MIDDLESBROUGH: PLACE DESIGN PROJECT 3 JAMES TIPPLING Project synopsis Contents
The proposal seeks to reconnect the local community of Middlesbrough through the introduction of an urban SITE ANALYSIS CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT DESIGN DEVELOPMENT room. The Farrell Review of Architecture identified the need for every town/city without an Architecture Centre to 01 02 03 have an urban room; a platform for local people to come together and actively discuss the past, present and future Location: Middlesbrough The urban room A networked landscape visions of that place. The focal point of the project concentrates on the current disengagement with the public Historic development Precedent studies Forming the programme realm such as Albert Park, a dedicated open space gifted to the people of Middlesbrough by the town mayor in Industrial transition Involvement with Northern Architecture Defining zones 1868. Located along Linthorpe Road, Albert Park is sited on a historic access route into the Middlesbrough. Heritage Local identity: A live dialogue Spatial adjacencies
Site context Rising creative arts base Proposed strategy
Urban structure The Dorman Museum Serial vision
Economic climate: Lost identity Christopher Dresser study Site narrative
Albert Park: The people’s place? Concept studies Accommodation schedule
Site analysis Place-making Activities and uses
Urban parks analysis Activities and seasonal events SITE ANALYSIS Tees Valley regional map
Location: Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough is the capital of Teesside and the Tees Valley and is renowned for its industrial, engineering and bridge-building heritage. Although Middlesbrough originated from the 12th century as a religious settlement sited between Durham and Whitby, it was not until the 1830s in which Joseph Pease of Darlington proposed plans for a town on the banks of the River Tees. Middlesbrough was founded to supply labour for the shipment of coal, termed as ‘Port Darlington’ and the Darlington-Stockton railway extended. The new town experienced a rapid growth during the early years with the population increasing from 40 people in 1829 to 7,600 in 1851.
Charrette model documenting the key connections established along Linthorpe Road 1714 – 1837 1837 – 1901 1901 – 1914 1914 – 1939 1939 – 1945 1945 – Present
Georgian Era Victorian Era Edwardian WWI WWII Post-war Era
1841 1868 1879 1904 1929 1967 2007 Bolckow and Vaughan open Albert Park opened by Prince Harrison and Dresser launch the Dorman Museum opened Dorman Long construct the Tyne Steel industry privatised Middlesbrough Institute of Middlesbrough ironworks Arthur Linthorpe Art Pottery 1911 Bridge in Newcastle 1982 Modern Art opened 1850 1875 1899 Sir William Arrol & Co. construct 1932 The economic recession caused 2015 Iron ore discovered in the Dorman Long begin steel Completion of the new town hall the Tees Transporter Bridge Dorman Long construct the unemployment in Britain to hit an SSI announce the closure Cleveland Hills production on Teesside on Corporation Road Sydney Harbour Bridge all time high of Redcar Steelworks
1800 1900 2000
Historic development
Middlesbrough quickly established itself as a commercial hub, new businesses emerged and a local
marketplace acted as the central core to the town. It was the discovery of iron ore in the Cleveland Hills in 1850
which truly defined Middlesbrough. As the coal market faded, iron grew in demand to supply developments in
the rail industry and it was not long until iron foundries and blast furnaces appeared across Teesside. The rise
of the steel industry meant the iron years were short lived and Middlesbrough had to swiftly adapt. 2015 has
seen the collapse of steel in Teesside, destined to another period of transition.
Gladstone’s visit to Middlesbrough in 1862 showing the heavy industries along the docks and Cleveland Hills in the background. Image from Lillie, 1968 Industrial transition
19c. Middlesbrough is conceived as a industrial port town on the Tees 20c. The town relocates south as industrial growth continues along the riverside 21c. Regeneration in progress as industries in Middlesbrough decline Heritage
• Middlesbrough formed and driven by industry
• A place built on enterprise and innovation
• Heavy industries no longer a viable in the area due to
the over-competition from foreign exports
• Town’s industrial decline expressed through the local
architecture and preserved ruins
• What is the nest step for Middlesbrough?
