DOCSLIB.ORG

Neodiprion Sertifer)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neodiprion Sertifer) PHENOTYPIC VARIATION IN HOST QUALITY OF PINES FOR THE EUROPEAN PINE SAWFLY (NEODIPRION SERTIFER) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Rodrigo A. Chorbadjian, B.S., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Daniel A. Herms, Advisor Approved by Dr. Pierluigi Bonello Dr. Luis Cañas __________________________ Dr. P. Larry Phelan Advisor Graduate Program in Entomology ABSTRACT Phenotypic variation in host quality can affect ecological and evolutionary interactions between plants and herbivores. Effects of phenotypic variation in host quality of woody-plants for leaf feeding insects were investigated in three studies: (1) phenological variation of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needle quality for the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy)) as a test of the "phenological window of host susceptibility hypothesis", (2) effects of fertilization on the expression of defoliation-induced resistance of Austrian pine (P. nigra Arnold) to European pine sawfly, and (3) manipulation of growth/defense trade-offs in paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and Austrian pine through application of the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol and fertilization, separately and in combination, as well as resulting effects on resistance to gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.), forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hübner), whitemarked tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma (J. E. Smith)), and European pine sawfly. Consistent with the predictions of the phenological window hypothesis, larval growth and survival decreased as host-insect phenological synchronicity was modified. As current-year shoots and needles elongated, total nitrogen, free amino acids, and soluble carbohydrates concentrations decreased, while mono-, sesqui- and ditepenoid concentrations increased in previous-year needles. Strong correlations between the concentrations of nutrients, and terpenoids and larval growth suggest that this insect can ii tolerate plant defenses only if nutrients are relatively high with respect to chemical defenses. As foliar quality declined, insects ate more in an attempt to compensate but were less efficient at converting consumed foliage to body mass. A slow increase in host quality occurred late in season as mature foliage once again became suitable. The survival of an experimentally-generated second generation of larvae manipulated to emerge in September was only 20% on current- or previous-year foliage; however survival was 80% the following spring. Hence, even though Scots pine foliage is present throughout the year, phenological variation in foliar nutrients and defensive chemistry restricts the life-cycle of European pine sawfly to a narrow window of host susceptibility on previous-year needles in early to mid spring. This phenological window of host susceptibility appears to constrain the evolution of a second generation. The expression of defoliation-induced responses of Austrian pine to European pine sawfly larvae varied with level of fertilization. In the nutrient-rich environment, previous defoliation improved host quality for European pine sawfly larvae, which may promote insect outbreaks through positive density dependent (Allee) effects on population growth. However in the low nutrient treatment, host quality rapidly decreased following defoliation, which is thought to generate negative density dependent effects on population growth thus stabilizing population density. Austrian pines tolerated defoliation through compensatory growth responses, an effect that was independent of the fertilization level and that was evident two growing seasons after the defoliation. The iii concentration of monoterpenes strongly increased one year after the defoliation and across fertility levels. These results are inconsistent with predictions of the carbon nutrient balance hypothesis, which proposes that physiological constraints prevent defoliation-induced accumulation of carbon-based secondary metabolites in evergreens. These phenotypic responses of Austrian pine may represent adaptive plasticity to defoliation that enhances fitness. In nutrient-poor soils Austrian pines would be expected to express rapid induced resistance that would help limit outbreaks and thus defoliation, while compensatory growth responses would enhance competitive ability. Applications of the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol slowed the growth of paper birch and Austrian pine with no effect on photosynthesis. Consistent with the predictions of the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis, application