DOCSLIB.ORG

Neodiprion Sertifer (Hymenoptera

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neodiprion Sertifer (Hymenoptera View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by AIR Universita degli studi di Milano Journal of Insect Science RESEARCH Presence of Wolbachia in Three Hymenopteran Species: Diprion pini (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), Neodiprion sertifer (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), and Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Dario Pistone,1 Alessandro Bione,2 Sara Epis,3 Massimo Pajoro,3 Stefano Gaiarsa,3 Claudio Bandi,3 and Davide Sassera3,4,5 1Natural History Collections, University Museum of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway 2Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Universita`degli Studi di Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy 3Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanita`Pubblica, Facolta`di Medicina Veterinaria, Universita`degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy 4Current address: Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universita`degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy 5Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Subject Editor: Sara Goodacre J. Insect Sci. 14(147): 2014; DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu009 ABSTRACT. Sawflies are important pests of various plant species. Diprion pini (L.) and Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera: Downloaded from Diprionidae) are two of the most important sawfly pests in Italy, and both species are parasitized by the hymenopteran parasitoid Dahlbominus fuscipennis (Zetterstedt). Bacterial endosymbionts are currently studied for their high potential in strategies of biocontrol in a number of insect species. In this study, we investigated the presence of symbiotic bacteria (Wolbachia and Cardinium) in the three species of hymenoptera mentioned earlier, both in wild and laboratory populations. Although all samples were negative for the pres- ence of Cardinium, 100% prevalence for Wolbachia was detected, as all examined individuals resulted to be PCR positive. Furthermore, 16S rDNA and ftsZ gene sequencing indicated that all individuals from the three hymenopteran species are infected by a single http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/ Wolbachia strain. Additionally, we report the presence of gynandromorphic individuals in D. pini, both in wild and laboratory-reared populations. Heat treatments on D. pini colonies removed the Wolbachia symbionts, but they also prevented the development of adults. Key Words: endosymbiont, gynandromorphism, molecular screening, diprionid wasp Phytophagous insects represent a major threat for worldwide forests by can develop in one cocoon. The winter is spent as a full-grown larva or causing direct damage, consuming leaves or other parts of the host, and pupa within the host cocoon. also by vectoring micro-organisms that can trigger diseases in plants Haplodiploid sex determination, in which females develop from fertil- (Ayres and Lombardero 2000, Hulcr and Dunn 2011). Adults of ized diploid eggs and males develop from unfertilized haploid eggs, is Diprion pini (L.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) feed preferentially on the most frequent and presumably ancestral mechanism of sex determina- leaves of plants of the genus Pinus. The areal of distribution of this spe- tion in the insect order Hymenoptera (Heimpel and de Boer 2008). Such by guest on December 3, 2015 cies covers the majority of continental Europe, in all areas where the is the case of Diprionidae, including D. pini and N. sertifer, where sexual host plants are present. In Italy, D. pini is frequently encountered in al- chromosomes are absent and sex is determined by ploidy of the newborn pine environments (Pornbacher 1992), but it has also been reported in (Rousselet et al. 1998). Males are aploid (e.g., n ¼ 14 in D. pini)while the Etna area in Sicily (Turrisi and Bella 1999). The species Neodiprion females are diploid (e.g., 2n ¼ 28 in D. pini). Gynandromorphism is an sertifer (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) also occurs in a variety anomaly affecting sexual and somatic characters in different tissues of an of habitats, on pine host plants from northern and central Europe, as individual. An abnormal chimeric organism presenting a mixture of male well as in Asia and North America (Olofsson 1987). The larvae of both and female physical features is defined a gynandromorph (Narita et al. sawfly species are massive defoliators that can cause important damage 2010). The occurrence of gynandromorphic individuals was previously to the plants they feed on, also affecting the esthetic value in ornamental