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Archäologie in Armenien Ergebnisse Der Kooperationsprojekte 2010 ­ Ein Vorbericht

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Archäologie in Armenien Ergebnisse Der Kooperationsprojekte 2010 ­ Ein Vorbericht Veröffentlichungen des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt - Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Band 64 I 2011 Archäologie in Armenien Ergebnisse der Kooperationsprojekte 2010 ­ Ein Vorbericht L.UtuqpillnLFlJnüll! L.tu]tuUilltuunui 2010 p. hUll.huqupouil19mp]uI1.l 0pUlqPP. Ulpq]UÜlpuhpl!' UUlPIUUlqUlU hUlIJ.upquul 2.UlPUllIl UliLLlip, 'llmtjhL UtjhlJlpu]UllI (hplJlplj.) Archaeology in Armenia Results ofthe Cooperation Projects in 2010 ­ A Preliminary Report landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt LANDESMUSEUM FÜR VQRGESClllCllTE herausgegeben von Harald Meiler und Pavel Avelisyan Halle (Saale) 2011 Geoarchäologische Untersuchungen der Goldvorkommen von Sotk und Fioletovo, Armenien Հայաստանի Սոթքի և Ֆիոլետովոյի հանքավայրերում ոսկու նախապատմական արդյունահանման երկրահնագիտական հետախուզումը Geoarcheological survey of prehistoric gold mining in Sotk and Fioletovo, Armenia danilo Wolf, gregor Borg, ernst Pernicka, Khachatur meliksetian, rené Kunze und Arsen Bobokhyan Դանիլո Վոլֆ, Գրեգոր Բորգ, Էռնստ Պերնիքա, Խաչատուր Մելիքսեթյան, Ռենե Կունցե, Արսեն Բոբոխյան Summary this research was the positive evidence for fluvial gold in Sotk and the Fioletovo River. Other results include finding In the year 2o1o an Armenian-German survey took place in evidence for large scale distribution of spoil tips from placer the Armenian goldfield near Sotk and Fioletovo, the largest mining with an estimated minimum age of 25oo years, sink gold source in the Caucasus. The goal of our research pro- holes which point to underground mining and geological gramme was to find evidence for fluvial gold deposits in circumstances which favour prehistoric as well as modern local rivers and collecting samples in order to form the basis small scale mining practices. It is the Sotk region that has for future geochemical fingerprinting of archaeological produced geological and geo-archaeological evidence which finds. The identification of prehistoric mining traces and seems to point to Early Bronze Age mining although direct assessing the geology of the gold bearing matrix were evidence is still not forthcoming. further aspects of this survey. One aspect of the results of Zusammenfassung in armenischer Sprache արդյունքն էին Սոթքում և Ֆիոլետովոյի շրջանում ոսկե օճառի առկայության մասին վկայող դրական 2010 թվականին հայ-գերմանական մի հետախուզման ապացույցները և նոր պեղածոները: Հետախուզման ընթացքում ձեռնարկվեցին երկրահնագիտական և մյուս հայտնաբերումների թվին են պատկանում՝ երկրաբանական հետազոտություններ Սոթքի և առնվազն 2500 տարով թվագրվող ոսկե օճառի Ֆիոլետովոյի ոսկու հանքավայրերում, որոնք ամբողջ արդյունահանման թափոնակույտերի, իջվածքների Կովկասի ամենամեծ ոսկու հանքավայրերն են: ձագարների և բովանցքների մուտքերի լայնածավալ Հետազոտությունների նպատակն էր ապացույցներ տարածումը, որոնք վկայում են ստորգետնյա գտնել գետերի օճառային ոսկեբերության մասին և լեռնագործության մասին, մի հանքավայրային նմուշ վերցնել՝ ծագումնաբանությունը պարզելու երկրաբանություն, որ նպաստում է նախապատմական ուղղությամբ ապագա հնագիտական հետազոտության լեռնագործությանը, ինչպես նաև՝ ոչ մեքենայացված