Biology of Spirama Retorta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a New Pest of Acacia Mangium in Peninsular Malaysia
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Journal of Tropical Forest Science 10(2): 167-175 (1997) BIOLOGY OF SPIRAMA RETORTA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), A NEW PEST OF ACACIA MANGIUM IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA Ahmad Said Sajap, Yaacob Abd. Waha Aidab& h Marsidi Department of Forest Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Received October 1994__________________________________________________ SAJAP, A.S., YAACOB, A.W AIDAH& . 1997M , . Biolog f Spiramayo retorta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a new pest of Acacia mangium in Peninsular Malaysia. An outbreak of Spirama retorta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), affecting 800 ha of a one-year- old Acacia mangium plantation, occurred in May to October 1992 in Gunung Besaut Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. In the laboratory, more than 60% of larvae reared on A. mangium leaves reached adult stage. Development from egg to adult took 42 days through seven instars requiring 27 days. The moth was medium - sized, having red abdomen and an eyespot on its forewing. The female (x = 64.4 mm), bigger than the male, had greyish-orange forewings with prominent eyespots. e male( d Th darha 58.x= ) k brow8mm o almost n t black forewings with less conspicuous eyespots. The life table parameters recorded from laboratory popula- tion were: the net reproductive rate (Ro) of 203.2, the mean generation time (Tc) of 43.3 days intrinsie th , c ratdoubline increasf th eo d an g edays1 6 tim(r0. 5. mf f .e)o o Results from biweekly sampling showed that the infestation, indicated by the numbe f treeo r s with larvae, variebeginnine th t studye da th fro % f go m, 30 ros o et fourte more th th n ei f h o thawee % dropped d n60 en kan e th leso dt t a s tha% n10 fourteenth week. Three tachinids, Carcelia sp.,Exorista Blepharellad an . sp sp., emerged from field collected larvae. Larval-pupal mortalit parasitiso t e ydu 5.6-43.3%s mwa . Predators, Sycanus leucomesus (Reduviidae), Cantheconidea furcellata (Pentatomidae), Mallada basalis (Chrysopidae) and Vespa affinis indosinensis (Vespidae) were observed feedin larvaee th n go . Keywords: Acacia mangium - outbreak - Spirama retorta SAJAP, A.S., YAACOB, A.W AIDAH.M& . 1997. Biologi Spirama retorta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), serangga baru Acacia mangium i Semenanjund g Malaysia. Satu wabak serangan rama-rama Spirama retorta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), berlaku di ladang a Acaciah 0 80 mangium berumur setahun padhinggi aMe a Oktober 199 i Huta2d n Simpan Gunung Besaut, Perak, Semenanjung Malaysia. Di makmal lebih daripada 60% larva yang diberi makan dau. mangiumA n mencapa peringkae k i t dewasa. Pembesaran daripada telur ke dewasa mengambil masa selama 42 hari melalui tujuh instar dalam mas hari7 a2 . Rama-ram berukurai ain n sederhana, abdomen berwarna merah dan mempunyai tanda berbentuk mata pada sayap hadapan. Rama-rama betin 64. = ) lebi x 4( amm h besar daripada rama-rama jantan, mempunyai sayap berwarna kelabu oren dengan tanda mata yang jelas. Rama-ramajantan (x = 58.8 mm) mempunyai sayap berwarna perang hitam dengan tanda matanya tidak jelas. Parameterjadual hayat yang direkodkan dalam makmal menunjukkan nilai kadar pembiakan bersih bersamaan (Ro) 203.2 tempon ,mi h generasi (Tc) 43.3 hari, kadar pembiakan intrinsik (rm) 0.1 dan tempoh mengganda bersamaan 5.6 hari. Keputusan dari penyampelan setia mingga pdu u menunjukkan kadar serangan naii d k dar% i30 167 8 16 Journal of Tropical Forest Science 10(2): 167 5 (1997-17 ) awal kajian ke 60% di minggu keempat dan terus menurun ke 10% di akhir minggu keempatbelas. Tigalalattachinid, Carceliasp.,Exoristasp.d3.n Blepharellasp.,menje\ma. daripada larva yang diambil dari lapangan. Parasitisma ini rnenyebabkan kematian larva-pupa diantar - 43.3% 6 5. a . Pemangsa, Sycanus le.ucome.sus (Reduviidae), Cantheconide.a furcellata (Pentatomidae), Mallada basalis (Clirysopidae n Vespada ) affinis indosinensis (Vespidae) didapati memakan larva serangga ini. Introduction Many developing countries including Malaysia replenish their diminishing forest resources by adopting a reforestation programme involving the planting of fast- growing exotic species. In Malaysia, about 500 000 ha of unproductive forest have been alienate r establishmenfo d f foreso t t plantations dato T . e approximately 100 000 ha of forest plantations have been established, 90% of which are being planted with Acacia mangium Willd. Acacia mangium is a fast-growing leguminous tree indigenous to Northern Australia, Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. The tree ca hignm gro5 h3 witwo t straighha t bole measurin diameten i m c t breas5 rga 3 t height (Li e mharvesteb n 1993)ca pulpwoor t I fo d. fiv n di seveo t e n yearsr o , sawlog productioyears5 1 o t . 