reported in D. pini (Beaudoin et al. 1994). tree plantations. In both species, the adult females lay eggs inside the Micro-organisms of the genus Wolbachia are gram-negative needles of host plants, and the damage is determined by trophic activity a-proteobacteria belonging to the order Rickettsiales, family of the larva consuming the leaves (Augustaitis 2007). Besides, as the Anaplasmataceae. Wolbachia is an obligated intracellular bacterium in- larvae mature, their feeding becomes more extensive and needles are fecting a wide range of hosts, from arthropods to filarial nematodes stripped. Complete defoliation of the trees may occur, affecting the (Bandi et al. 2001). Vertical maternal inheritance is considered the pri- growth of the parasitized plants. The larvae, however, do not feed on mary route of Wolbachia transmission from one host generation to an- new grown leaves, so the trees usually survive (Kurkela et al. 2005). other. The role of Wolbachia in the host is also variable; in fact, these Periodically, sawfly populations may increase to outbreak proportion, bacteria can behave as mutualists, pathogens, or even reproductive par- and reduction in plant increment and tree mortality can be registered asites. Wolbachia bacteria can exploit all known mechanisms of repro- over widespread areas (Coppel and Benjamin 1965). Dahlbominus fus- ductive parasitism, manipulating the host reproduction with different cipennis (Zetterstedt) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a parasitoid of strategies, including parthenogenesis, male killing, cytoplasmic incom- many sawfly species, including D. pini and N. sertifer, and it is largely patibility, and feminization of genetic males (Werren et al. 2008). In reared and released for pest control purposes. Females of Da. fuscipen- general, Wolbachia bacteria are strictly associated with the gonads but nis lay eggs in the larvae of diprionid cocoons. Several eggs are laid might also be present in different somatic tissues (Dobson et al. 1999). with a single insertion of the ovipositor, and up to 40 parasitoid larvae Cardinium, a recently described bacterial genus of maternally acquired VC The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Entomological Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact [email protected] 2 JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE VOLUME 14 Table 1. Number of male, female, and gynandromorph D. pini individuals for each of the three laboratory colonies for each generation Colony Laboratory line 1 (Dpini1) Laboratory line 2 (Dipini2) Laboratory line 3 (1Â2) (Dpini3) Sex M F Gyn M F Gyn M F Gyn Generation 0 168 (2) 111 (4) 21 (2) 19 20 3 4 (2) 11 (2) 1 Generation I 143 10 14 68 (2) 35 (4) 12 (2) 1 1 1 Generation II 13 15 3 20 9 1 1 1 4 Generation III 11 9 1 7 10 10 Generation IV 44 (4) 52 (2) 7 (2) 19 (2) 84 (2) 8 Generation V 18 45 5 31 36 51 Generation VI 14 4 2 1 2 0 Generation VII 52 (4) 10 (4) 7 (2) 83 (4) 33 (2) 26 (2) Total Gyn/total individual 60/779 16/187 101/426 Gyn, gynandromorph; F, female; M, male. endosymbionts, widespread in spiders, arachnids, and other arthropod velopment. Two heat treatment experiments were performed each on groups (Martin and Goodacre 2009), is associated with reproductive 15 D. pini by increasing the rearing temperature. The first experiment manipulations such as cytoplasmic incompatibility, parthenogenesis, consisted of a stable increase in the rearing temperature to 25C, while Downloaded from and feminization in different arthropod species (Wu and Hoy 2012). the second consisted of an increase to 30C for three intervals of 24 h Investigations on the presence of endosymbionts in pests represent separated by 48 h at 20C. The hymenopteran parasitoid Da. fuscipen- the first step in developing a potential strategy for biocontrol purposes. nis was reared only on N. sertifer, at the conditions described earlier. For example, a study focused on the agent of Pierce disease in grape- In total, 30 individuals of N. sertifer (17 males and 13 females), 30 vines, the glassy-winged sharpshooter, showed that the spread of the of Da. fuscipennis (11 males and 19 females), and 50 individuals of disease could be controlled by an antagonistic bacterium that resides in D. pini (20 females, 20 males, and 10 gynandromorphs) were subjected http://jinsectscience.oxfordjournals.org/ the same insect vector (Bextine et al. 2004, Newman et al. 2004). to molecular screening for the presence of symbionts (see Table 1 for On the other hand, the discovery of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes led details). All individuals were stored in absolute ethanol, then washed in to the development of antisymbiotic therapy to cure filarial diseases sterile water, homogenized with a sterile pestle, and