ժամանակ նրանց երկրաքիմիական բնութագիրը տալու լեռնագործությունը: Առաջին հերթին Սոթքի շրջանում համար: Հետախուզման մյուս ասպարեզն էին կազմում երկրաբանական և երկրահնագիտական արդյունքները նախապատմական լեռնագործության հետքերի մեծ հավանականությամբ մատնացույց են անում վաղ հայտնաբերումը և հանքավայրային երկրաբանության բրոնզեդարյան լեռնագործության գոյությունը, սակայն գնահատականը: Հետազոտությունների մասնակի ուղղակի ապացույցներն առայժմ բացակայում են: Zusammenfassung kunftsbestimmung. Die Identifikation von prähistorischen Bergbauspuren und die Beurteilung der Lagerstättengeologie Im Zuge eines armenisch-deutschen Surveys wurden 2o1o stellten weitere Aspekte des Surveys dar. Ein Teilergebnis archäologische und geoarchäologische Untersuchungen an der Untersuchungen waren die positiven Nachweise und den armenischen Goldvorkommen in Sotk und Fioletovo Neufunde von Goldseifen in Sotk und im Revier Fioletovo. unternommen, den größten Goldvorkommen im gesamten Die großflächige Verbreitung von Abraumhalden der Seifen- Kaukasus. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es zum einen, die goldgewinnung mit einem geschätzten minimalen Alter von Seifengoldführung in Flüssen nachzuweisen. Zum anderen 25oo Jahren, Einsturztrichter, die auf untertägigen Bergbau dient die Probennahme der geochemischen Charakterisie- deuten, eine Lagerstättengeologie, die einen prähistorischen rung des Goldes für eine zukünftige archäologische Her- Bergbau begünstigt, sowie moderner artisanaler Bergbau Veröffentlichungen des LDA • Archäologie in Armenien • BAnd 64 • 2011 2 Danilo Wolf, gregor Borg, ernst Pernicka, KhAchAtur meliKsetiAn, rené Kunze und Arsen BoBoKhyAn können als weitere Resultate des Surveys genannt werden. keit auf einen frühbronzezeitlichen Bergbau hin; ein direk- Vor allem in der Region Sotk weisen die geologischen und ter Nachweis steht jedoch noch aus. geoarchäologischen Ergebnisse mit hoher Wahrscheinlich- Einführung Vereinbarungen zwischen den Regierungen der Republik Armenien und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zur Zusam- Im Sommer des Jahres 2o1o fanden in Armenien interdiszi- menarbeit im Bereich von Wissenschaft und Kultur statt. plinäre archäologische und geologische Untersuchungen an Das vorrangige Ziel dieser Pilotstudie lag in der Untersu- den Goldvorkommen von Sotk und Fioletovo durch ein chung der wichtigsten armenischen Goldlagerstätten und armenisch-deutsches Forscherteam statt. Auf deutscher Seite ihrer archäologischen Kontexte, um eine Basis für weiter- waren Archäologen des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege führende Forschungsprojekte zu schaffen. und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Geologen der Martin- Der Golddistrikt von Sotk, bekannt seit etwa 12oo v. Chr. Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg und Archäometallurgen (Elevatorski 1982, 141), und die Region Fioletovo (Abb. 1) des Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrums für Archäometrie Mannheim stellen die größten Goldvorkommen in Vorderasien dar. beteiligt, auf armenischer Seite Wissenschaftler der Insti- Gold war ein bedeutendes Material antiker Gesellschaften tute für Geologie und Archäologie der Armenischen Akade- und ein wichtigerer Träger von Wert sowie Prestige in einer mie der Wissenschaften. Das Projekt fand im Rahmen der Gesellschaft. Goldartefakte können daher