The old town district bound by a grid-iron street pattern
(upper image)
Industrial monuments dominate the urban landscape
(lower image) Indicative map exploring the cultural legacy of Teesside Site context
• Transport links surround the urban fabric
• Linthorpe Road acts as the dominant access route
bisecting Middlesbrough town centre
• Growing presence of educational institutions
(Teesside College and Teesside University)
• Albert Park the centrepiece of Middlesbrough
• Street pattern appears to skew and distort towards
the public space
Site analysis showing primary uses and transport Access matrix within a connections of Middlesbrough mile radius of Albert Park Urban structure
• Planned form (street first) rather than a organic form (space first)
• The town configuration remains largely unchanged as a result of the constrained urban fabric
• Fixed street network restricts cohesion and adaption to social growth
• Embedded urban pressure and lack of diversity
• Predictable spatial design and built interventions
Buildings of interest located along Linthorpe road (above image) Economic climate: Lost identity
• Middlesbrough is heavily influenced by deprivation and lack of community engagement
• People of the town constantly endure the repercussions of industrial transition
• Identification of future enterprise such as the arts
• Importance of demonstration and protest in a conflicted public realm
• Need for collaboration and training to bridge the skills gap – platform for discussion and skill-sharing
A repeating pattern? • Utilising public spaces for social gatherings and open forums Public protests held in 1960s (upper) and 2015 (lower) Albert Park: The people’s place?
Albert Park was donated to the people of Middlesbrough in 1868 by Henry Bolckow, one of the founders of the iron and steel industry on
Teesside. The park covers an area of 30 hectares in the centre of Middlesbrough. The Park is Middlesbrough's only Grade II listed Park
in the English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest. There are a wide range of facilities available within the
Park including a Visitor's Centre, Roller Skating Rink, Cafe, Swan hire on the Lake, Tennis Courts, Bowling Greens, Play Areas,
Bandstand and much more. Some activities are seasonal so we recommend phoning in advance of your visit. Additional points of
interest include the Bandstand, a statue of Brian Clough, the sundial, South African War Memorial and a canon from the Crimean War.
Ambiguous tribute to former mayor Henry Bolckow, founder of Albert Park in 1868) Adaption
• Albert Park established as a place of historic interest
and an ever-present public space following it’s
opening in 1868 by mayor Bolckow
• Principal approach from Linthorpe Road
• Skewed rectangular plan divided into quadrants by 1850s 1914 axial paths – A layout still present today
• The park has provided various recreational activities
following it’s conception, including archery, cricket,
boating, skating, golf, and children’s play areas
Ordnance survey maps demonstrating the occurrence of a predominant axis intersecting the site 1890s 2015 Existing site Typological study
• The character of Albert Park is made up of the formal designed landscape covering an
area of just over 71 acres (28.4 hectares).
• Relatively level topography and unobstructed surroundings
• Integrating the urban fabric with landscape and biodiversity
• Strongly influenced by seasonal changes – Summer sees the site full of life and colour
with the trees in full growth while the bare branches of the winter exposes the park
Annual sunpath (left) Principally landscaped area with several built interventions located within the site
• Natural habitat for plants, birds, squirrels, and lake wildlife
Indicative site section (below) • East lake denotes end of the journey through the park offering panoramic views Initial site response
Teesside Modern sport University campus 1. Main approach and Dorman Museum 2. Lack of integration with university 3. Inactive façade of park pavilion 5 centre
Need to align park entry points with main Local care approach routes homes 6
Ayresome Gardens
3 4 4. Concealed picnic area 5. Unwelcoming public facilities 6. Busy roads restrict access into park Outmoded 5 outdoor sport 1 facilities . 8
9 Current housing Dorman development on Museum former Clairville stadium site 7
Residential housing with private gardens Fire station 7. Allotment gardens appear private 8. Underutilised amphitheatre space 9. Social alienation Key views
The avenues and clusters of mature trees, monuments and pathways, and views into and out of the park all 1 contribute to it’s character. The surrounding context and buildings are generally oriented to benefit from views into Albert Park. There is currently no principal vantage point from within the site, but instead forms a narrative progression of viewpoints and reveals.
2 1. Within the park
Vista formed by the tree arcade towards the lake
2. immediate surroundings
Clock Tower alignment with the bandstand and fountain
3. Wider context
Fragmented outlook towards the Transporter Bridge 3 Concept development The urban room
• Accessibility and engagement with the local
community
• Exploring the future of ‘forgotten’ sites in
Middlesbrough
• The importance of multi-function and flexible use
• Utilising art as a transmission of culture
• Addressing the current social climate and industrial
transition
UK map indicating the locality of Middlesbrough in relation to the national architecture centres Establishing a North-East network of urban rooms championed by the regional architecture centre Precedent studies
• Effectively translate and represent local identity
• Preserve the balance of the urban infrastructure
• No prescribed programme or function
• Main principal to raise awareness and explain
architecture of the town/city
• Inclusive and encouraging public involvement
• Urban rooms yet too be fully realised in the UK
although common in Asia and parts of Europe
• Blackburn first town to introduce the urban room
concept in attempt to revitalise the local community
and change public perceptions
• Blackburn experiencing similar industrial and
economic decline to Middlesbrough
Pavillion de l’Arsenal, 1988 (upper and lower image)
Exploring urban issues through a pedagogic method and utilising a variety of visual media (physical/electronic) Blackburn is Open: The first UK urban room, although employed as a festival of creative events Involvement with Northern Architecture
• Collaboration with local organisations ArchiGRAD, Aimhigher Durham and Northern Architecture.
