individual achievements in the tall building because of the concentration of people within - the buildings were all about projecting the industry. The Council is also pleased to a given volume, and there is a real need for the corporation behind the building that was congratulate Sabah Al Rayes and Jim Forbes users, operators and designers of these being built. But that’s changed. In the past five who have been elected as Fellows of the buildings to understand how much energy or ten years the titles of these supertall Council, in recognition of the hard work that they use. Unfortunately actual energy data on buildings include: the Chicago Spire, Taipei 101 they have given to the Council and the many buildings is still very difficult to obtain, or the Burj Dubai and it’s like they have been years of support. although legislation in places such as Europe is adopted by the city or the country to project the status of these cities and countries – forcing building operators to declare their especially developing countries – on the world energy usage. This is leading to increased All the best. stage.” competition between operators to improve energy efficiency set and new performance For more CTBUH in the Media articles, go to standards. www.ctbuh.org/media.htm David Scott, CTBUH Chairman

4 | CTBUH Chairman's Message CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CTBUH News and Events

Elsevier, which will be the first in a series CTBUH Headquarter. The final members of the produced each year. Also taking place on the new team will be joining us at the start of 2009 day was the work underpinning our new so look out for an introduction to them in the ‘Podcast’ initiative, with interviews with Shaun first journal edition of 2009. In the meantime, if Killa of Atkins Dubai, Larry Ng from Pelli Clark you haven’t done so already, please visit the Pelli, and Eugene Kohn and Bill Pedersen of Council website: www.ctbuh.org to enjoy the KPF speaking together. Watch for the footage fruits of our labors over the past 12 months – a This third Journal issue of the year comes hot from this which will be hitting your computer new free-to-download image database, ‘tallest’ on the heels of the 7th Annual Awards Dinner screens in the New Year. lists from around the world, a video library, (see report, pages 12-13). In line with other design research projects, international tall outputs of the Council in recent years – This quarter has also been busy with other buildings news features updated every day, publications, website, databases, this journal – initiatives, such as an affiliate conference held and the wealth of technical papers etc which the awards dinner just keeps getting bigger in Moscow (see pages 44-47), significant have been the stock trade of CTBUH for many and better. This year we had a record moves forward from our sustainability group years. We will be celebrating our 40th attendance – 240 people – who joined the (see page 51) and an excellent trip to Brisbane Anniversary next year, since our founding in winning teams that had flown in from and Sydney to speak to the Australian CTBUH 1969. Please watch this space for an even- Shanghai, Bahrain, London and New York to for me (see pages 48-49). more impressive line-up of outputs and events celebrate the ‘Best Tall Building Awards’, and to For a year which began in event terms with from the world’s leading multi-disciplinary honor the considerable lifetime achievements our 8th World Congress Dubai in early March body in the field of tall buildings! of Cesar Pelli and and has finished with the 7th Annual Awards William F. Baker. Also a dinner, 2008 will be marked as a fantastic year All the best for 2009. first was the inaugural for the Council. Although, of course, the ‘ Best Tall Buildings worldwide economic crisis now puts 2008’ book produced continued growth under threat, the tripling of by CTBUH in our membership base in the past two years Antony Wood conjunction with has allowed a significant expansion of staff at CTBUH Executive Director

What’s on the Web: Highlights of the CTBUH website

Image Database images to this effort, please contact info@ Most watched CTBUH Videos, Oct 08 ctbuh.org Wanted: Tall Buildings Less The latest exciting feature added to the Iconic, More Specific www.ctbuh.org/imagedatabase.htm expanding CTBUH website is the Tall Building Jeanne Gang, Studio Gang Image Database. The medium-resolution Architects images contained in this database have been The CTBUH Global Tall Building CTBUH 8th World Congress, Dubai, March 3 – 5, 2008 provided by CTBUH members and others News is now also available as an interested in tall buildings and are free for RSS feed. To subscribe to this feed, Recommendations for the download and usage. and keep up with the latest world news on tall Seismic Design of High-Rise The CTBUH are also looking for individuals buildings, urban development and sustainable Buildings Andrew Whittaker, Earthquake willing to donate tall building images to the construction please visit: Engineering Research Institute database. If you are interested in donating www.ctbuh.org/rss.htm Breakfast Seminar, Brisbane, August 1, 2008

Global Environmental Your tall Contextualism building Gordon Gill & Robert Forest, Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill image Architecture here! CTBUH 8th World Congress, Dubai, March 3 – 5, 2008

© Photographer

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III News and Events | 5 The CTBUH Global News Archive is an online resource for all the latest news on tall buildings, urban development and sustainable construction from around the world. Each issue, the CTBUH Journal publishes selected feeds from Global News the online archive. For comprehensive industry news, visit the Global news Archive at: www.ctbuh.org/news.htm

© Nakheel © KlingStubbins © CTBUH / Marshall Gerometta

Nakheel Harbour & Tower: World’s Songdo City Gateway Center to be Economic Crisis Slows Chicago’s Tallest Building Under Construction designed by KlingStubbins High-rise Boom The initiation of foundation works by Nakheel The 3.4 million square foot Gateway Business The tall building boom that has seen 32 of the on the new Harbour and Tower development Center that will form the entrance to Songdo tallest 100 skyscrapers in Chicago completed in Dubai has bestowed upon the developer City – the new 1,500 Acre international or under construction in the last 8 years, has possession of the speculative title of “Tallest business district in Incheon, South Korea – is to been dealt a blow by the news that Building Under Construction in the World”. be designed by Philadelphia firm construction on two of the city’s future While the final height for the signature tower KlingStubbins. The Center will consist of five supertall towers has been put on hold. The has not been announced, the developer has undulating glazed office towers, sitting atop a Chicago Spire - set to be the tallest building in asserted that the structure will reach “more multi-level retail base with underground North America at 610 meters upon than a kilometer in height”, and contain more parking facilities. Each of the towers will have a completion – and the 319 meter tall than 200 occupiable floors. rooftop garden sheltered by 12-meter-high Waterview Tower (pictured) have both halted Designed by architect Woods Bagot and glazed walls and a trellis of photovoltaic construction in recent weeks, with little engineered by WSP in conjunction with Leslie panels. The gardens will offer building indication as to when they may resume. E. Robertson Associates, the Nakheel tower occupants sweeping views of the dramatic Shelbourne, the Chicago Spire developers, say bears marks of aesthetic influence from the Songdo skyline, Central Park and the Yellow they will start working on the superstructure surrounding Islamic architecture, and Sea. In terms of sustainability, the designers are again when the market stabilizes and are in integrates an innovative structural design striving to achieve LEED Silver certification for strategy employing a series of individual the building. ...density towers linked at critical floors to create a rigid bundled tube system. The developer has announced its goal of Architects have to really embrace density… Policy makers need“ to put their futurist hat on and understand that density is coming. achieving the highest LEED rating possible for a building of this size. The megaproject Instead of fighting it, they need to find ways of making it work. includes another 40 towers of substantial, if ” comparatively modest size, ranging from 20 to Stephan Reinke, European managing director of Woods Bagot, discusses how further tall building 90 stories. In all the complex is expected to construction is inevitable, following a report from the British Property Federation arguing that tall reach completion in ten years, with various buildings reap significant productivity gains as people work more closely together through phases (including the signature tower) coming competition, networking and economies of scale. From ‘Towers will aid growth, says BPF’, Building th online at earlier stages. Design, September 9 , 2008

6 | Global News CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III talks with a general contractor to build it. The all residents with access to planting and the designers have asserted that the added building foundations and underground amenity spaces all year round. In addition all cost of inclining the structure is relatively car-park have been already completed. flats will benefit from glazed winter-garden- modest. Addressing the impact of the inclined However, construction on some of the city’s style balconies. In terms of sustainability, the towers, Kim Herforth Nielsen, Principal other tall buildings is continuing with vigour; project plans to utilize a photovoltaic array Architect at 3XN asserts, “construction costs in October construction workers reached the located on the roof of the tower and a – only went up 5 per cent.“ 59th floor of the 82-storey Aqua tower, which gas-fired combined heating and power unit. upon completion next year will be the 12th tallest building in Chicago at 251 meters tall. Meanwhile, November will likely see the installation by helicopter of the 69 meter-tall spire atop the Trump International Hotel & Tower, bringing the building up to its full height of 415 meters. Upon final completion in 2009, it will become the second tallest building in America.

© 3XN Architects Tour T1 becomes second tallest Leaning towers of Copenhagen building in France The completion of the 185 meter-tall Tour T1 in The foundation stone for the new four-star the La Défense region of Paris has seen the Bella Hotel was laid in Copenhagen in building become the second tallest in France, September. Comprised of 814 rooms, 32 behind the 209 meter-tall Tour de conference facilities and 3 restaurants split Montparnasse. Designed by French between two dramatically leaning towers, the © Amin Taha Associates / Carey Jones / Fraser Property architectural firm Valode and Pistre the Development new complex is already being boasted as the 70,000m² office tower is conceived as a folded premiere international event venue in what glass plate, cut by an arc on its north face. Sky Garden Tower planned for was recently deemed “the best city in the According to the Valode and Pistre, its London world to live in” by Monocle. distinctive profile changes according to one’s Architects Amin Taha Associates and Carey Designed by 3XN Architects, the adjacent vantage point and assures the tower’s place Jones in conjunction with developer Fraser towers of the Bella Hotel incline in opposite within the surrounding context. Seen from the Property Development have released plans for directions as they rise, permitting dramatic south, the tower appears as a ship’s bow, a a new 120 meter-tall skyscraper at Vauxhall in views of the surrounding landscape from both vertical element and a complement to the London. The scheme – known as the ‘Vauxhall sides of each tower. The modest twist in the skyline of the La Défense business district. Sky Gardens’ – consists of a 35-storey tower wing of each cantilevered tower was included Seen from the east and west, T1 is perceived as with over 9000m² of office and retail space on to improve the towers’ dynamic performance a large sail, its curving form providing the lower storeys and 178 residential under the steady winds that persist on the site. transition to the lower scale of the adjoining apartments above. The design includes two The Bella’s towers rise to a height of 76.5m, neighbourhood. The view given by the north significant communal skygardens; one on the joined at their adjacent faces by a central, façade is one of a tall staircase, climbing to the eighth floor and the second at the top of the low-rise foyer. Motivated by the desire to sky and disappearing as the façade curves out tower. These triple-height spaces will provide maiximize views on all faces of the two towers, of view.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Global News | 7 form, oriented so as to be in alignment with tower boasts an incredible 33.98 to 1 height to solar angles on the site, a design technique width ratio at its narrowest point. Despite its intrinsic in the indigenous cultures that have narrow lot, the tower’s floorplates are pervaded Central America for centuries. maximized by cantilevering out on the south side, taking advantage of air rights over an The complementary but unique forms of the adjacent site. The fully glazed tower – 172.6 two towers are intended to evoke the rich meters in height - is designed by Ismael Leyva history of two distinct societies, the Aztecs Architects, engineered by Ysrael A. Seinuk, P.C., (Xochimilco) and Mayans (Tezozomoc), which and houses 122 apartments with commercial formerly thrived in pre-colonialized Mexico. In space, a business center and conference technological terms, the form of the towers is facilities set within its base. intended to convey their function as “air filters” for the respective parks at their base. The development of these landscaped areas is a monumental shift in urban development in Mexico City, which has one of the smallest proportions of landscaped parkland to developed area of any city in the world. The towers are expected to reach completion in © Copyright Vasquez & Wedeles Architects time for bicentennial celebrations in 2010.

Bicentenary Towers celebrate 200 years of Mexican Independence Mexico City will commemorate the 200th anniversary of the country’s independence with the addition of two visually and locationally disparate towers to its modest skyline. Designed by Gregorio Vasquez and Manuel Wedeles the two towers – named Tezozomoc and Xochimilco respectively – will each rise 83 stories above an independent landscaped site within the metropolis. The voluptuous Tezozomoc tower bears a curved diagrid façade marked by two Sears Tower set for sustainable elongated ellipses warped by the tower’s renovation exterior form in a display of geometric The tallest building in North America, the submissiveness evocative of Dali’s The iconic Sears Tower in Chicago, is set to be Persistence of Memory. The separation of the renovated in a bid to reduce its energy exterior shell from the interior space of the consumption by ten percent. The proposals © Ismael Leyva Architects tower yields a vertical void that promotes – which are being overseen by Chicago natural ventilation and provides the practice Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill opportunity for interior visual connection One of New York’s Skinniest Nears Architecture – will involve the integration of a between floors. Completion variety of sustainable systems into the 452 meter-tall building, which was originally Xochimilco is in many ways a complement to One of the world’s most slender towers, 785 completed in 1974. These will include green Tezozomoc, with a sharply panelized face and Eighth Avenue, is now nearing completion in roofs, building mounted wind turbines, warped form. The rectangular footprint of the New York City with residents set to move in photovoltaic panels, sustainable lighting tower is influenced by four extruded squares during the first half of 2009. With a frontage of systems and additional insulation. The retrofit, that twist about their vertical axis. At its just over seven meters on Eighth Avenue, and which is currently at the planning stage, is pinnacle the tower returns to a rectangular little over five meters on West 48th Street, the expected to cost $150 million.

8 | Global News CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III © Saudi Guy / Skyscrapercity.com’ © The Buchan Group

King Abdullah inaugurates Work suspended on Brisbane’s INDEX, the 80 storey skyscraper by 1000m+ tall ‘Kingdom Tower’ in tallest Union Properties Tops Out Jeddah Construction on the 79-storey Vision Tower INDEX, the 80-storey tower designed by Foster King Abdullah, Custodian of the Two Holy project in Brisbane has been suspended after & Partners, reached a developmental Mosques, has unveiled and inaugurated two months of speculation. Although excavation is milestone recently when the structure was colossal projects in Jeddah; Kingdom City and already underway on the scheme’s topped out at 328 meters. The tower project the Kingdom Tower. The unveiling of the underground car-park, further construction has been developed by Union Properties, a designs was held at the opening of a major has been halted because financial Dubai-based property investment company. international architectural exhibition “Towards arrangements for the project have not been Within the extruded, rectilinear form of INDEX the First World” in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia on 11th finalized. The mixed-use tower, designed by are 25 floors of premium office space, 40 floors October, 2008. It was the first time the designs architects The Buchan Group, would be one of of residential units, 7 penthouse levels and 3 for Kingdom City and the Kingdom Tower the tallest buildings in Australia if complete. retail levels. Floor plates have been sized and were revealed publicly. The 7.1 square However, despite this setback, project oriented to minimize heat gain during the kilometer Kingdom City development will be developer Austcorp remains confident that the hottest hours of the day and exterior fins one of the largest and most comprehensive tower will be built when market conditions provide additional shading to interior projects to be built in Saudi Arabia and is improve. The Vision Tower is the second tall perimeter spaces. located at Obhur, North of the creek of Jeddah. building in Brisbane to suffer at the hands of The centerpiece of the development will be the recent global economic situation. INDEX is by far the largest development by the landmark Kingdom Tower, which will rise Proposals for the Empire Square Tower (250m) Union Properties to date. It is expected to from a large retail and conference centre have been cancelled due to ‘uncertainties and open in 2009. podium to a height of 1,000+ meters. The constraints in financial markets’, according to tower will include five-star hotel project developer Metacap. ...green buildings accommodations, office space and luxury residences From now on, not one more building should be rated as green or environmentally that encompass friendly“ without its utility bills first proving that it is energy efficient. dramatic, sweeping ” views of the Red Sea, Henry Gifford, Engineer at EastSideEnergyCompany with 25+ years experience making buildings energy efficient, using Obhur Creek and the common sense approaches, explaining why LEED buildings use more energy than comparable buildings, and how to mountains to the avoid the same results. From ‘A Better Way to Rate Green Buildings’, www.henrygifford.com east.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Global News | 9 voiced aspirations to produce an environmentally sustainable design that incorporates comprehensive water reuse and alternative energy generation. The project was unveiled at Cityscape Dubai in 2008. Tameer expects Anara’s doors to open by the end of the third quarter of 2011.

© Herzog and de Meuron © Atkins

Paris Triangle: beyond the shadows Tameer unveils design of ‘Anara’ of doubt after intensive global design The City of Lights is set to receive a tower that competition will rob none from its neighbors. Designed by Dubai Developer Tameer Holding has unveiled Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron, the chosen design for Anara, a 600 meter the 50 storey tower bears the form of a nearly signature tower to be situated at the entrance © TriGranit Development Corporation equilateral triangle on its broad side. to Dubai Media City. The design competition, According to a spokesperson for the designer, which attracted the attention of numerous the angles of the inclined faces were found prestigious design firms from around the HOK And Murphy Jahn Team Up In using site-specific solar angle data, in order to world and pitted multiple teams from Atkins Slovenia establish a form that casts reduced shadows against each other, was ultimately won by the The Emonika City Centre, which is currently on its neighboring buildings or the global design firm’s Dubai office. under construction in Ljubljana, Slovenia, surrounding site. When complete, the tower will incorporate a involves a new 100-meter tower bathed in a The tower is one of six new projects proposed mixed-use layout, with residential and hotel sleek glass curtain wall façade beset in the for Paris, where outgoing socialist mayor apartments, boutique retail and restaurants heart of the growing metropolis. But the Bertrand Delanoë recently repealed a strict 37 dispersed throughout the tower and biggest news for locals is not about the vertical meter height limitation in strategic zones of surrounding base complex. According to the rise of the tower; rather it is its horizontal the city. The city-wide law was originally developer, the form of the tower was inspired expanse – or what it connects at ground level enacted in 1972 following negative public by the Minaret, but incorporates aesthetic – that has the city talking. reaction to the Tour Montparnasse, a 210 influence from modern skyscraper design. For more than a century, Slovenia’s capital city meter commercial tower that was completed has been virtually bisected by a rail network that same year. The rounded top of the sleek, monolithic tower includes a giant circular void that recalls carved as an impassable rut through the heart The Pritzker-Prize winning architecture firm is the early concept for the Shanghai World of the urban landscape. The new Emonika City known widely for the design of the Beijing Financial Center in China. Set within the Centre project, designed by HOK International Olympic Stadium, known publicly as the “Bird’s circular void is an oblong glass pod tethered to and Murphy Jahn, promises to reunite the Nest”. The designers have asserted that the the tower by three rigid arms, recalling the disparate urban halves by capitalizing on air form of the tower in Paris, known as “The form of a giant wind turbine. A spokesperson rights above the railway. The new tower Triangle”, allows for “optimum solar and wind for Atkins, the firm that recently completed the complex will open up more than 230,000 power generation”. The project is due to be turbine-equipped Bahrain World Trade Center, square meters of public, retail, residential and completed in 2012.

10 | Global News CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III commercial space, including 22,000 square City of Cape Town’s Mayoral Committee meters of leasable space within the office Member for Economic, Social Development tower alone. and Tourism says future developments will A smaller residential tower, rising 60 meters have to be “higher and not wider” to make and containing 90 apartments, will accompany optimal use of what little space is available in the office tower. The larger tower will be the Central Business District. topped with a massive green roof that will be sufficient in size to serve as public recreational space. Ground has recently been broken for the 250 million Euro Emonika City Centre project, which will tentatively open in full by 2010, with an initial phase coming online next year.

© MAD Ltd.

MAD Design for Tianjin Construction is underway on one of China’s tallest and most striking tall buildings – Sinosteel International Plaza in Tianjin. © MVRDV / ADEPT Designed by MAD Ltd, the scheme consists of two towers – an 88 meter-tall hotel and a 358 meter-tall office tower which if completed MVRDV and ADEPT win now would be the 13th tallest building in the Copenhagen skyscraper world. However, it is the tower’s honeycomb competition facade design that is its most eye-catching MVRDV and co-architect ADEPT have beaten feature. This is made up of five different sizes of BIG, Behnisch Architects and MAD Ltd, to win hexagonal windows - a traditional element in the competition for the design of a skyscraper Chinese architecture - which flow across the in the Rødovre region of Copenhagen. The building in an irregular, naturally occurring New green high-rise for Cape Town scheme – known as the ‘Sky Village’ – consists pattern, like cells multiplying. Although the Cape Town has approved plans for a new 150 of a 116 meter tall tower accommodating façade pattern at first appears random, it meter-tall mixed-use tower that will become apartments, a hotel, retail areas and office actually responds to patterns of sun and wind the city’s joint tallest building, equal in height space. Responding to unstable markets the on the building. By mapping the different air with the Metlife Centre. Known as the Portside building’s design is based on the idea of a flows and solar direction across the site, and Development, the building will contain 24 flexible grid, with ‘pixels’ of accommodation positioning the windows accordingly, it is office levels above a 10-storey hotel and retail organized around a central core. This possible to minimize heat loss in the winter component and is set to be completed by arrangement allows for the building’s program and heat gain in the summer. The honeycomb 2011. The project is also being touted as an to change with market forces by simply façade also provides the building’s structure, environmentally friendly scheme; developers re-designating the function of the pixels. The removing the need for internal columns and Old Mutual Investment Group Property lower section of the building consists of office freeing up the building to a much more Investments will benchmark the tower space with residential areas above, leaning flexible use. according to the Green Building Council of north to create terraced sky gardens along the South Africa’s Green Star rating system. Cape south side. The top of the building will be For all the latest news on tall buildings, Town is also likely to see an increase in tall occupied by a hotel enjoying views towards urban development and sustainable buildings in the future. Simon Grindrod, the Copenhagen city centre. construction from around the world, go to: www.ctbuh.org/news.htm

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Global News | 11 CTBUH 7th Awards Dinner, 2008

The Shanghai World Financial Center was Shanghai World Financial Center chosen from four Regional Tall Building Win- named ‘Best Tall Building Overall’ ners awarded on the night –The New York Times Building won the award for Best Tall at the CTBUH Awards Dinner on Building Americas, which was accepted by November 20th, 2008 Glenn Hughes of the New York Times. Erik Volz of Renzo Piano Building Workshop and structural engineers Thornton Tomasetti. 51 Lime Street in London won the award for Best Tall Building Europe, which was accepted by Ian Whitby of Foster & Partners. The Bahrain World Trade Center in Manama was awarded Best Tall Building Middle East / Africa, which was accepted by Shaun Killa of Atkins. The Shanghai World Financial Center was also awarded the title of Best Tall Building Asia / Australasia.