2 1 n ni Like many exotic plants, A. mangium trees are exposed to the risk of diseases and insect pests. Many indigenous insects are associated with this tree and some of these insects may pose a serious threat to the forest plantation industry (Abe 1983, Hutacharern 1993, Chey 1996). One insect discovered attacking A. mangium plantation recently was Spirama relorta (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In May 1992 majo,a r outbrea f thiko s pest occurre one-year-ola n di . mangiumdA stan Gununt da g Besaut Forest Plantation, Sungkai, Perak outbreae Th . k affected aren . a abouf ha ao 0 80 t Spirama retorta is a relatively rare indigenous moth. Heretofore, very little informatio s distributioit n no d hosan n t plant s availablewa s o . YunuH d an s (1980), Barlow (1982), Robinson et al. (1994) and Chey (1996) did not document this rnot thein i h r respective books mothe Th . , however presens wa , Thailann ti d hoso n tt plan bu gives wa t n (Hutacharer : Tubti& n m 1995) earln A . y report showed that this insec d beeha t n foun feeo t dAlbizzian o d le.bbak elsewhere (Beeson 1961). This is the first record of S. retorta defoliating A. mangium in Peninsular Malaysia. Thus, this studs carrie wa t y wite ou followindth h g objectives: (i) to determine the developmental biology of the insect in the laboratory, (iiexamino t ) extene eth f infestatioo t affecten no d stands d (iiian ,) to document the natural enemies associated with the moth. Such information is very pertinent for the development of an integrated pest management of the defoliator. Journal o]'TropicalForest Science 10(2): 167 -175 (1997) 169 Material methodd san s Laboratory colony establishment A colon . retorfawa5 f yo s established from field-collected larvae. They were reared on fresh A. mangium leaves contained in plastic containers lined with moist toilet papers. The leaves and the papers were changed daily. When the larvae reached fifte th h instar, vermiculit introduces ewa d int e containeroth e vermiculitTh . e serve a mediu s a d r pupationmfo . Three-day-old pupae were surface-sterilised witsodiu% h1 m hypochlorit transferred ean rearino t d g cage r adulsfo t emer- gence, mating and oviposition. The moths were given 10% honey solution and a slic ripf eo e papay s fooda a . Eggs, oviposite nettinn do g cloth linin inside gth e cagee parth f ,o t were collecte placed everan y plastin di y da c cup hatchingr sfo . Life cycle and life table study To determine the biological and developmental parameters of the insect, a cohoregg0 10 s f laio t d withi h wer 4 n2 e allowe hatcho dt . Larvae were reared individually in 9 cm diameter Petri dishes lined with two layers of moist filter papers younn o d . mangiumgfe A d an leaves. filte e leavee th rd Th papersan s were changed daily. Whe e larvanth e reache e fiftdth h instar, vermiculit introduces ewa d into the Petri dishes. Pupae were sexed and placed individually in plastic cups for adult emergence. Female and male moths were paired and placed in an oviposition cage. This oviposition cage consisted of a cylindrical wire mesh, 9 cm diameter X 12cm height, internally lined with netting cloth which served as oviposition witp to d sitcoverePetra h e an e th i t dis da carryind hli gcotton-pluggea d vial containin hone% 10 g y solution. These cages were kep roon i t m temperaturf eo relativd an C ° e3 humidit± 27 10%± 0 8 y. The mortality rates, developmental stages and their durations and fecundity were recorded by following the insect development from the egg stage until all the moths died. Growth increments were determine measuriny db e widte gth th f ho head capsule eacf so h instar. Fecundit mothe th calculates f yo s wa d fro totae mth l numbe eggf ro s lair femaledpe . Life table parameters were calculated according to methods described by Southwood (1978). Field study Field study, which included population sampling and evaluation of natural enemies associated with the defoliators, was carried out during the insect out- break from May to September 1992. Three plots consisting of 100 trees per plot were selecte randomt da boundaried an , eacf so h plot were demarcated. Routine biweekly countin larvae th f lg o populatio carries nwa d out. Each tree, abouo ttw metres high, was examined for the presence of larvae. The larvae found on the tree and on the ground under each tree were recorded. The study was terminated when no more larvae were detected. 170 Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 10(2): 167- 175 (1997) Natural enemies associated with the defoliator were evaluated in an area outside the plot under study. About 100 larvae were sampled biweekly at random. In the laboratory the larvae were held separately in Petri dishes to evaluate survival parasitismd an . Predatio larvaf no observe s ewa d directl fielde th n y.i Predators encountered feedin larvae th n ego wer e noted.