processed for DNA (Taylor et al. 2000). In general, considering that the wide interactions extraction using a commercial kit (DNeasy Blood & Tissue kit, Qiagen, between the host and the associated microbiota are a fundamental as- Hilden, Germany) following manufacturer’s instructions. A molecular pect of insect biology (Weiss et al. 2012), investigations on the role of screening was performed on the extracted DNAs to investigate the pres- bacterial symbionts are allowing the development of novel strategies ence of endosymbiotic bacteria belonging to the genera Wolbachia and to control pest and parasitic arthropods and to reduce their vector Cardinium. Three specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) proto- competence.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Supplementary Materials Neodiprion Sawflies
    Supplementary Materials Neodiprion sawflies: life history description and utility as a model for parent-offspring conflict To provide context for our comparative analysis of Neodiprion clutch-size traits, we provide relevant life history details (reviewed in Coppel and Benjamin 1965; Knerer and Atwood 1973; Wilson et al. 1992; Knerer 1993). Adult females emerge from cocoons with a full complement of mature eggs, find a suitable host, and attract males via a powerful pheromone. Shortly after mating, females use their saw-like ovipositors to embed their eggs within pine needles. While females of some species tend to lay their full complement of eggs on a single branch terminus, females of other species seek out multiple branches or trees for oviposition. Overall, female oviposition behavior is highly species-specific and, in some cases, diagnostic (Ghent 1959). Adult Neodiprion are non-feeding and short-lived (~2-4 days), dying soon after mating and oviposition. After hatching from eggs, Neodiprion larvae of many species form feeding aggregations that remain intact to varying degrees across 4-7 feeding instars, depending on the sex and the species. As larvae defoliate pine branches, they migrate to new branches and sometimes to new host trees (Benjamin 1955, Smirnoff 1960). During these migrations, colonies may undergo fission and fusion events (Codella and Raffa 1993, Codella and Raffa 1995, Costa and Loque 2001). Thus, while initial colony size corresponds closely to egg-clutch size, larvae are highly mobile and their dispersal behavior has the potential to substantially alter colony size (Codella and Raffa 1995). Beyond having a variable and well-documented natural history, Neodiprion provides an excellent test case for examining coevolution of female egg-laying and larval grouping behaviors because, as is likely the case for many insects, feeding in groups could confer both costs and benefits to the larvae (Codella and Raffa 1995, Heitland and Pschorn-Walcher 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions Between Ungulates and Forest Insects Michelle Nordkvist
    !CTA5NIVERSITATIS!GRICULTURAE3UECIAE Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae 2020:52 • No. Thesis Doctoral Doctoral Thesis No. 2020:52 Herbivores that share a host plant can directly and indirectly affect each other Doctoral Thesis No. 2020:52 in several ways, with consequences for plant damage and growth. Interactions Faculty of Forest Sciences between taxonomically distant herbivores has been poorly studied. This thesis examines the effects of ungulate browsing and grazing on performance, abundance and diversity of herbivorous insects and their predators, and explores Interactions between ungulates and forest insects Interactions between ungulates and how such changes can influence insect population dynamics. It also examines forest insects the combined effect of ungulate and insect herbivory on tree growth. Michelle Nordkvist Michelle Nordkvist received her PhD education at the department of Ecology, SLU and obtained her Master of Science in Biology from Uppsala University. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae presents doctoral theses from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU). SLU generates knowledge for the sustainable use of biological natural • Michelle Nordkvist • Michelle resources. Research, education, extension, as well as environmental monitoring and assessment are used to achieve this goal. Online publication of thesis summary: http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/ ISSN 1652-6880 ISBN (print version) 978-91-7760-622-2 ISBN (electronic version) 978-91-7760-623-9 Interactions between ungulates and forest insects Michelle
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in the Rocky Mountain Region 1997-1999
    Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in the Rocky Mountain Region 1997-1999 United States Renewable Rocky Department of Resources Mountain Agriculture Forest Health Region Management 2 FOREST INSECT AND DISEASE CONDITIONS IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION 1997-1999 by The Forest Health Management Staff Edited by Jeri Lyn Harris, Michelle Frank, and Susan Johnson December 2001 USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Region Renewable Resources, Forest Health Management P.O. Box 25127 Lakewood, Colorado 80225-5127 Cover: Aerial photograph taken by Robert D. Averill on October 29, 1997, just days after a blowdown event occurred on the Routt National Forest. The picture was taken looking east toward a blowdown area that straddles both the Mt. Zirkel Wilderness and the Routt National Forest. “The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternate means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity employer.” Maps in this product are reproduced from geospatial information prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. GIS data and product accuracy may vary.
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Sawfly Survival on Pines Previously Browsed by Moose
    fevo-09-666069 April 20, 2021 Time: 15:56 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 26 April 2021 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2021.666069 Plant Mediated Interactions: Lower Sawfly Survival on Pines Previously Browsed by Moose Michelle Nordkvist*, Christer Björkman and Maartje J. Klapwijk Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Insect herbivore performance and arthropod communities can be affected by mammalian grazing and browsing via altered plant communities and vegetation structure. Far less is known about whether changes to plant architecture can cause similar effects. Browsing generated changes to within plant architecture could potentially have large consequences for arthropod communities, herbivore survival and eventually damage to plants. This study investigates plant-mediated effects of ungulate browsing on arthropod predator communities and on the survival of herbivorous insects. More specifically we studied how different levels of ungulate browsing (1) influenced the arthropod predator community on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and (2) affected the survival of the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer). We related these response variables to browsing-inflicted changes in pine architecture. An observational study Edited by: of generalist arthropod predators on pine trees revealed a trend toward a quadratic Mingbo Yin, Fudan University, China response of ants to browsing intensity—i.e., a higher abundance of ants on moderately Reviewed by: browsed trees and lower abundance on intensively browsed trees. A field survey of Carita Lindstedt, sawfly larvae revealed a 19% lower larval survival on browsed compared to un-browsed University of Jyväskylä, Finland pines, but no difference in survival comparing pines with moderate and high intensity Elina Mäntylä, Academy of Sciences of the Czech of browsing.
    [Show full text]
  • Offspring Sex Ratios in Parasitoid Wasps
    This is an electronic version of the content of the article published as King, B.H. 1987. Offspring sex ratios in parasitoid wasps. Quarterly Review of Biology 62:367-396. The original publication is available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2829455 ABSTRACT Laboratory and field studies on about 100 species in sixteen families indicate that several factors can influence offspring sex ratios in parasitoid wasps. For many species, offspring sex ratio increases with one or more of the following: 1) maternal age at ovipositing or the amount of time since insemination, 2) the age of the male parent or the number of times he has copulated, 3) extreme temperature, 4) decreasing host size, age, or quality, 5) female wasp density, and 6) the number of progeny per host. Other factors which have been shown to affect offspring sex ratios in some species include: 1) number of hours since insemination, 2) genetic factors, 3) maternal size, 4) maternal diet, 5) polyembryony, 6) photoperiod and relative humidity, 7) host sex, and 8) host density. These factors may affect offspring sex ratios through females manipulating fertilization of their eggs or through other mechanisms such as differential mortality or changes in sperm availability. Theoretical development has focused primarily on females manipulating their offspring sex ratios in response to host size and/or to female density. Host size models predict a negative relationship between offspring sex ratio and host size. These models assume that host size has a greater effect on the reproductive success of females than of males. LMC models predict a positive relationship between offspring sex ratio and female density.