CTBUH Best Tall Building Awards 2008 Bill Baker receiving the Fazlur Rahman Khan Medal Lifetime Achievement Awards were present- The CTBUH have named the Shanghai World ed to Cesar Pelli of Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects The dinner itself was a huge success. Held Financial Center as the 2008 Best Tall Building and William F. Baker of Skidmore, Owings & in the atmospheric setting of Mies van der Overall at the 7th Annual Awards Dinner, Merrill LLP. Cesar Pelli was awarded the Lynn Rohe’s iconic Crown Hall at the Illinois Insti- held at Crown Hall in Chicago, on the 20th S. Beedle Award for his dramatic influence tute of Technology, it was attended by some November 2008. The building has become an on the profession of architecture in creating 240 individuals from around the globe. Table icon of Shanghai and China, with its clear and buildings that are innovative, unique and sponsors included Atkins in conjunction with elegant form dramatic at all scales through a advance the art and science of tall building the Bahrain World Trade Center, Kohn Peder- connection metaphorically of the earth and design. William F. Baker was awarded the sen Fox in conjunction with the Mori Building sky, whilst its structural design is revolution- Fazlur Rahman Khan Medal because of his Corporation, Thornton Tomasetti in conjunc- ary. extraordinary creativity in structural design tion with the New York Times, Skidmore, Ow- and his integrated approach, which has re- ings & Merrill LLP, Arup, CS Associates, Gensler, “One of the tallest buildings in the sulted in buildings that simultaneously mesh Goettsch Partners, Halvorson and Partners, world, it speaks to where tall building engineering and architecture to create the Illinois Institute of Technology / College of Ar- design is now....the building’s structure building form. chitecture, KONE, Murphy Jahn, Perkins & Will, is nothing short of genius.” The Rise Group and Schirmer Engineering. Tim Johnson, CTBUH Awards Committee Chairman, outlines the significant achieve- ments of the Shanghai World Financial Center

The award was accepted by Akio Yoshimura, President of the Mori Building Company in Shanghai, owners of the building, and the consultants who made the project hap- pen – Eugene Kohn and William Pedersen of architects Kohn Pedersen Fox and Sawteen See of structural engineers Leslie E. Robertson Associates.

Antony Wood and Tim Johnson awarding the ‘Best Tall Building Overall’ Award to Akiko Yoshiura, President of the Mori Building Company; Eugene Kohn and William Pedersen of architects KPF and Sawteen See of structural engineers LERA.

12 | CTBUH 7th Awards Dinner, 2008 CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Best Tall Building Overall + Best Tall Best Tall Building Award Best Tall Building Award Best Tall Building Award Building Award Africa & Middle East Americas Europe Asia & Australasia Bahrain World Trade Center New York Times Building 51 Lime Street Shanghai World Financial Center Bahrain New York London Shanghai Atkins Renzo Piano Building Workshop / Foster + Partners Kohn Pederson Fox FXFOWLE Architects

To celebrate this year’s winners, the CTBUH lining the winning buildings and individuals, “The Shanghai World Financial Center has published a book entitled “Best Tall Build- the book includes profiles of all projects that now completes the two-decade dialogue ings 2008: CTBUH International Award Win- were nominated for this year’s awards. To find with its Jin Mao neighbor, both differ- ning Projects” in conjunction with Elsevier / out more about this publication, see below ent but confident interpretations of the Architectural Press Publications. As well as out- and www.ctbuh.org/awardsbook2008.htm Chinese skyscraper.” Antony Wood, CTBUH Executive Director

Best Tall Buildings 2008: CTBUH International Award Winning Projects

This book features the 2008 winning projects Sample Pages: alongside other honorable nominees from SHANGHAI WORLD FINANCIAL CENTER each region, profiling each in writing, photo- SHANGHAI, CHINA dimensions were both increased from the original design. Reinforcing the existing piles to accommodate these changes would have been possible but costly. The new, taller structure would not only have graphs and drawings. to be made lighter, but would need to resist higher wind loads, which increase exponentially with height. Structural diagram showing how the various components of structure work together

The project’s structural engineer developed a new system, employing composite mega- columns, diagonal mega-braces, steel out- riggers, belt trusses, and core wall trusses (see right), the pile loads were redistributed to accept increased lateral loads from wind and earthquake. The stiffness of the lateral force-resisting system of the perimeter wall Additionally the book profiles the two annual was increased, and as such, the original design for the perimeter framing was abandoned in favor of a diagonal-braced frame with added outrigger trusses coupled to the columns of the mega-structure. This lifetime achievement awards, the Lynn S. enabled the weight of the building to be reduced by more than 10% and resulted in a reduced cost for the structure, provided for speedier construction, and significantly reduced the material that went into the Beedle Award and the Fazlur Rahman Khan building and thus made the building even more environmentally friendly.

Construction photo showing exposed structural elements before cladding Model showing the building’s structure system of mega-columns, diagonals and Viewed from the southeast belt trusses along with concrete core walls and outrigger trusses Medal. 36 WINNER | ASIA & AUSTRALASIA 37

BEST TALL BUILDING 2008 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA PROJECT DETAILS MA BAHRAIN WORLD TRADE CENTER Completion Date The Bahrain World Trade Center is the of the existing shopping mall towards the The book also features the official list of the N April 2008 Edited by: Antony Wood AMA, world’s first building to integrate large- sea and creating a secondary axis from the Height scale wind turbines; and together with Hotel, “Retail Streets” were established. The

KI 240 meters/787 feet

NG numerous energy reducing and recovery twin towers’ natural location was therefore Total Area D systems, this development shows an positioned on the main axis, facing the O 120,000 square meters/ M unequivocal commitment to raising global Arabian Gulf and creating the entrance for 1,291,669 square feet O

‘100 Tallest Buildings in the World’ and the F awareness for sustainable design. This the development.

BAH Use building is pioneering a new direction Commercial, Retail R

Published by: CTBUH in conjunction with AI for designers and owners acting as a The inspiration for the 42-story twin towers

N Owner / Developer technological precedent. The BWTC has originated from regional “Wind Towers” Confidential shown that commercial developments can and their ability to funnel wind, and the height criteria upon which tall buildings are be created with a strong environmental vast sails of the traditional Arabian Dhow Architect WS Atkins & Partners Illinois Institute of Technology and Elsevier / agenda and addresses the needs of our as they harness the breeze in driving them future generations. The BWTC encapsulates forward. After careful Computational Fluid Structural Engineer WS Atkins & Partners the essence of a sustainable philosophy Dynamics (CFD) modeling and extensive engaging all of the social, economic and wind tunnel testing, the towers’ shape was Contractor measured. environmental impacts of the project. literally carved out by the wind to create Nass, Murray & Roberts (JV) Architectural Press, Chicago, 2008 As well as making significant strides in optimum airflow around the buildings. The environmentally balanced architecture, elliptical plan forms act as aerofoils (see the building is now considered a source of plans on page 91), funneling the onshore AWARDS JURY / EDITOR STATEMENT “The Bahrain World Trade national pride for Bahrain residents, and breeze between them, creating a negative is attributed with generating economic pressure behind, thus accelerating wind Center, with its three prosperity within the capital of Manama. velocity between the two towers. Vertically, ISBN: 978-1-85617-674-3 massive turbines, gives the sculpting of the towers is also a function The BWTC forms the focal point of a master of airflow dynamics. a very strong visual nod plan to rejuvenate the 30-year-old existing toward sustainability.” hotel and shopping mall on the site. The As they taper skywards, the aerofoil planning of the site became constrained by sections reduce (see elevations on page 90). the existing buildings and the road network This effect, combined with the increasing Go to www.ctbuh.org/awardsbook2008. -James Forbes, Hyder Consulting Pty. Ltd. Looking up from the main entrance at the wind turbines Price: $50 S&H around the site. By extending the main axis onshore wind velocity at higher altitudes htm to download a preview of the book 86 WINNER | MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA 87 Hard cover with jacket:128 pp. and to order.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CTBUH 7th Awards Dinner, 2008 | 13 Case Study: CCTV Building - Headquarters & Cultural Center

Authors Chris Carroll, Paul Cross, Xiaonian Duan, Craig Gibbons, Goman Ho, Michael Kwok, Richard Lawson, Alexis Lee, Ronald Li, Andrew Luong, Rory McGowan, Chas Pope Arup

Arup is a global firm of designers, engineers, planners and business consultants providing a diverse range of professional services to clients around the world. The firm has over 10 000 staff working in more than 90 offices in 37 countries.

Arup has three main global business areas – buildings, infrastructure and consulting – although their multi-disciplinary approach means that any given project may involve people from any or all of the sectors or regions in which they operate. Arup has extensive experience in the field of tall buildings, having provided core multidisciplinary Figure 1. Architect’s impression of the building design services for such notable projects as 30 St. Mary Axe in London, the International Commerce Center (ICC) in Hong Kong, and the I.Q. Tower in Doha, Qatar. The new headquarters of China Central Television contains the entire television-making process within a single building. The 234m tall tower redefines the form of the skyscraper, with the primary system comprised of a continuous structural tube of columns, beams and braces Arup around the entire skin of the building. In order to gain structural approval an Expert Panel 13 Fitzroy Street London process was necessary, for which a performance-based analysis was carried out to justify the W1T 4BQ design. This made extensive use of finite element analysis and advanced non-linear elasto- t: (+44) 020 7636 1531 plastic time history to evaluate the structural behaviour and ensure the building safety under www.arup.com different levels of seismic event. The leaning form and varied programme, including the need to accommodate large studio spaces, posed additional challenges for the gravity structure, and resulted in the introduction of a large number of transfer trusses throughout the tower. Erecting and connecting the two massive towers presented the structural engineers and contractors with further design and construction challenges.

Introduction Architectural Concept This article describes the structural design and China Central Television (CCTV), the country’s construction of the CCTV Building in Beijing, state broadcaster, plans to expand from 18 including development of the structural con- to 200 channels and compete globally in the cept, performance-based seismic design and coming years. To accommodate this expan- Expert Panel Review process. sion, they organized an international design competition early in 2002 to design a new “Prior to connection, the two Towers would headquarters building. This was won by OMA (Office of Metropolitan Architecture) and Arup, move independently of each other due to which subsequently allied with the East China Design Institute (ECADI) to act as the essential environmental conditions, in particular wind and local design institute (LDI) for both architecture thermal expansion and contraction. As soon as and engineering. The unusual brief, in television terms, was that they were joined, therefore, the elements at the all the functions for production, management, and administration would be contained on the link would have to be able to resist the stresses chosen site in the new Beijing Central Business caused by these movements. ” District (CBD), but not necessarily in one build-

14 | CCTV Building CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Figure 2. Uniform bracing pattern Figure 3. Unfolded’ view of final bracing pattern ing. In their architectural response, however, Development of the structural form two-storey module (see Figure 2). This was OMA decided that by doing just this, it should From the outset, it was determined that the chosen to coincide with the location of several be possible to break down the ‘ghettoes’ that only way to deliver the desired architectural double-height studios within the Towers. A tend to form in a complex and compartmen- form of the CCTV building was to engage the stiff floor plate diaphragm is therefore only talized process like making TV programmes, entire façade structure, creating in essence an guaranteed on alternate storeys, hence lateral and create a building whose layout in three external continuous tube system. This would loads from intermediate levels are transferred dimensions would force all those involved to give the structure the largest available dimen- back to the principal diaphragm levels via the mix and produce a better end-product more sions to resist the huge bending forces gener- internal core and the columns. efficiently. ated by the cranked, leaning form – as well as loads from wind and extreme earthquakes. However, results of the preliminary analysis The winning design for the 473,000m², showed that the forces in the braces varied 234m tall, CCTV building (see Figure 1) thus The ‘tube’ is formed by fully bracing all sides of considerably around the structure, with combines administration and offices, news the façade. The planes of bracing are continu- particular concentrations near the roof of the and broadcasting, programme production ous through the building volume in order to Overhang and at the connection to the Base. and services – the entire TV-making process reinforce and stiffen the corners. The system This led to an optimization process in which – in a single loop of interconnected activities is ideally suited to deal with the nature and the brace pattern was modified by adding or around the four elements of the building: the intensity of permanent and temporary loading removing diagonals (i.e. ‘doubling’ or ‘halving’ nine-storey ‘Base’, the two leaning Towers that on the building, and is a versatile, efficient the pattern), depending on the strength and slope at 6° in each direction, and the nine to structure which can bridge in bending and stiffness requirements of the design, based on 13-storey ‘Overhang’, suspended 36 storeys in torsion between the Towers, provide enough a Level 1 earthquake analysis. This also enabled the air. strength and stiffness in the Towers to deliver a degree of standardization of the brace ele- loads to the ground, and stiffen up the Base ment section sizes (see Figure 3). to reinforce the lower Tower levels and deliver The public facilities are in a second building, loads to the foundations in the most favour- the Television Cultural Centre (TVCC), and both able possible distribution, given the geometry. This was an extremely iterative process due are serviced from a third Service Building that to the high indeterminacy of the structure, houses major plant as well as security. The with each changing of the pattern altering the whole development will provide 599,000m² The tube was originally envisaged as a regular dynamic behaviour of the structure and hence gross floor area and covers 187,000m², includ- pattern of perimeter steel or steel-reinforced the seismic forces that are attracted by each ing a landscaped media park with external concrete (SRC) columns, perimeter beams, element. It was carried out in close features. and diagonal steel braces set out on a typically

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CCTV Building | 15 collaboration with the architect, since the pat- design engineers who are relieved of any legal Seismic Fortifi- Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 tern of visually expressed diagonals was a key responsibilities by virtue of compliance. The cation Level aesthetic aspect of the cladding system. Chinese code for seismic design of buildings Description Minor Moderate Severe (GB50011 – 2001), sets out its own scope of Peak ground 0.07g 0.20g 0.40g applicability, limiting the height of various acceleration The braced tube structure gives the leaning systems and the degree of plan and vertical Towers ample stiffness during construction, Average Return 1 in 50 1 in 475 1 in 2475 irregularities. Design of buildings exceeding Period years years years allowing them to be built safely within tight the code must go through a project-specific tolerances before they are connected and Probability of 63% in 50 10% in 50 2% in 50 seismic design expert panel review (EPR) and exceedance years years years propped off each other. The tube system also approval process as set out by the Ministry of suits the construction of the Overhang, allow- Fortification No Repair- No col- Construction. Criteria damage able lapse ing its two halves to cantilever temporarily (remain damage from the Towers. elastic) Although the 234m height of the CCTV build- Table1. Seismic performance objectives ing is within the code’s height limit of 260m The continuous tube has a high degree of for steel tubular structural systems (framed- inherent robustness and redundancy, and of- tube, tube-in-tube, truss-tube, etc) in Beijing, Elastic superstructure design fers the potential for adopting alternative load its geometry is noncompliant. The Seismic A full set of linear elastic verification analyses paths in the unlikely event that key elements Administration Office of the Beijing Municipal were performed, covering all loading com- are removed. Government appointed an expert panel of 12 binations including Level 1 seismic loading, eminent Chinese engineers and academics to for which modal response spectrum analy- closely examine the structural design, focusing ses were used. All individual elements were Gravity loads are also carried by vertical on its seismic resistance, seismic structural extensively checked and the building’s global columns around the building’s central service damage control, and life safety aspects. In performance verified. Selected elements were cores, whilst a number of steel transfer trusses order to engage the expert panel early in the also assessed under a Level 2 earthquake by are introduced to support the floors in the design process, three informal meetings were elastic analysis, thus ensuring key elements Overhang, at high levels in the sloping towers, held to solicit feedback and gain trust before such as columns remained elastic. and over large studios in the Podium area. the final formal presentation and approval in January 2004. The elastic analysis and design was principally Each tower sits on a piled raft foundation. The performed using SAP2000, a computer-based rafts vary in thickness up to 7metres, and ex- As the seismic design lay outside the scope nonlinear structural analysis program, and a tend beyond the footprint of the Towers to act of the prescriptive Chinese codes of practice, custom-written Chinese steelwork code post- as a ‘toe’, distributing forces more favourably Arup proposed a performance-based design processor in Excel. This automatically took the into the ground. The foundation system is ar- approach from the outset, adopting first individual load cases applied to the building ranged so that the centre of the raft is close to principles and state-of-the-art methods and and combined them for the limit state design. the centre of load at the bottom of each tower, guidelines to achieve set performance targets Capacity ratios were then visually displayed, al- and no permanent tension is allowed in the at different levels of seismic event. Explicit and lowing detailed inspection of the critical cases 33m long piles. Limited tensions in some piles quantitative design checks using appropriate for each member. Due to the vast number of are only permitted in major seismic events. linear and non-linear seismic analysis were elements in the model (10,060 primary ele- made to verify the performance for all three ments) and the multitude of load cases, four Performance-based design approach levels of design earthquake. post-processors were run in parallel for each of The legal framework in China governing build- the four types of element in the external tube ing design practice is similar to those of Japan (steel columns, SRC columns, steel braces, and The criteria for this performance-based design and some continental European countries steel edge beams respectively). are beyond those usually applied to such where the design codes are legal documents buildings in China, and were set by the design published and enforced by the state govern- team in consultation with the expert panel to The post-processor provided a revised element ment. Design engineers must comply with reflect the importance of the building both to list which was imported back into SAP2000, the codes when designing buildings and the client and to the Chinese Government. The and the analysis and post-processing repeated structures covered by their scope, but equally basic qualitative performance objectives were until all the design criteria were met. As the the codes provide legal protection to the as follows: structure is highly indeterminate and the load

16 | CCTV Building CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III ...structure CCTV

Maybe we could best describe it as a tube folded“ in space… All the outer surfaces are covered in a diagonal steel mesh and this mesh is folded and allows the weight to flow around the building until it finds the ideal path to the ground.” Ole Scheeren, Partner at the Office for Metropolitan Architecture, and architect of the CCTV Building discusses the building’s unique structural system. From ‘CCTV, the new state television headquarters, will broadcast China’s rise’, The Times, August 9th, 2008. Figure 4. Foundation settlement analysis paths are heavily influenced by stiffness, each Inelastic deformation acceptance limits for the tory analysis method were used to determine small change in element property moves load key structural brace members in the con- the seismic deformation demands in terms of around locally. Optimizing the elements only tinuous tube were determined by non-linear the maximum inelastic inter-storey drifts and for capacity would result in the entire load numerical simulation of the post-buckling be- the maximum inelastic member deformation. gradually being attracted to the inside corner haviour. LS-DYNA, commonly used to simulate These deformation demands were compared columns, making them prohibitively large, so car crash behaviour, was used for this work. against the structure’s deformation capacities careful control had to be made of when an The braces are critical to both the lateral as storey-by-storey and member-by-member to element’s section size could be reduced and well as the gravity systems of the building and verify the seismic performance of the entire when there was a minimum size required to are also the primary sources of ductility and building. All global and local seismic deforma- maintain the stiffness of the tube at the back seismic energy dissipation. Non-linear numeri- tion demands were shown to be within their face. cal simulation of the braces was needed to respective acceptance limits. establish the post-buckling axial force/axial de- formation degradation relationship to be used To further validate the multi-directional modal in the global 3-D non-linear simulation model. Foundation design response spectrum analyses, Level 1 time- It was also used to determine the inelastic de- The design of the foundations required that history checks were also made using real and formation (axial shortening) acceptance limit the applied superstructure loads be redistribut- artificially-generated seismic records. in relation to the stated performance criteria. ed across the raft so as to engage enough piles Post-buckling inelastic degradation relation- to provide adequate strength and stiffness. To ship curves illustrate the strength degradation validate the load spread to the pile group, an Non-linear superstructure seismic design as the axial shortening increases under cyclic iterative analysis process was used adopting a For the performance-based design, a set of axial displacement time history loading. The non-linear soil model coupled with a discrete project-specific ‘design rules’ were proposed by acceptable inelastic deformation was then model of the piled raft system (see Figure 4). the design team and reviewed and approved determined from the strength degradation Several hundred directional load case com- by the expert panel, for example allowable ‘backbone’ curve to ensure that there was suf- binations were automated in a spreadsheet post-yield strains in each type of element. ficient residual strength to support the gravity controlling the GSRaft soil-structure interaction Appropriate linear and non-linear seismic loads after a severe earthquake event. solver. response simulation methods were selected to verify the performance of the building under all three levels of design earthquake. Having established the inelastic global The analysis iteratively modelled the redistri- Seismic force and deformation demands were structure and local member deformation bution of load between piles when their safe compared with the acceptance limits estab- acceptance limits, the next step was to carry working load was reached. The analysis was lished earlier to rigorously demonstrate that all out non-linear numerical seismic response repeated for each load case until the results three qualitative performance objectives were simulation of the entire 3-D building subjected converged and all piles were within the allow- achieved. to Level 2 and Level 3 design earthquakes. able capacities. Finally, the envelope of these Both the non-linear static pushover analysis analyses was then used to design the raft method and the non-linear dynamic time his- reinforcement.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CCTV Building | 17 Figure 5. Connection analysis Figure 6. Transfer trusses

Connection Design before the braces buckle or yield - assuming columns, spanning between the internal The force from the braces and edge-beams the maximum probable material properties - core and the external tube structure. They must be transferred through and into the to evaluate the stress magnitude and degree are typically two storeys deep and located in column sections with minimal disruption to of stress concentration in the joints. The shape plant floors so as to be hidden from view and the stresses already present in the column. The of the butterfly plate was then adjusted by to minimize the impact on floor planning. The connection is formed by replacing the flanges smoothing out corners and notches until po- sizes of the transfer trusses mean that they of the steel column with large ‘butterfly’ plates, tential regions of yielding were minimized and could potentially act as outriggers linking which pass through the face of the column the degree of stress concentration reduced to the external tube to the internal steel cores - and then connect with the braces and the levels typically permitted in civil and me- undesirable as this would introduce seismic edge-beams. No connection is made to the chanical engineering practice. CAD files of the forces into the relatively slender internal cores. web of the column to simplify the detailing resulting geometry of the joints were exported The transfer trusses are thus connected to the and construction. from the finite element models and used for internal cores and the external columns at further drawing production. singular ‘pin-joint’ locations only.

