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State of the Arctic Terrestrial STATE OF THE ARCTIC TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY REPORT MAY 2021 Acknowledgements CAFF Designated Agencies: • Environment and Climate Change Canada • Faroese Museum of Natural History • Finnish Ministry of the Environment • Ministry for Agriculture, Self Sufficiency, Energy and Environment, Government of Greenland • Icelandic Institute of Natural History • Norwegian Environment Agency • Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation • Swedish Environmental Protection Agency • United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service CAFF Permanent Participant Organizations: • Aleut International Association (AIA) • Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC) • Gwich’in Council International (GCI) • Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC) • Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North (RAIPON) • Saami Council This report should be cited as: Aronsson, M., S. Heiðmarsson, H. Jóhannesdóttir, T. Barry, J. Braa, C.T. Burns, S.J. Coulson, C. Cuyler, K. Falk, H. Helgason, K.F. Lárusson, J.P. Lawler, P. Kulmala, D. MacNearney, E. Oberndorfer, V. Ravolainen, N.M. Schmidt, M. Soloviev, C. Coon and T. Christensen. 2021. State of the Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity Report. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna International Secretariat, Akureyri, Iceland. ISBN 978-9935-431-94-3. Editing: Mora Aronsson, Tom Barry, Starri Heiðmarsson, Hrefna Jóhannesdóttir and Trish Hayes. Authors and contributors of subchapters 3.1-3.5: 3.1: Lead authors: Virve Ravolainen, Anne D. Bjorkman. Contributing authors: Donald Walker, Howard Epstein, Gabriela Schaepman-Strub 3.2: Authors: Stephen J. Coulson, Mark A.K. Gillespie, Toke T. Høye. 3.3: Lead authors: Knud Falk, Paul A. Smith, Casey T. Burns. Contributing authors: Anthony D. Fox, Alastair Franke, Eva Fuglei, Karl O. Jacobsen, Richard B. Lanctot, James O. Leafloor, Laura McKinnon, Hans Meltofte, Adam C. Smith, Mikhail Soloviev, Aleksandr A. Sokolov 3.4: Lead authors: James Lawler, Christine Cuyler, Douglas MacNearney. Contributing authors: Dominique Berteaux, Dorothee Ehrich, Anne Gunn, Jan Rowell, Don Russel, Niels Martin Schmidt 3.5: Lead author: Mora Aronsson. Contributing authors: Bruce Bennett, Casey T. Burns, Starri Heiðmarsson and Mikhail Soloviev. 3.6: Authors: Tom Barry, Liza K. Jenkins This report is primarily based upon data presented in Schmidt N.M. and H. Jóhannesdóttir (eds.) 2021. Terrestrial biodiversity in a rapidly changing Arctic. Ambio, 49(3) Contributors to Ambio special issue: Jan Adamczewski, Matthias Alfredsson, Ray Alisauskas, Skip Ambrose, David L. Anderson, Morgan Anderson, Anders Angerbjörn, Mora Aronsson, Isabel C. Barrio, Tom Barry, Christian Bay, Bruce Bennett, Peter J. Bente, Dominique Berteaux, Anne D. Bjorkman, John Blake, Travis Booms, Karl R. Bosse, Joe Bowden, Joseph J. Bowden, Jørund Braa, Tord Bretten, Vincent Brodeur, Kurt K. Burnham, Casey T. Burns, Chris T. Callahan, Mitch Campbell, Matthew Carlson, Sylvia L. Checkley, Tom Christensen, Karin Clark, H. Dean Cluff, Steve D. Côté, Peter Convey, Catherine Coon, Stephen J. Coulson, Mariana García Criado, Lauren E. Culler, William S. Currie, Christine Cuyler, Martin T. Dahl, Kathryn M. Daly, Tracy Davison, Marlene Doyle, Mathieu Dumond, Frauke Ecke, Dorothee Ehrich, Nina E. Eide, Isabell Eischeid, Johan Ekenstedt, Knud Falk, Mads Forchhammer, Barrie Ford, Anthony D. Fox, Erik Framstad, Jay Frandsen, Alastair Franke, Ivan Fufachev, Eva Fuglei, Sergey Ganusevich, Hans Gardfjell, Gilles Gauthier, Olivier Gilg, Lynn J. Gillespie, Mark A.K. Gillespie, Marie-Andrée Giroux, Mikhail Golovatin, Alexander Gruzdev, Anne Gunn, Jannik Hansen, Kevin Hawkshaw, Starri Heiðmarsson, John-André Henden, Heikki Henttonen, Birger Hörnfeldt, Toke T. Høye, Stefanie Ickert-Bond, Rolf A. Ims, Arkady P. Isaev, Liza K. Jenkins, Kenneth Johansen, Jeff A. Johnson, Patrick Jones, Ingibjörg Svala Jónsdóttir, Gennadiy D. Kataev, Sergey P. Kharitonov, Sergey Kharitonov, Siw T. Killengreen, Amanda M. Koltz, Seppo Koponen, Pertti Koskimies, Charles J. Krebs, Paul Henning Krogh, Olga Kulikova, Pauliina Kulmala, Susan Kutz, Richard B. Lanctot, Johannes Lang, James P. Lawler, James O. Leafloor, Lisa-Marie Leclerc, Nicolas Lecomte, Peter Lindberg, Berth-Ove Lindström, Sarah Loboda, Sara Longan, Douglas MacNearney, Conor Mallory, Kathy Martin, Yuri Marusik, William G. Mattox, Fabien Mavrot, Carol L. McIntyre, Laura McKinnon, Svetlana Mechnikova, Hans Meltofte, Irina E. Menyushina, Richard A. Merizon, Oleg Y. Mineev, Yuri N. Mineev, Douglas W. Morris, Guy Morrisson, Jesper Bruun Mosbacher, Dave Mossop, Isla H. Myers- Smith, Søren Møller, Ólafur K. Nielsen, Erlend B. Nilsen, Signe Normand, Innokentiy Mikhailovich Okhlopkov, Lauri Oksanen, Tarja