gesellschaftliche GEORGIA N Margahovit AZERBAIJAN & Fioletovo Dilijan Gyumri ARMENIA Lake Sevan Sotk Yerevan Vardenis NAGORNO- KARABAKH TURKEY NAKHICHEVAN IRAN 0 50 km Veröffentlichungen des LDA • Archäologie in Armenien • BAnd 64 • 2011 geologische untersuchungen der goldVorKommen Von sotK und fioletoVo, Armenien 3 Entwicklungen wie auch Veränderungen reflektieren. Ein gereicherte Fraktion von Sand und Schwermineralen wurde Ziel des Projektes ist es, durch interdisziplinäre Forschun- anschließend mit einer Goldwaschpfanne zu einem goldhal- gen die Bedeutung dieser Goldvorkommen in der Frühbron- tigen Schwermineralkonzentrat angereichert. zezeit für einen konkreten Siedlungsraum, hier Armenien, Die Geländeuntersuchungen schlossen zudem einen qua- aufzuzeigen, aber auch deren überregionale Rolle für Vorder- litativen Survey ein, der zum Ziel hatte, alte, möglicherweise asien und möglicherweise die Ägäis zu klären. Die frühbron- prähistorische Pingen, Explorations- und Abbaustollen sowie zezeitliche Nutzung der Goldvorkommen in Sotk ist auf Bergbauhalden zu identifizieren und dokumentieren. Eine Grund der hohen Anzahl zeitgleicher Siedlungen in der Um- repräsentative Gesteinsbeprobung im Rahmen dieses Sur- gebung der Mine sehr wahrscheinlich (vgl. Beitrag Kunze in veys diente der geologischen und lagerstättenkundlichen diesem Band). Charakterisierung der Goldvorkommen. Insgesamt konnten Um die Bedeutung des Goldvorkommens von Sotk in der acht Goldproben gewonnen werden. Eine Auswahl von Gold- Bronzezeit beurteilen zu können, müssen verschiedene körnern aus diesen Proben wird zurzeit am Institut für Geo- Aspekte berücksichtigt werden. Erstens, die Identifizierung wissenschaften und Geographie der Martin-Luther-Univer- der geochemischen Charakteristika des Goldes dieser Lager- sität Halle-Wittenberg mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskop stätten. Zweitens, Aufbau einer Datenbank mit Vergleichs- und EDX (JEOL 63oo JSM/OXFORD LINK ISIS) morpholo- analysen von Goldartefakten. Nicht weniger von Belang ist gisch charakterisiert. Zusätzlich wird die geochemische Zu- es abzuklären, inwiefern die geologischen Begebenheiten in sammensetzung und mögliche Einschlüsse halbquantitativ Sotk und Fioletovo einen prähistorischen Bergbau zugelas- bestimmt. Geochemische Vollanalysen der Goldproben wer- sen oder begünstigt haben. Daher konzentriert sich die geo- den anschließend mit einem Laser-Quadrupol-Induktiv ge- logische bzw. geoarchäologische Fragestellung dieses Pilot- koppelten Plasma-Massenspektrometer (LA-QICP-MS) am projektes auf folgende Schwerpunkte: Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum (CEZ) erstellt. Diese Daten dienen dann als Grundlage einer ersten geochemischen Charakte- 1) Die Untersuchung und Interpretation von Bergbau- risierung des Naturgoldes aus dieser Region. relikten. 2) Den Nachweis und die Beprobung von Seifengold in den Flüssen der Regionen Fioletovo & Margahovit/Dilijan Das Goldvorkommen in der Region Fioletovo/Margahovit und Sotk. und Dilijan 3) Die Beurteilung des in der Bronzezeit erkenn- und nutz- baren geologischen Rohstoffpotenzials dieser Vorkom- Die Vererzung bei Fioletovo gehört mit großer Wahrschein- men für die bergmännische Goldgewinnung. lichkeit zu dem mineralisierten Gangsystem, dessen Haupt- 4) Die geochemische
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