L'art De La Description Et La Description De L'art Dans Les Voyages De

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L'art De La Description Et La Description De L'art Dans Les Voyages De L’art de la description et la description de l’art dans les Voyages de Théophile Gautier by Evgenia Timoshenkova A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of French Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Evgenia Timoshenkova (2013) L’art de la description et la description de l’art dans les Voyages de Théophile Gautier Evgenia Timoshenkova Doctor of Philosophy Department of French Studies University of Toronto 2013 Résumé Le XIXe siècle inaugure une transformation radicale de l’économie du récit de voyage qui grâce à l’intrusion dans son espace de l’homme de lettres devient un genre littéraire à part entière. À la lumière de cette évolution générique notre thèse explore la question de la littérarité des textes viatiques de Théophile Gautier en montrant que cet aspect esthétique s’y manifeste à travers l’image en tant qu’«évènement textuel» que l’on interroge selon deux perspectives complémentaires : l’art de la description et la description de l’art. Notre étude se répartit en quatre chapitres. Afin de mieux expliciter la logique de notre approche binaire de la description, dans le premier chapitre nous nous penchons sur la figure de Gautier écrivain-voyageur, sa façon d’aborder le voyage en tant que genre et les postures énonciatives qu’il adopte face à ses «devoirs de voyageur pittoresque», de littérateur aux ambitions de peintre, mais aussi de critique d’art professionnel. Les chapitres deux et trois étudient l’art de la description en s’attachant à la question du style de Gautier marqué par l’idée de modernité : la libération esthétique de la couleur, dans la peinture comme dans la littérature, et l’avènement dans la littérature de la «nouvelle imagerie». À la lumière d’une étude globale et d’analyses ponctuelles de l’appareil langagier (métadiscours pictural, ii opérateurs lexicaux et référentiels) qui induit des effets visuels ou picturaux du texte, nous étudions les stratégies descriptives, empruntées aux arts visuels (peinture de coloriste, aquarelle, carte, panorama et diorama). Cette approche stylistique est complétée par la recherche des sources qui alimentent les logiques descriptives correspondantes puisées par Gautier dans son expérience de rapin et de critique d’art. La description de l’art dans le voyage gautiériste fait l’objet du quatrième chapitre thématiquement limité à l’ekphrasis religieuse. Abordée selon une analyse comparative cette dernière étude met en relation la prise de position de Gautier face au tableau occidental à motif religieux avec celle qu’il adopte à l’égard de l’icône gréco-russe. Pour mieux configurer cette problématique, nous la faisons précéder de considérations mettant en lumière les spécificités rhétorique et historique qui différencient l’ekphrasis moderne, imposée par Diderot et dont Gautier hérite, de son modèle antique, exercice d’éloquence des rhéteurs et des sophistes. iii Remerciements Je tiens à exprimer ma profonde reconnaissance à mon directeur de thèse Roland Le Huenen pour avoir été un guide intellectuel et très généreux qui m’a dirigée durant la rédaction de ce travail. C’est un honneur pour moi de pouvoir compter parmi ses disciples. Je voudrais aussi exprimer ma gratitude aux membres de mon comité, Margot Irvine et Grégoire Holtz. Leur lecture prompte et minutieuse de mes chapitres, leurs questions et leurs commentaires ont amplement participé à l’enrichissement de ma reflexion et à l’approfondissement de mes hypothèses de recherche. Je remercie également l’examinatrice externe, Marie-Hélène Girard, d’avoir accepté de lire mon travail. Au cours des longues années de recherche et de rédaction de ce travail, le soutien moral de mon mari et de ma mère a été indispensable à ma réussite, cette thèse n’aurait pas existé sans leur amour, leur patience et leurs encouragements. C’est à eux que je la dédie. iv Table des matières INTRODUCTION 1 1. Fortune éditoriale et critique 2 2. Le «voyage à l’œil» : faire voyager sans se déplacer 4 3. Corpus à l’étude 8 4. Sur la méthode et l’organisation de la thèse 9 CHAPITRE 1 LE VOYAGE ET LE VOYAGEUR 21 1. «Voyageur pittoresque» à l’œil de peintre 24 1.1. Picturalisable : digne d’être peint 31 1.2. Le métadiscours à thématique picturale 37 2. Le «daguerréotypeur littéraire» et sa «chambre noire du cerveau» 43 3. Un «pauvre critique» 56 CHAPITRE 2 DE LA «PEINTURE ECRITE» 63 1. ÉCRIRE LE VOYAGE EN «COLORISTE LITTERAIRE» 63 1.1. Les couleurs et les mots 63 1.1.1. «Ce n’en est, pour ainsi dire, que la traduction» 67 1.1.2. «Transposer les innomés nommément» 71 1.2. Les couleurs mises en