    [Show full text]
  • Coming Soon, to a Landscape Near You
    Coming Soon, to a Landscape Near You Chris Looney Washington State Dept. of Agriculture Todd Murray WSU, Skamania County Extension Coming Soon, to a Landscape Near You • Five “new” pests. • How you contribute to pest detections. Argyresthia pruniella Argyresthia pruniella: Cherry Blossom Moth • European native • 1st North American detection in 2009 Vancouver, BC • (Specimens collected in Nova Scotia in 1960s found at the USNM!) Cherry Blossom Moth 2012 Argyresthia pruniella Survey Sites (Dark = positive). Cherry Blossom Moth • Adults fly mostly in June-July • Adults still on wing in September in Blaine Cherry Blossom Moth • Eggs laid in bud scars and bark crevices • Eggs are the main overwintering stage • In spring, larvae feed on developing flower buds and ovaries Cherry Blossom Moth Cherry Blossom Moth • Larvae pupate in the soil, inside a double - layer cocoon • Adults emerge after ~20 days Cherry Blossom Moth • Soil cultivation • Chemical control • Biocontrol? Conifer Sawflies • Hymenoptera: Symphyta • Males with pectinate antennae • Females insert eggs in needles • Caterpillar-like larvae eat pine, fir, spruce, etc. Diprion similis: Introduced Pine Sawfly • Eurasian, from Britain to China • East coast introduction before 1914? • Was only known as far west as North Dakota Introduced Pine Sawfly • 2012 – found in Mason, Thurston, and Whatcom Co. • Survey in western WA in 2013 detected… nothing? Introduced Pine Sawfly • Prefer white pine; also feed on Scots, Mugo, longleaf, Austrian, etc. • Adults emerge in spring, insert eggs in needles • Early instar larvae are gregarious Introduced Pine Sawfly • Later larval instars solitary • Pupate on branches or in duff • Overwinter as pupae • 1-2 generations/yr Introduced Pine Sawfly • Seldom pestiferous • Rare outbreaks impact young trees • Natural enemies and weather • Petrochemical sprays & insecticidal soaps registered for sawflies European Pine Sawfly: Neodiprion sertifer • European, introduced in 1925 • Known as far west as Iowa Luis O.
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Control of the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion Sertifer
    TurkJBiol 25(2001)419-425 ©TÜB‹TAK ViralControloftheEuropeanPineSawfly, Neodiprionsertifer (Geoffroy)inTurkey MustafaYAMAN,RemziyeNALÇACIO⁄LU,ZihniDEM‹RBA⁄ DepartmentofBiology,FacultyofArtsandSciences,KaradenizTechnicalUniversity, 61080,Trabzon-TURKEY Received:23.10.2000 Abstract: TheEuropeanpinesawfly, Neodiprionsertifer (Geoffr.)(Hymenoptera:Diprionidae),isa seriouspestofpineplantationsandornamentals. Chemicalpesticidesusedtocontrolthispesthavea detrimentaleffectontheenvironment.The Neodiprionsertifer nuclearpolyhedrosisvirus(NsNPV) frequentlycausesconsiderabledecreasesinthepopulationsbut dosesnotharmotheranimalsor plants. Inthisstudy,wetestedfivedifferentconcentrationsofNsNPVagainstthelarvaeofN.sertifer andshowed viralinfectionusingGiemsastaining.Whenaviralconcentrationof5x10 9 PIB/ml (PolyhedralInclusionBody)wasutilized,larvalmortalitystartedonthefourthdayandreached 90.4%ontheninthdayofthebioassay.However, lowerviralconcentrations,5x10 9,5x10 8 and 5x107 PIB/ml,showedthesamemortality,buttheinfectionperiodsoccurredondifferentdays.This studyshowsthatNsNPVcanbeeffectivelyusedagainst N.sertifer asasafebiologicalcontrolagent inTurkey. KeyWords: Neodiprionsertifer,NuclearPolyhedrosisVirus,BiologicalControl Neodiprionsertifer (Geoffr.)