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-4- utLalt TYO TO GA (Trans,Lep,Soc,Jap.) Vol. 18, No.1 & 2 1967

Notes on spec;'es of SPirama GuENEE of Japan,

with remarks for the classification of the genus

(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Catocalinae)

SHIGERO SUGI

14-12, Omori-Kita IV, Tokyo

Before entering the discussion of the hcading subject, a nomcnclatorial problcm must be noted to definite the use of the names SPirama retorta (CLERcK,1759) and S, helicina (HuBNER, (1827-1831)) in this These paper. names are u$ed here in the sense of WARREN (1913, in SEITz, Macrolep, World, 3:325), who gives fine illustration of the moths of this genus (as SPeiredonia) found in the Palaearctic Region, and whose figures are well representing the both sexes of the Japanese popu- lations discussing belew. HAMpsoN (1913, Cat, Lep. PhaL B. M,, 12:346-362) differs not only in

application of these names, but confused partly in combination of the both sexes of each species.

Speaking ef the female, the moth he called retorta is apparently the sarne as WARREN's helicina

and the name su]:I/umvsa GuENEE, 1852, takes the place of WARREN's retorta, Only for the clarity of the definition of species I followed here WARREN, and my treatment is therefore not basecl

upon a result of any bibliographic work for exact interpretation of the names involved.

The moths of the genus SPirama GuENEE, 1852 (=SPeiredonia auct.), are rather common in the Iowlands of Japan. They are usually treated as representing four species there, viz. retorta

CLERcK, helicina HuBNER, martha BuTLER and iaPonica GuENEE. However, when a large lot of speci- mens of the both sexes are studied, some difficulties are often experienced to divide them into the fottr,as the superficial characters in some cases intergrade, especially between the males of helicina, retorta and or between the femares of helicina and j'aPonica. The ill-marked martha is the

only species with isolated appearance never intergrading to any of the other species. The estab-

lishment of a more definite basis for grouping them is thus hoped, but my attempt to do it bye xamining the male genitalia was not re$ulted in a conclusion enough, mainly because of theirn ' egative features among species.

In the 1958 to 1959, my Iittle years observations were made during various seasens in a place the where moths ef this genus are fairly abundant, My attention was called at first to a fact that the moths in captured May to June are all referable te martha or iaPonica, though the latter being associated with a few females confusingly alike to those ot helicina, The other species,

retorta and helicina, appeared in the same place exactly later in the end of July towards August.

a that the moths called Then I have thought )'aPonica are nothing other than the spring brood of

helicina, and hence, that the matter would be parallel in the case between martha and retorta, in spite of their serious dissirnirarity ef the wing pattern. I have briefly stated this possibility in

my work illustrating Japanese rnoths (1959, in: Icon. Ins. Jap. CoL nat. ed., 1:145), suggesting a

future solution by breeding experiments.

A while later, in 1962, Mr. Y. YAMAMoTo, Ikeda, had a good success in rearing larvae from ova deposited by female adults of the couple of $pecies, The results satisfacterily proved the

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uttwtTYOTO GA (TransLepSoc Jap) Vol 18, No 1&2 -5-

tua.rrY servthhaveim -rW th.'s g: -,: t ptnv?Mt wwa ...e .} pe'eevva1diua"uavedi -t zaxpsSfui.uni kff lvazatdiES Z:w Kbe: '"g di$1},af.Lg:aF'lSIY..Miite{- Zm.xuif

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va.v"enxmuIP. "rmuFffles .w ±

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-wnkvva,.jwl mi .g.,entkinal ewwin;

Japanese species of the genus SPirama (m natural size)

Figs 1-･l SPtrama retorta (CLERcK) 1 Summer brood male (August) 2 bummer breod female (August) 3 Spring brood male (=martha) (June). 4. Spring brood female (=martha) CJune) 5-10 Figs SPtranta hehcina (HuBNER) 5 male 6 Summer brood (August) Spring brood male (Intermediate form) (July) 7 Spnng broed male(==laPomca)(May) 8 Summer brood female (July) 9 Sprmg brood female (May) 10 Sprmg brood female (June)

