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Terrestrial Species Viability Assessments for National Forests in Northeastern Washington William L

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Terrestrial Species Viability Assessments for National Forests in Northeastern Washington William L United States Department of Agriculture Terrestrial Species Viability Assessments for National Forests in Northeastern Washington William L. Gaines, Barbara C. Wales, Lowell H. Suring, James S. Begley, Kim Mellen-McLean, and Shawne Mohoric Forest Pacific Northwest General Technical Report October Service Research Station PNW-GTR-907 2017 In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all pro- grams). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimi- nation Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/com- plaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: [email protected]. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender. Authors William L. Gaines is a wildlife ecologist, Washington Conservation Science Insti- tute, 12725 Wilson St., Leavenworth, WA 98826, formerly wildlife ecologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, 215 Melody Lane, Wenatchee, WA 98801. Barbara C. Wales is a wildlife biolo- gist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850. Lowell H. Suring is a wildlife ecologist (retired), Northern Ecologic, LLC, 10685 County Road A, Suring, WI 54174, formerly wildlife ecologist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Boise National Forest, 324 24th St., Ogden, UT 84401. James S. Begley is a spatial analyst, Wash- ington Conservation Science Institute, 3414 N Verde St., Tacoma, WA 98407. Kim Mellen-McLean is a wildlife ecologist (retired) and Shawne Mohoric is a regional planner (retired), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, 1220 SW 3rd, Portland, OR 97204. Abstract Gaines, William L.; Wales, Barbara C.; Suring, Lowell H.; Begley, James S.; Mellen-McLean, Kim; Mohoric, Shawne. 2017. Terrestrial species viability assessments for national forests in northeastern Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-907. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 324 p. We developed a process to address terrestrial wildlife species for which manage- ment for ecosystem diversity may be inadequate for providing ecological conditions capable of sustaining viable populations. The process includes (1) identifying species of conservation concern, (2) describing source habitats, and other important ecological factors, (3) organizing species into groups, (4) selecting surrogate species for each group, (5) developing surrogate species assessment models; (6) applying surrogate species assessment models to evaluate current and historical conditions, (7) developing conservation considerations, and (8) designing monitoring and adap- tive management. Following the application of our species screening criteria, we identified 209 of 700 species as species of concern on National Forest System lands east of the Cascade Range in Washington state. We aggregated the 209 species of conservation concern into 10 families and 28 groups based primarily on their habitat associations (these are not phylogenetic families). We selected 32 primary surrogate species (78 percent birds, 17 percent mammals, 5 percent amphibians) for application in northeastern Washington, based on risk factors and ecological characteristics. Our assessment documented reductions in habitat capability across the assessment area compared to historical conditions. We combined management considerations for individual species with other surrogate species to address mul- tiple species. This information may be used to inform land management planning efforts currently underway on the Okanogan-Wenatchee and Colville National Forests in northeastern Washington. Keywords: Viability assessments, northeastern Washington, surrogate species, conservation considerations. Summary Regulations and directives associated with enabling legislation for management of national forests require maintenance of viable populations of native and desired nonnative wildlife species. Broad-scale assessments that address ecosystem diver- sity may cover assessment of viability for most, but not all, species. We developed a process to address those species for which management for ecosystem diversity may be inadequate for providing ecological conditions capable of sustaining viable populations. The process includes (1) identifying species of conservation concern; (2) describing source habitats and other important ecological factors; (3) organizing species into groups; (4) selecting surrogate species for each group; (5) developing surrogate species assessment models; (6) applying surrogate species assessment models to evaluate current and historical conditions; (7) developing conservation considerations; and (8) designing monitoring and adaptive management strategies. Following the application of our species screening criteria, we identified 209 of 700 species as species of concern on National Forest System lands east of the Cascade Range in Washington. We aggregated the 209 species of conservation concern into 10 families and 28 groups based primarily on their habitat associations (these are not phylogenetic families). We selected 32 primary surrogate species (78 percent birds, 17 percent mammals, 5 percent amphibians) for application in northeastern Washington, based on risk factors and ecological characteristics. Our assessment documented reductions in the viability outcomes for all surrogate species compared to historical conditions. The species for which current viability outcomes were most similar to historical viability outcomes included the golden eagle, harlequin duck, northern goshawk, peregrine falcon, and Wilson’s snipe. Species for which current viability outcomes have departed the most from historical viability outcomes and are of greatest concern included the eared grebe, fox sparrow, sage thrasher, west- ern bluebird, and white-headed woodpecker. To address such changes, we identi- fied conservation considerations for each surrogate species that included habitat protection and restoration and amelioration of risk factors. We combined individual species with other surrogate species and with management proposals for other resources (e.g., recreation, fire, and fuels management) to develop multispecies, multiresource management considerations. The information generated from our approach could be used to inform land management planning to help improve the probability that desired population outcomes will be achieved. However, practition- ers should note that a conservation planning process, such as ours, cannot remove all uncertainty and risk to species viability, warranting an adaptive management approach. ii Contents 1 Chapter 1: Terrestrial Species Viability Assessments: Process and Overall Results 1 Introduction 3 Terrestrial Species Viability Assessment Process 4 Identifying Species of Conservation Concern 5 Definition of Source Habitats 9 Grouping Species of Conservation Concern 10 Identifying the Ecological Relationships of Species of Conservation Concern 10 Risk Factors 10 Fine-Scale Habitats 10 Home Range and Dispersal Information 11 Species Range Across the Assessment Area 12 Selection of Surrogate Species 15 Development of Surrogate Species Assessment Models 18 Reference Conditions for Source Habitats 19 Reference Conditions of Forested Source Habitats 19 Reference Conditions of Postfire Source Habitats 20 Reference Conditions for Species Associated With Nonforested Source Habitats 21 Reference Conditions for Wetland and Riparian Source Habitats 21 Reference Conditions for Streamside Riparian and Cliff Source Habitats 22 Factors That Influenced Habitat Quality 25 Risk Factors 26 Viability Outcomes 28 Weighted Watershed Index Calculation 29 Habitat Distribution Index 29 Dispersal Habitat Suitability 30 Viability Outcomes for Surrogate Species 34 Habitat Conditions for Conservation Planning 35 Overall Results of the Surrogate Species Assessments 36 Surrogate Species Assessment
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