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Comets . 324 Luyten’s Star . 408 . p00 Large and Small Shapley supercluster . 532 Borrellu . 330 Osiris . 409 Omega Centauri cluster . Magellanic “Clouds” . p00 Southern supercluster . 533 The C/1861 G1 Thatcher . 332 Proxima Centauri . 410 . p00 Malin 1 galaxy . p00 Vela supercluster . 534 Churyamov G . 334 PSO J318 5-22. 411 Orion Nebula . p00 Markarian 231 . p00 Universe EH1 . .. 336 Ross 128 . 412 Owl Nebula . p00 M77 . p00 Universe structure . 536 Hale-Bopp . .. 338 Tau Ceti . 413 Pleiades . p00 M81 (Bode’s galaxy) . p00 Contents Halley . 340 Trappist 1 . 414 Polaris . p00 M82 . p00 Cosmic web . 542 Hartley . 342 WASP 121-b . 418 Procyon . p00 M87 . p00 ISON . .344 Wolf 1061 . 422 RCW 86 . p00 Mayall’s Object . p00 CfA2 Great Wall . 546 'Oumuamua . 346 Regulus . p00 NGC 1512 . p00 Hercules Great Wall . .. 548 Show-maker-Levy . 348 Stellar Objects . 426 RX J0806 4-4123. p00 NGC 3370 . p00 Swft-Tuttle . 350 1E 2259+586 . 434 Rigel . p00 Occulting Pair . p00 Conclusion . 550 Temple . 352 3C 273 . 435 Rigel A . p00 Pinwheel Galaxy (M101) . Introduction . 04 Temple-Tuttle . 354 Achernar . 436 Rigel B . p00 . p00 Glossary . 590 Wild 2 . .. 356 Aldebaran . 437 Ring Nebula . p00 Sagittarius Dwarf . p00 The Solar System . 20 Algol . 438 Rosette Nebula . p00 Sculpture Galaxy . p00 Index . 600 Beyond the Solar System . Alpha Centauri A . 439 Sagittarius A* . p00 Sombrero Galaxy . p00 The Sun . 24 . 358 Alpha Centauri B . 440 SAO 206462 . p00 Sunflower galaxy . p00 Mercury . 50 Altair . 441 SDSSJ0927+2943 . p00 Tadpole galaxy . p00 Venus . 80 Exoplanets . .. 364 Antares . 442 SGR 1806-20 . p00 Triangulum Galaxy . p00 Earth . 100 51 Pegasi b . 370 Arcturus . p00 Sirius . p00 Virgo Stellar Stream . p00 Mars . 140 55 Cancri . 371 Barnard’s Star . p00 Spica . p00 Whirlpool Galaxy . p00 Jupiter . 180 Epsilon Eridani . 372 Betelgeuse . p00 Tabby’s Star . p00 Saturn . 205 Gliese 163 . 373 California nebula . p00 T Tauri . p00 Galaxy Clusters . p00 Uranus . 220 Gliese 174 . 374 Canopus . p00 ULAS J1120+0641 . p00 Abell 1689 . p00 Neptune . 250 Gliese 180 . 375 Capella . p00 UY Scuti . p00 Bullet Cluster . p00 Gliese 581 . 376 Cat’s Eye Nebula . p00 Vega . p00 El Gordo . p00 Non-planetary Solar Gliese 625 . .. 377 Crab Nebula . p00 Veil Nebula . p00 Fornax cluster . p00 System Objects . 265 Gliese 667C . 378 Cygnus X-1 . p00 VY Canis Majoris . p00 Hydra cluster . p00 Gliese 682 . .. 379 Deneb . p00 Local Group . p00 Asteroid Belt . 270 Gliese 832 . 380 Dumbbell Nebula . p00 To the Edge of the Musketball cluster . p00 Ceres . 276 Gliese 876 . 381 Epsilon Aurigae . p00 Observable Universe . p00 Norma cluster . p00 HD 40307G . 382 Eta Carinae . p00 Pandora’s cluster . p00 Dwarf planets . 278 Kapteyn’s Star . 383 The Ghost of Jupiter . p00 The Milky Way . p00 PLCK G308 .3-20 .2 . p00 Pluto . 282 Kepler 10 . 384 GRS 1915+105 . p00 Orion Arm . p00 Phoenix cluster . 517 Eris . .. 288 Kepler 11 . 385 H1743-322 . p00 Sagittarius Arm . p00 Virgo cluster . .. 518 Haumea . 290 Kepler 16 . 386 HE 2359-2844 . p00 Perseus Arm . p00 Zwicky 8338 . 519 Makemake . 292 Kepler 22 . 387 HE 1256-2738 . p00 Scutum-Centaurus Arm . Galaxy Superclusters 520 The Goblin . 294 Kepler 36 . 388 HV 2112 . p00 . p00 Columba supercluster . Farout . 296 Kepler 62 . 389 Helix Nebula . p00 Outer Arm . p00 . 521 Kepler 78 . 390 Horsehead Nebula . p00 Coma supercluster . 522 Kuiper Belt . 300 Kepler 174 . 391 HLX-1 . p00 Other Galaxies . p00 Hercules supercluster . Kepler 186 . .392 IGR J17091-3624 . p00 . 523 Oort cloud . 304 Kepler 283 . 396 Iris Nebula . p00 Andromeda Galaxy . p00 Horologium supercluster . Kepler 438 . 398 J17062 . p00 Black eye galaxy (M64) . 524 Asteroids . 306 Kepler 440 . 399 Kepler’s Supernova . p00 . p00 Laniakea supercluster . Bennu . 