Mechanics and the Essence of Technology
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MECHANICS AND THE ESSENCE OF TECHNOLOGY William J. Emerson III A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2014 Committee: Ellen Berry, Advisor Monica A. Longmore Graduate Faculty Representative Radhika Gajjala Clinton F. Rosati ii © 2014 William J. Emerson III All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Ellen Berry, Advisor The mechanic is a worker of contested meaning in American popular culture. The cultural significance of mechanics reflects technological trends throughout American industrial history. Mechanics have been revered and reviled, vilified and deified at various points in our national experience. This study will view the mechanic through same lens which our society has viewed technology, and in doing so will reveal a more intimate, essential relationship between the mechanic and technology. During the Industrial Revolution, mechanics were highly regarded as industrial workers and it was implied in radical fiction that they could repair social problems with the same acumen with which they fixed machines. The cultural significance of mechanics shifts definitively within popular consciousness after World War II. Later as the cultural capital of mechanics declined, there was an increasing trend for mechanics to destroy machines in popular literature to correct technology which was viewed as pathological. The shifting modalities surrounding the mechanic illustrate the trajectory of skilled information workers in the Twenty-first Century. Much like Henry Ford, the founders of Apple Computers worked out of a small shop (a garage in both instances) independently designing, assembling and engineering their products. The once insular and esoteric world of computers opened up to the public, however not all computer training was equally accessible to all parts of society. After the wave of mystery surrounding a technology breaks and recedes along with the promise it brings there is often a descent iv into mediocrity which then afford the possibility for a cooptation by the subversive elements of society. This may come in the form of highly skilled machine breakers in relation to mechanics or it may be dirty bombs with regard to nuclear technology. Computer hackers provide such direction because they have the skills to actively oppose an emerging class of information capitalists. Hackers can liberate information from corporate control and they, like the mechanics who preceded them, need only their acumen and a few tools to do so. v This dissertation is dedicated to my wife Emelia and to our three children: Alex, Joey, and Ruby Lee. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 Framework ................................................................................................................. 7 Questions to Be Addressed ........................................................................................ 10 The Able Bodied Worker ........................................................................................... 12 American Culture Studies .......................................................................................... 13 Why does Mechanics and the Essence of Technology matter? ................................. 14 Theoretical Construction ............................................................................................ 15 The New Factory System ........................................................................................... 17 Technology and the Common Man ........................................................................... 20 Machine Breakers and Computer Hackers ................................................................ 23 CHAPTER I. CONCEPTUAL VISIONS OF TECHNOLOGY AS THEY PERTAIN TO MECHANICS ………............................................................................................................ 28 Defining Technology ................................................................................................. 28 The Technium or Technological Organism................................................................ 31 Leo Marx .................................................................................................................... 36 A Question of Essence ............................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER II. THE MECHANIC AND THE NEW FACTORY SYSTEM ....................... 48 Clock Time and the New Normal .............................................................................. 57 The Increasingly Standardized Worker Necessitates A New Kind of Factory .......... 66 On the Development of Mass Production .................................................................. 67 Henry Ford, Clockwork and Memory ........................................................................ 69 vii Greenfield Village as Nineteenth Century Simulacrum ............................................ 76 CHAPTER III. TECHNOLOGY AND THE COMMON MAN .......................................... 79 Industrialized Agriculture .......................................................................................... 81 Revolutionary Mechanics in European Literature ..................................................... 84 Mechanical Skills and Wanderlust............................................................................. 88 The Railroad and Modernity ...................................................................................... 92 Technology and the Dust Bowl.................................................................................. 95 Race and Class ........................................................................................................... 102 Masculinity….. .......................................................................................................... 107 CHAPTER IV. THE MECHANIC AS MACHINE BREAKER AND HACKER .............. 112 Luddites……….......................................................................................................... 114 Deep Ecology…. ........................................................................................................ 116 Fight Club…… .......................................................................................................... 120 Y2K, Survivalism and the Coming Apocalypse ........................................................ 124 Hackers……… .......................................................................................................... 129 Technology: Agent of Order? ................................................................................... 133 WORKS CITED. ................................................................................................................... 137 APPENDIX A. ENDNOTES ................................................................................................ 145 1 INTRODUCTION During the last few generations mankind has made an extraordinary advance in the natural sciences and in their technical application and has established his control over nature in a way never before imagined. The single steps of this advance are common knowledge and it is unnecessary to enumerate them. Men are proud of those achievements...this new won power over space and time, this subjugation of the forces of nature. -Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents Is man, then, a defenseless and perplexed victim at the mercy of the irresistible superior power of technology? -Martin Heidegger, The Question Concerning Technology This study is the story of how mechanics have had the hopes of revolutionaries pinned on them; of inventors who have changed history; of capitalists and socialists who benefitted from the mechanic’s ability to fix machinery. This ability to fix machinery was key in the time when machinery was the essence of the modern world. This essay will also investigate the mechanic as a worker of contested meaning in American popular culture. It is an investigation into the cultural significance of mechanics and how they reflect technological trends throughout the American industrial history. Mechanics have been revered and reviled, vilified and deified at various points in our national experience. This study will attempt to view the mechanic through same lens which our society has viewed technology, and in doing so will reveal a more intimate, essential relationship between the mechanic and technology. It is a relationship which transcends the turning of wrenches and long hours spent repairing complicated machinery. 2 Henry Ford said, “Everything can be done better and faster.” As a mechanic Ford had an intimate, and some might say intuitive, grasp of how technology could change the work place, workers and work itself. By contrast, at roughly the same cultural moment the anarchist Peter Kropotkin stated that he “understood the poetry of machinery.” These two different views of technology, pragmatic and poetic respectively, illustrate the associative poles to which the mechanic was yoked. Kropotkin wanted to appear in synch with the industrial age by affecting the posture of the industrial proletariat. However, in the United States during the years surrounding the Great Depression these two disparate world views (industrial capitalism and anarcho-communism) would momentarily converge. Together Ford and Kropotkin existed in a moment when