(Hymenoptera:Diprionidae)’in ViralKontrolü Özet: K›rm›z›mt›raksar›çal›antenliyaprakar›s› Neodiprionsertifer (Geoffr.)(Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)çamfidanl›klar›n›nönemlizararl›lar›ndanbiridir.Buzararl›y›kontroletmekiçinkullan›lan kimyasalpestisidlerçevredezararl›etkileresahiptir. N.sertifer nüklearpolihedrozisvirüsü(NsNPV)
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of the Major Forest Pests in South East Europe
    HANDBOOK OF THE MAJOR FOREST PESTS IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE Handbook of the major forest pests in Southeast Europe Editorial Staff Authors Prof. Ferenc Lakatos, Dr. Stefan Mirtchev Co-Authors Dr. Arben Mehmeti, Hysen Shabanaj Contributions Aleksandar Nikolovski, Naser Krasniqi, Dr. Norbert Winkler-Ráthonyi Proofreader Prof. Steven Woodward FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Pristina, 2014 Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-108580-6 (print) E-ISBN 978-92-5-108581-3 (PDF) © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way.
    [Show full text]
  • A Natural History of Conspecific Aggregations in Terrestrial Arthropods, with Emphasis on Cycloalexy in Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
    TAR Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 5 (2012) 289–355 brill.com/tar A natural history of conspecific aggregations in terrestrial arthropods, with emphasis on cycloalexy in leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Jorge A. Santiago-Blay1,*, Pierre Jolivet2,3 and Krishna K. Verma4 1Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA 2Natural History Museum, Paris, 67 Boulevard Soult, 75012 Paris, France 3Museum of Entomology, Florida State Collection of Arthropods Gainesville, FL, USA 4HIG 1/327, Housing Board Colony, Borsi, Durg-491001 India *Corresponding author; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]. PJ: [email protected]; KKV: [email protected] Received on 30 April 2012. Accepted on 17 July 2012. Final version received on 29 October 2012. Summary Aggregations of conspecifics are ubiquitous in the biological world. In arthropods, such aggregations are generated and regulated through complex interactions of chemical and mechanical as well as abiotic and biotic factors. Aggregations are often functionally associated with facilitation of defense, thermomodula- tion, feeding, and reproduction, amongst others. Although the iconic aggregations of locusts, fireflies, and monarch butterflies come to mind, many other groups of arthropods also aggregate. Cycloalexy is a form of circular or quasicircular aggregation found in many animals. In terrestrial arthropods, cycloalexy appears to be a form of defensive aggregation although we cannot rule out other functions, particularly thermomodulation. In insects, cycloalexic-associated behaviors may include coordinated movements, such as the adoption of seemingly threatening postures, regurgitation of presumably toxic compounds, as well as biting movements. These behaviors appear to be associated with attempts to repel objects perceived to be threatening, such as potential predators or parasitoids.