308 Kepler 442 . 400 Kes 75 . p00 Canis Major Dwarf . p00 . 525 Chariklo . .. 310 Kepler 444 . 401 KIC 8462852 . p00 Cartwheel Galaxy . p00 Leo supercluster . 526 Psyche . 312 Kepler 452 . 402 Little Dumbbell Nebula . Centaurus A . p00 Opiuchus supercluster . Eros . 314 Kepler 1229 . 403 . p00 Cigar galaxy . p00 . 527 Phaeton . .. 316 Kepler 1544 . 404 Mira . p00 Circinus Galaxy . p00 Perseus-Pisces supercluster Vesta . 318 Kepler 1638 . 405 Mu Cephei . p00 Condor galaxy (aka NGC . 528 Ida . 320 Kepler 1652 . 406 MY Camelopardalis . p00 6827) . p00 Phoenix supercluster . 529 Itokawa . 322 LHS1140 . 407 North America Nebula . Grand Spiral Galaxy . p00 Saraswati . 530 Hoag’s Object . p00 Sculptor supercluster . 531 2 | THE UNIVERSE CONTENTS 3 C O U R T vast canyons and extremes oxygen and water vapour. A ROTATIONAL VELOCITY ) ES Y Y 0 .6 km/s O of weather. rocky planet, Mars’ surface F F N CLASSPLANET OF TYPE PLANET A Named after the Roman has been altered by volca- S Terrestrial A God of war, Mars is located noes, impacts from debris, GRAVITY M dwarf at an average distance from and fierce winds, as well 0 .375 that of Earth NUMBER OF MOONS the Sun of about 142 million as crustal movement and 2CELESTIAL miles (228 million km ) or chemical reactions. TEMPERATURE 1.52 AU. Similar to Earth, Various NASA missions AVERAGE COORDINATESSIZE COMPARED TO one day on Mars takes a have visited the planet, -81° F / -60° C EARTH little over 24 hours. A year from flybys and orbiters, R1.9xight smaller Ascension in Martian time, however, to rovers on the surface. ATMOSPHERE during which it makes one The first successful mission 95 .32% Carbon Dioxide, complete orbit around the to Mars was the Mariner 2 .7% Nitrogen Sun, is 687 Earth days. 4 flyby, in 1965. Current While Mars has no rings, NASA missions are deter- LENGTH OF YEAR it does have two moons, mining Mars’ potential for 687 days Phobos and Deimos. Mars life, including the InSight also shares the distinction lander, which arrived on the of being the only other surface in November 2018. planet in our solar system At this time, Mars’ surface Getting There to have an atmosphere. The cannot support life as we & Away P atmosphere on Mars is thin- know it. Yet learning about ner than that of Earth’s, and its history, from its past at- On average, Earth and Mars made up mostly of carbon mospheric composition and are 225 million km/140 million dioxide, argon and nitrogen, it water, provide clues to the miles apart as they orbit the as well as small amounts of fate of our own planet. sun . The shortest distance between Earth and Mars, 54 6. million km/33 9. million miles, occurs every two years . In 1969, the Mariner 7 orbiter reached Mars Highlights Mars in 128 days . The longest time taken by a probe, Viking 2 Polar Ice Caps Valles Marineris in 1975, was 333 days . The esti- 1 Mars is home to two 4 What started out, mated time for manned flights A Viking Orbiter mosaic of the Valles Marineris hemisphere of Mars . permanent polar ice around 1 billion years is 250–300 days . Launches to caps: Planum Boreum, at ago, as just a small crack is Mars have to follow a parabolic the northeern pole, and Pla- today a canyon some 2500 trajectory in order to align with num Australe to the south. miles long, 370 miles wide the planet’s orbit . and 4 miles deep. Mars at a Glance Tharsis Montes 2 Towering above a Hellas Planitia Traveller Beware Mars is no place for the faint-hearted. Arid, rocky, cold and apparently vast, mountainous 5 A behemoth asteroid lifeless, the Red Planet offers few hospitalities. Fans of extreme sports can plateau stand some of made this 1400-mile During the trip to Mars, the rejoice, however, for the Red Planet will challenge even the hardiest souls Mars’ most