• Experience in delivering workshops aimed towards the exploration of multiple approaches to a particular
dilemma through group discussion, sketching and model work.
• Engaging architecture and the built and environment with young people as a means of nurturing creativity
• Appreciation towards locality and place-making
• Symbiotic relationship between architecture and society
• Integration of education, community, and practice
Expanding architectural education to address a wider context of learning and cultural awareness Northern Architecture school workshop and exhibition celebrating Middlesbrough’s bridge-building heritage (lower images) Urbanistas: Idea exchange
• People connect to architecture through the association with the familiar
• Need for ownership and attachment while shared facilities promote collaboration
• Providing a inclusive environment and accommodating the local demographic
• Interpretative and flexible spaces allowing the community to drive developments in the public realm
Urbanistas launch exhibition and conversation at the Core, Newcastle upon Tyne Design through a heuristic process Local identity: A live dialogue
Middlesbrough has recently experienced a series of events and exhibitions focusing on locality., including the
‘Localism’ exhibition at the Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (mima), The project encourages public
interaction and collaboration in order to rediscover Middlesbrough’s creative traditions, providing shared
resource facilities and a reinterpretations of the famous Linthorpe Pottery.
New Linthorpe workshop at mima – An interactive project coordinated by Emily Hesse and curator James Beighton Poetry reading and creative writing – using Teesside Archives to explore ‘Place’ through the collaborative of local artists and residents Rising creative arts base
• New art industries forming as a result of technological innovations
• Art prospers in times of turbulence and tension – tool for social change
• Art as an evolutionary and spontaneous process captured in time
• Artists seek to instigate creativity within a restricted system
• Escape mediocrity and enjoy the perfection of calamity
Occupation of Albert Park Creative Revolution undergrounds
The Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (mima) actively promotes community engagement through art and culture Albert Park as a platform for emerging artists and creatives The Dorman Museum
Located directly adjacent to Albert Park, the Dorman
Museum houses a large collection of items celebrating
Middlesbrough's heritage through natural history and geology to social history and Victorian arts and craft.
One of the main exhibition spaces of the museum is the
Christopher Dresser gallery, displaying the work and influence of the now-renowned Victorian designer claimed as Middlesbrough’s own. Interestingly, Dresser never had a physical presence in Middlesbrough and is more recognised for his role as an artic consultant for
Linthorpe Pottery.
Building plan with the Christopher Dresser and Linthorpe
Pottery gallery shown in yellow Dorman Museum exhibit dedicated to the work Christopher Dresser, although his presence in Middlesbrough is largely undocumented Linthorpe Pottery and Christopher Dresser
Linthorpe pottery was co-founded by Christopher Dresser, with the vision of establishing an art complex in
Middlesbrough to manufacture ceramics, wallpaper, glass and pottery. The locally sourced clay provided an ideal material to form artwork of utility and beauty. Linthorpe Pottery was co-founded by Dresser and Sun brickworks owner John Harrison in 1879 to provide a workspace for redundant ironworkers. Although a notable figure in Middlesbrough heritage, Dresser only served as an art advisor to the pottery. Wasteful manufacturing, loss of staff, and increased competition led to the eventual closure of the pottery in 1890. Dresser design principles The arch Beauty • Integration of craft and production – providing affordable but well designed goods
• Influenced by Owen Jones and John Ruskin’s teachings, particularly the ‘Seven Lamps of Architecture’
• (sacrifice, truth, power, beauty, life, memory, and obedience)
• Interest in botanical structures, using science as the root of truth merged with the beauty of art
• Adapting forms to suit function and purpose
• The art of decorative design and pattern
The line Order
The Diagonal Excitement
The three principal forms in Dresser’s decorative pattern design Experimentation and interplay between botanical structures and geometric deconstruction (above image) Dresser and Morris: Collaborative conflict
• Beauty in craft vs. beauty in function
• Although Christopher Dresser was often classed as the direct contemporary to William Morris, the two