mots : essai de classement 75 1.2.1. Nom de pigment : le vocabulaire technique de l’atelier 76 1.2.2. La palette d’un maître 81 1.2.3. Nom de matière 84 1.3. Pour un «rythme oculaire» de la description chromatique 91 2. LA DESCRIPTION A LA MANIERE DE L’AQUARELLE 100 2.1. «Sans ratures ni retouches» 102 2.2. Le tandem voyage-aquarelle 106 2.3. Sténographie des couleurs 111 2.4. Le critère de la fluidité et de la transparence 119 CHAPITRE 3 L’ENTRE-DEUX : CARTE, PANORAMA ET DIORAMA 124 1. L’APPEL DE LA CARTOGRAPHIE DANS LE VOYAGE DE GAUTIER 124 1.1. La carte et la description 125 1.2. Le pictural et la cartographie 127 1.3. L’œil cartographique de la description 132 1.3.1. La perspective «singulière» des vues «à vol d’oiseau» 135 1.3.2. Le «langage des géographes» : géométrie, modelé et figuration 142 v 1.3.3. Des noms sur la carte : toponymes 147 1.3.4. Des noms sur la carte : «un caprice étrange» 150 2. LES SPECTACLES EN –RAMA ET LA DESCRIPTION LITTERAIRE 154 2.1. «Le temps des spectacles purement oculaires» 155 2.2. Principes du dispositif du panorama pictural (circulaire et mobile) 163 2.3. Le dispositif panoramique de la description 169 2.3.1. Le panorama circulaire … 170 2.3.2. … et le panorama mouvant 181 2.4. Les «tableaux fondants» du diorama 186 2.4.1. La poétique dioramique dans le rendu littéraire : les affinités 189 CHAPITRE 4 L’EKPHRASIS CHEZ GAUTIER VOYAGEUR CRITIQUE D’ART 198 1. L’HERITAGE DE L’EKPHRASIS 198 1.1. Qu’est-ce qu’une ekphrasis : définition, délimitation 198 1.2. «Que ne puis-je imiter Hérodote…» : le voyage et l’ekphrasis 201 1.3. «Ce tableau est en Italie ; je l’ai vu, et puis vous en donner une idée…» 207 1.4. «Je suis de la nature subjective» 211 2. EKPHRASIS RELIGIEUSE : L’ICONE BYZANTINE-RUSSE ET LE TABLEAU A MOTIF RELIGIEUX 219 2.1. «Je suis allé […] en Russie, pour la neige, le caviar et l’art byzantin» 221 2.2. L’œil ébloui et la difficulté de voir 224 2.3. L’art primitif et l’art pur 232 2.3.1. «L’art doit exister par lui-même» 234 2.3.2. «Oui, le dessin est sec et la couleur est mauvaise» 240 2.3.3. L’humanisation et le «naturalisme» 244 2.3.4. Comme «une écriture sacrée» 251 2.4. Critique d’art à «l’œil visionnaire» 254 CONCLUSION SOUS LE SIGNE DE L’ART ET DE LA MODERNITE 260 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 269 ANNEXE : TEXTES DE THEOPHILE GAUTIER SUR LE PANORAMA ET LE DIORAMA 290 vi Introduction «Il y bien un Gautier universellement accepté qui est celui des voyages, affirme Sainte-Beuve en 1863, celui-là, on le vérifie à chaque pas, dès qu’on met le pied dans les pays qu’il nous a rendus et exprimés en traits si saillants et si fidèles1». À cette remarque élogieuse s’ajoute celle de Cuvillier-Fleury pour qui «comme voyageur il est sans 2 précédents, […] sans rivaux, du moins dans son genre ». À Maxime Du Camp les voyages de Gautier «semblent supérieurs à ceux de Victor Hugo3». Quant à Baudelaire, il est convaincu que c’est «grâce à ses feuilletons innombrables et à ses excellents récits de voyages, que tous les jeunes gens (ceux qui avaient le goût inné du beau) ont acquis l’éducation complémentaire qui leur manquait4». Sans doute, à côté de ces auteurs, qui vouaient à Gautier voyageur une admiration sincère, il y avait des contemporains, comme par exemple Eugène de Mirecourt et Émile Zola, qui, tout en acceptant en Gautier «un admirable grammairien et un admirable peintre», doté d’un «don de style correct et imagé», lui reprochaient toutefois dans ses livres de voyages «de ne voir que les arbres et les pierres des pays qu’il traversait, sans jamais pénétrer jusqu’à l’homme5». Quoiqu’en dise la réception critique de l’époque, qu’elle fût hostile ou favorable, elle atteste à coup sûr l’attention éveillée et l’intérêt incontestable que l’on portait au dix-neuvième siècle à Théophile Gautier écrivain-voyageur. Comparativement, la mémoire ordinaire de nos jours au contraire le 1 Charles-Augustin SAINTE-BEUVE, «Théophile Gautier», in Nouveaux lundis, op. cit., pp. 265-266. 2 Alfred-Auguste CUVILLIER-FLEURY, Voyage et voyageurs, Paris, Michel Lévy, 1856, p. 300. 3 Maxime DU CAMP, Théophile Gautier, Paris, Hachette, 1890, p. 106. 4 Charles BAUDELAIRE, «Théophile Gautier I», in Œuvres complètes, éd. Claude Pichois, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, Gallimard, Paris, 1976, t. II, p. 123. 5 Émile ZOLA, «Théophile Gautier», in Document littéraires: études et portraits, Paris, Charpentier, 1882, p. 135 et p. 142. On trouve des remarques analogues chez Eugène de Mirecourt pour qui le récit de voyage de Gautier «pèche d’un bout à l’autre par l’absence d’observations de mœurs et de jugements sur les hommes», Eugène de MIRECOURT, Théophile Gautier, Paris, Roret, 1855, p.
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