celebrated at- depression. It formed the Mars Science Laboratory and tractions, the largest volca- vast plains of the Hellas Curiosity encountered radiation among us. Home to the largest volcano in the solar system, the deepest noes found anywhere in the basin, one of the largest vis- levels that could pose potential canyon and crazy weather and temperature patterns, Mars looms as the solar system. ible impact craters on Mars. health risks to human astro- ultimate destination. nauts . Because Mars has no Olympus Mons Gale Crater global magnetic field to deflect 3 The undisputed 6 First observed in energetic particles, and its No planet fascinates more than Mars. minerals in the Martian soil that oxidize, champion of Martian the 19th century by atmosphere is much thinner Home for most of the movie industry’s go-to or rust, causing the soil and atmosphere to volcanoes rises 25km Walter Frederick Gale, than Earth’s, astronauts would aliens – and occasionally Matt Damon – appear a warm, red colour. In fact, Mars above the planet’s floor. Its subsequent observations get only minimal protection Mars is the fourth-closest planet to the Sun. is a cold, desert world with a very thin at- 374m diameter is roughly of carved outflow channels even on the surface of Mars . The Red Planet earned its nickname due mosphere. It is also a dynamic planet, with equivalent to that of the US have led to speculation that to its appearance. This is created by iron seasons, polar ice caps, extinct volcanoes, state of Arizona. this area was once a lake.. 4 | MARS at A GLANCE 5 C O U R T Olympus Mons ES Y Y O F F N Sights A Mars is the site of Olympus S A Mons, the largest volcano Mt Sharp / Aeolis tive, modern sedimentary and second-highest known Mons processes. mountain in the Solar 1 The central peak System, and of Valles Marin- of Gale Crater is a Aeolis Palus eris, one of the largest can- huge mound of sedimetary 4 This plain between the yons in the Solar System.
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  • The Kepler Characterization of the Variability Among A- and F-Type Stars I

    The Kepler Characterization of the Variability Among A- and F-Type Stars I

    A&A 534, A125 (2011) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201117368 & c ESO 2011 Astrophysics The Kepler characterization of the variability among A- and F-type stars I. General overview K. Uytterhoeven1,2,3,A.Moya4, A. Grigahcène5,J.A.Guzik6, J. Gutiérrez-Soto7,8,9, B. Smalley10, G. Handler11,12, L. A. Balona13,E.Niemczura14, L. Fox Machado15,S.Benatti16,17, E. Chapellier18, A. Tkachenko19, R. Szabó20, J. C. Suárez7,V.Ripepi21, J. Pascual7, P. Mathias22, S. Martín-Ruíz7,H.Lehmann23, J. Jackiewicz24,S.Hekker25,26, M. Gruberbauer27,11,R.A.García1, X. Dumusque5,28,D.Díaz-Fraile7,P.Bradley29, V. Antoci11,M.Roth2,B.Leroy8, S. J. Murphy30,P.DeCat31, J. Cuypers31, H. Kjeldsen32, J. Christensen-Dalsgaard32 ,M.Breger11,33, A. Pigulski14, L. L. Kiss20,34, M. Still35, S. E. Thompson36,andJ.VanCleve36 (Affiliations can be found after the references) Received 30 May 2011 / Accepted 29 June 2011 ABSTRACT Context. The Kepler spacecraft is providing time series of photometric data with micromagnitude precision for hundreds of A-F type stars. Aims. We present a first general characterization of the pulsational behaviour of A-F type stars as observed in the Kepler light curves of a sample of 750 candidate A-F type stars, and observationally investigate the relation between γ Doradus (γ Dor), δ Scuti (δ Sct), and hybrid stars. Methods. We compile a database of physical parameters for the sample stars from the literature and new ground-based observations. We analyse the Kepler light curve of each star and extract the pulsational frequencies using different frequency analysis methods.