The joints are required to behave with the braces, beams, and columns as ‘strong joint/ Gravity Structure and Transfer Trusses Further transfer trusses are introduced to sup- weak component’. The connections must Whilst the external tube structure slopes port internal columns within the Overhang, resist the maximum probable load delivered to give the unique geometry, the internal and to support floors above the large studios to them from the braces with minimal yielding steel columns and cores are kept straight for in the Base (see Figure 6). As with the ‘butterfly’ and a relatively low degree of stress concentra- functional layout and to house lift and services plates, forces in the truss diagonals are carried tion. High stress concentrations could lead to shafts. This resulted in a different configuration only by the flanges at connections, with the brittle fracture at the welds under cyclic seis- for every floor - the spans from core to façade, webs stopping short of the chords to simplify mic loading, a common cause of failure in con- and internal column to façade, change on construction. nections observed after the 1994 Northridge each level. earthquake in Los Angeles. Two connections, representing the typical and the largest cases, Physical Testing were modelled using powerful finite element Sloping cores were considered, to allow As part of the expert panel approval process, analysis software such as MSC/NASTRAN (see consistency of floor plate layout, but ruled there was a requirement for three physical Figure 5). out due to constraints on the procurement of tests to be carried out, in order to verify the the lift systems. Therefore, additional columns analytical calculations: are needed on upper storeys where the floor 1. Joint Test (‘butterfly plate’): Beijing’s The models were analyzed, subjected to the spans increase significantly on one side of the Tsinghua University tested a 1:5 scale full range of forces that can be developed core. Transfer trusses support these additional model of the column-brace joint to confirm

18 | CCTV Building CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III its performance under cyclical loading, in the 150mm thick composite floor slabs. In all The PTS outlined specific measures to address particular the requirement that failure takes cases, the physical tests correlated closely with key issues in the construction of the building place by yielding of the element rather the analysis. including: than at the connection. 1. Construction sequencing and its effect 2. Composite column: Tongji University in Handover and Tender on the final stress in the structural elements Shanghai tested 1:5 scale models of the In August 2004, after receiving approval for the 2. Ensuring the building and elements are project’s non-standard steel reinforced col- structural design from the Chinese Ministry of constructed to the designed setting out umns. These tests resulted from concerns Construction, Arup handed over the extended and positions, within allowed construction that the high structural steel ratio might preliminary design (EPD) documents to ECADI, tolerance lead to reduced ductility. which then began to produce the Con- 3. Construction and linking of the overhang 3. Shaking table test: A 7m tall 1:35 scale struction Documents (CDs). Arup, however, model of the entire building was con- maintained an extensive involvement on structed to test the structural performance completion of the EPD design phase, includ- Further requirements were contained in under several seismic events including a ing production of tender documentation for separate Construction Stages and Movement severe Level 3 earthquake. The tests were the main structure and interaction with the reports, complementary to the PTS. undertaken by the China Academy of Build- tenderers for the works, as well as being part of ing Research (CABR) in Beijing, using the the tender review process. Together with the largest shaking table outside America or architects OMA, Arup also had a continuous Some of the detailed issues identified in the Japan (see Figure 7). site presence during construction, working PTS included: with the contractor in implementing the 1. Weight audits – placing the onus on the design. contractor to convey the weight added to This large-scale shaking table test was of the building at stages during the construc- particular interest. In China it is the norm for tion. The contractor would then use this buildings that fall outside the code to be thus Particular Technical Specification information in the prediction of deforma- studied, and the CCTV model was the largest One of the key tender documents was the tion and movements, which would then and most complex tested to date. The nature Particular Technical Specification (PTS), which enable calibration and presetting of the of the testing required the primary structural placed several requirements on the contractor building during construction. elements to be made from copper (to replicate that were specific to the design of CCTV. as much as possible in a scale sense the ductil- 2. Specific monitoring of the tower defor- ity of steel). The model also included concrete mation. floors (approximately 8mm thick) to represent 3. Specific monitoring of deformations of the foundations. 4. Presetting of the structure. 5. Monitoring of daily variation in the dif- ference between the position of connec- tion points as the Overhang construction advanced prior to linking. 6. The requirement to connect when the relative movement between the connec- tion points of the Overhang would be manageable. 7. A means of showing that the extent of connection was commensurate with the daily movement measurement, so as to prevent the connection ripping apart once it had been firmly made. 8. A requirement for post-installing certain key structural elements.

Figure 7. Shake table test model

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CCTV Building | 19 Figure 8. Alternative methods of constructing the Overhang

Construction sequencing the lower part of the Overhang at ground level sis and is one of China’s foremost universities. The final stresses in the building are linked and strand jack the assembly into position; The independent site supervisor was Yuanda to its construction sequence. In addition to and constructing incremental cantilevers from International. regular gravity and lateral forces acting on the each Tower until the two met and connected structure, there are significant additional con- at the centre of the Overhang (see Figure 8). struction stage forces due to the fact that the The latter approach was as described in Arup’s Excavation and foundations building comprises two separate leaning Tow- documentation, though any construction The ground-breaking ceremony took place ers with cantilever up until the point at which approach was deemed acceptable provided it on 22 September 2004, and the excavation of 3 they are joined to become one structure. The could satisfy the locked-in stress limits defined 870 000m of earth began the following additional bending and overturning stresses in the Particular Specification. month under an advance contract. Strict that get “locked” into the Towers and founda- construction regulations in Beijing meant tions prior to joining depend on the amount that spoil could only be removed at night: 3 of structure and façade completed at the time China State Construction Engineering Corpo- nonetheless, up to 12 000m of soil was re- of connection. ration (CSCEC) was awarded the main contract moved each day, the entire excavation taking in April 2005. CSCEC tendered on this third 190 days. Dewatering wells were also installed, approach. since the groundwater level was above the In essence, the greater the construction load maximum excavation depth of 27.4m below applied to the building prior to connecting existing ground level. the two Towers, the more this would manifest Construction team itself as increased locked-in base moments in CSCEC, a state-owned enterprise under the the Towers. After the connection was made, administration of the central government, The two Towers are supported on separate any added weight would result in a thrust was established in 1982 and is China’s largest piled raft foundations with up to 370 rein- between the two Towers via the Overhang. construction and engineering group. CSCEC forced concrete bored piles beneath each, now enjoys an international reputation, having typically 33m long and up to 1.2m in diameter. completed an increasing number of projects In total, 1242 piles were installed during the As part of the Particular Specification, the abroad including the Middle East, South spring and summer of 2005. Construction Sequence report defined an America and Africa. The steelwork fabricators upper and lower bound range of permissible were Grand Tower, part of the Bao Steel group locked-in stress, allowing the contractor some based in Shanghai (China’s largest steel manu- The Tower rafts were constructed over Christ- flexibility in choosing his final construction facturer), and Jiangsu Huning Steel, based in mas 2005. The 7m thick reinforced concrete sequence. Jixing, Jiangsu Province. slabs each contain up to 39 000m³ of concrete and 5000 tonnes of reinforcement. Each raft was constructed in a single continuous pour A number of construction methods were Other members of the team were Turner Con- lasting up to 54 hours. At one stage, 720m3 proposed for the Overhang. These included struction (USA), providing support to CSCEC of concrete was being delivered every hour, constructing of a temporary tower the full on construction logistics, China Academy of using a relay of 160 concrete trucks from three 162m height to the underside of the Over- Building Research (CABR), one of the major suppliers. Chilled water pipes were embed- hang, providing a working platform to build design institutes in Beijing, and Tsinghua Uni- ded inside the pour and temperatures were the Overhang connection in situ; constructing versity, which carried out the presetting analy- monitored for more than two weeks to ensure

20 | CCTV Building CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Figure 10. Typical baseplate that the concrete did not experience too high The elements were lifted into place by two being lifted a short distance off the ground, a temperature gradient during curing. The two tower cranes working inside each Tower, using a chain block. This simplified the erec- rafts, poured within days of each other, were including M1280D cranes imported from tion process at height. the largest single continuous concrete pours Australia – the largest ever used in China’s ever undertaken by China’s building industry. building industry. In total, 133 343m³ of concrete went into the The vertical core structure was generally foundations of the Towers and podium. erected three storeys ahead of the perimeter Each crane not only had to be raised up to frame. This meant that the perimeter columns 14 times during construction, but also skewed could be initially bolted in place and braced to The seismic analysis indicated that some col- sideways up to four times when it reached the core columns with temporary stays, then umns and their foundation piles could experi- the upper levels, to maintain position relative released from the tower crane before final ence tension during a severe design earth- to the edges of the progressively shifting surveying and positioning. The welders could quake. Some of the perimeter columns and floorplate. then start the full-penetration butt welds re- their baseplates were therefore embedded 6m quired at every connection: a time-consuming into the rafts to enhance their anchorage (see task requiring shift work to achieve a continu- Figure 9). Certain piles were also designed for Due to the 6° slope of the Towers, the perim- ous 24-hour process. tension. eter elements needed to be adjusted to ap- proximately the correct installation angle after The maximum plate thickness of the columns Steelwork construction is 110mm and the volume of weld sometimes The first column element was placed on reaches as much as 15% of the total con- 13 February 2006. In total, 41 882 steel ele- nection weight. At the extreme case, a few ments with a combined weight of 125 000 connection plates near the base of the Tower tonnes, including connections, were erected required a 15m long site splice of 100mm thick over the next 26 months, at a peak rate of 8000 plate, each taking a week to complete. The tonnes per month. plate thickness of some elements exceeded the maximum assumed in design, which had been determined by likely steel availability. During the design it was thought that some Onerous material specifications were laid high-grade steel elements would need to be out for thick sections to ensure satisfactory imported, but in the end all the steel came performance. from China, reflecting the rapid advances of the country’s steelwork industry. Steel sections were fabricated at the yards of Grand Tower The geometrical complexity made construc- in Shanghai and Huning in Jiangsu, and then tion slower than for other steel-framed build- delivered to site by road (see Figure 10), with ings. Although the rate of erection increased a size limit of either the tower crane capacity as the contractor became more familiar with (80 tonnes) or the maximum physical dimen- the process, CCTV has no “typical floors”. sions that could be transported (18m length). Nevertheless, up to six storeys per month Figure 9. Column embedded in raft was achieved for the relatively uniform

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CCTV Building | 21 (a) Tower deflects under its own (b) Preset upwards and backwards. (c) Resultant: no deflection under weight. self-weight.

Figure 11. Basic concept of presetting levels at Tower mid-height. Concreting the The presetting process was further com- The contractor commissioned CABR to composite columns and floor slabs took plicated by the fact that when completed, carry out the movement monitoring, while place several storeys behind steel erection, off almost all the columns have different stresses, Tsinghua University performed the building the critical path. depending on the ratio of gravity to seismic movement prediction and presetting analysis loads, unlike in a conventional building as required by the Arup specification. This where all perimeter elements will be similarly required a more detailed time history analysis Movements and presets stressed. As a result, different presets were of the final construction sequence, dividing Arup’s calculations included a “construction required on different sides of the Towers, the process into 53 assumed stages based time history” analysis to take account of the the exact values also depending on the final on estimated progress for the perimeter effects of the predicted construction method construction sequence. In practical terms, tube, core, slab concreting, façade, services, and sequence on the completed building’s this meant fabricating the columns longer on and interior fit-out. This was compared with deflections and built-in forces. This indicated one side of each Tower, so that they would the results of the movement monitoring, that the corner of the Overhang would move eventually shorten to the correct geometry and checks and adjustments were made as downwards by approximately 300mm under under load. necessary. the building’s dead weight. For there to be no overall downward deflection under this load case, the whole structure needed to be pre- Presetting was in two stages: at the fabrica- The studies found that the movements set upwards and backwards to compensate tion yard, based on the results of the ana- during Overhang construction would be (see Figure 11). The contractor continuously lytical modelling, and then at installation, if far more significant than those at the earlier monitored construction to ensure that the required, to suit the actual building deforma- stages caused by the Towers’ lean only. Due actual movements corresponded to analysis tion as monitored during the course of con- to the large number of variables needed for assumptions and predictions. struction. Progress of floor plate concreting the presetting calculation (variable axial stiff- (a) Tower deflects under its own weight was also controlled to suit the assumptions ness, final construction sequence, foundation made in the presetting estimation. settlement, thermal movements, etc), the (b) Preset upward and backward main focus of the analysis was on the critical (c) Resultant: no deflection under self-weight Overhang construction stage. By the time ...safety vs. cost

It does not take a NIST report or a rocket scientist to figure out that requiring additional exit stairs will“ improve overall occupant evacuation times… The bigger question that needs to be answered is at what economic cost to society?” David Frable, a General Services Administration fire safety engineer, asks the International Code Council to repeal stronger safety requirements for new skyscrapers that were added to the country’s most widely used building code last year, arguing that they would be too expensive to meet. From ‘Agency Fights Building Code Born of 9/11’, The New York Times, September 7th, 2008.

22 | CCTV Building CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Figure 12. The Overhang before connection Figure 13. The seven initial connection elements

Overhang erection commenced, there was al- Fabrication accuracy was therefore crucial so that final adjustments could be made to the ready much movement data from the Tower for this part of the structure, with erection length of the linking elements while they were construction that could be used to calibrate being carried out piece-by-piece 160m above still on the ground prior to installation. the analysis. ground level. Trial assembly of these trusses at the fabrication yard prior to delivery was essential to ensure that minimal adjustment The contractor chose to connect seven link Overhang construction would be needed at height. elements at the inside corner of the Over- Construction of the Overhang began after the hang during this initial connection phase (see steelwork for the two Towers was completed Figure 13). These were lifted into place – to to roof level. Tower 2 Overhang began first, in Prior to connection, the two Towers would less than 10mm tolerance – and temporarily August 2007, and the structure was cantile- move independently of each other due to en- fixed with pins in the space of a few minutes vered out piece-by-piece from each Tower vironmental conditions, in particular wind and at 9.00am on 8 December 2007, before the over the course of the next five months (see thermal expansion and contraction. As soon Towers started to move relative to each other Figure 12). This was the most critical construc- as they were joined, therefore, the elements (see Figure 14). The pins allowed them to carry tion stage, not only in terms of temporary at the link would have to be able to resist the the thermal loads while the joints were fully stability but also because its presence and the stresses caused by these movements. As a welded over the following 48 hours. way it was built would change the behaviour result, the connection strategy required a delay of those parts of the Tower already construct- joint that could allow a sufficient number of ed. The forces from the two halves of the partly elements to be loosely connected between The specification originally called for the constructed Overhang would be concentrated the Towers, then locked off quickly to allow connection to take place while ambient in the Towers until such time as the two halves them all to carry these forces safely before any temperatures were between 12-28°C (i.e. close were sufficiently linked and the building relative movement took place. to the standard room temperature assumed became a single continuous form, when the in analysis). Since the connection took place Arup specified that this should take place early during winter, the temperature at the time was loads would start being shared between all of in the morning on a windless day, when the the permanent structure. around 0°C, so further analysis of the structure two Towers would be at a uniform tempera- was carried out by the design team to check ture and the movements at a minimum. the impact of the increased design thermal The bottom two levels of the Overhang range. contain 15 transfer trusses that support the in- In the lead-up to connection, Arup’s specifi- ternal columns and transfer their loads into the cation required one week of monitoring of external tube. In the corner of the Overhang, Once the initial connection was made, the global and relative movements so that the remainder of the Overhang steelwork was these trusses are two-way, resulting in some correct dimensions of the linking elements complex 3-D nodes with up to 13 connecting progressively installed. With the building now could be predicted. The relative movements acting as one entity, the Overhang was prop- elements, weighing approximately 33 tonnes of the Towers during the day were found to be each. ping and stabilising the two Towers, and con- around ±10mm. The contractor made the final tinued to attract locked-in stresses as further measurements of the gap exactly 24 hours be- weight was applied. In addition to the primary forehand (i.e. at identical ambient conditions) steelwork elements, a continuous steel

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CCTV Building | 23 Figure 14. Installation of first connection element Figure 15. The completed tower plate deck up to 20mm thick was laid down Key elements at the intersection of the The performance-based design approach on the lowest floors of the Overhang to resist Towers and podium were also post-fixed pioneered on CCTV has since been used suc- the high in-plane forces that were part of this for similar reasons. In addition, this process cessfully for many other projects in China. The propping action. The concrete floor slabs were enabled the architectural size of the elements structure of the CCTV building was complet- only added once the entire primary structure to be controlled, while giving the contractor ed in May 2008, with the façade finished by had been completed, so as to reduce the additional flexibility to deal with construction the start of the Beijing Olympic Games. loads during the partially-constructed stage. movements. Again, the construction stage analysis needed to take account of this sequencing. That the contractor could construct such a Delay joints were introduced between the vast and complex building with few delays Towers and the Base to allow for differential was a credit to the design team and to A topping-out ceremony on 27 March 2008, settlement between the two structures’ CSCEC, in particular the attention paid to de- on a specially-constructed platform at the foundations. It should be noted that over half vising a feasible construction sequence from corner of the Overhang, marked the comple- the predicted settlements were expected to an early stage, and the careful thought about tion of the steelwork installation. take place after the Towers were constructed the buildability of the primary structural ele- to their full height, due to the disproportion- ments and connections. ate effect of the Overhang on the forces in Post-installation of key elements certain columns. These were fully closed after Arup’s early analysis showed that the corner completion of the main structure. Further References columns on the inside faces of the Towers late-cast strips were also provided at several (1) CARROLL, C, et al. CCTV Headquarters, Beijing, China: would attract a huge amount of dead load Structural engineering design and approvals. The Arup locations around the basement to control Journal, 40(2), pp3-9, 2/2005 from the Overhang, and thus have little spare shrinkage. (2) CARROLL, C, et al. CCTV Headquarters, Beijing, China: capacity for resisting seismic loads. Increas- Building the structure. The Arup Journal, 43(2), pp40-51, ing the column sizes was rejected since they 2/2008 would become stiffer and hence attract even CONCLUSIONS higher loads. Instead, the corner column and The project demonstrated that a building Credits brace elements directly below the Overhang with many complex technical challenges Client: China Central Television were left out until the end of construction, could be delivered successfully within a Architect: OMA Stedebouw BV, Ole Scheeren and Rem forcing the dead loads to travel via the diago- tight programme. An international team Koolhaas nals down adjacent columns and enabling was mobilized to make best use of the firm’s Engineer: Arup the full capacity of the corner elements to be experience and knowledge, which required Local Design Institute: East China Architectural Design and available for wind and seismic loads in the seamless co-ordination between a number of Research Institute Co Ltd (ECADI) as-built condition. locations and cultures. Illustrations All © Arup except Figure 1 (© OMA), Figure 13 (© CSCEC)

24 | CCTV Building CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Letters to the Editor

Reflection on Dubai Congress The Journal clearly keeps expanding. It’s now Hong Kong building, you may well be ending almost 50 pages, a huge increase from just at level 63 since in many cases there is no This year’s CTBUH CTBUH 2008 8th World Congress; Proceedings a year ago. That’s a great indication of how level 13 either, following the superstitious congress held in comprehensive the Journal has become in its western trend of not numbering most level Dubai in many content. And as the membership continues 13’s. In many European countries a 24-story respects can be re- to increase in the Council, it is only natural the project has 25 levels, due to the including garded as a success- Journal will grow with the membership. of first level as ‘ground floor’ i.e. ground floor ful event serving as +24 levels. a forum to showcase Editor: Antony Wood I encourage all Council members to read and projects, expertise use the information contained in the CTBUH Madou Plaza, a recently renovated and and new trends in Journal. Likewise, I hope our membership expanded 34-story award-winning building Organizer: Main Sponsors: passes along their copy of the Journal to in Brussels, Belgium (see Figure 1) has seen development phi- Gold-Plus Sponsor losophies. other colleagues to give them an opportunity its overall above-ground surface increased to review it as well. from 32,000 to 40,000 square meters through This event, as with renovation. many other recent gatherings of profession- Looking forward to the next issue. als active in real estate development areas, Bill Maibusch also highlighted the need for a re-think of the Turner Construction International format of such events. Doha, Qatar. The unprecedented construction boom, especially felt in the Middle East but also in many parts of Asia, characterized by a Tall Buildings In Numbers fascination with high-rise buildings, leads to It was with great interest that I read the new taller and bolder designs proposed by both ‘Tall Buildings in Numbers’ feature in the established design firms and a new breed of CTBUH Journal Issue II. Numerous statistics professionals. have been widely published in the past When talking to design professionals, I feel about the ‘tallest’ and ‘most iconic’ skyscrapers there is a need for discussion platforms where built, but very few statistics have ever been more open and in-depth exchange of ex- published regarding the total number of tall periences can take place in an effort to raise buildings built. Since the turn of the new mil- awareness of state-of-the-art design prac- lennium however, primarily via the Internet, tices. Such gatherings should not only share information about individual tall buildings success stories but also serve the important has been made widely available, however, Figure 1. Madou Plaza, Brussels, Belgium function of alerting to problems in our ever globalization of numbers and figures is still more complex and challenging projects. missing from most media, including the net. At the same time, the plot where the building Because of the ever increasing number of tall Dr. Greg Gajer sits has also been widely enlarged through buildings built worldwide and accommodat- Limitless LLC the acquisition of land. In the end, the FAR ing different if not new uses, it is perhaps Dubai, UAE (floor area ratio) of the project has decreased time to give the public a wider access to widely from 27.8 to 11.6 while the density more figures about this evolution. Tall Build- actually newly implemented in the area has ings in Numbers clearly has such an ambition. Journal keeps getting better been augmented by 25%. Now, while global figures are needed to as- This is just an example of illustrating that pre- As a long time member of The Council, I sess the ever changing global tall buildings cise figures do not always allow us to assess enjoy reading the CTBUH Journal on a regular market growing taller and taller every day, we the reality in its global aspect! In summary basis. The last issue of the Journal was very should be aware that individual figures may - yes, we all need figures and numbers about informative. Two specific articles to mention; be false or misleading, For example, some tall buildings but before sorting them, we first, Dan O’Connor’s research on building developers start numbering the floors in their need to make sure that we don’t mix apples facades and fire safety, portrayed two critical projects with a 2-digit figure, thus in the end and pears or that final numbers do represent elements of every tall building that must be gaining 10 levels to the total numbers of reality and not only some dry statistics. developed together to provide maximum floors (in this case height – or its representa- Georges Binder protection of the building’s occupants. tion – being used as a marketing tool!). Some The other article, “Tall Buildings in Numbers” regions of the world, and this is especially Buildings & Data sa gives a great report of how tall buildings have noticeable in Hong Kong, do not number any Brussels, Belgium evolved over the years, and also a good indi- level ending with 4, for superstitious reasons. cator of the trends for future tall buildings. There are thus often no levels such as 4, 14, 24, 34…, when travelling up to level 70 in a

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Letters to the Editor | 25 The Vertical Farm - The origin of a 21st century Architectural Typology

“While no one questions the value of farming in getting us to this point in our evolutionary

Eric C. Ellingsen history, even our earliest efforts caused irreversible damage to the natural landscape, and are so wide-spread now that it threatens to alter the rest of the course of our life on this planet.”