    [Show full text]
  • (Diptera): an Sp. Reared from Cockroach Oothecae
    - The Entomologist - 114 (2), 91-98 (1995) A new host association for the Bombyliidae (Diptera): an Exhyalanthrax sp. reared from cockroach oothecae, Heterogamisca chopardi (Dictyoptera: Polyphagidae) in Saudi Ärabia D.J. GREATHEAD1 & P. GRANDCOLAS2 ICentre for Population Biology, Imperial College, Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK. 2URA 373 CNRS, Laboratoire de Primatologie - Biologie évolutive, Station Biologique de Paimpont, F-35380 Paimpont, France. Key words: Parasitism, cockroach, Exhyalanthrax, E.blattae sp.nov. Introduction Hitherto, Exhyalanthrax spp. have been known exclusively as pupal parasitoids. For example, there are records of the common Palaearctic species, E. afer (Fabricius), rea red from pupae oftachinid and ichneumonid parasitoids ofthe pine processionary caterpillar, Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis & Schiffermüller), and from the pupae of this and other Lepidoptera and also from cocoons of the pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy), (references in Du Merle, 1975). Several African species have been reared on numerous occasions from the puparia of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) and also, less frequently, from puparia of other Diptera (Du Merle, 1975; Greathead, 1980b). Thus, the discovery of an Exhyalanthrax sp. preying on the oothecae of a cockroach, Heterogamisca chopardi Uvarov in Saudi Arabia (by PG) is both interesting and unexpected. In this paper the Exhyalanthrax sp. is described (by DJG), details ofthe ecology of the Exhyalanthrax-cockroach relationship are provided (by PG) and the host relations of Exhyalanthrax spp. are discussed. Abbreviations Natural History Museum (British Museum (Natural History», London, BMNH; D.J. Greathead collection, DJG; Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, MNHN; Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, 2MB. The Exhya/anthrax unic%r Becker group The specimens reared from H.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristic Permitting Coexistence Among Parasitoids of a Sawafly in Quebec Author(S): Peter W
    Characteristic Permitting Coexistence Among Parasitoids of a Sawafly in Quebec Author(s): Peter W. Price Source: Ecology, Vol. 51, No. 3 (May, 1970), pp. 445-454 Published by: Ecological Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1935379 . Accessed: 29/08/2011 15:38 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Ecological Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Ecology. http://www.jstor.org CHARACTERISTICS PERMITTING COEXISTENCE AMONG PARASITOIDS OF A SAWFLY IN QUEBEC PETER W. PRICE Forest Research Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Quebec 10, Quebec and Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 14850 Abstract.-Six parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: 5 Ichneumonidae, 1 Eulophidae) coexist on cocoon populations of the Swaine jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd. in Quebec. Their distribution between plant communities was related to host availability except for Gelis urbanus (Brues) which has alternative hosts. Pleolophus basizonus (Grav.) was dominant at high host densities, tending to displace Pleolophus indistinctus (Prov.) which was dominant at low host densities. Mastrus aciculatus (Prov.) occupied dry open sites at high host densitiies, where other species were less numerous.
    [Show full text]
  • View Or Print PDF Version of All Sections
    Red Pine Management Guide A handbook to red pine management in the North Central Region This guide is also available online at: http://ncrs.fs.fed.us/fmg/nfgm/rp A cooperative project of: North Central Research Station Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota Contributors The North Central Region Red Pine Management Guide is produced in corporation between the USDA Forest Service and the University of Minnesota. The following individuals have contributed to the conduct and development of the guide (in alphabetical order): Project Leaders Alan R. Ek - Professor and Head, University of Minnesota Department of Forest Resources Steve A. Katovich - Entomologist with with USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry Michael A. Kilgore - Assistant Professor with the University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources Brian J. Palik - Project Leader and Research Ecologist with the USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station Project Participants Andrew David - North Central Research & Outreach Center, University of Minnesota Grant Domke - Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota Sarah Finley - Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota Denys A. Goychuck - Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota Mike Ostry - USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station Eric K. Zenner - Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota i Contributors Table of Contents Introduction to Red Pine Management Guide . .1 Ecology . .5 Silviculture . .11 Forest Health . .51 Economics . .67 Management Examples . .71 ii Table of Contents Introduction to the Red Pine Management Guide 1 Introduction Introduction to the Red Pine Management Guide This Red Pine Management Guide provides essential and optional information for managing stands that are predominately red pine and also stands that may contain a mix of other species as well.
    [Show full text]