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Marketing Fragment 6 X 11.T65 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-53551-9 - Astronomy Methods: A Physical Approach to Astronomical Observations Hale Bradt Index More information Index Boldface page numbers indicate that there is a section or subsection on this topic, beginning at the indicated page. A range of boldface page numbers indicates a major section or chapter on this topic.An italic page number indi- cates a figure or a table. 2MASS 2-␮m survey, 110 anomalistic month, 75 anomalistic year, 76 a posteriori probability, 160 ANTARES neutrino experiment, 388 A0V star for magnitude calibration, 226 antenna aberration of starlight, 65 beam, 112–119 absolute magnitude, 231 beam and source element, 236 absorption effective area, 237 differential equation of, 316 efficiency function, 237 exponential, 316 multiple for G waves, 410 in interstellar medium (ISM), 326 power received by, 220 lines from stars, 357 radio, arrays of, 209 of photons, Ch.10, 298 temperature, 349 photoelectric, 304 aperture synthesis, principle of, 201 photoelectric in ISM, 321 apparent magnitude, 225 spectral lines, 334, 355 apsides, advance of line of, 73 table of parameters, 319 argon atoms, sweeping for, 384 abundances of elements argon decay in neutrino detection, by mass, 323 383 by number, 323 Aristarchus of Samos, 3, 267 light elements, 19 Aristotle, 3 solar system, table, 323 arrival direction of G waves, 410 accretion disk, emission lines, 358 artifacts in reconstructed maps, 195 active galactic nuclei (AGN), 17 Assyrians, 2 adaptive optics astrology, 70 atmospheric turbulence, 125 astronomers complete system, 126, 127 ancient, 1 isophase patches, 120 oriental, Hindu and Arabian, 3 with CCD, 143 astronomical magnitudes, 224–234 afterglow of GRB, discovery of, 150 astronomical twilight, 63 AIGO G-wave observatory, 410 astronomical unit, 63, 269 air mass, 63 astronomy Airy disk, 118 beyond photons, Ch.12, 378–411 allowed transitions, 358 cosmic ray, 10, 392 altitude–azimuth telescope mount, 105 early development of, 1–7 AMANDA neutrino experiment, 388 gravitational wave, 10, 25, 399 Andromeda nebula M31, 16, 17 multi-frequency, 9 early distance to, 281 neutrino, 10, 24, 379–388 angular resolution, telescope, 113 non-optical, 8 angular size, in interferometry, 179 TeV and EeV, 398 422 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-53551-9 - Astronomy Methods: A Physical Approach to Astronomical Observations Hale Bradt Index More information Index 423 through centuries, Ch.1, 1–21 bremsstrahlung in cosmic rays, 390 through gas, 328 bulk turbulent gas motions, 364 Atacama millimeter array (ALMA), 211 Byrd Green Bank Telescope, 110 atmosphere, transmission of, 29–32, 30 atom, photon interactions with, 304 calendar, 69 atomic time (TAI), 84 Gregorian, 70 attenuation of photon beam in ISM, 326 Julian, 69 Auger EAS project, 397 many civilizations, 70 Auger effect, 135, 383 CANGAROO III gamma-ray observatory, 112 Australian Telescope (AT), 209 Canopus, absorption lines, 353 autocorrelation in speckle interferometry, 124 Capella corona, x-ray spectrum of, 345 Capella, optical interferometry, 213 B1900.0, B1950.0, 90 Cassegrain focus, 104 B1950 epoch, 39, 54 catalogs Babylonians, 2 Messier, 52 background of celestial objects, 51 high and low limits, 163 radio 4C, CTA,B, 52 statistics of, 161 x-ray, HEAO-1 and ROSAT, 52 subtraction of, 162 CCD, charge coupled device, 8, 137 bands adaptive imaging, 143 color, 226 for visible light, 142 conversion magnitude to SI, 228 for x rays, 144 frequency, 25–29 operation, 139 Barnard’s star, proper motion of, 71 readout, 141 barycentric coordinate system, 38 surface brightness fluctuations on, 288 barycentric coordinate time (TCB), 88 celestial annual motions, 62 barycentric dynamical time (TDB), 88 celestial coordinates baseline examples, 39 as a vector, 179 systems of, 36 at δ =±50◦, 186 celestial sphere defined, 177 and earth, 36 multiple, 208 coordinates, 35–45,42 BASJE EAS experiment, 393, 398 cepheid variable stars, 279, 280 BATSE gamma burst experiment, 149, 150 Cerenkov radiation beam directionality, 386 antenna, 112–119 for neutrino detection, 386 telescope resolution, 113 in EAS, 394 beat frequency, two telescopes, 188 water detectors, for EAS, 395 BeppoSAX x-ray observatory, 111 Chaldeans and saros cycle, 79 Bessel function rings, 199, 203 Chandra x-ray observatory, 111 Besselian year, 90 charge coupled device (CCD), see CCD bin widths, utility of, 338 charts, finding, 50 binary pulsar (Hulse–Taylor), 400 charts, printed, 50 binary radio pulsars, 19, 400 chi Persei cluster, distance to, 273 black hole chi square Cygnus X-1, 54 parameter, 167 defined, 13 probability, 169, 171 from hypernova, 151 reduced, 171 from merger, 25, 388 test, 168, 170 massive, 17 chirp from binary merger, 