Dickson Donald Despommier Though often bandied about by architectural form chasers, the invention of typologies are Authors rare. The fortuitous resultant of social imperatives, cultural and economic necessity, intrac- 1Eric C. Ellingsen 2Dickson Donald Despommier table environmental pressures and technological prodigality, architectural typologies, like real paradigm shifts, are mostly nothing more than UFO sightings: stories dreamt up in bars 1College of Architecture and wishfully elaborated for credibility in digital manifestoes. Illinois Institute of Technology S.R. Crown Hall, 3360 S. State St “The duct is one of the most monumental relationship between parts, rooms, program, Chicago, IL 60616 [innovations] in the history of environmental e: [email protected] mechanical and natural systems of exchange engineering.” and circulation that allowed the hospital to Reyner Banham (Banham, 1969) become a finely tuned and controlled 2Department of Environmental Health Sciences Mailman School of Public Health instrument of beauty, very literally an organon Columbia University However, one such occurrence can be noted of change. (Organic has Greek roots from 60 Haven Ave, Rm. 100 at the opening of the 20th century, which did Organon: instrument, tool. (Rykwert, 1992)). At New York, NY 10032 e: [email protected] not appear as visibly among all the that moment architecture evolved as a

wonderful—indeed they are extraordinary!— modern enterprise, not merely a structural avant-garde manifestoes. It is the modern revolution, but the material embodiment of a Eric C. Ellingsen hospital as a new architectural typology and networked, technical, spatial assemblage Eric C. Ellingsen holds a Masters of Architecture, and a Master of Landscape from the University of the untold (and not adequately told here) where 19th century structural revolutions of Pennsylvania, (2005); a Masters in Classical history of the duct (think of the Vertical Farm as the steel frame could be enmeshed with Philosophy, St. John’s College, Annapolis MD (2000). He is a Senior Lecturer at the College of Reyer Banham might, a history of the near mechanical technology, the individual, the Architecture, Illinois Institute of Technology, and future). microbe, the city. It was near this time that the serves as Assistant Director of the Graduate Landscape Program. surgical suite replaces the anatomical theater, and the natural environment is linked together In 1906 the Royal Victoria Hospital, by Henman in a living mechanical architectural system, Dickson Donald Despommier and Cooper, opened in Belfast, Ireland. which addressed social, societal, political, Dickson Donald Despommier holds a Ph. D in (Banham, 1969). It was the first modernized, Biology from University of Notre Dame (1967), a biological, and individual needs. It was the Masters in Science in Medical Parasitology from air-conditioned building in the world, and duct which permitted the reinvention of the Columbia University (1964). He is a Professor of launched the hospital as an apparatus that hospital, which had been in existence since Public Health and Microbiology at Columbia simultaneously reached across multiple scales University, NYC, 1982-present. Associate Professor 4000BC. Thus a mechanism of exchange and of Public Health and Microbiology, Columbia of engagement. It addressed and organized environmental controls becomes the impetus University, NYC,1975-1982. the internal needs of a person and the internal for both new typologies, and a new breed of control of a building environment, to the architecturally mediated and controlled mediation of an external population of environmental possibilities, pressures, and individuals and the external conditions of the constraints, possibilities which leaps and natural environment. It was the functional

26 | The Vertical Farm CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III mutates from the hospital and proliferated The Vertical Farm, as perceived by the public, is into variations at every architectural scale, from choreography of food visibility. Food is the house to office, studio to indoor stadium. most dynamic and complex of systems in the 21st century, requiring a web of interrelationships. Yet we often forget, as The Vertical Farm is a correlate of the modern Wendell Berry states, that ”eating is an city, offering stability while embracing the agricultural act.” (Berry, 1990) Therefore, the first change. Far from fantasy, the Vertical Farm thing the vertical Farm does is mediate the scoops up the available ducts and technologies visibility of the production of food. The Vertical at the opening of the 21st century, organizing Farm helps you realize that your engagement and redistributing otherwise unrelated parts, with the world, particularly in terms of what grafting together everything available, from you eat, has consequences. NASA Biosphere control systems to Greenhouse technology. What is crucial to understand at the outset is that the Vertical As you approach the Vertical Farm from a Farm is a complex system rather than a single distance, you witness transparent shelves of building. In other words, the Vertical Farm is not color and texture cantilevered off the structural merely a building where you grow tomatoes core of the living system (see Figure 1). The and shortened corn situated in the milieu of an shelves are agricultural programmed boxes, urban setting; rather, the Vertical Farm is a each striated with modern fields of ripe Figure 1. The Vertical Farm model from above as seen in functional part of the urban system itself. The agricultural foliage: vegetation, fruits, etc. the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago. Vertical Farm is not merely a skyscraper with (Note: the particular foods in each shelf would farm plots chopped up like strips of turf and be controlled to cancel the foods traveling the rolled into FAR [foot to area ratio] rationed most miles to your now truly sustainable city, floorplates. Indeed, the Vertical Farm is not and, be selected around the individual dietary merely about food, but about the unseen and cultural palette of the community). Also, circuits of energy and materials, labor and springing from the structural core, you notice resources, capital and infrastructure, residential apartments set like seeds into the technology and politics upon which our cities more hermitically sealed laboratories in which depend; food is only a single component of the the agricultural systems would be researched Vertical Farm, the most visible part, the market and initially cultivated for control purposes and and marketable part (imagine the politically finally deployed, by way of the core, into the marketable ‘greenness’ of a 1000ft luscious shelves. Apartments to both scientists and cornicopic living transparent zone of fertility students, the Vertical Farm also contains Figure 2. The Vertical Farm Park at base of model next to the black steel and glass skyscraper in program for private residences, and for those your city); food, the only part of farming which residents, gardens and vertical parks linking consumers see while the rest of the industrial the outside of the shelves with the living and process remaining invisible, unquestioned, the labs (see Figure 2). As you look closer you absolved by sheer ignorance. Essentially, the will notice that some of the programmatic Vertical Farm allows us to address in one shelves contain grazing colors, which seem to ambitious but realistic strategy, the precarious be in motion. Upon closer inspection (see and tricky crisis of modernity between the Figure 3) you notice pigs and chickens, not the individual and the city, which French sour image via noisome smell of the factory philosopher Paul Ricour stated so poignantly, it farm hidden out of site and attempting to allows us to participate in the local place and evade the eye, but rather sterile and proud global flow at the same time, to embrace public animal production. Finally, you will modernity and simultaneously return to our notice two systems of tanks; one system roots.” (Ricour, 1965) Those roots simply exist comprised of smaller pools filled with fish and 1000 feet above the ground. (A ground which shrimp, the other much larger tank linked into would be better served by forests than by a waste water and bio-solid treatment facility, Figure 3. A vertical Farm in Dubai. Design by Eric Ellingsen and Dickson Despommier. Image by Eric Ellingsen, Homero feed-stock, as it turns out.) looking much like active industrial Rios, and Mo Phala.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III The Vertical Farm | 27 monuments decorating the country side as hectares of hardwood and coniferous forest (fifty or more years), responded to these silos and refineries which, when preserved and (temperate and tropical), grasslands, and biological pressures, producing an astounding remediable like at Gasworks Park in Seattle, or wetlands were sacrificed, or at the very least array of chemical deterrents that have, up to documented so wonderfully well by the severely reduced to fragmented remnants of very recently, been able to control these German photographers Bernd and Hilla their former ranges. In either case, significant unwanted guests attempting to sit at our Becher. That’s what you’ll see from a distance loss of biodiversity and disruption of table. The regular application of pesticides and across the city. ecosystem functions on a global scale has herbicides has facilitated an ever-increasing been the result (Wilson, 1992). agricultural bounty, but many arthropod and plant species have developed at least some You will be walking to the Vertical Farm to join level of resistance to both classes of your colleagues for lunch at a restaurant on While no one questions the value of farming in compounds. As the result, higher and higher the second floor of the tower (see Figure 4). On getting us to this point in our evolutionary doses of these products are needed to do the the way up you will stop through the park history, even our earliest efforts caused same job as the year before, thus making (Figure 8) and listen to the public performance irreversible damage to the natural landscape, agricultural runoff the single most damaging by local undiscovered buskers that afternoon and are so wide-spread now that it threatens source of pollution. In the majority of intensive scheduled to take place each day (much like to alter the rest of the course of our life on this farming settings following even mild rain Music Under New York: http://www.mta.info/ planet. The silt-laden soils of the floodplains of events, a toxic mix of agrochemicals leaves the mta/aft/muny/). After lunch, you will dip the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys serve as a fields and contaminates surrounding ecotones through the Vertical Farmers market and pick good example in this regard. This region was with predictable regularity. The ecological up the fresh organic tomatoes and honey the cradle of western civilization attributable consequences of runoff have been nothing which you need for the dinner party the next solely to the early invention of food growing short of devastating. Furthermore, human night. And at that dinner, when your locavore technologies (mostly wheat cultivation). The health risks are also associated with high friends lament the agricultural sores which land was soon degraded below a minimum exposures to some agrochemicals (Molyneux, Michael Pollen repeatedly drives home, like the level of food production due to erosion caused 2003). However, many chemicals manifest their fact that agriculture is above all in the 21st by intensive, primitive farming practices that toxic effects in the human body in ways far century an industrial act. and that agricultural rapidly depleted the earth of its scant supply more subtle than, say for instance DDT and the acts are as egregious to the health of the of nutrients, while mismanaged irrigation thinning of birds of prey egg-shells, making environment as our industrial foods are to our projects were often interrupted by wars and them difficult to implicate in the disease bodies, you will finally have a more palatable out-of-season flooding events. Traditional process (Stromquist, Burmeister, 2003). conversation. Because, you will see and live farming practices (i.e. non-high tech) continue and experience through the Vertical Farm the to this day to produce massive loss of topsoil, real links between our food and our city as while excluding the possibility for long-term Farming itself is an activity fraught with health perhaps the most intense and complex carbon sequestration in the form of trees and risks. The mechanisms of transmission for network of interrelationships in the 21st other permanent woody plants (Williams, numerous agents of disease (e.g. the century. 2003). schistosomes, malaria, some forms of leishmaniasis, geohelminths) are linked to a wide variety of traditional agricultural practices As of January 2006, approximately 800 million According to the IFA (International Fertilizer (e.g. using human feces as fertilizer, irrigation, hectares of arable land were in use, allowing Industry Association), Agrochemicals, plowing, sowing, harvesting). These illnesses for the harvesting of an ample food supply for especially fertilizers, are used in almost every take a huge toll on human health, disabling the majority of a human population now in commercial farming scheme due to the large populations, thus removing them from excess of 6.4 billion. These estimates include demand for cash crops that require more the flow of commerce, and this is especially grazing lands (formerly grasslands) for cattle, nutrients from the substrate that it can the case in the poorest countries. In fact, they representing nearly 85% of all land that could provide. Fertilizer use is expensive and are often the root cause of their impoverished support a minimum level of agriculture. encourages the growth of weeds, making situation. Trauma injuries are considered a Farming also produces a wide variety of grains herbicide use almost a requirement. In normal consequence of farming by most who that feed millions of head of cattle and other commercial ventures, farming involves the engage in this activity and are particularly domesticated farm animals. According to the production of single crop species, most of common among “slash and burn” subsistence US Department of Agriculture, in 2003 nearly which are vulnerable to attack from a wide farmers. It is reasonable to expect that as the 33 million head of cattle were produced in the variety of microbes and arthropods (Carson, human population continues to grow, these United States. In order to support this large a 1962; Zupan, 2003). The agrochemical problems will worsen at ever increasing rates. scale of agricultural activity, millions of industries have, over just a short period of time

28 | The Vertical Farm CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III D

F G H K M L

I C E

A A anaerobic digester I vertical pork and chicken range

B Waste-water treatment Facility J aquaculture

C Vertical Farmers Markets as new public Agora K Produce

D Public Vertical Park System L Vertical agriculture production: hydroponic and aeroponic

E Grand Central Public Transportation M Research Laboratories

N City Water Reservoir F G H residential / restaurant/commercial J B

Figure 4. Section of the various components of a vertical Farm in Dubai. Design by Eric Ellingsen and Dickson Despommier. Image by Eric Ellingsen, Homero Rios, and Mo Phala.

To address these problems and those 2. VF holds the promise of no crop failures Vertical Farm as urban agricultural armature: perceived to soon emerge onto the horizon, due to droughts, floods, pests, or other With the Vertical Farm, there is no waste in waste. an alternate way of food production was periodic natural phenomena. A crucial component of the Vertical Farm mega- proposed; namely growing large amounts of 3. All VF food will be grown organically structure is the anaerobic digester (A). Human produce within the confines of high-rise employing chemically defined diets specific and animal waste serves as decentralized input energy source as a feedstock on an urban scale. buildings. This idea appeared to offer a to each plant and animal species: no The Vertical Farm complex also includes chicken, practical, new approach to preventing further herbicides, pesticides, or fertilizers. encroachment into the already highly altered hen, and hog production (I), and aquaculture (J) tanks for raising shell-fish to tilapia; all waste 4. VF eliminates agricultural runoff. natural landscape. The Vertical Farm Project in the form of animal manure will be phytore- was established in 2001, and is an on-going 5. VF would allow farmland to be returned mediated through the plants root systems and activity at the Mailman School of Public Health to the natural landscape, thus restoring re-routed into the anaerobic digester generat- at Columbia University in New York City. It is in ecosystem functions (e.g. increased ing biogas such as methane and as re-used as fertilizer. Water from plant evapotranspiration and its virtual stages of development, having biodiversity) and services (e.g. air from the aquaculture tanks will be recycled into survived 4 years of critical thinking in the purification). the waste-water large water treatment facility classroom and worldwide exposure on the 6. VF would greatly reduce the incidence of (B) and finally, a potable urban reservoir (N). The Internet to become an accepted notion Vertical Farm will also grow fruit and vegetable many infectious diseases that are acquired worthy of consideration at some practical produce (K) year-round. The produce palette will at the agricultural interface by avoiding use level. We have identified an extensive list of be chosen by the local diet desires and needs, as of human feces as fertilizer for edible crops. well as by offsetting the imported foods which reasons why vertical farming may represent a travel the furthest to arrive in our cities (usually an viable solution to global processes as diverse 7. VF converts black and gray water into average of 2000km+). This produce will be grown as hunger, population growth, and restoration potable water by engineering the in controlled environments using hydroponic of ecological functions and services collection of the water realized through and aeroponic systems (L). Active Research Labo- (e.g. returning land to natural process, carbon evapo-transpiration. ratories (M) will be a crucial component to the Vertical Farm complex, as will be the residential sequestration, etc.). If vertical farming (VF) were 8. VF adds energy back to the grid via living (F) units, restaurants (G), and commercial to become widely adopted, then the following methane generation from composting (H) programs. advantages would most likely be realized: non-edible parts of plants and animals. Above the ground on the exterior of parts of the 9. VF dramatically reduces fossil fuel use (no Vertical Farm, a public park system (D) is woven into the skyscraper. Whereas most skyscrapers 1. Year-round crop production; 1 indoor tractors, plows, shipping.). are merely visual stimulants to the inhabitant of acre is equivalent to 4-6 outdoor acres or 10. VF eliminates much of the need for the city, in the Vertical Farm a new relationship more, depending upon the crop (e.g. storage and preservation, thus reducing between nature and the public space interior to skyscrapers will be created. Furthermore, the strawberries: 1 indoor acre = 30 outdoor dramatically the population of vermin (rats, base of the Vertical Farm offers a wide range of acres).(Note: for further examples see mice, etc.) that feed on reserves of food. public amenities as cultural catalysts, such as WIRED magazine, 16-11-08, “The Future of 11. VF converts abandoned urban out-door street level vertical farmers markets and public agoras (C), and a grand central station (E) Food” p.188-205) properties into food production centers. hub. The Vertical Farm will collect, intensify, filter, layer, merge, and finally re-distribute the urban energy.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III The Vertical Farm | 29 going to eat and prepare that food live (your calories (2,000 cal/day/person) to comfortably ...vertical farms vegetables don’t have to travel the 1500 accommodate the needs of 50,000 people, hundred miles on average to get to your plate). and mainly by employing technologies Thus, on an urban scale, waste literally fuels currently available. Constructing the ideal What if “eating local” urban services rather than becoming an urban vertical farm with a far greater yield per square in “Shanghai or New York liability. All the while, re-tuning the cities foot will require additional research in many meant getting your fresh infrastructural systems provides the urgent areas – hydrobiology, material sciences, produce from five blocks de-stressing of local and global natural structural and mechanical engineering, resources like our forests, waterways and industrial microbiology, plant and animal away? And what if skyscrapers mineral reserves. genetics, architecture and design, public grew off the grid, as verdant, health, waste management, physics, and urban self-sustaining towers where planning, to name but a few. Indoor farming (e.g. hydroponics and city slickers cultivated their aeroponics) has existed for some time. own food?” Strawberries, tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, Yet, despite the obvious enthusiasm for the herbs, and spices grown in this fashion have idea, there are cautions to consider. High-rise Quote by Bina Venkataraman, reporter for made their way to the world’s markets in food-producing buildings will only succeed if the New York Times, Sciense section. Dickson quantity over the last 5-10 years. Most of these they function by mimicking ecological process; Despommier, professor of public health at operations are small when compared to namely, by safely and efficiently re-cycling Columbia University, discusses the concept of factory farms, but unlike their outdoor everything organic and re-cycling “used” water the ‘Vertical Farm’ in the city. From ‘Country, counterparts, they produce crops year-round. (e.g. human and animal waste), turning it back the City Version: Farms in the Sky Gain New Interest’. The New York Times, July 15th, 2008. Japan, Scandinavia, New Zealand, the United into drinking water. Most importantly, there States, and Canada have thriving greenhouse must be strong, government-supported industries. Freshwater fishes (e.g. tilapia, trout, economic incentives to the private sector, as 12. VF creates sustainable environments for stripped bass, carp), and a wide variety of well as to universities and local government to urban centers. crustaceans and mollusks (e.g. shrimp, crayfish, fully develop the concept. Ideally, vertical farms mussels) have also been commercialized in this must be cheap to construct, durable and safe 13. VF creates new employment way. Fowl and pigs are well within the to operate, and independent of economic opportunities. capabilities of indoor farming, and if we were subsides and outside support (i.e. show a profit 14. VF could provide year round production to proceed to do so, offers some interesting at the end of the day). If these conditions can of medically valuable plants (e.g. the advantages in addition to providing the world be realized through an ongoing, anti-malarial plant-derived artemesinin). with a convenient food supply. For example, if comprehensive research program, urban 15. VF could be used for the large-scale chickens and ducks were to be raised entirely agriculture could provide an abundant and production of sugar (sucrose) to be used in indoors, then the current epidemic of avian varied food supply for the 60% of the people the revolutionary new method for the influenza might well have been aborted, or at that will be living within cities by the year 2030. production of non-polluting gasoline. the very least, significantly reduced in scope. None have been configured as multi-story entities. In contrast, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, Waste management and urban sustainability Thus, the Vertical Farm is an apparatus of and other large farm animals seem to fall well Today, we face the challenge of trying to capture (Deleuze and Guattari, 1987) a filter outside the paradigm of urban agriculture. understand enough about the process of which helps regulate the flows of urban What is proposed here differs radically from ecological balance to incorporate it into our energy in the forms of water and waste what currently exists; namely, to scale up the daily lives (i.e. do no harm). Our willingness to management, redirecting those problematic scope of operations, in which a wide variety of try to solve problems that we ourselves have outputs as energy inputs and agents of produce is harvested in quantity enough to created is a measure of our selflessness and change for the production of our daily caloric sustain even the largest of cities without altruistic behavior as a species. Thus, the needs. Vertical Farms also act as cultural significantly relying on resources beyond the second most important reason to consider catalysts, allowing unique pockets and urban footprint. Our group has determined converting to vertical farming relates to how authentic food fields particular to the diverse that a single vertical farm with an architectural we handle waste (Malkow, 2004; Eckenfelder, ethnic diets and populations of place to match footprint of one square New York City block 1999). Current waste management practices and coordinated with the place where food is and rising just 30 stories (approximately 3 throughout the world, regardless of location, grown to the lives where people that are million square feet) could provide enough are largely detrimental to public health and