AII the specimens figured here were collected b} me on the stated months of the years 195&1959, at Odaru Spa, m the sottthern part of Iz- peninsula, Shvuoka Pref

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relationships that I had assumed, and he has kindly informed me of that in every stages the

structural differences can be hardly seen between them under microscepe, apart from very slight

and rather obscure features in the dorsal fine stripes on the skin of Iarvae. The detailed

descriptions of larvae of the both species have been recently published by him with coloured

illustratien (YAMAMoTo, 1966, in:Early stages of Japanese Moths in colour, 1:130-132, pl, 44, figs.

137, 138).

The both species have roughly the same life-cycle in Japan. They feed exclusively on the

leaves of Albiazia lulibrissin DuRAzz. (Leguminosae), a commonest wild tree widely distributed

throughout the lowlands south of Honshu. Overwintering in pupal stage, the moths of the first

broed, representing the vernal from, appear in May to June, and the mature larvae are found in

July, then producing the second broed moths in middle of summer. When the larvae found in

september are reared in Iaboratory, unusual third brood occurs frequently in autumn which has

the same appearance as the typical or aestival form, This seems to show that in the tropics

the typical form may be dominant throughout a year,

now the twe distinct species of the in we have genus SPirama Japan. The synonymies will be

and the male of the both species illustratcd as follows, genitalia are (F!gs, 11, 12), Spirama retorta (CLERcK, 1759) == SPirama martha BuTLER, 1878. Spiratna helicina (HuBNER, (1827-1831)) == SPirama 1'aPonica GuENEE, 1852.

The fact revealed will open a way to analyse the whole of the SPirama-complex, For the first ' it must be pointed out that in the two closely related species the differentiation of wing pattern

towards the vernal form takes place in their respective way, resulting in occurence of a ceuple

of extremely dissimilar moths. In one species, hglicina, the male of spring brood has the wings

more brownish and more distinctly marked than of summer brood that are uniformly dark black

brown, with the outer postmedian line more or less shaded with whitish exteriorly and the white

stria from below apex towards the upperedge of discoidal mark distinct as in female;the under-

side of wings usually suffused with crimson. In the female differences are scarce between the

other specics, modificatien two broods. In the retorta, the in the spring brood is very striking, as it does not show the sexual distinctions as usual in most cases of the genus, It has in the

both se:es the ground colour of the wings uniformly ochreeus grey to ochreous brown, tinged

with olivaceou$ or rosy, with transverse lines much obsolescent, the comma-shaped discoidal spot

reduced into a few black points or nearly completely missing. The underside of wings is suff"sed

with crimson in the both sexes,

The second important feature is that the occurence of such vernal farms seems limited to the north temperate areas of East Asia. Both martka and j'aPonica have been recorded hitherto from

China and Japan, though the species retorta and helicina are well known as Indian insect, the distribution of the former extending further to the adjacent Indo-Malayan areas. This possibly

means that in the climatic conditions of such areas the species produce many broods of the typical or aestival ferm throughout a year, If it may be true, there remains a question that

certain corresponding forms are to be found aise in temperate areas such as the northern high- lands of India at abeve some elevations. There seems not to be such forms known to us in litetature, but it will be suggested that the Indian form triloba GuENEE (or modesta MooRE or

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to would be a form of retorta rosacea HAMpsoN), with abbreviated wing markings similar martha,

or otherwise of a "third" species closely related to it. It is in March and May that the moths

"trilabai' Philipp, was captured in the Philip- referred to by SEMpER (1901, Schmett. Inseln, 2: 575) to C`reterta" in various seasons. pines, where he also took the specimens he referred

[eretorta'', HAMpsoN's description of the rnale of his perhaps prepared from Indian specimens, it seems to denote a does not fit with the typical or aestival males of helicina befere me, but

form nearest to the male of jaPonica frorn Japan. The summer brood male of helicina is hardly

separable from that of reterta except tts smaller expanse, and in the HAMpsoN's key it surely falls

into his "suffumosa". It is not imprebabLe to assume that HAMpsoN wrongly combined the typical