designers shared similar beliefs and both used natural forms as patterns of rhythm in their artwork and products
• The key difference arose in the production process, Dresser looked to integrate design with advances in
technology while Morris chose to reject all mechanised forms of manufacture in favour of handicraft
• Despite the conflict in approach, both adopted truthful production methods which could not be replicated
Interpretative apparatus Influenced by the perceived conflict between Dresser and Morris –allowing for both interaction and/or privacy • Dresser had a relatively successful career although less recognised than Morris at the time Delirious New York: Rem Koolhaas
• Analysis of the breakthroughs, mutations and inventions of Manhattan
• Combination of the popular with the ambitious – appear retrospective but retain a prospective quality
• Brutality of modernist principles demonstrated by the predictive street grid designed for New York inhabitation
• Innovations becoming more responsible rather than imaginative
• stimulate technology of the fantastic and refrain from the urbanism of good intentions
The radical vision and scale of the skyscraper suggests importance to a mundane structure which in essence act as false and undeserving monuments Coney island a incubator of Manhattan’s revolution (above image) Concept: Testing Ground
• Albert Park as a theme park of activity and spectacle
• Extreme variety of invention within one space to define a continuous tapestry of events
• Platform for creativity and free expression
Innovation through experimentation Psychological relationship between geometric forms and functionality Rem Koolhaas: Voluntary prisoners of architecture
• Proposal to form walled district intersecting London’s urban fabric
• Enclosed metropolitan-scale prison, drawing comparison to the cold war of West Berlin
• Intention of inspiring a new urban culture and architectural experimentation through the integrity of walled zones
• Psychological obsession to infiltrate boundaries and revel in the freedom of confinement
Procession of zoned districts and activities Innovative forms emerge within the enclosed walls while the old city is completely abandoned (above image) Place-making
• Creating a sense of belonging and attachment with the local community
• People connect to architecture through the association of the familiar
• Place is necessary in human nature for the comfort to seek space
• Both a physical and mental experience
• Provoked by preconception, both social and cultural
• Importance of inclusion and accessibility, particularly the public realm
Concept – Public infiltration of Albert Park The paradoxical relationship between space and place The purpose of urban parks
• A new battleground in reviving the urban environment – removing the conception of parks as exclusive
• Public space intended for interaction rather than exhibition
• Consideration to park funding – introducing community and volunteer initiatives
• Promoting collaboration and group activities (discussion, learning, sport, craft)
• Social and economic benefits of communal facilities and sharing of resources, such as allotment gardens
Key assets and qualities in urban park design Superkilen, Copenhagen by Big Architects – An urban space conceived to address the rise in public demonstrations Key axis
• Perceived boundaries and interaction between man
and environment
• Respect to context and revealing the existing
• Architecture serves as the starting point, allowing
nature to dictate control
• Interplay between organic and planned form
“A balance between patterns of nature and the formalism of human abstract ideas, like the lines and the circles”
Richard Long, Tate Modern exhibition.
Concept study (upper image)
RCR architects: Parc de Pedra Tosca (right image) Parti diagram Intervention
Axis
Bernard Tschumi: Parc de la Villette
Follies
As part of an international competition, 1982-83, to revitalize the undeveloped land from the French national
wholesale meat market and slaughterhouse in Paris, France, Bernard Tschumi envisioned Parc de la Villette as
a place of culture where natural and artificial are forced together into a state of constant reconfiguration and
discovery. The park is formulated by a distortion of systems and contradictive preconceptions – combining
abstract concepts with inherent logic. The architectural disjunction acts as a reflection to the richness and
Site plan discontinuity that exists in life. La Villette provides a cultural platform to the people of Paris. Strategy: Parc de la Villette
The park is designed with three principles of organisation which Tschumi classifies as points, lines, and
surfaces. The series of follies give a dimensional and structural quality to the park serving as reference nodes.