30 | The Vertical Farm CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III social welfare, and exposure to untreated Waste management issues are equally dire in Todd, Josephson, 1996) will be used to help effluent often carries with it serious health risks. the rural setting. Agricultural runoff despoils remediate contaminated water. They will be However, even in the best of situations, most vast amounts of surface and groundwater periodically harvested for methane generation solid waste collections are simply compacted (Foster, 2003; Holt, 2000). Vertical farming offers employing state-of-the-art composting and relegated to landfills, or in a few instances, the possibility of greatly reducing the quantity methods yielding energy to help run the incinerated to generate energy. Liquid wastes of this non-point source of water pollution. In facility. By-products of burning methane – CO are processed (digested, then de-sludged), and addition, it will generate methane from 2, heat, and water – can be added back into treated with a bactericidal agent (e.g. chlorine) municipal waste currently being funneled into the atmosphere of the vertical farm to aid in before being released into the nearest water pollution control facilities. The concept fostering optimal plant growth. The resulting convenient body of water. More often in less of sustainability will be realized through the purified water will be used to grow edible developed countries, it is discarded without valuing of waste as a commodity so plant species. Ultimately, any water source that treatment, greatly increasing the health risks indispensable to the operation of the farm that emerges from the vertical farm should be associated with infectious disease transmission to discard something –any thing - would be drinkable, thus completely re-cycling it back due to fecal contamination. analogous to siphoning off a gallons’ worth of into the community that brought it to the farm gasoline from the family car and setting it on to begin with. Harvesting water generated fire. Natural systems function in a sustainable from evapo-transpiration appears to have All solid waste can be re-cycled (returnable fashion by recycling all essential elements some virtue in this regard, since the entire farm cans, bottles, cardboard packages, etc.) and/or needed to produce the next generation of life. will be enclosed. A cold brine pipe system used in energy generating schemes with This way of doing business is being could be engineered to aid in the technologies that are currently in use. A major incorporated by NASA engineers into all future condensation and harvesting of moisture source of organic waste comes from the programs that focus on colonizing outer space. released by plants. Nonetheless, several restaurant industry (Wie, 2003). Methane If we are to live in closed systems off the varieties of new technology will be needed generation from this single resource could surface of the earth, then the concept of waste before sewage can be handled in a routine, contribute significantly to energy generation, becomes an outdated paradigm. safe manner within the confines of the farm. and may be able to supply enough to run Unfortunately, this goal has yet to be fully Lessons learned from the nuclear power plant Vertical Farms without the use of electricity realized by NASA or by the ill-fated Biosphere 2 industry should be helpful in this regard. from the grid. For example, in New York City Project (Allen, 1997). If we are to live in a there are more than 21,000 food service balanced extraterrestrial environment, we establishments, all of which produce significant must somehow learn how to do it here first. Some “proofs of concept” quantities of organic waste, and they have to 1. Year round crop production pay to have the city cart it off. Often the garbage sits out on the curb, sometimes for Sludge, derived from waste water treatment Traditional farming takes place over an annual hours to days, prior to collection. This allows plants of many, but not all cities throughout growth cycle that is wholly dependent upon time for vermin, including cockroaches, rats the US, and treated with a patented process what happens outside. Significant deviation and mice, to dine out at some of the finest referred to as advanced alkaline stabilization (e.g. drought or flood) for more than several restaurants in the western hemisphere, albeit with subsequent accelerated drying, is being weeks away from conditions necessary for second-hand. Vertical farming may well result turned into high grade topsoil and sold as insuring a good yield has predictable, negative in a situation in which restaurants would be such to the farming community at-large by effects on the lives of millions of people paid (according to the caloric content?) for this N-Viro Corporation, Toledo, Ohio. The limiting dependent upon those items for their yearly valuable commodity, allowing for a greater factor in using municipal sludge for farming food supply (Cairns, 2000). Every year, measure of income for an industry with a appears to be heavy metal contamination, somewhere in the world, crops suffer from too notoriously small (2-5%) profit margin (Mann, mostly from copper, mercury, zinc, arsenic, and little water and wither on the spot, or are lost 1999). In New York City, on average 80-90 chromium (Scancar, 2000). Vertical farms will to severe flooding, hailstorms, tornados, restaurants close down each year, the vast be engineered to take in black or gray water, earthquakes, hurricanes, cyclones, fires, and majority of which are precipitated by depending upon availability, and restore it to other destructive events of nature. Many of inspections conducted by the New York City near drinking water quality using these phenomena are at best difficult to Department of Health. A common finding by bioremediation (Bonaventura, 1997) and other predict, and at worst are impossible to react to inspectors in these situations is vermin (mouse technologies yet to be perfected. Fast growing in time to prevent the losses associated with and rat droppings, cockroaches) and inedible plant species (e.g. cattail, duckweed, them. Climate change regimens will surely unsanitary conditions that encourage their life sawgrass, Spartina spp.), often referred to complicate an already complex picture with styles. collectively as a living machine (Todd, 1994; respect to predicting crop yields (Tilman, 2001).

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III The Vertical Farm | 31 + +++

energy farming: apartments bio solids, water and poultry farming vegetable farming and residental park research laboratories and waste water retention beds aquaculture farming residential

The components of the Vertical Farm model

In addition to losses due to bad weather 2. No-cost restoration of ecosystems: the tolerant plants) grew back to the same density events, an unavoidable portion of what is principle of benign neglect as before the experiment was begun. These grown spoils in the fields prior to harvest time. Converting most food production to vertical data give credence to the hypothesis that if Another large portion of harvest, regardless of farming holds the promise of restoring vertical farming could replace most horizontal the kind of plant or grain, is laid waste by a ecosystem services and functions. There is farming, then ecosystem services that variety of opportunistic life forms (i.e. fungi, good reason to believe that an almost full reinforce a healthy life style (e.g. clean water, bacteria, insects, rodents) after storage. In recovery of many of the world’s endangered clean air, carbon sequestration) would be Africa, locusts remain an ever-present threat terrestrial ecosystems will occur simply by restored. (Abate, 2000), devastating vast areas of abandoning farmland and allowing the farmland in just days. Finally, armed conflict countryside to “cure” itself (Gunderson, 2000). 3. Urban sustainability halts all normal human activity in any given This belief stems, in part, from numerous war zone. Faming usually suffers greatly during anecdotal observations as to the current Natural systems function in a sustainable those stressful times, with crops being burned biological state of some regions that were fashion by recycling all essential elements for or otherwise made unavailable by those once severely damaged either by now-extinct the next generation of life (Eugene, 2005). One wishing to severely limit the opposition’s civilizations or by over-farming, and, in part, of the toughest challenges facing urban access to a reliable food supply. from data derived from the National Science planners is trying to incorporate the concept Foundation-sponsored long-term ecological of sustainability into waste (both solid and liquid) management. Even in the best of Vertical farming obviates all external natural research program (LTER), begun in 1980, on a wide variety of fragmented ecosystems situations, most solid waste collections are processes as confounding elements in the compacted and relegated to landfills. In a few production of food. Growing food within purposely set aside for study subsequent to an extended period of encroachment. One of the rare instances they are incinerated to generate urban centers will lower or even eliminate the energy (Ragossnig, 2005). Liquid wastes are consumption of fossil fuels needed to deliver most intensively studied of these fragmented ecozones is Hubbard Brook in northern New processed, then treated with a bactericidal them to the consumer, and will eliminate agent (e.g. chlorine) and released into the forever the need for burning fossil fuels during Hampshire (Likens, 2001; Likens, 1970). The area is a mixed boreal forest watershed that nearest body of water. More often than not in the act of farming. So where does the energy less developed countries, it is discarded come from that is needed to run the vertical has been extensively harvested at least three times in modern times (1700s-1967). The without treatment, greatly increasing the farm? Ideally, they will take full advantage of health risks associated with infectious disease technologies centered around methane Hubbard Brook LTER lists its research objectives as: vegetation structure and production; transmission due to fecal contamination digestion of the inedible portions of what is (Khosla, 2005). From a technological grown (i.e. biogas production). Solar, wind, and dynamics of detritus in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; atmosphere-terrestrial-aquatic perspective, all solid waste can now be tidal power could also contribute to reducing efficiently re-cycled (returnable cans, bottles, their dependence on fossil fuels. Iceland and ecosystem linkages; heterotroph population dynamics; effects of human activities on cardboard packages, etc.) and/or used in other geologically active regions (e.g. Italy, energy generating schemes with standard New Zealand) will have the distinct advantage ecosystems. A portion of the watershed was clear-cut and the trees left in place, in contrast methods that are currently in use (Malkow, of harnessing geothermal energy, which they 2004). Incorporating modern waste have at their disposal in abundance. to farming regimes in which trees are removed to make way for crop production. Re-growth management strategies into the vertical farm of some plants (shade intolerants) occurred model should work the first time out without within 3 years. By 20 years, the trees (shade the need for new technologies to come to the

32 | The Vertical Farm CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III The Vertical Farm model is a 23’ interactive model, featured in the Fast Forward exhibit at the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, IL. The model was designed and built by Eric Ellingsen and TJ McLeish; Student Design and build team: ++=Homero Rios, Ryan Szanyi, Stephanie Herrera, Sabine Kollwitz, Adie Rios, William Hutchison, John Castro, Mahdieh Salimi Consulting and Dickson Despommier. commercial and restaurant vertical farmers market and Vertical Farm model public park

rescue. It must be emphasized that urban showed how life behaves with regards to the disposal today. Nourishing Vertical Farms right sustainability will only be realized through the sharing of limited energy resources. Tight knit within the intolerably impoverished regions of valuing of waste as a commodity, deemed so assemblages of plants and animals evolved the world’s largest urban settings, such as indispensable that to discard something into trophic relationships that allowed for the Ethiopia, India, Central African Republic, the –anything - would be analogous to siphoning seamless flow of energy transfer from one level Gaza Strip, etc. is not only realistic, it’s practical. off a gallons’ worth of gasoline from the family to the next, regardless of the type of Taking these ideas from outer space and car and setting it on fire. ecosystem in question (Ricklefs, 2000). In fact, deploying these strategies in the space of our this is the defining characteristic of all cities is not only rationally feasible, it may be ecosystems. In contrast, humans, although one of the best vehicles we have to take on Since agricultural runoff despoils vast amounts participants in all terrestrial ecosystems, have agricultural challenges of the near and distant of surface and groundwater (Stalnacke, 2001; failed to incorporate this same behavior into future. Fawell, 2003; Foster, 2003), any water that their own lives. If vertical farming succeeds, it emerges from the vertical farm should be will establish the validity of sustainability, drinkable, re-cycling it back into the irrespective of location or life form. Vertical CONCLUSION: community that brought it to the farm to farms could become important learning Our lives, actions and activities don’t happen in begin with. Harvesting water generated from centers for future generations of city-dwellers, the city—they ARE the city. The city is not the evapo-transpiration appears to have some demonstrating our intimate connectedness to skyscrapers and tall buildings; it is the living virtue in this regard, since the entire farm will the rest of the world by mimicking the nutrient and dynamic material and economic networks be enclosed. A cold brine piping system could cycles that once again can take place in the that makes these technological sequoias be engineered to aid in the condensation and natural world. These traits re-emerged as the possible. Our cities are desperate for harvesting of moisture released by plants. The result of returning land back to the natural something that is simultaneously global, only perceived missing link is the ability to landscape. international, modern, and, local, unique, easily handle untreated human and animal particular to the identity, identification, and wastes in a safe and efficient fashion. Several individuals that are the place. The Greek urban varieties of new technology may be required. Finally, hydroponic and aeroponic technology planner, Doxiadis, in the 60s called this a Glocal Perhaps lessons learned from the nuclear has increased yield potential by more than 23 economy: global + local. What the Vertical power industry in handling plutonium and times while decreasing water usage by well Farm offers, among other benefits like enriched uranium may prove helpful in over 30 times; LED’s (Light Emitting Diodes, re-growth of forests and carbon sequestration, designing new machinery for this purpose. the kinds used in many traffic lights) and is a local food economy, a shortened route sulfer-mircrowave lamps are being employed from producer to consumer, a self-dependant as alternative light sources in agricultural 4. Social benefits of vertical farming autonomy rather than a 1500 mile on average environments which grow and harvest within delivery from field to plate, and, a deeper, more The social benefits of urban agriculture offer a ‘biomass production systems’ and ‘plant meaningful, living typology rather than merely rewarding set of achievable goals. The first is research units’ by the Bioregenerative Life a thin iconic, visual typology. Chicago, for the establishment of sustainability as an ethic Support Project at Dynamac, Inc., at the example, claims that being a sustainable city is for human behavior. This ecological concept is Kennedy Space Center. These are constantly one of its highest priorities, in fact it speaks in currently only a property of the natural world. regulated, environmentally maintained, and all superlatives—the MOST. But a green roof Ecological observations and studies, beginning hermetically controlled completely sustainable on the city hall doesn’t cut the longest yard. A with those of J. Teal in Georgia (Teal, 1962) agricultural solutions which we have at our Vertical Farm offers a real Millennium iconic

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III The Vertical Farm | 33 production, not merely an Millennium iconic ...economic analysis symbol; not some urban planning, boiler-plate cultural import star-architect trick. Rather, the Vertical Farm offers a brand new architectural very provocative - but it requires a rigorous economic analysis…“ Would a tomato in lower Manhattan be able to outbid an typology as a local and global solution to a 21st century crisis. investment banker for space in a high-rise? My bet is that the investment banker will pay more.” Architects must be informed by this active Armando Carbonell, chairman of the department of planning and urban form at the Lincoln Institute of understanding of how nature works and how Land Policy in Cambridge, Mass., explains how he feels about Dr. Despommier’s vertical farm visions. our cities need to work, rather than merely From ‘Country, the City Version: Farms in the Sky Gain New Interest’. The New York Times, July 15th, 2008. what nature and a broad shouldered city looks like—an aesthetic shoplifting really both of the image of ‘nature’ and the image of a ‘modern CARSON R. (1962) Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin Company, TILMAN D, FARGIONE J, et al. (2001). Forecasting NY, NY. ZUPAN J. (2003). Perinatal mortality and morbidity in agriculturally driven global environmental change. city’ that, in the end, is merely racing to build developing countries. A global view. Med Trop 63:366-8. Science. 292: 281-284. taller. But our view of nature meshed with a MOLYNEUX D.H. (2003). Common themes in changing http://www.globalfundforchildren.org/index.htm more dynamic view of the performance vector-borne disease scenarios. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. http://nutrition.tufts.edu/academic/hungerweb/ criteria of our city can both inform one another 97:129-32. ABATE T, VAN HUIS A, AMPOFO J. K. (2000). Pest STROMQUIST A.M, BURMEISTER L.F, et al. (2003). in robust and deep ways. How do natural management strategies in traditional agriculture: an Characterization of agricultural tasks performed by youth African perspective. Annu Rev Entomol.45:631-59. systems, for instance, constantly change and in the Keokuk County Rural Health Study. Appl Occup yet constantly perform and stabilize in that Environ Hyg. 18:418-29. GUNDERSON L. H. (2000). Ecological resilience –in theory and application. Ann Rev Ecology Systematics. 31:425-439. change? How can we feed and grow and grow MALKOW T. (2004). Novel and innovative pyrolysis and and grow simultaneously? Our cities must gasification technologies for energy efficient and LIKENS G. E. (2001). Ecosystems: Energetics and environmentally sound MSW disposal. Waste Manag. Biogeochemistry. pp. 53-88. In: Kress WJ and Barrett G (eds.). perform like this, and the Vertical Farming will 24:53-79. A New Century of Biology. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. help. On the one hand Vertical Farms will be ECKENFELDER W. W. (1999). Industrial water pollution like hospitals for food, but they will also be control. McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math; 3 rd ed. P. LIKENS G. E, BORMANN F. H, JOHNSON N. M, FISHER D. W, 600. PIERCE R. S. (1970). Effects of forest cutting and herbicide eco-services to our cities, which are in treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brook WIE S, SHANKLIN C. W, LEE K. E. (2003). A decision tree for watershed-ecosystem. Ecol. Monogr. 40:23-47. desperate need of infrastructural renovations, selecting the most cost-effective waste disposal strategy like our strangled waste management systems in foodservice operations. J Am Diet Assoc. 103:475-82. EUGENE P, BARRET O. & G. W. (2005) Fundamnetals of Ecolog. Thomson Brooks/Cole, Pubs. Australia, Canada, and hydrological services, storm water MANN L. L, MAC INNIS D, GARDINER N. (1999). Menu United States. management, etcetera. Vertical Farms will Analysis for Improved Customer Demand and Profitability in Hospital Cafeterias. Can J Diet Pract Res. 60:5-10 RAGOSSNIG A. M, LORBER K. E. (2005). Combined allow flexibility and stability at the same time. incineration of industrial wastes with in-plant residues in FOSTER S. S. D, CHILTON P. J. (2003). Groundwater: the fluidized-bed utility boilers--decision relevant factors. Waste Our cities are starving for better answers to a processes and global significance of aquifer degradation. Manag Res. 23:448-56. 21st century urbanism; the Vertical Farm needs Phil Trans: Biol Sci. 358: 1957-1972. KHOSLA R, BHANOT A, KARISHMA S. (2005). Sanitation: a call HOLT M. S. (2000). Sources of chemical contaminants and to be on the menu. on resources for promoting urban child health. Indian routes into the freshwater environment. Food Chem Pediatr. 42:1199-206. Toxicol. 38(1 Suppl):S21-7. DELEUZE, GILLES; GUATTARI, FELIX. (1987). A Thousand ALLEN J. P, NELSON M, ALLING A. (2003). The legacy of References Plateaus. Minnesota Press. Biosphere 2 for the study of biospherics and closed BANHAM, R. (1969) The Architecture of the Well-tempered ecological systems. Adv Space Res. 31:1629-39. MALKOW T. (2004). Novel and innovative pyrolysis and Environment. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago. gasification technologies for energy efficient and SCANCAR J, MILACIC R, STRAZAR M, BURICA O. (2000). Total environmentally sound MSW disposal. Waste Manag. RYKWERT, J. (1992) RES 22. Organic and Mechanical. metal concentrations and partitioning of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni 24:53-79. and Zn in sewage sludge. Sci. Total Environ. 250:9–19. RICOUR, P. (1965) History and Truth. Northwestern STALNACKE P, VANDSEMB S. M, VASSILJEV A, GRIMVALL A, University Press. BONAVENTURA C, JOHNSON F.M. (1997). Healthy JOLANKAI G. (2001) Changes in nutrient levels in some environments for healthy people: bioremediation today BERRY, W. (1990) What are people for? The Pleasure of Eastern European rivers in response to large-scale and tomorrow. Environ Health Perspect. 105:5-20. Eating. North Point Press. changes in agriculture. Water Sci Technol. 49:29-36. TODD J. (1994). From Eco Cities to Living Machines: POLLEN, M. (2006) The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Penguin FAWELL J, NIEUWENHUIJSEN M. J. (2003). Contaminants in Ecology as the Basis of Design. North Atlantic Press, Books. drinking water. British Medical Bulletin 68:199-208. Berkeley. WILSON E. O. (1992) The Diversity of Life. W.W. Norton & FOSTER S. S. D, CHILTON P.J. (2003). Groundwater: the TODD J, JOSEPHSON B. (1996). The design of living Company, Pubs. processes and global significance of aquifer degradation. machines for wastewater treatment. Ecological Phil Trans: Biol Sci. 358: 1957-1972. WILLIAMS M. (2003) Deforesting the Earth. The University of Engineering 6, 109-136. Chicago Press. Chicago and London. TEAL J. M. (1962). Energy flow in a salt marsh in Georgia. CAIRNS J. (2000). Sustainability and the future of Ecology. 43:614-624. NATIONAL ASSESSMENT DATABASE, (2002) Environmental humankind: two competing theories of Infinite protection Agency. Substitutability. Politics and the Life Sciences 1: 27-32. RICKLEFS R. E. (2000). The economy of nature. WH Freeman & Co. 5th ed.

34 | The Vertical Farm CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Call for Papers

Council on Tall Buildings The CTBUH Journal is an official periodic Previous CTBUH Journals and Urban Habitat publication of the Council on Tall Buildings and Illinois Institute of Technology, Urban Habitat. Published and Circulated to the S. R. Crown Hall CTBUH 3360 South State Street Council’s worldwide membership three times Journal Chicago, IL, 60616 each year, the Journal aims to document and Tall buildings: design, construction and operation | 2008 Issue II The Shanghai World Financial Center publicize ground-breaking work taking place Sustainability Through Greener Concrete Sustainable rating systems around the world Phone: +1 (312) 909 0253 Building Façade or Fire Safety Façade? in the many fields related to tall building and CTBUH Working Group Update: Seismic Fax: +1 (610) 419 0014 Tall Buildings in Numbers urban development. In addition to technical Email: [email protected] papers, issues of the Journal host updates and http://www.ctbuh.org/ news from the Council leaders and its subcommittees, Literary reviews of relevant internal and external publications, and information on upcoming events hosted and sponsored by the organization.

Editor The Council maintains an open invitation for Zak Kostura content submission, and encourages both CTBUH Associate Editor members and nonmembers to submit Journal Robert Lau Tall buildings: design, construction and operation | 2008 Issue I proposals or drafts of papers for potential CTBUH 8th World Congress The Race for the Sky: Unbuilt Development The “International” Skyscraper inclusion as articles in an upcoming issue of High-Rise Home Technology Katharina Holzapfel Tallest 10 Completed in 2007 the Journal. Papers are welcome on any topic relevant to the core missions of the Council, CTBUH Chairman David Scott which include the dissemination best practice information on tall buildings and healthy CTBUH Executive Director Antony Wood urban environments, facilitation of business Manager of Operations exchange amongst the international tall Geri Kery building / built environment community, and publishing the latest knowledge available to professionals in a useful form. The nature of article themes often range from technical to policy-based, philosophical, analytical and historical. CTBUH Journal

Tall buildings: design, construction and operation | Fall 2007

Burj Dubai Stack Effect The Sky Court BIM – a search for answers Publication in the CTBUH Journal awards the Maglev goes high-rise The Tallest 20 in 2020 featured author with broad exposure to a multitude of industry leaders and active professionals around the world. By sharing knowledge, findings or experience, each author fosters valuable discourse amongst Council members with common interests, and in turn opens an opportunity to gather information useful to his or her published pursuits. Above all, each author contributes to the organization’s mission of elevating its Contact [email protected] for more information members’ collective awareness of the built on submitting drafts to the CTBUH Journal, or environment. visit the CTBUH website at www.ctbuh.org.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Call for Papers | 35 Partial Occupancies for Phased and Multi-Use Tall Buildings

"What if parts of a building could be occupied before the entire building is completed?"