"s;ofumosa''. rnales of helicina with those of retorta under the name of his If it is sure, the rnale

"retorta'' associated by him with the female of his will be an Indian representative of jaPonica, a

seasonal form of helicina, to approach an exact Finally the above-mentioned things will give us an unnoticed standpoint

reclassification of the whele genus, Apart from the two African specles, which are structurally

distinct from the Indo-Malayans, the moths of the genus are widely distributed in almost all

the region of the tropical and subtropical Asia, south-eastwards through New Guinea to North Australia. The group appears to be a very difficult complex, as species have basically similar

and somewhat individually variable wing markings. The difficulty is increased by the sexual

"grade dimorphism appearing in rnost of them. HAMpsoN states that they into one another and

' ' "" '" ''rmpm"'ttw-"" }''"y'"fi"r '"'' t"'t't tt tt t. ttt tt ttnvI ..tt t. ve:/v - l,i ,･ l･i･･'l-i ;i.i･; 1,,l･L,1,,if,l, ,, ･･ l?,i ; :･-- -:,･;,:･

ttt tt.umttt . t tt.tttt.,/. ww.ltlsiltt..../ tt. tttt:.,..ttt ' . ''.l:t ..,. '' . ... .tt. l./.Ee: .. // t tt tt tt t ..t ttt t ttt t tt ttttttt .t .t tt tt ttt ttt rr ttt t tt t t t.tt. "･u･i･ ' "l･il/tk'iliXiz,t･'gew･ :: l i,.. i{s･･in･iilY . tttt K . '1 tNt-:'t ttt t. ttttt y. ttttt t/ tttt;tttt .t tt '1im'' ''l;i/fil''div.u'n.,....LL.L.tw.,･ma'in' ttt t t ts -"L:'---

Male genitalia of the genus SPirama

Fig, 11Fig, SPirama retorfa (CLERcK) f. martha BuTLER (Prep. No, SS-537). 12 SPirama helicina (HuBNER)fJ iaPonica GuENEE (Prep. No. SS-538).

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-s- utLtw TY6 TO GA (Trans.Lep.Soc.Jap,) Vol, ls, No.1 & 2 1967

might equally well be treated as all more or less localized forms of one species". He recognized twelve species in his Catalogue,but the majerity of his species are representing rather endemic to various population parts of the Indo-Malayan region. His stating is, as at present understood, not sufficient!y correct, as it cannot be regarded as one species, I think, however, that it will be that the yet probable group would actually consist of a yery few, but not less than two, species with distribution wide and with considerable variations, local or seasonal, A key to the various forms of Japanese SPirama will be appended below.

A KEY TO SPECIES OF SPIRAM"A, BASED ON JAPANESE SPECIMENS

1.- The discoidal mark complete･･-･-H･+"･-････-･･-･-･---･,･･-･･･-･-･･････-･･･-･･･････････-･･････････････････････-･･ 2

- The discoidal mark obsolescent, or represented by a few black points on it

.,･･････-･････-････-････････････t･･････････････ retorta, spring brood (=martha) -- ･-･･-･---･------･-･---･-･･---･-･･----･-･･--･t------･---･---･･-･･-･""-･･, 2. Male (8) 3 - ---"･----･-･---ny･----･-･----･-･----･-･---･-･･--･-･-----H-･-･-･-".,H･･---･--. Female (9) 6 3,-Forewing much suffused with red brown, the outer postmedian line shaded with whitish outsides, with more or less distinct stria whitish from below apex tewards the upper edge of the discoidal rnark, which is rarger ･･-･･･････････-･････････････-･･･････-･････.･･,t-･･･････-･･････.･･･-･･.-･..,..･･ 4 --Forewing uniformly dark black brown, the outer postmedian line not shaded with whitish ,