Oksanen, Tuomo Ollila, Johan Olofsson, Åshild Ø. Pedersen, Ivan G. Pokrovsky, Kim Poole, Igor Yu. Popov, Virve Ravolainen, Donald Reid, Marco Restani, Patricia Reynolds, Bryce W. Robinson, Robert Rosenfield, James D. Roth, Janice Rowell, Don Russell, Sarah T. Saalfeld, Jeffery M. Saarela, Gustaf Samelius, Jonas P. Sandström, Niels Martin Schmidt, Steven S. Seefeldt, Alexander N. Sennikov, Robert A. Shuchman, Derek S. Sikes, Taras Sipko, Benoit Sittler, Sergey M. Sleptsov, Jozef Slowik, Adam C. Smith, Paul A. Smith, Eeva M. Soininen, Aleksandr A. Sokolov, Vasiliy Sokolov, Natalya A. Sokolova, Mikhail Soloviev, Diana V. Solovyeva, Katie Spellman, Laerke Stewart, Mike Suitor, Ted Swem, Danielle Tanzer, Jason J. Taylor, Matilde Tomaselli, Henry Väre, Katrin Vorkamp, René van der Wal, Pawel Wasowicz, Kristine Bakke Westergaard, Maria Hørnell Willebrand, Bjørnar Ytrehus and Arve Østlyngen. CBMP Terrestrial Steering Group: Mora Aronsson (co-chair), Starri Heiðmarsson (co-chair), Hrefna Jóhannesdóttir (coordinator), Jørund Braa, Casey T. Burns, Stephen Coulson, Christine Cuyler, Knud Falk, James P. Lawler, Pauliina Kulmala, Douglas MacNearney, Erica Oberndorfer, Virve Ravolainen, Niels Martin Schmidt, Mikhail Soloviev, Tom Christensen and Kári Fannar Lárusson. CBMP Leads: Tom Christensen and Catherine Coon. CAFF secretariat: Tom Barry, Courtney Price, Kári Fannar Lárusson, Hólmgrímur Helgason and Olga Pálsdóttir. Layout: María Rut Dýrfjörð Graphics: Kári Fannar Lárusson, Hólmgrímur Helgason and Courtney Price Funding and support: CAFF would like to acknowledge funding provided by the Nordic Council of Ministers, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Finnish Ministry of the Environment and the Icelandic Institute of Natural History. This document is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of the license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 Cover photograph: Einar Guðmann, Photographingiceland.is For more information please contact: CAFF Designated Area CAFF International Secretariat Borgir Norðurslóð 600 Akureyri Iceland www.caff.is TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ...................................................................................... 10 1 Introduction ...............................................................................................11 1.1 Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity Monitoring Plan ............................................................ 12 1.2 Knowledge and Data ............................................................................................... 15 1.2.1 Indigenous Knowledge and/or Local Knowledge .................................................... 15 1.2.2 Arctic Biodiversity Data Service ........................................................................... 15 1.3 Global Linkages ......................................................................................................16 2 Setting the Scene ..................................................................................... 17 2.1 Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems ................................................................................... 18 2.2 Focal Ecosystem Components .................................................................................. 18 2.3 Threats and Drivers of Change .................................................................................22 2.3.1 Drivers ..............................................................................................................22 2.3.2 Drivers and Cumulative Effects as part of the Conceptual Model ..............................26 3 Status and Trends in Arctic Terrestrial Biodiversity .......................................27 3.1 Vegetation . ...................................................................................................... 29 3.1.1 Patterns and Trends of FECs and their Attributes .....................................................29 3.1.1.1 All Plants/Vegetation ..................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.1.2 Non-native Species ...................................................................................................................... 32 3.1.2 Effect of Drivers on FECs and their Attributes ........................................................ 33 3.1.3 Coverage and Gaps in Knowledge and Monitoring ................................................ 33 3.1.3.1 Recommended Revisions to FECs and Attributes ............................................................................. 34 3.1.4 Conclusions and Key Findings ............................................................................. 35 3.2 Arthropods . .......................................................................................................36
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