Robert Lau In the Spring 2004 issue of the CTBUH journal I wrote an article ‘Multiple Phase Construction Author for a Multi-Use Tall Building’. This article noted the financial risk that multi-use buildings can be Robert Lau exposed to because they can be constructed without becoming fully occupied upon Roosevelt University 430 S. Michigan Avenue completion. Another issue has been the long time-frame required for constructing large multi- Chicago, IL 60605-1394, USA use high-rise buildings. What if parts of a building could be occupied before the entire building e: [email protected] is completed? What if a large high-rise project could be constructed in phases, so that only the spaces that the current market can support will be constructed? Robert M. Lau received his Bachelor of Architecture degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology (host institution for the CTBUH) and his Master of Business Administration at the Chicago School of While any construction project involves risks, spaces can open as independent entities Real Estate at Roosevelt University. to construct above an occupied space has before the office and/or residential He has worked with Myron Goldsmith and Lucien inherently more risks. Planning can remedy components are completed above. In some Lagrange at Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (Chicago office) and with Helmut Jahn and Jim Goettsch at some of these risks. Each stakeholder has cases, this time lag could be months to over a Murphy/Jahn in Chicago. He is an advocate of the differing attitudes regarding the execution of year. Some examples include: Chicago School of Architecture, beginning with William LeBaron Jenny, John Root, and Louis the construction. City building departments 1. One Rincon Hill in San Francisco by Sullivan and continuing through Fazlur Khan and are skeptical about issuing a permit for only Solomon Cordwell Buenz (Post 2008) Myron Goldsmith. occupying part of the building instead of the He has written several articles for the CTBUH a. Floors 8-27 occupied in Jan. 2008 Journal. He presented the paper ‘A Platonistic entire structure. How the remainder is Program for Block 37 in Chicago’s Loop’ at the constructed, while tenants occupy the spaces b. Floors 28-35 occupied in Feb. 2008 December 2001 CTBUH conference Building for the below, is a concern to all involved. This paper 21st Century in London and the paper ‘Financial c. Residences to floor 60 occupied in Aspects That Drive Design Decisions’ at the October will discuss Partial Occupancy issues from the 2005 conference in New York City. He was also a Aug. 2008 member of the NY conference’s committee that views of designers, contractors, building reviewed the papers to be presented. owners, the city government that the project is 2. Trump Tower Chicago by Skidmore, In addition to practicing architecture in Chicago, he constructed in, and the current tenants while Owings, and Merrill (Bergen 2008) is a Construction Committee member with the the construction is taking place. While there Windy City Habitat for Humanity (local affiliate). a. Hotel floors 14–27 occupied in Jan. are several examples of partial high-rise 2008 occupancy, identifying and addressing these b. Residence floor 92 topped out in special concerns will be important for issuing August 2008 future permits. c. Completion to be in 2009

INTRODUCTION Phased Construction (Vertical Expansion) Partial Occupancy In master planned projects, components are In most construction projects, an Occupancy planned but not designed or intended for Permit is secured after the construction has construction for years or even decades to been completed. The city issuing this permit come. Master plan projects may (for example) defines the project as safe and complete for build an office tower first, then a retail mall, human habitation in which it was intended. A and then a residential tower lastly, when the Partial Occupancy permit allows only a portion neighborhood has established this market of the completed project to be open for over the past several years. This can be occupancy. The remainder of the construction especially true in former industrial areas that can continue until its completion. This type of are being converted to other zoning uses by arrangement will benefit multi-use towers the city. It is now possible to construct these since the lower-floor commercial and retail independent components as one complete

36 | Partial Occupancies for Tall Buildings CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Figure 1. Hotel entry at Trump Tower on upper Wabash Figure 2. North elevation of Trump Tower over Figure 3. Blue Cross Blue Shield at start of vertical expansion hotel entry tower. Building the first, then the second or An advantage of Partial Occupancy projects is The financial advantage is occupying as each third can be described as Vertical Expansion. their ability for some tenants to open for use is completed instead of at tower While the concepts are the same as other business as soon as possible, without waiting completion. In the case of multi-use Tall master planned projects, the construction for the completion of the tower. An advantage Buildings, the time-frame for construction can takes place within one structure as opposed to of Phased Construction Vertical Expansion, as be years. Developers that can complete a many structures within the same site. Some in other master planned projects, is their ability space for occupancy by retail or offices, on the examples include: to minimize the risks of constructing large- lower floors, have a financial advantage over 1. Bentall 5 in Vancouver by the Musson scale space at one time period and not those who must wait until total tower Cattell Mackey Partnership (bentall5) flooding the market at what could be a completion. Securing financing may be easier vulnerable time. By being able to adjust to the in these scenarios. a. Phase I office floors to 22 occupied in current market, Vertical Expansions can Sept. 2002 minimize the financial risks inherent in b. Phase II office floors 23-34 occupied in large-scale construction projects. Both Partial While current requirements are sometimes April 2007 Occupancy and Phased Construction projects difficult to assess, planning for future can benefit the financial bottom-line for requirements can be even more difficult. It is 2. Blue Cross Blue Shield in Chicago by investors by their advantages. critical that the developer is aware of the risks Goettsch Partners (Corning 2008) involved for predicting the future. As a. Phase I office floors to 32 occupied in construction material costs have risen in the 1997, daytime worker population of 4,400 MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS OF THE PROJECT United States in 2008, convincing an owner to invest in materials, knowing that they will not b. Phase II office floors 33-57 to be Designers and Developers be used for years to come, could be a ‘tough completed in 2009, anticipated daytime While planning is required for the design of sell’. Setting aside certain assets today, to be worker population of 8,000 total for both any project, advanced planning is required in used in a future addition in the coming years, phases projects that include either Partial Occupancy or Vertical Expansion. In a designer’s mind, the could be difficult to persuade to a stockholder project is considered a combination of looking at the balance sheets. Incentives for Partial Occupancy or Phased separate buildings. Each can be designed and Construction Projects constructed on its own, as part of a complete A total planning package needs to be Large-scale multi-use Tall Buildings are whole. This approach will include inherent developed at the outset of the project by the complicated structures involving an army of redundancies. By planning for elevators and designers and the developer. Andrew Weiss of stakeholders. They require vast resources, utility shafts for the entire project, each the Trump Organization says,” We planned the multi-year planning and multi-year occupied phase will sustain itself within the entire project so that the different uses within construction scheduling. Besides the large context of the whole. Planning this the Trump Tower Chicago could open at quantities of materials required for infrastructure for the tower creates the different times.” Tom Corning of Walsh construction, financing a project of this possibility of constructing each use Construction has been working on the Vertical magnitude is a major accomplishment. Many individually and over time, if required. Expansion of the Blue Cross Blue Shield in risks are inherent in any construction project.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Partial Occupancies for Tall Buildings | 37 Chicago. He says,” The entire project had to be Elements for the designers and developers to 9. Peer reviews at various stages of the developed at the outset in 1997 in order for plan for are: design process. the Vertical Expansion of today to be effective. 1. Multiple entries for each function from Otherwise, the assets invested would be garage and grade. While some of these While planning can help prepare for unused and a waste of resources.” Fortunately, entries may not be constructed in the first this project was well planned by the designer encountering future problems during phase, their location is pivotal at the outset. construction, a certain amount of flexibility is Jim Goettsch so that, for today’s expansion, it These could be on different levels as well as can proceed as anticipated. This may not required. Market demand is flexible along with different street accesses. Preplanning is changes in personnel of designers and always be the case, especially when designers, important. The entire project must be building owners, and contractors can evolve or developers. Record keeping during the considered, even if only part of the building design’s progress is important. It may be change over the years. The designer of the will be constructed in the first phase. Trump Tower Chicago is Adrian Smith, who is impossible to have seamless construction that now a consultant to SOM. The designer of Blue 2. Elevators and utility shafts may change takes place over several phases. Integrating Cross Blue Shield is Jim Goettsch, who is no functions as the construction proceeds flexibility and adapting to changing conditions longer a partner with Dirk Lohan from the from one phase to the next. Concerning can help the project as a whole. Phase I construction of 1997. Economic the Trump Tower Chicago, Lucas forecasts are constantly changing. Today’s Tryggestad of SOM says, “The Fireman’s Contractors demands can be vastly different in the next elevator must reach every floor of the Construction that takes place in several phases decade. No matter how well an owner defines building, thus precluding it from operation is challenging. While it is easier to construct at their market or niche, predicting future prior to completions of the floors. Therefore, one time and adjust to different parts of the expansion needs is difficult. Peer reviews of another elevator must be sized to building being occupied at various times, each construction phase as well as the entire accommodate the sizing and functionality there are still challenges. The greatest project can assist the designers throughout of a Fireman’s elevator during construction.” challenge for a contractor is to resume phase the design process. These reviews can be 3. Phased design. Consider it as a building- two or three of construction several years after performed for the design issues but can also on-top-of-a- building. Each use is a separate the previous construction. Not only may the include constructability concerns and market building that fits into one complete project. use’s market have changed but also the trends for the future. The developer should use Tryggestad goes on to say,” In the Trump designers, developer, and construction the expertise of these peer reviews to produce Tower each phase of occupancy must material suppliers may have changed. In the a clear vision for financing this project and represent a total completed building in case of Blue Cross Blue Shield, the original promoting it to other investors. which all building systems and curtain wall supplier for Phase I was Antemex components must be operational.” International of Toronto. The supplier for Phase 4. As much a possible, consider future II is Permasteelisa Group SPA of Italy (Barner technology trends for the future 2008). To make the completed tower’s facade construction phases. look like one project could be the biggest 5. Utility shafts from subgrade connection challenge. up to the occupied levels for each use. 6. Construction deliveries separated from Construction activities must remain separate tenant deliveries. Future elevator or duct from the tenants. Besides the use of separate shafts may be used for concrete pumping entries and elevators, the noise, vibration and or fireproofing delivery in a construction dust of construction activities must also not stage. Provide ample loading docks as affect tenants. Corning says,” Noises, especially construction staging areas. loud ones, are a concern because of the 7. During construction, access for disruption of the employees’ work day but also construction workers is separate from they can cause concerns from their tenant entries. uncertainty of the cause.” Daytime workers do not wish to adjust their established patterns 8. Distinct HVAC, electrical, plumbing and because of construction that does not affect communication systems for each use. As them. Contractors must be aware of their construction continues or as phase two imposition to those that they share the site construction commences, the tenants are (but not the zone) with. Additional meetings not affected by the construction activities. Figure 4. Blue Cross Blue Shield at current construction with the tenants and the building owner may

38 | Partial Occupancies for Tall Buildings CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III be required in order to address their issues during construction. Additionally Corning says,” These issues are planned and discussed in a separate weekly building facilities and security meeting.” Concerns for the contractor include the following: 1. Staging construction. Instead of one construction zone, the project may have several work platforms at different elevations. Materials may have to be handled several times before they reach their final installed position. 2. Delivery of materials. Construction deliveries at grade may conflict with tenant deliveries. Both Trump Tower and Blue Figure 5. Blue Cross Blue Shield entry canopy on upper Randolph Figure 6. North elevation crane access for Blue Cross Blue Shield from lower Randolph Cross Blue Shield have upper and lower street levels (Wabash and Randolph, in operation. Redundancies will be built Building Departments respectively) to deliver construction into each use. A failure of one will not affect While designers and contractors are becoming materials at lower level and allow normal the others. familiar with multiple phase and occupancy tenant activities at upper level. 6. Construction worker safety and tenant construction, the city officials that oversee these projects may not. The officials’ job 3. Crane and construction elevator safety. While these may seem as distinctly becomes more difficult in these types of locations are critical. Preplanning may help different, they are both a concern while on scenarios. The peer reviews that are preformed in establishing these locations, but plans the same site. Tenants must feel safe while by the designers can greatly assist the can change as construction phases construction takes place overhead. permitting officials. If a city’s building proceed. Temporary cranes and elevators Construction workers must work in safe department is not familiar with partial for a specific use may also be required at conditions without endangering others. occupancy while construction continues, various phases during construction. Additional canopies and netting below the these peer reviews may provide additional Corning notes that, “For Blue Cross Blue construction work platforms can help information to help them understand the Shield a small crane was dismantled and ensure this. complex intricacies. Dan Murphy, a member of lifted up by an elevator, to be assembled on 7. Past construction errors can continue on the Chicago Committee on High-Rise the roof. This small crane assembled a into future phases. No construction work is Buildings, says,” The presentation process of the medium sized crane, which in turn perfect. Adjustments made in the past to project for a building permit is crucial. The peer assembled the large lifting cranes on the tolerance errors should be documented so review can help tremendously for the roof. Temporary beams were installed to as not to perpetuate the errors into the confidence of the building officials issuing the support these large cranes for construction next construction phase. permit”. operations.” Not only does this increase the 8. Building construction always contains construction budget, it also requires risk. To continue construction above while additional foresight and resources. tenants occupy the spaces below has more Building officials are responsible for ensuring 4. As a matter of safety, sizes and weights of risk. To begin an additional phase where the safety of the general public while a the materials being transported by the another has left off can be fraught with building is under construction. When cranes and elevators must be limited. On risks. Insurance can protect against some of construction conditions change, as in the case windy or snowy/icy days, lifting and these risks. Addressing the project as a of phased construction, these officials must installing of certain materials may be construction manager instead of a lump approve these changes. Not only does this delayed. As a safety precaution, the delivery sum construction bid is one way for a include additional inspections, it may also location of materials may vary compared to contractor to minimize risk. The developer/ include reconfiguring exit requirements and where it will actually be lifted into place by owner and construction manager should occupancy loads. Besides the additional work the cranes. negotiate this type of arrangement prior to that is required for phased construction, building officials must also approve the overall 5. Utility connections by the contractor commencing a contract for the work. These concepts and the project’s ‘philosophy’. cannot interrupt tenants utilities. Each use types of alternatives are becoming more Building officials concerns include the is separated so that one, under popular as these multi-use construction following: construction, does not affect another that is projects are becoming more complex.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Partial Occupancies for Tall Buildings | 39 like limiting crane operations on windy or building’s owner, or a short-term developer icy days, may be unpopular but are who is concerned about the immediate future. probably necessary. In any of these cases, the tenants are a prime 2. Inspections as the phased work concern of the owner. As a liaison between the continues. Temporary construction could contractor and the tenants, the owner’s role is be used while the permanent construction to satisfy the lease responsibilities to the is installed. Inspectors need a clear tenants. Safety meetings, communications, and understanding of the progress of the work addressing complaints logged by the tenants as they make their inspections. These can are important duties. If acting in the differ from the traditional process that developer’s role with the designers, the owner building officials are used to. should have a clear understanding of the complexities that phased construction 3. Ensure that insurance is in place to cover produces. The owner should have a willingness risks. The complications inherent in phased to assume the risks of building more than is construction may produce risks that the required for today, to address tomorrow’s contractor should be aware of. A clear needs. The owner’s responsibilities include the understanding of where the contractor’s following: responsibility ends and where the building owner’s responsibility begins is important. 1. Complete understanding of the phased project. Understanding the need for partial 4. Work platforms and safe transport of occupancy or phasing over time as Figure 8. Trump Tower south elevation crane and construction materials. Ensuring a safe opposed to occupying or constructing at construction elevator access construction zone is paramount. The one time. There should be a complete day-to-day activities of tenants during ‘game plan’ developed by the owner to construction is also important. Inspections clearly indicate the need and the should ensure that these activities are free advantages. and independent from each other. 2. Liability for risks. Insurance in place to 5. Ensure required exits continue to be cover these risks of partial occupancy or available to tenants. In the course of phased construction. Competent and construction phasing these exits may shift experienced designers and contractors to or transfer. When tenants become familiar execute the design and the construction. with a path of exit, changing that path may produce problems. Safety meetings to 3. Safety of the tenants is paramount for the identify these issues are important for the owner. The safety of the contractor’s contractor to communicate with the workers is the contractor’s responsibility. tenants, building owner and the building The safety of the tenants is the responsibility officials. Ensuring these required exits at all of the owner and the city officials. times is important. 4. In cooperation with the contractor, 6. During construction, tenants have a right ensuring separation of the tenants from the to uninterrupted utilities. As separately construction activities. This includes entries, designed buildings under one roof, the material deliveries, parking, noise, vibrations, phase in construction should not affect the dust, and views. zone occupied by tenants. The work plan 5. As mentioned previously, ensure that the Figure 7. South crane and construction elevator of Trump should identify the utility connections tenant utilities are uninterrupted during Tower with lower Wabash access under construction without involving the continuing construction activities. completed, occupied spaces. 1. Safety of the tenants as the construction 6. Financing for the project can be work proceeds. Whether this includes improved. Weiss of the Trump Organization additional netting or barricades around the Building Owners says,” The length of time until initial work platforms, the safety of the occupants A building owner may be involved with the occupancy and start of payments on the is paramount. Any construction accident continuing construction or may own only the loan are reduced, thus reducing the length can affect the overall project, especially if a occupied zone. The owner could be the tenant, of the loan and reducing some of the time tenant is hurt. Enforcing safe procedures, a future tenant, the continuing long-term related risks of the loan.”

40 | Partial Occupancies for Tall Buildings CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Tenants Tenants always have concerns during construction projects. If the construction is not part of their organization, they want their normal activities to continue uninterrupted. Altered entries may not be desirable. If tenants are required to adjust their fire exits after they have become accustomed to existing patterns, clear communication from the building owner is required as to this change. Whether a worker or a resident, tenants have concerns that need to be addressed, which include: 1. A safe environment during entering and exiting, whether from grade entry or the parking garage. Temporary construction netting and barricades can remedy these concerns. 2. Associated with these safety issues are construction dust, noise, and vibrations. Mechanical floors tend to separate the Figure 9. East and south elevations of Trump Tower during Figure 10. Completed One Rincon Hill, © Michael Dickter , occupied zones from each other and can construction Magnusson Klemencic Associates aid in this. Tenants have a right to co-exist with the construction activities but not be concerns to be addressed. As Corning says, Many thanks to the following individuals for adversely affected by it. This may be “Residents were upset when we started their contributions to this article: impossible for the contractor to comply Phase II construction of Blue Cross Blue Lucas Tryggestad of SOM with in all cases. The contractor should do Shield after they had moved into their new Andrew Weiss of the Trump Organization his best to minimize these tenant concerns. condominiums at 340 on the Park.” Tom Corning of Walsh Construction 3. No utility interruptions because of Dan Murphy of Environmental Systems Design, construction activities. Redundancies built CONCLUSION International into the project should alleviate this concern. Partial Occupancy permits are not a new idea but they are gaining popularity for phased And very special thanks to: 4. Normal deliveries that do not conflict with construction and multi-use towers. As with any construction deliveries. Sufficient loading construction project, risks exist. The financial Cameron Hufford of Magnusson Klemencic docks planned ahead of time to service all advantages of immediate occupancy for some Associates who helped to make this article parties. If possible, lower and upper street uses can make these risks justifiable. An ability possible. level access to alleviate potential conflicts. to adjust to a volatile real estate market is also 5. Few obstructed views from tower cranes an advantage. As more projects utilize partial References and construction elevators. The contractor, occupancy in some form, the concepts are BENTALL5 www.bentall5.com, Online website working with the owner, should find gaining acceptance. It is important for all POST, N. M. (2008) Seismic Design’s Stature, Engineering amicable locations for this required stakeholders involved to accept the concepts News Record issue of January 21, 2008, pp 22-26. equipment. The material deliveries and of partial occupancy. Pre-planning by the BERGEN, K. (2008) 1st look at Trump Tower hotel reveals 5-star views, ambitions lifting sequences from the working designers and developer can alleviate many , Chicago Tribune Business section of January 31, 2008, pp 1 & 4 platforms to final installation should be very construction problems before they materialize. CORNING, T. (2008). Email correspondence from Tom well thought out so as not to adversely Addressing concerns in a proactive manner can Corning of Walsh Construction on August 12, 2008. affect the tenants. lead to the success of the completed project. BARNER, C. (2008). Midwest Construction issue of May 2008, Flexibility of the planning to emerging 6. Neighbors can also influence the project. pp 12-14. technology and material resources can also Construction projects always affect the benefit the project. As long as everyone is ‘on neighbors. Height limits, obstructing the same page’, including city building officials, established views, and unwanted partial occupancy projects will flourish for the construction traffic are all neighborhood advantages they provide.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Partial Occupancies for Tall Buildings | 41 Tall Buildings In Numbers

An Overview of Historical Factors Affecting Tall Building Energy Consumption

Overview: The Five ‘Energy Generations’ 1. From the Birth of Tall Buildings in 1885, to the 1916 New York City Zoning Law 2. From the 1916 Zoning Law to the Development of the Glazed Curtain Wall, 1951 3. From the Development of the Glazed Curtain Wall, 1951, to the 1973 Energy Crisis 4. From the Energy Crisis of 1973, ongoing to the present day 5. From the Rise of an Environmental Consciousness, 1997 ongoing to the present day 1916: Impact of the New York City Zoning Law – increased building surface area / greater heat loss through envelope

Energy Generation 2

) 0.20 3 Energy Generation 2 /m

2 0.19 0.189 0.18 Energy Generation 1 2 3 0.17 Ave = 0.152 m /m 0.16 0.158 0.15 Energy Generation 1 0.14 0.144 Ave = 0.107 m2/m3 0.138 0.13 0.130 0.12 0.112 0.118 0.11 0.118 0.10

Building surface area to volume ratio (m Building surface volume to area 0.09 0.088 0.08 0.087 0.07 0.06 0.05 1907 1913 1914 1914 1915 1924 1930 1930 1931 1931 90 West 90 West St

Bryant Park Pre-1916 Building, Typical “Wedding Cake” 500 5th Ave. Chrysler Bldg

195 Broadway New York City Equitable Bldg Building after 1916 Municipal Bldg Mercantile Bldg Mercantile Woolworth Bldg Woolworth New York City 570 Lexington Ave. 570 Lexington Pre-Zoning Law Buildings: Compact shape, large volume vs. Post-Zoning Law Buildings: Slender shape, small volume vs. smaller façade area = Reduced heat loss / gain through concen- larger facade area = Greater heat loss / gain through building trated building mass envelope but greater natural light penetration

1950 1970: Impact of increased use of mechanical conditioning and florescent lighting – increased overall energy consumption

300 Electricity 266.4 250 Steam 188

214.5 200 154.1 164.4 A Study of 86 office buildings constructed in Manhattan shows that on 150 108.1 128.9 average, buildings completed in the late 1960s had energy require- 78.4 ments more than double those of buildings constructed in the early 100 1950s 78.4 50 60.4 Data from: 50.5 56.3 STEIN, R. G. (1977). Observations on Energy Use in Buildings. Journal of Architectural Education, Vol. 30, No. 3, February 1977. pp.36 – 41.