Unlike the follies, the paths do not follow any regulated pattern; rather they intersect and lead to various points of
interest within the park and the surrounding urban area. Tschumi’s Parc de la Villette is conceptualised as one
large user-defined space that is completely open to interpretation. Each of the un-programmed follies are
The Parc de la Villette is organised on a distortion of three principal systems – Lines, points and surfaces. centres for informal agenda and activity. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT A networked landscape
• Dividing park to address different audiences
• Autonomous territories prompting collaboration
• Zonal quadrants transform the boundaries of the
site into interactive devices (can function as
individual or combined entities)
• Albert park to serve as a social tool in forming a
collective community
• Public define how the park operates
• Retaining the key route through the site
• Aligning entry points to promote access Forming the programme
Conducted research included a live interaction with current users of the site and local community to discover public perceptions and viewpoints towards Albert Park. Although generally well received, it became clear that additional activities and improved accessibility were key factors to re-establish Albert Park as a place for the people. Defining zones
The scheme poses the question of what is the function of a public park: exhibition or interaction? This has led to the
concept of forming zones within the site to address different uses and activities (social, activity, demonstration , and
learning). The divided regions transform the boundaries of the site into interactive devices which can be both
autonomous and/or collaborative entities. The intention is for Albert Park to become a public-driven space which will
in turn, help to inform the realisation of an urban room in Middlesbrough.
SOCIAL (Uniformity)
LEARNING (Progression)
DEMONSTRATION (Dynamism)
ACTIVITY (Freeform)
Interaction with the surrounding context Spatial adjacencies
• Providing inclusive uses and activities within Albert Park
• Responsive the local demographic
• Creating new access routes and maintaining primary axis through the site
• Cultural testing ground and exhibition of creativity
• Importance of scaling built interventions to compliment surround landscape
• Engagement through collaboration
Arranging key uses to address the relevant demographic The performance space expresses the amalgamation of all four site quadrants Proposed strategy
Urban park promoting experimentation and public expression through the integration of architecture, landscape and society (people > place > space) Serial vision
Phase 1: Infiltration (2015) Phase 2: Experimentation (2020) Phase 3: Assimilation (2025) A group of creative undergrounds occupy the site and form zoned quadrants within the park Operations within the park continue to expand and reconnect the community – discussions Integration with surrounding context including extension to Dorman Museum to correspond – public intrigue prompts new access routes and a key axis is established begin with the council and local institutions regarding potential collaboration with 150th anniversary of Dorman Long and Middlesbrough’s city of culture bid Site narrative
01 Approach 04 Immerse The gateway to Albert Park denotes the key entry point, Only through confinement can the visitor truly appreciate integrating landscape with the urban infrastructure the value and beauty of the natural environment.
02 Invitation 05 Vista Pathways indicate possible routes through the site while the The key axis route takes the visitor to a raised vantage trees create mystery and encourage exploration point offering panoramic views across the park lake
03 Suspense 06 Surprise The built structure of the winter garden contrasts amongst the The visitor is congratulated at the end of their journey by the landscape, prompting a sense of intrigue and excitement sight of the lakeside café and the opportunity for reflection Assembly building
• Congregation and gateway point into Albert Park
• Connection between park and the Dorman Museum
• Dedicated exhibition space to coincide with the 150th
anniversary of Dorman Long, showcasing Teesside's
cultural influence and innovation
• Narrative discussion of the Middlesbrough’s creative
past, present and future
Precedent: Yorkshire Sculpture Park (below image)
Assembly Artisan pavilion
• Creative workspace available to the public
• Encouraging the sharing of tools and hardware
• Space for emerging artists to work and exhibit
• Study area for research and idea exchange
• Workshop studio with professional craft facilities
• Collaboration with the Dorman Museum and
Teesside University (School of Arts and Media)
Precedent: Northern Print, Newcastle (below image)
Pavilion Kiosk and social room
• Inclusive social hub providing a range of reading
material to accommodate all ages and demographics
• Promoting literacy and local enterprise
• Platform for aspiring authors and poets
• Rentable books to take around the park
• Formulation of public forum through organised
events, including socials, talks and open discussion
Precedent: NewBridge Books, Newcastle (below image)
Kiosk Performance space
• Place for creative expression and interaction
• Bringing activity and culture into Albert Park
• Outdoor performance space for dances, live music
and theatrical displays
• Unique and spontaneous events embodied by the
moment of inspiration
• Studio space for group rehearsal and training
Precedent: Dance City, Newcastle (below image)
Performance space Lakeside café
• Destination point for comfort, socialising and
relaxation to celebrate journey through the park
• Operated and driven by the community
• Promoting locally sourced produce
• Public spaces oriented to draw focus towards lake
• Viewing platform offering vistas across the park and
towards key landmarks (Transporter Bridge)
Precedent: Staiths café, Dunston (below image)
Café SPRING SUMMER AUTUMN WINTER
Easter arts festival Open-air theatre and cinema Open studios event Christmas market
Nature-based activities Lakeside activities and recreation Harvest food festival After-dark arts exhibition (Lumiere)
External arts programme Summer school activities Halloween-themed activities Festive crafts workshop
SEASONAL AGENDA References and reading list
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