405, 408 blackbody chlorine conversion, Homestake experiment, 382 radiation, 348 chromatic aberration, 8, 104 spectral plots, 349 chromosphere during eclipse, 77 spectrum, fitting data to, 168 chromosphere, emission lines, 358 blue sky, 300 cleaning algorithms, 207 bolometric correction, 233 clocks, atomic, 80 bolometric magnitude, 227, 232 clocks, nature’s, 80 BOREXINO neutrino experiment, 388 cluster of galaxies, mass of, 259 bound–bound transitions, 304 cluster star, distance to, 272 bound–free transitions, 304, 339 COBE, Cosmic Background Explorer, 20, 110, Brahe, Tycho, 5, 6 351 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-53551-9 - Astronomy Methods: A Physical Approach to Astronomical Observations Hale Bradt Index More information 424 Index coherent radiation from pulsars, 241 primary and secondary, 391 collimator soft component, 390 modulation, 106 storage in Galaxy, 389 multiple pin hole, 107 ultra high energy (UHECR), 392 tubular, 106 cosmological constant, 60, 294 collisional line broadening, 364 Coudé focus, 104 color Crab nebula, 4 bands, 226 Crab nebula and pulsar, spectra, 336 excess, 310 Crab supernova, 3 indices, 230 cross correlation temperature, 261 interferometry, 199 column mass density, 317 map with equal time intervals, 200 compact binary multiple pin hole camera, 108 final chirp, 408 cross section merger, 405 characterizes absorption, 314 moment of inertia, 407 effective in ISM, 324, 325 scalar strain, 406 neutrino interaction, 380 sketch, 405 per hydrogen atom, 326 strain tensor, 406 photoelectric absorption, 321 Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO), 111 relation to extinction coefficient, 319 Compton limit, 241 Thomson, 301 Compton scattering, 302 vs.frequency in matter, sketches, 322 computers, development of, 8 curve of growth, 364, 365 constellations, names of, 53 Cygnus A, VLA reconstruction, 211 continuum absorption in Canopus, 351 Cygnus X-1, first black hole, 54 continuum spectrum, 334, 339–354 convergence of open cluster stars, 270 damping profile of spectral line, 362 convolution of line profiles, 363 dark energy, 20, 59, 294 coordinates dark matter, 20, 259 ecliptic, 43 dark sky, observations in, 62 epoch of, 89 data, comparison to theory, 165 equatorial, 37 date, Julian, 89 horizon, 37, 60 day systems and charts, Ch.3, 34–55 lengthening of, 59 transformations, 45 mean solar, 82 Copernicus, Nicholaus, 5 sidereal, 82 corona solar, 81 Capella, x-ray lines, 343, 345 UT or 86 400 s, 83 emission lines from, 358 declination, 38 solar during eclipse, 77 degeneracy pressure, 11 solar in x rays and visible light, 77, 78 degrees of freedom, 171 cosecant law of extinction, 310 depleted regions in CCD, 138 cosmic abundances, 323 detector, Ch.6, 130–151 Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 20, 110, for bright and faint sources, 164 351 gravitational waves, 408 cosmic microwave background (CMB) position insensitive, 131–136 as blackbody radiation, 350 position sensitive, 137–145 early and COBE spectra, 352 differentials, radiative transfer, 366 gamma-ray interactions in, 303 diffraction, circular aperture, 118 temperature, 19 diffraction, Fraunhofer, 115 cosmic rays diffuse (resolved) sources, 234–250 accelerated in shock waves, 10 dissociation of molecules, 304 EM component, 390 distance energy density, 392 chart of, 267 GZK effect, 398 ladder, 265, 293 hard component, 391 modulus, 232 in magnetic fields of ISM, 24 of moon, earth, sun, 267 muon component, 390 to celestial objects, Ch.9, 265–294 nuclear component, 389 to celestial objects, table, 266 observatories, 388–399 to open cluster, 270 primaries, 389 to supernovae, 287 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-53551-9 - Astronomy Methods: A Physical Approach to Astronomical Observations Hale Bradt Index More information Index 425 dust–hydrogen association, 312, 313 flow, nomenclature, units, 245 dwarf galaxies, mass of, 259 flux density, 222 hydrogen levels, 305 earth loss rate, binary pulsar, 400 atmosphere in mass units, 318 radiated by objects, 255 determining size of, 268 units for spectra, 334 nutation of, 69 ephemeris second, 84 precession of, 66, 67 epoch rotation in interferometry, 182 and proper motion, 35 EAS, see extensive air shower B1950, 39, 54 eclipse J2000, 39, 54 1919 and Einstein, 76 of coordinate system, 89 1991 and Mauna Kea obs., 77 equation of radiative transfer (RTE), 365 earth and sun orbits, 74 equatorial coordinates lunar, 79 defined, 37 of sun and moon, 72–79 why?, 39 safe viewing, 77 equatorial observation, two telescopes, 179, total and partial, 74 180 tracks on earth, 76 equivalent width (EW), 359, 361 wonder and science, 77 Eratosthenes and radius of earth, 268 ecliptic coordinates, 43 errors ecliptic, sun’s motion along, 62 added in quadrature, 162
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