Average building energy use (000s BTU / Sqft Annum) 0

1950 - 1954 1955 - 1959 1960 - 1964 1965 - 1969

42 | Tall Buildings In Numbers CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III 1951: Impact of the modern glazed curtain wall 1970 Present Day: Impact of 1973 and 1979 – increased facade transparency / reduced enve- energy crises - Improved envelope thermal prop- lope insulation / increased heat loss + gain erties / reduced overall energy consumption

Typical façade U-values (W/m2K) Typical façade U-values (W/m2K) Typical façade U-values (W/m2K) Typical façade U-values (W/m2K) Transparency within façade (%) Transparency within façade (%) Transparency within façade (%) Transparency within façade (%) ) 100 4.5 ) 100 4.5 K) K) % %

Energy Generation 3 2 Energy Generation 3 2 90 4 90 Energy Generation 4 4

80 3.5 80 3.5 70 70 Energy Generation 2 3 3 60 60 2.5 2.5 50 50 2 2

Transparency within façade ( 40 Transparency within façade ( 40 Typical façade U-values (W/m Typical façade U-values (W/m 1.5 1.5 30 30

20 1 20 1

10 0.5 10 0.5

0 0 0 0 Tower Building ork, 1952 ork, 1931 ork, 1952 ork, 2008 ork, 1930 Y Y Y Y Y Post Tower Post Bonn, 2002 Apartments Apartments Lever House Lever Lever House Lever Empire State State Empire ew ew ew ew ew Chicago, 1951 Chicago, Chicago, 1951 Chicago, N N N N N

Bank of America Lake Shore Drive Drive Lake Shore Lake Shore Drive Drive Lake Shore Chrysler Building Prior to the development of the glazed curtain wall: High levels of Early glazed curtain wall tall buildings: Poor performance single-glazed thermal mass, low percentage of façade transparency. curtain wall with tinted glass, high percentage of façade transparency. Early glazed curtain wall tall buildings: Poor performance single-glazed Modern curtain wall tall buildings: High performance double-skin and curtain wall with tinted glass, high percentage of façade transparency. triple glazed curtain wall with clear glass, high percentage of façade transparency.

Prior to the 1973 Energy Crisis: 18 62 black skyscrapers completed in previous U.S.

10 years (1964 – 1973) in

16 t l After the 1979 Energy Crisis: Bui 14 19 black skyscrapers completed in next 12 10 years (1979 -1988) Energy Crisis 1973 Energy Crisis 1979 Energy 10 Skyscrapers

Buildings over 100m in height and located in Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, ack

l 8 B Energy Generation 3 New York and San Francisco considered. of 6 o.

N Energy Generations 4+5 4

2

0 950 955 960 965 970 975 980 985 990 995 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2000 2005

1997 Present day: Increased performance of façade, natural and mixed-mode ventilation exploited, atria utilized, on-site energy generation maximized, wind tur- bines, photovoltaics, CHP, etc. – What does the future hold?

For more depth on this analysis see: OLDFIELD, P., TRABUCCO, D. & WOOD, A. (2009) Five Energy Generations of Tall Buildings: A Historical Analysis of Energy Consumption in High Rise Buildings. Proceedings of the CTBUH 8th World Congress “Tall & Green: Typology for a Sustainable Urban Future”, Dubai, March 3 – 5, 2008, pp. 300 – 310. Available to download at: www.ctbuh.org/technicalpapers.htm

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Tall Buildings In Numbers | 43 Moscow Gaining Height Conference: Review

The ‘Moscow Gaining Height’ conference is typical of affiliate Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) conferences, which are often held two or three times a year between CTBUH World Congresses. Whereas World Congresses are organized centrally by CTBUH, affiliate conferences are usually steered by a local organization, with an objective in parallel with the Council’s primary mission – to disseminate best practice information in the field of tall buildings globally. In these cases the CTBUH plays an advisory and promotion role; suggesting conference theme and speakers, advising on program and technical tours, and promoting the event amongst its members and networks. Kremlin, Moscow

Elena Shuvalova, CEO of the Moscow-based was chaired by CTBUH Country Representative Lobby Agency and active CTBUH member, for Russia Tom McCool of Turner Construc- brought a party of Russian dignitaries and pro- tion International, with keynote presenta- fessionals to visit CTBUH headquarters at the tions given by Yury Tabunshchikov , (see Illinois Institute of Technology in October 2007. Figure 1), President of ABOK (the Russian As- Following that visit, the same party attended sociation of Engineers for Heating, Ventilation, the CTBUH 8th World Congress in Dubai in Air-Conditioning, Heat Supply and Building March 2008, and decided at that event that Thermal Physics) and Antony Wood (Executive it would be very beneficial to hold a smaller- Director of CTBUH). Mr. Tabunshchikov gave a scale but similar event in Moscow, to bring in presentation on the Boundaries of Engineering some of the world’s experts in the field of tall Opportunities in Russian Tall Buildings, whilst Figure 1. Marianna M. Brodatch (Vice President of AVOK, buildings to present to Russian colleagues, Mr. Wood delivered a presentation entitled ‘Tall Professor of Moscow Architectural Institute) & Yury many of whom are planning or constructing Buildings Futures? Sustainability and Design Tabunshchikov (President of AVOK) the numerous tall buildings in Moscow and in the context of Tall’. The latter presentation elsewhere. Thus, in Dubai in March 2008, the prompted numerous questions from the audi- The session after the morning break was idea of the ‘Moscow Gaining Height’ confer- ence on issues of sustainability – a reoccurring chaired by CTBUH Executive Director Antony ence was born. theme throughout the conference. Wood and began with an excellent pre- sentation on the challenges of ‘Sustainable Technologies in Modern Megalopolis’ by The event itself took place in the prestigious Next up were Mr. Stanislav Nikolaev, Director Elizabeth Belenchia, Vice-President of FIABCI setting of the Ararat Park Hyatt Hotel Moscow, of TSNIIEP Zhilisha, who explained the work (The International Real Estate Federation, see from the 22nd – 24th October 2008, with of TSNIIEP to the audience, David Genc of De Figure 2). Elizabeth’s presentation really set the approximately 120 delegates in attendance Stefano & Partners in the US who gave a fasci- scene for how major cities are expanding and drawn from numerous disciplines (architects, nating insight on the Waldorf-Astoria project what challenges urban humanity faces in the engineers, planners, government officials etc). in Chicago, and Mrs. Galina Poplavskaya, Head future. She was followed by Brad Malmsten of With KONE as the main sponsor, the event of Construction at the Russian Association of Thornton Tomasetti who presented some of opened with a welcome address by Mr. Yuri Construction, who took us through some of the Hybrid structural solutions his company Granik of the design and research agency the problems faced with high-rise construc- has introduced to several high rise projects in TSNIIEP Zhilisha, who had partnered the or- tion in Russia. ganization of the conference. The first session Red Square at night, Moscow

44 | Moscow Gaining Height Conference: Review CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Moscow; Alexey Chaikin, Deputy Director of The first day continued late into the evening the fascinating ‘New Ring of Moscow’ develop- with the conference Gala Dinner which was ment which he explained to the audience; and held at the Esterkhazi restaurant on Maroseyka Mikhail Markovsky, Principal of the ByeINIIS in Moscow. Overseas visitors were treated to Research Institute in Belorussia, who portrayed traditional Russian food and hospitality in the some of the developments in Belarus and intimate setting of the restaurant, with numer- other parts of his country. ous toasts (and glasses of vodka!) from Russian, Ukrainian and Belorussian colleagues!

The session after lunch on the first day was one of the best sessions of the conference, The first session of Day 2 of the conference, Figure 2. Elizabeth Belenchia, Vice-President of The chaired by Elizabeth Belenchia of FIABCI. Three chaired by Yuri Gravnik of TSNIIEP, was also one International Real Estate Federation (FIABCI) inspiring presentations gave delegates a snap- of the highlights of the three days. Georges shot of high-rise work both within and outside Binder, Managing Director (see Figure 3) of the Russia; starting with Tom McCool, Head of Belgium-based Buildings & Data gave a fasci- European Operations for Turner Construction nating overview of past and current trends in International who gave a passionate overview tall buildings with his presentation ‘100 Years of of the short-comings of tall buildings; Tim High-Rise Construction: Evolution and Trends’. Johnson, design Partner of NBBJ, who showed Georges was followed by Marcus Lee, Director the work of his practice across the world; and of FLACQ architects in the UK (see Figure 4) Philip Nikandrov of RMJM who, as project and formerly of Richard Rogers & Partners architect for the controversial ‘Gazprom Tower’ architects. Marcus was the site architect for the project in St. Petersburg, gave us valuable seminal Lloyds of London project in the 1980’s insight into the design of the project and and has since been involved in the upgrade Figure 3. Georges Binder, Managing Director, Buildings & the work that has been done to counter the and ‘future proofing’ of the project with his Data, Belgium negative publicity the project has received and new company, FLACQ. In today’s world of better communicate its intent. increasingly precious embodied energies locked-up in existing buildings, his presenta- tion on how to keep Lloyds relevant and The final session of the first day was chaired operational into the future was particularly apt. by Elena Shuvalova of the Lobby Agency and Next up was Young Ju of Korea University and focused on Tall Building Safety, with presenta- the Korean CTBUH who presented a structural tions by Konstantin Belousov of the Moscow- case-study of the diagrid of the Lotte Super based Science and Research Institute for Tower in Seoul, South Korea, and the session Fire-Fighting; Leo Razdovsky of LR Structural was closed by Mr. Anatoly Franivsky of the Engineering who gave an absorbing presenta- Ukrainian Council of Tall Buildings, who gave tion on ‘The Structural Design of Tall Buildings us an overview of the developments in Kiev Figure 4. Marcus Lee, Director of FLACQ architects, UK against possible Terrorist Attacks’; Marsel Bik- and other areas. bau of the Moscow Institute of Materials and Effective Technologies; and Mikhail Dashevsky of Vibrosysmozashita who gave a presentation on ‘Protecting Tall Buildings from Transport Vibration’. ...building financing

The Trump Tower Chicago is the only building that got built, and the skeletons of the other ones are“ strewn all over the place; Chicago Spire, Waterview Tower. The days of building buildings like this are over. It will take 10 years to finance buildings like this. Unless I used my own money, it would be impossible. The banks are out of business. The sad thing is, it’s a blight for cities.” Quote of Donald Trump at his topping out celebration for the Trump Tower Chicago on 9/24. Chicago Tribune Thursday 9/25 issue, Business section, pp.1 & 4. Mary Ellen Podmolik is the reporter for the article.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Moscow Gaining Height Conference: Review | 45 Figure 5. Federation Towers, view looking up Figure 6. Presentation in the Federation Towers by Ara Figure 7. Presentation by Stanislav Nikolaev (Director of Aramyan, Vice-President Mirax Group TSNIIEP) and Valery Ostretsov (Head of Architecture, TSNIIEP)

The final presentation-based session of the The remaining day and a half of the confer- The final day of the conference started with a conference took place after coffee on Day ence was devoted to technical tours, aimed visit to the headquarters of TSNIIEP, who had 2, chaired by Peter Anderson, Director at at giving delegates first-hand experience of been instrumental in supporting the confer- Knight Frank. The session had two themes; some of the seminal projects built and under ence. TSNIIEP are basically an architectural the marketing of tall buildings and verti- construction in Moscow. The Thursday after- design and engineering research institute who cal transport systems, and had interesting noon was devoted to the ‘Moscow City’ (see work closely with the government on develop- presentations from Johannes De Jong, Director Figure 5) urban-scale project and the Fed- ing codes for high-rise buildings, and have of Products & Technology at KONE who spoke eration Towers in particular. Delegates were worked with numerous developers to deliver about ‘Advances in Elevator Technology’; Julia treated to a presentation in the Federation a number of high-rise projects throughout Nikulitcheva of Jones Lang LaSalle who spoke Towers by Mr. Ara Aramyan, Vice-President the city. They were especially instrumental in about ‘The Peculiarities of Planning Mixed-Use of the developer the Mirax Group (see Figure designing and developing the first high-rise High Rise Complexes’; Richard Pulling, High 6), and were then guided to the top of the buildings in the city after the 40-year hiatus Rise Operations Director at OTIS who spoke completed lower tower of the twin complex, following the first Stalinist skyscrapers, which about elevatoring innovations within his com- getting good views of the taller tower under were completed in the 1950’s. Head of TSNIIEP pany; and Miguel Angel Baeyens of Optimum construction (approximately 75% complete) Mr. Stanislav Nikolaev received the visiting World Properties who spoke about the high- and views out over the city of Moscow. The party and, together with colleagues, discussed rise development opportunities in Panama. grandeur of the completed tower’s lobby areas the work of his institute (see Figure 7). and high-level restaurant were particularly amazing.

46 | Moscow Gaining Height Conference: Review CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III ...height race

I think that other people“ will consider more than a kilometer. How tall can one go? It is more a question of money and determination and while the technical aspects are challenging, it is not insurmountable.” David Scott, CTBUH Chairman and Principal at Arup New York, discusses the likelihood of future tall building proposals being taller than the recently announced ‘Nakheel Tower’, which is set to be over a kilometer in height. From ‘2.4km Figure 8. Moscow State University Figure 9. Triumph Palace Tower tower plan not yet on tallest buildings list’, Emirates Business, October 9th, 2008, p.9 In the afternoon delegates had a choice of building in Europe. The building is often technical tours, including the seminal Moscow termed ‘the 8th tower’ as it is built in a similar State University Tower (see Figure 8), complet- style to the 7 previous Stalin-era skyscrapers, working which is sometimes missing at larger ed in 1953 and standing 240 meters tall with though it was clear to visiting delegates that events, and from which all delegates had ben- 36 stories. The tallest of the seven towers built the attention to detail and finishing was far efitted. Like many cities around the world, it is during the Stalin era in Moscow, the building inferior to these original skyscrapers. Still, del- clear that Moscow and other parts of Russia was for a while the tallest building outside egates were treated to a thorough tour of the are enthusiastically embracing tall buildings as New York, and the tallest building in Europe building, including the roof viewing platforms an urban solution. And although the country’s till 1988, and it still stands proud as a truly with fantastic views out over Moscow. immediate future in light of the current global massive complex buzzing with students and economic slowdown is unclear, conference academics. Delegates were able to journey to attendees witnessed convincing evidence the top of the tower, with great views out over The conference drew to a close following Fri- that the thirst for knowledge and information- Moscow, and also to see some of the original day’s technical tours, and all delegates agreed sharing between Russian-based and overseas interiors, including the wooden-seated class- it had been an informative and inspiring three colleagues is indeed strong. Hopefully what rooms and lecture theatres. days. The mixture of presentations and techni- has started here with the information shared cal tours, overseas and local speakers across and contacts made at the ‘Moscow Gaining numerous disciplines, and the somewhat close Height’ conference will continue long into the Other delegates elected to visit the Triumph gathering of 120 or so delegates had given the future and ultimately result in better, safer and Palace Tower (see Figure 9) which, at 264 me- event a uniqueness and opportunity for net- more sustainable tall buildings worldwide. ters and 57 stories, is the tallest residential All photos © Antony Wood / CTBUH.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Moscow Gaining Height Conference: Review | 47 Australian CTBUH Seminars: Report

Antony Wood reports on his visit to Australia, presentations to the Australian Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat in Brisbane and Sydney, and various meetings with existing CTBUH members and members-to-be. Sydney Opera House and bridge

After the best part of a week in Australia, from from University at Buffalo, had presented the There were other sub-plots in the presentation; the 9th – 15th November 2008, I am very recently-published CTBUH Recommendations how greenwash and the emphasis on design pleased to report that the Australian Council for the Seismic Design of High Rise Buildings rather than as-built performance in worldwide on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (ACTBUH) to audiences in Brisbane and Sydney in August sustainability rating systems is hampering the is very much alive and kicking. Together with and I had agreed to visit in November to talk embrace of real environmental progress, and the Dutch and Korean Councils, the ACTBUH is about tall buildings and sustainability. how tall buildings have an opportunity to lead perhaps the most active of our regional ‘chap- the way for the benefit of the building industry ters’, under the high-octane leadership of Brett My presentation, entitled “Urban Futures: as a whole; not only because denser cities with Taylor of Bornhost & Ward and Bruce Wolfe of Green or Grey? The Aesthetics of Tall Building less energy-intensive suburban sprawl is a bet- Conrad Gargett Architecture in Brisbane, and Sustainability” was very well received in both ter model for urban development but also be- Jim Forbes of Hyder Consulting in Sydney. The Brisbane and Sydney, judging by the Question cause the financial and professional investment Australian Council was established in Brisbane and Answer sessions and the positive feedback in each tall building offers the opportunity for in 1988, and has been reinforced over the years from attendees after the presentation. This was experimentation with environmental technolo- through various direct collaborations with good, because the message I was delivering gies, for example, which is more difficult to central CTBUH (for example; our 6th World was potentially controversial; that the vast justify in smaller buildings. Congress held in Melbourne in 2001). It is majority of built tall buildings around the world today are nowhere I finished the presentation with an overview of near the evolved state some of the hypothetical tall building design they need to be in projects I have created in conjunction with my to help face the twin students of architecture over the past five years challenges of climate (see www.ctbuh.org/designresearch.htm). change and optimal Much of this work tends towards the utopian urban domains. In and I guess I was a little nervous that this com- particular I feel that bination of tough words on the state of the tall we are missing the building industry, and the somewhat utopian opportunity for a vision as a possible answer, would serve to new expression in tall negate the overall message in an audience building design, more of predominantly practical, ‘at the coal face’ reflective of the age in architects and engineers. However the inverse Brisbane Skyline from Story Bridge, showing Riparian Plaza, Harry Seidler which we now reside; seemed to happen, and many from the audi- an aesthetic that is ence made a point of mildly berating me for now focused mainly on delivering bi-monthly less about the steel-and-glass modernism that my apologetic air concerning the utopian ideas seminars on tall buildings and urban habitat has dominated tall building design for the past and pointed out that most were actually quite in each of the major Australian cities (primarily 50 years and more about a sensible degree practical and, more importantly, achievable if Brisbane and Sydney, with a plan to extend to of opacity in facades, plus organic matter and the right conditions could be created. And that Melbourne soon). greenery embraced as a positive part of the thus became one of the main outcomes of my This Australia trip had its origins six months overall material palette, as well as contribut- presentation – the thought that we perhaps previously at our Dubai Congress in March, ing to a positive environmental strategy. I need to concentrate less on the design of the when discussions with ACTBUH had led to a presented a seven-point plan for consideration building and more on the social, political and request for assistance with arranging inter- in the design of future skyscrapers. economic conditions that have allowed the national speakers for the Australia program. best tall buildings to flourish in places around Co-chair of our working group on the Seismic the world, in the hope of recreating those con- Design of Tall Buildings, Andrew Whittaker ditions, and hence the better buildings.

48 | Australian CTBUH Seminars: Report CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Figure1. Harry Seidler’s Riverside complex, Brisbane Figure2. Renzo Piano’s Aurora Place, Sydney Sydney from top of the Sydney Tower

So both presentations, in Brisbane and Sydney, after reading Henry Gifford’s paper entitled In between all these meetings and presenta- fostered some excellent thought and discus- “A Better Way to Rate Green Buildings” on the tions, I managed to capture about 500 tall sion however this visit had objectives beyond plane on the way back to Chicago (furnished building photographs for the CTBUH Tall just delivering a presentation. It was essentially to me by a colleague at Bovis Lend Lease Building Image Database (see www.ctbuh. a fact-finding mission for the Council, to see – I would encourage you all to read this at org/imagedatabase.htm), and delight in the how the situation in Australia is currently (both www.henrygifford.com), I am becoming more many new developments that have occurred economically and environmentally), to see and more convinced that this is the path that since I was last in Australia 14 years ago – Harry how we can better support the Australian LEED and BREAM and others need to start Seidler’s Riverside complex in Brisbane and chapter of the Council and, of course, to bring following: an energy rating based on hard con- Renzo Piano’s Aurora Place in Sydney (see Fig- organizations which are not yet involved with sumption data produced after a year or two of ure 1 + 2) to name but two. In particular I was the Council into our network and initiatives. I operation, rather than noble intentions (often impressed with how many recent Australian am very pleased to report that all three objec- untested in their effectiveness) at the design tall buildings seem to meet the ground posi- tives were met. Economically (although there stage, often several years before occupation. tively (something many other cities struggle are quite clearly the same tell-tale signs of with) – creating multi-layered, public urban plunging stock markets and job losses as seen So during my five days in Brisbane and Sydney domain that is just a pleasure to be in – Aus- recently in the US and Europe) Australia seems I had meetings with the Queensland Govern- tralia Square in Sydney or virtually the entire to be, at worst, a few months behind the ment Department of Public Works, Laing O’ Brisbane River north shore from Story Bridge to western world in feeling the brunt of the credit Rourke Construction, Leighton Property Ltd, the Botanic Gardens to name but two. Yes, as crisis. At best, however, there are many who Cottee Parker Architects, Cundall Engineers, I sit aboard a Qantas flight on my way back to believe that with much of the economy ben- JPW Architects and Meinhardt Engineers. I Chicago writing this, I think we could certainly efitting from natural resource export to China also attended the November luncheon of the learn a thing or two from the Australians, (coal, iron ore and copper ore), it is actually Australia Property Council at the Westin Hotel in more ways than one. My great thanks in much better placed to weather the economic in Sydney – along with 700 other people – and particular to Brett Taylor and Jim Forbes for storm than many other nations. heard the newly-in post New South Wales MP making such a worthwhile trip possible, and / Minister for Planning Kristina Keneally outline to Jim for the incredible couple of hours on his I was also extremely impressed with some her vision for urban infrastructure in Sydney. boat in Sydney Harbour! of the sustainability initiatives being imple- Of all the people who graciously met with me mented there, in particular the post-occu- and gave of their time, I must make a special All photos © Antony Wood / CTBUH. pancy, performance-based ratings system mention to colleagues at Bovis Lend Lease for measuring energy and water consump- who received me in both Brisbane and Sydney, tion, waste handling and building occupier giving me a tour of their fantastic ‘The Bond’ Note: Visit www.ctbuh.org/ . . . satisfaction developed through the NABERS headquarters on the quayside in Sydney. to download Antony Wood’s Brisbane presen- scheme (see www.nabers.com.au). Especially tation.

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III Australian CTBUH Seminars: Report | 49 Skyscraper Museum Exibit, New York: Review

Vertical Cities: The typology of the skyscraper spawned from a once unlikely collusion of technological mile- Hong Kong | New York stones. It has become a multifaceted solution to congestion and dispersion alike and an icon on which cities like Hong Kong and New York now base their identity. What was once endemic to a few select metropolises along the Great Lakes and Eastern Seaboard of the United States can now be found thriving in the clouds over downtowns in virtually every corner of the globe.