without whitish stria from belew apex towards the upper edge of the discoidal mark, which is smaller --･-･----･･---･･･---･-･-･･--･･--･･---･･･----･･-････--･-･･----.---･･-･-･--.･･--",.. 5 4.- Underside of wings mere or less tinged with crirnson; on upperside of hindwing the median dentate line shaded with whitish outside, and subterminal wavy line distinct ancl pale -･･･-･-･･･････････････-･-････-･-････ helicina, spring brood (=-JaPonica) - Underside of wings somewhat pale but scarcely tinged with crimson; on upperside of hindwing the median dentate line not shaded with whitish, and subterrninal wavy line indistinct ･････-････････････････-･････ helicina, spring brood (intermediate form) 5,- Expanse smaller; the subterrninal area of hindwing usually pale ････････-----･--･･････-･･･････-･･････････-･･･････,･,･ helicina, summer broodl) - Expanse larger; the subterminal area of hindwing usually not pale ･･--･･･････-･･-･････-･-･･････････････････････-･･････+,･･･ retorta, summer brood i) -- 6. Hindwing with pale subterminal line distinctly dentate . ･･-････-･--a･･････-････-････-････-･･ kelicina, spring and summer brood - Hindwing with pale subterminal line more or less diffuse. stra{ghtish or less dentate ･･-････-･----･････････････--･････････････-･･････････-･-･･reterta, summer brood

In cencluding this paper I must express my deep gratitude to Mr, YosHTMARu YAMAMoTo for hi$ valuable advices from his successful experiments, which made me possible to this . prepare manuscnpt.

1) The key will be not always applicable for separating these forms.

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摘 要

’ い が ， 原 日 本 産 の トモ エ ガ の な か ま SPirama GuENEE ，1852 は ，最近 まで 4 種 に 分類 さ れ て た ， 山本義丸 （1966

1959 ： が ： 13〔レ 132 44 っ て ， 昆 虫 図鑑 ・1 145） 色 口 本 蛾類幼虫 図鑑 ， 1 ， pl． ） が 累代 飼育 に 成功 し， か 私 （ 原色 大 の す る の で あ る こ とが 判 明 した ．学 推定 し た よ うに ， そ れ らは 2 種 に 整 理 さ れ ，他 の 2 種 は そ れ ぞ れ 春型 を代表 も

名及 び 和 名を次 の と お り整 理 す る ．

Spirama 1759 ＝ Spirama martha BuTLER 1878・ ス グ ロ トモ エ ア カ イ ロ トモ エ ） retorta （CLERcK ， ） ， オ （

1827 −1831 ＝ Spirama aponica 1852． パ グ ル マ トモ エ （ヤ マ ト ト Spirama helicina （HuBNER ，〔 〕） ／ GuENEE ， モ エ ）

が が こ こ で の い と も っ とも古 い 種 名 retorta の 適用 に は ，従来 著者 に よ っ て 解釈 の 相違 あ る ， は私 （1959） 取扱

1913 の と 別 に こ れ らの 名上 の 問題 同 じ く，WARREN （ ）に 従 っ た ，そ の 理 由 は 木文 中 に 記 し た が ，本 稿 論 議 は ， 命 は将来解決が必要 で あ る ．

以 上 の 結果 と して 次 の 事実 が 指 摘 さ れ る ．

helicina で な し ，か つ 両 性 と も両 1 ．種 retorta 及 び は ， 基本 型 （日 本 に お ける夏型） は，顕 薔 雌 雄異型 を示

種 は 互 に 醐 以 し ，雄 で は 時 に 区別 しが た い ほ どで あ る． しか し春型 で は ，両種 は 全 く異 な る 方 向 に 変化 し，特 に

つ retorta で は 基 本 型 と の 相違 が い ち じ る し く， か 雌 雄同 型 と な る ．

こ の こ と ア ジ ア の 2 ，両種 に お け る 春型 の 発現 は ， 日本，中国な ど の 温帯地 域 に 限定 さ れ て い る ら し く， は ， 熱