Vertical Cities Exhibit with New York’s continued growth as a global

© New York, Richard Berenholtz For its current dynamic exhibit, the Skyscraper center for finance and business. Coupled with Hong Kong | New York Comparison Skyline Museum has selected these two notable the prolonged availability of affordable labor corners of New York and Hong Kong. Through through the Great Depression of the 1930s, photographs, film and architectural models, these factors led to the development of some the exhibit alternatively compares and con- of the most iconic structures ever built. trasts the social, economic, geographic and cultural landscapes of these two cities. From Hong Kong’s explosive Development the differences, the exhibit pulls a convincing In recent decades, growth in overseas trade assertion of the versatility of the skyscraper between China and the rest of the world has typology. Through the similarities, the exhibit fueled a similar explosion in Hong Kong, now reveals the unilateral impact of Tall Buildings home to more Tall Buildings than New York. on the built environment and several universal Several of the most notable buildings of the © The Skyscraper Museum, P & T Architects & Engineers Ltd. urban issues that transcend site specificity. last twenty years have risen from the soil in Hong Kong | New York Bridge Comparison Hong Kong, including the 484m International At its entrance the exhibit presents, as its first Commerce Center, the 367m Bank of China On display now through February 2009 at the visual, a diagrammatic and statistical com- Tower, and the 308m One Island East tower. Skyscraper Museum parison between the two cities under study. Small pockets of increasingly valuable urban 39 Battery Place, New York, NY 10280 Some similarities are inherent here. Both con- land have given rise to extruded towers that Hours: Noon – 6PM, Wednesday – Sunday tain a population of roughly 7,000,000 people, today carry the very definition of building Admission: $5; $2.50 for Students and Seniors clustered into urban areas that reach stagger- slenderness – a superlative that once conjured ing densities of more than 70,000 people per notions of New York towers such as the Bush Office Tel: 212 945-6324 square mile. Building of 1917. The exhibit celebrates the Fax: 212 732-3039 shape of some of Hong Kong’s boldest archi- Hours and directions: 212 968-1961 The differences between the cities are, howev- tectural forms, including the 252m tall Highcliff www.skyscraper.org er, palpable. The land contained within greater residential tower, which bears an aspect ratio New York is today largely developed, with only of nearly 1:20 on its front face. 25% percent of its total area devoted to open space or parkland. In contrast, Hong Kong has This exhibit celebrates the vertical achieve- kept an inverted ratio, with nearly 75% of its ments of both cities through a balanced array land preserved as open space or agricultural of installations. There is, however, a subtle land. Such a draconian limitation on lateral juxtaposition at play, between grainy, sepia expansion has fueled the vertical growth of toned photographs of depression-era New Hong Kong, concentrated along its shores York skyscrapers and crisp, colored imagery of where colonists originally landed. This is again modern towers in Hong Kong. These conjure in contrast, as the exhibit demonstrates, to the the notion of a torch passed and a new home development pattern of New York which grew for the world-class high rise. Yet beneath all Reviewer up along such landlocked thoroughfares as of the trends illustrated through numbers Zak Kostura, CTBUH Journal Editor Broadway & Wall Street . and figures of this exhibit is the unequivocal Arup, 155 Avenue of the Americas, assertion that the history of the skyscraper is New York, NY, 10013, USA New York’s evolutionary Development inseparable from these two continually evolv- t: +1 212 896 3240 The exhibit takes a critical look at the history of ing urban landscapes. f: +1 212 352 1354 Tall Building development with the same eye e: [email protected] toward contrast. The economic conditions of For those interested in the evolution of Tall New York at the turn of the 20th Century were Buildings in two of the most unique urban ideal for skyscraper development as dimin- areas on earth, this is an exhibit that should ished opportunities for lateral expansion met not be missed.

50 | Skyscraper Museum Exibit: Review CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CTBUH Working Group Update: Sustainability

Perhaps inspired by the recent first publication of the CTBUH Seismic Working Group Working Group Members (www.ctbuh.org/seismicrecommendations.htm), the working group on Tall Buildings and

Sustainability has seen major strides forward since the last edition of the CTBUH Journal. Sadhu Johnston, Mayor’s Office, City of Chicago Under the steering of group co-chairs Sadhu Antony Wood, CTBUH / Illinois Institute of Johnston, Chief Environmental Office of the Technology City of Chicago Mayor’s office, and Antony Wood of the CTBUH, two meetings of the 20 David Scott, CTBUH / Arup or so members of the group have taken place Sam Assefa, City of Chicago in the past three months. These meetings have Scott Bernstein, Center for Neighborhood channeled the efforts of the group into an Technology anticipated 80,000 word, 200-page, richly- illustrated book, entitled the ‘CTBUH Guide to JeffBoyer , Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Sustainability for Tall Buildings in Urban Architecture Environments’. The envisaged chapter plan for Kim Clawson, Goettsch Partners this book is shown below. Fiona Cousins, Arup Mark Frisch, Solomon Cordwell Buenz Discussions at the working group meetings Jeanne Gang, Studio Gang Architects have been thorough and productive, including working group members are listed to the right. hot topics such as whether carbon or energy If you have any comments on the group or the Russell Gilchrist, Skidmore Owings & Merrill should be the main benchmark metric used in plans for the book, please contact info@ctbuh. Benet Haller, Dept. of Planning and the book (with the conclusion to use energy, org. For a full description of the working group, Development, City of Chicago but articulate the issues with translating to the planned output, and full minute of all Ilana Judah, FXFOWLE Architects carbon); whether the issues of the upgrade of meetings, see www.ctbuh.org/sustainability. existing tall building stock should be a theme htm. Luke Leung, Epstein carried throughout the book or as a stand- Patrick Loughran, Goettsch Partners alone chapter (with the consensus being both); and exactly who would benefit the Bruce McKinlay, Arup CTBUH Guide to Sustainability for Tall Build- most from using the book (city departments, ings in Urban Environments - Chapters: Dan Murphy, Environmental Systems Design professionals and interested public being the John Pulley, Skidmore Owings & Merrill main focus) and what its aims should be. This latter topic is perhaps the most important, for Foreword, by Mayor Richard M. Daley Grace Rappe, Hoerr Schaudt Landscape a book of this nature, especially in the Architects 01. Introduction: Where are we? emerging field of sustainability, could become David Reynolds, Earth Tech too broad in nature and lacking in substance. 02. Cities, Tall Buildings, Urban Planning & Travis Soberg, Goettsch Partners The decision to orientate every topic to the Green Cities unique nature of tall buildings, rather than 03. Economics of Tall Buildings Steve Watts, Davis Langdon LLP buildings overall, should help with this. 04.Tall Buildings and Urban Infrastructure Peter Weingarten, Gensler Associates 05. Tall Building Planning and Design Larry Weldon, Goettsch Partners 06. Enclosure Working group members and contributors to Greg Weykamp, EDAW the book project are now progressing the 07. Energy and Tall Buildings writing of the individual sub-chapters, with the 08. Water next meeting of the group scheduled for early 09. Materials & Embodied Energy December to review. The overall aim is to have the book on bookshelves by Summer 2009. We 10. Measuring and Monitoring Building Performance have had no shortage of book publishers interested in publishing what promises to be a 11. Retrofitting / Building Upgrades seminal – and much needed – text. The 12. Conclusion: Considerations

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CTBUH Working Group Update: Sustainability | 51 Diary More upcoming events at: www.ctbuh.org/events.htm

H&V News’ annual conference on 2nd Annual High-Rise Buildings 2009 Fazlur R. Khan Lecture Series Building Services for Tall Buildings Conference Lehigh University, Bethlehem, USA February 12 / 2009 February 12-13 / 2009 Barbican Centre, London, UK London, UK February 20 /2009 Tall buildings present a host of unique The advancement of engineering technology Leslie E. Robertson, Leslie E. Robertson Associates, R.L.L.P., “The Architect and the challenges, not least for the building services has led to a proliferation of tall buildings Structural Engineer – Partners in Design” industry, with the design and construction of worldwide. Tall buildings have become now these modern day skyscrapers pushing the symbols of city life with important boundaries and breaking new heights. sociocultural implications. March 20 / 2009 William F. Baker, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP Around the globe more high-rise and super The 2nd annual edition of this pan-European “Engineering the World’s Tallest: Burj Dubai” high-rise construction is happening like never case study driven comprehensive forum for all before. the construction, architecture and property April 17 / 2009 development experts, boasts an exceptional Bruce R. Ellingwood, Civil & Environmental H&V News’ annual ‘Building Services for Tall array of speakers and organizations willing to Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Buildings’ conference promotes the skills and share their experience. “Abnormal Loads and Progressive Collapse technology that you need to deliver integrated – Assessment and Mitigation of Risk” solutions to increasingly challenging designs.

EWEEK Expo at IIT-Rice Campus: RETECH 2009 Renewable Energy SEI / ASCE Structures Congress 2009 Structural Engineers to explore Technology Conference CTBUH Performance - Based engineering with students February 25-27 / 2009 Seismic Design of Tall Buildings February 21 / 2009 Las Vegas, USA Session Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Campus, Wheaton, The Renewable Energy Technology April 30 trough May 2 / 2009 Illinois Conference and Exhibition (RETECH 2009) is Austin, Texas, USA ACORE’s premier trade gathering of the DuPage Area Engineer’s Week Committee has This CTBUH organized session, part of the 2009 all-renewable energy industry in the United scheduled an Open House for Saturday, SEI / ASCE Structures Congress, focuses on the States. February 21, 2009 at Illinois Institute of latest advances in the field of the seismic Technology’s Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Campus CTBUH members are eligible for a special $100 design of tall buildings, presenting and at 201 East Loop Road, Wheaton. This discount offer when registering for RETECH illustrating the design recommendations from program includes activities that are free and 2009! To take advantage of the Council on Tall the CTBUH Seismic Design Working group, open to the public. You are invited to explore Buildings and Urban Habitat discount, simply which are intended for application around the engineering with members of the Chicagoland type 'Tall100' into the discount code box when globe across all levels of seismic hazard. engineering community. This event promises registering online at RETECH2009.com to be something very special as this year marks the 25th anniversary of the program.

52 | Diary CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CTBUH Country Representative

France Alan Jalil, Design Manager, is heading the SOCOTEC has been involved for forty years on section Tall Buildings in the Civil Works many prestigious projects in France (Business Department of SOCOTEC INTERNATIONAL, Center La Defense and Paris), developing tools based in Paris since 2005. He has been working for risk analysis specific to the design of tall on projects in various countries including buildings within various fields (structural some supertall buildings in the Gulf Region. design, wind analysis, differential settlement analysis, curtain wall design, MEP design, fire The most recent iconic projects he has been safety). involved in, which cover structural feasibility studies, structural checking or value Within the last few months, various engineering are: competitions have been launched regarding new developments in the business center of t7BSJPVT
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latest dissemination of information through Tower in Doha (Qatar). the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Iran Dr. Peyman is Principal Engineer of the global He is an Iranian Engineer who received his PhD consulting engineering practice, Hyder in civil engineering, specializing in seismic Consulting, and serves on the Hyder global design, from the University of Sharif professional board. Hyder is headquartered in Technology and is a member of the Scientific London UK, managing a staff of approximately Committee of University of AIU Knowledge 3,000 in 20 offices around the world, including village Dubai-UAE. more than 900 staff members in the Persian He was selected as Chairman of the Seismic Gulf. Committee of High-rise & Complex Building in Peyman is an expert high-rise designer for International Congress on Seismic Retrofitting super tall skyscrapers in the United States and in Iran (March 2006), and serves on several in the Middle East. Currently he is with Hyder’s International Code Committees. He received Dubai office, responsible for many of the the Article Award for his presentation on high-rise projects undertaken by Hyder around concrete deep beams using perforated steel the world. Peyman’s design team currently has plates at the 7th International Conference on 2 towers between 60 levels and 110 levels Multi-Purpose High Rise Towers and Tall under various stages of design and Buildings, in Dubai (December 2005). construction for clients in the Dubai and Gulf Dr. Peyman Askari Nejad, Hyder Consulting, CTBUH region. Country Representative Iran

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CTBUH Country Representative | 53 CTBUH Organizational Structure

Board of Trustees Advisory Group Country Representatives Chairman Ahmad K. Abdelrazaq, Samsung Corporation Argentina David Scott, Arup, USA Mir M. Ali, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana Champaign Alberto Fainstein, AHFsa Executive Director Carl Baldassarra, Schirmer Engineering Australia Antony Wood, CTBUH / Illinois Institute of Corporation Brett Taylor, Bornhorst + Ward Consulting Technology, USA W. Gene Corley, CTL Group Engineers Vice-Chairman Johannes de Jong, KONE International Austria Ron Klemencic, Magnusson Klemencic Stephen V. DeSimone, DeSimone Consulting Ronald Mischek, Mischek Ziviltechniker GmbH Associates, USA Engineers Canada Treasurer Mahjoub Elnimeiri, Illinois Institute of Barry Charnish, Halcrow Yolles Charles Killebrew, Pickard Chilton Architects, Technology USA James G. Forbes, Hyder Consulting Finland (Latvia, Lithuania) Thomas K. Fridstein, Hillier Architecture Matti-Esko Jarvenpaa, WSP Finland Ltd. Secretary William Maibusch, Turner Construction Mayank Gandi, Remaking of Mumbai France International LLC, Qatar Federation Alan Jalil, SOCOTEC International Louis F. Geschwindner, American Institute of Greece Trustee Steel Construction Sabah Al-Rayes, Pan Arab Consulting Alexios Vandoros, Vandoros & Partners Timothy J. Johnson, NBBJ Engineers, Kuwait Hong Kong Sang Dae Kim, Korea University Keith Griffiths, Aedas Ltd. Trustee Ryszard M. Kowalczyk, Univ. de Beira Interior William Baker, Skidmore Owings & Merrill LLP, Simon Lay, WSP Group India USA Lalit Gandhi, Remaking of Mumbai Federation Thomas J. McCool, Turner International LLC Moira M. Moser, M. Moser Associates Iran Peyman Askarinejad, PGB Engineering Design Staff Gary H. Pomerantz, Flack & Kurtz Consultancy Executive Director Jerry R. Reich, Horvath Reich CDC, Inc. Antony Wood Mark P. Sarkisian, Skidmore Owings and Korea Merrill LLP. Sang-Dae Kim, Korea University Research & Communications Manager Jan Klerks Simon Strzelecki, Bovis Lend Lease S.r.l. Malaysia Brett Taylor, Bornhorst + Ward Consulting Faridah Shafii, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Operations Engineers Geri Kery Netherlands George von Klan, GVK-ECS, Inc. Jan Vambersky, Corsmit Raadgevend Development Steve Watts, Davis Langdon LLP Ingenieursbureau BV Katharina Holzapfel Kenneth Yeang, Llewelyn Davies Yeang Philippines Publications Felino A. Palafox, Palafox Associates Steven Henry Working Groups Co-Chairs Qatar General Counsel William Maibusch, Turner Construction Joseph Dennis Seismic Design International LLC Ron Klemencic, Andrew Whittaker and Research Coordinator Michael Willford Russia Philip Oldfield Elena Shuvalova, Lobby Agency Sustainable Design IT Support Sadhu Johnson and Antony Wood Saudi Arabia Wai Sing Chew Ibrahim Al Saudi, Saudi Oger Ltd. Progressive Collapse CTBUH Journal Editor Bob Smilowitz and Craig Gibbons Turkey Zak Kostura Husamettin Alper, Arup Mühendislik ve Fire & Safety Müşavirlik Ltd. Şti. Newsletter Editor Simon Lay and Daniel O’ Connor Natalie Brush United Arab Emirates Legal Aspects of Tall Buildings Andy Davids, Hyder Consulting Engineers Editorial Support Cecily Davis and Marnix Elsenaar Robert Lau United Kingdom Construction Logistics / Project Management Steve Watts, Davis Langdon & Seah Interna- Buildings Database Editor David Crowell and Ian Eggers tional Marshall Gerometta Finance & Economics Vietnam Radio Journal Editor Steve Watts Nguyen Dinh Toan, The Architecture Research JeffHerzer Institute Natural Ventilation Working Group Brian Ford and Ian Jones

54 | CTBUH Organizational Structure CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CTBUH Organizational Members

SUPPORTING CONTRIBUTORS Pan Arab Consulting Engineers CTL Group Aedas Limited RISE International Dar Al-Handasah (Shair and Partners) Arup Leslie E. Robertson Associates Dunbar & Boardman Bovis Lend Lease S.r.l. RMJM Hillier Edgett Williams Consulting Group, Inc. CB Richard Ellis Ltd Rosenwasser/Grossman Consulting Engineers P.C. Emirates Specialities Co. LLC Terry Farrell & Partners Davis Langdon LLP Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc. Fitzgerald Associates Architects DeSimone Consulting Engineers Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture Flack + Kurtz Gale International Solomon Cordwell Buenz & Associates, Inc. FXFOWLE Architects P.C. Illinois Institute of Technology, Studio Gang Architects The Thornton Tomasetti Group Gold Coast City Council College of Architecture Gorproject (Urban Planning Inst. of Residential Kohn Pedersen Fox Weidlinger Associates, Inc. Winward Structures Pty. Ltd. and Public Buildings) KONE Oyj Woods Bagot GS Engineering & Construction Mori Building Co., Ltd. Nabih Youssef & Associates Gulf Glass Industries. NBBJ GVK Elevator Consulting Services, Inc. Remaking of Mumbai Federation Haynes Whaley Associates, Inc. Samsung Corporation (Engineering & CONTRIBUTORS Heller Manus Architects Construction) AKF Engineers Hijjas Kasturi Associates Sdn. Schindler Elevator Corporation American Iron and Steel Institute Hilson Moran Partnership Ltd. Schirmer Engineering Corporation Broadway Malyan HOK,Inc. Skidmore Owings & Merrill LLP Canary Wharf Group Hong Kong Housing Authority Turner CB Engineers Horvath Reich CDC Inc. Webcor Builders Continental Automated Buildings International Union of Bricklayers and Allied W.S. Atkins & Partners Overseas Association (CABA) Craftworkers. WSP Group Cook + Fox Architects LLP K.A.N. Development CPP, Inc. Dennis Lau & Ng Chun Man, Architects & Engi- C.S. Structural Engineering, Inc. neers (HK) Ltd. PATRONS DeStefano + Partners Ltd. Lerch Bates Inc. American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. DHV Bouwen Industrie Limitless LLC BMT Fluid Mechanics Ltd. Dong Yang Structural Engineers Stanley D. Lindsey & Associates DLA Piper UK LLP Goettsch Partners Lobby Agency Zuhair Fayez Partnership T. R. Hamzah & Yeang Sdn Bhd, Arkitek Lucien Lagrange Architects Gifford Limited INTEMAC Margolin Bros. Engineering & Consulting Ltd. Hongkong Land Ltd. Japan Iron and Steel Federation McNamara/Salvia, Inc. KLCC Property Holdings Berhad HP Konig, Heunisch und Partner Middlebrook & Louie Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of MulvannyG2 Architecture Miyamoto International, Inc. Sciences Nakheel Tall Tower Murphy/Jahn Saudi Ogers Ltd. NFPA Nikken Sekkei Ltd. The Calvin Group Norman Disney & Young O’Connor Sutton Cronin Tishman Speyer Properties Perkins+Will Palafox Associates Pickard Chilton Architects, Inc. Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects Structal-Heavy Steel Construction Plannungsgruppe Droge Baade Nagaraj DONORS STS / AECOM John Portman & Associates The Blume Foundation Studio Daniel Libeskind, Architect LLC Taylor Thomson Whitting Pty Ltd. Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Tekla, Inc. Laboratory (U. Western Ontario) PARTICIPANTS The Calvin Group, LLC Built Form TPS Consult Ltd Centre Al Jazera Consultants Dagher Engineering Traynor O’Toole Architects Allford Hall Monaghan Morris LLP Halcrow Yolles United States Gypsum Company APH Capital Partners Halvorson and Partners University of Nottingham Arabian Aluminum Co. LLC Hughes Associates, Inc. Vanguard Realty Pvt. Ltd. ARC Studio Architecture + Urbanism Vipac Engineers & Scientists Ltd. Hyder Consulting Architectural Institute of Korea Viracon Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc. Arquitectonica (Hong Kong) Walsh Construction Company Larsen & Toubro Limited Arquitectonica (US) Werner Sobek Stuttgart GmbH & Co. KG MACE Axis Design Group Inc. Wong & Ouyang (HK) Ltd. Magnusson Klemencic Associates BG&E Pty Limited World Academy of Sciences for Complex W. L. Meinhardt Group Pty Ltd. Building Design International Security Walter P Moore Callison LLP WSP Cantor Seinuk Group Inc. Nishkian Menninger Consulting and Structural Canderel Management, Inc. Engineers CBM Engineers Omrania & Associates Chicago Committee on High-Rise Buildings

CTBUH Journal | 2008 Issue III CTBUH Organizational Members | 55 About the Council

The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, is an international not-for-profit organization supported by architecture, engineering, planning, development and construction professionals. Founded in 1969, the Council’s mission is to disseminate multi-disciplinary information on tall buildings and sustainable urban environments, to maximize the international interaction of professionals involved in creating the built environment, and to make the latest knowledge available to professionals in a useful form. The CTBUH disseminates its findings, and facilitates business exchange, through: the publication of books, monographs, proceedings and reports; the organization of world congresses, international, regional and specialty conferences and workshops; the maintaining of an extensive website and tall building databases of built, under construction and proposed buildings; the distribution of a monthly international tall building e-newsletter; the maintaining of an international resource center; the bestowing of annual awards for design and construction excellence and individual lifetime achievement; the management of special task forces / working groups; the hosting of technical forums; and the publication of the CTBUH Journal, a professional journal containing refereed papers written by researchers, scholars and practicing professionals. The Council actively undertakes research into relevant fields in conjunction with its members and industrial partners, and has in place an international ‘Country Representative’ network, with regional CTBUH representatives promoting the mission of the Council across the globe. The Council is the arbiter of the criteria upon which tall building height is measured, and thus the title of ‘The World’s Tallest Building’ determined. CTBUH is the world’s leading body dedicated to the field of tall buildings and urban habitat and the recognized international source for information in these fields.

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Illinois Institute of Technology, S. R. Crown Hall 3360 South State Street Chicago, IL, 60616 Phone: +1 (312) 909 0253 Fax: +1 (610) 419 0014 Email: [email protected] http://www.ctbuh.org/