帯 な い し 亜熱 帯地域 で は 両種 と も年間を 通 じ 基 本型 の みを生董す る こ とを意味 する もの と葛え られ る ．イ ン ド北 部

こ が れ が 上 で は そ れ らの 存在 を 明 確 に し得 の 高地 な ど で は ， 同様 の ， ま た は 別 型 の 春型 を 生 ず る と 推測 さ る ， 文 献

triloba GuENEE medesta MooRE rosacea HAMPsoN の ア カ イ ロ トモ エ な い ．た だ し イ ン ド産 の （ ， ） は 明か に 日 本 − と 1司 様 な 斑 紋 型 を 示 し，そ れ ら は retorta も し くは そ の 他 の 種 の 季 節 型 を 代表す る もの と想 像 さ れ る ．ま た HAMP

t ‘ ’ SON 1913 retorta い の パ グ ル マ トモ エ で あ る が 雄 は こ こ で 扱 うパ グ ル マ ト （ ） が ， と し て 記 載 して る も は ，雌 は ， 一 HAMPSON モ エ の 基 本型 の 雄 と 致 せ ず，む し ろ 口本 産 の パ グル マ トモ エ の 春型 の 雄 に 近 い もの で あ る 。 の 検索表 で

一 こ で ス T コ モ エ パ グ ル マ トモ エ の 某 型 の 雄 は 離 で き ず ，HAMPSON が そ れ ら を 種 と し て ， こ 扱 は ， オ グ ト 及 び 本 分

‘‘ ” ロ モ エ saffumosa て っ て い こ と ほ で る うオ ス グ ト の 雌 と結合 し， そ れを種 と し 扱 る は ぼ 確実 あ ．

の が っ た こ と こ の の 3 ．両 種 に お け る 季節型 の 存在 と ，そ の 斑 紋 の 変化 様式な い し 変化 極限 明か に な は ， 属 世界

一 ej・ Spirama イ ン セ イ ロ ン ビ ル マ イ ン ド シ ナ ， 的 な 分類 に つ の 基礎 を え る もの で あ る ，属 は ド全域 か ら ， ， ， 中国 ー ー ャ ス マ セ レ ベ ス フ ィ ピ ン ニ ュ ニ ア な の と オ ス 台湾 ，朝 鮮 を 経 て 日 本ま で 北上 し， ジ ワ ， トラ ， ， リ ， ギ ど 諸島

ト ラ リア 北 部 に わ た る 熱 帯ア ジ ア の 企 城 に 分布 し ，約 30 個 の 種名 が 命 名 さ れ て い る ．HAMPSON は こ れ らを 12 種

べ て い よ に こ れ ら くの 地 理 的 季 節 的 変 異 を と も な う 2 な い し少数 の 種 に 統合 した が ， 彼 自身 も述 る う ， は 将来多 ，

に 還 元 され る べ き 可能性を もつ もの で あ る ．

Spirama つ い 一 の 2 木文中 に は触れ て な い が ，口本 国内 の 属 の 分布 に て 言すれば，本属 種 は ，本州 ，四 国 ， 九 州

一 ： で の の 低地 に は ，ひ ろ く分布 し て い る もの と 思 わ れ る が ， も う 度再点検 が 必 要 あ る ．特 に 東北地方 調 査 は ， 両 種

の 分布密 度 ，北 限 等 に 差 が あ る か ど うか を知 る 上 で 耄 要 で あ る ．北 海道 で は 特 に 道南地域 に 本属 が 土 着 して い る か

つ い て の で こ で の い い ど うか ，ま た どち らの 種が採集 さ れ る か に 調査 が 必要 あ る が ， れ ま な ん 資料 も発 表 さ れ て な ．

の の に 琉 球 列 島 で は ，西 表島 産 の heticina 標本 （春型 お よ び夏型） が 今 私 手許 あ るほ か ， 全 く記 録を欠 く，沖縄 本

島 に は 本属 の 蛾 は 産 しな い よ う で ある が ，や は り調 査 が 必要 で あ ろう，

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