of paclobutrazol increased the concentration of defensive chemicals (tannins) and resistance of paper birch to gypsy moth and whitemarked tussock moth. However, this effect was only observed in the second growing season following application of paclobutrazol. Conversely, paclobutrazol had no effect on foliar defensive chemistry (tannins, phenolics and monoterpenes) of Austrian pine or its resistance to European pine sawfly larvae. Although it has been suggested that paclobutrazol generally enhances tree resistance to insects, it was found here that its effect on tree resistance to leaf-feeding insects was species-specific and time-sensitive. iv Dedicated to my parents for educating me and for their example v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the guidance of my professors: Dan Herms, Larry Phelan, Luis Cañas and Pierluigi (Enrico) Bonello. Dan, my advisor, provided me with fruitful ideas that resulted in these series of studies, taught me his philosophy of research and helped me during all these years. His classes on the Nature and Practice of Science have been and will be very helpful in my academic development. Also, many thanks to the members of my advisory committee, Larry, Luis and Enrico, whose words of encouragement were always there at the right moment, and whose excellent comments improved earlier versions of this dissertation. Larry’s expertise, advice and his classes on Insect Behavior and Chemical Ecology and Metabolomics were especially significant for me and for the development of this research in general, and in particular for Chapter 2. I thank Bryant Chambers, Diane Hartzler, Alieta Eyles, Alejandro Chiriboga, Matt Solensky, Jamie Imhoff, Rachel Neiswander, Limbania Aliaga, Ilka Gomez, Bryson Mosley, Nate Kleczewski, Duan Wang, Sheldon Steiner, Kelly Hendricks and others that contributed to this research through data collection and/or inquisitive questions that motivated interesting discussions that improved the experiments. I have special appreciation for Bryant and Diane who gave me a warm welcome into the lab and made me feel at home. I thank Nathan Kleczewski for measuring root density and Bruce Birr for conducting nitrogen and phenolics analyses. vi I am grateful to Brenda Franks and Shirley Holmes for their administrative support and their every-day smile. I thank Judy Smith and James Hacker for their help in the greenhouse experiments and for their friendship. Special thanks to Rosa Raudales who was my lovely companion and provided support during these years. I thank the Cañas’ family; Nuris, Luis and Luis Jr., whose friendship and hospitality always made me feel welcome. To Nuris for her continuous help and support, from identifying insects to those unforgettable great dinners at her house. I thank all my fellow grad-students in the Department of Entomology for making my everyday life more fascinating. I thank my friends Claudia Kuniyoshi and Karla Medina for sharing the good and the bad moments of grad-student life. I also thank Vanessa Muilenburg for her friendship. I also thank many friends for being part of my everyday life: Murillo, Menira, Gabriel, Felix, Alejandro, Alfred, Ana, Vero, Mavi, Christian, Cathy, Samuel, Alejandra, Nate, Sandra, Justin, Alex, Sanja, Ronald, Loren, Ale, Priya, and many others. Salaries and research support provided in part by USDA National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program No. 2004-35302-14667 and by State and Federal funds appropriated to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, the Ohio State University. Funding for Experiment 2 in Chapter 3 was provided by the OARDC Research Enhancement Competitive Grants Program, Research Funds for Grad-Students. vii Research on paclobutrazol was funded in part by Tree Fund and Rainbow Tree care Scientific. viii VITA October 2, 1973………….. Born – Santiago, Chile 1997……………………… BS, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile 2000……………………… M.S., Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile 2002 to present…………… Assistant Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile 2004 to present…………… Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS Barto, K., Enright, S., Eyles, A. Wallis, C., Chorbadjian, R., Hansen, R., Herms, D. A., Bonello, P., and Cipollini, D. 2008. Effects of fertilization and fungal and insect attack on systemic protein defenses of Austrian pine. Journal of Chemical Ecology 34: 1392-1400. Wallis, C., Eyles, A., Chorbadjian, R., McSpadden Gardener, B., Hansen, R., Cipollini, D., Herms, D. A., and Bonello, P. 2008. Systemic induction of phloem secondary metabolism and its relationship to resistance to a canker pathogen in Austrian pine. New Phytologist 177: 767-778. Eyles, A., Chorbadjian, R., Wallis, C., Hansen, R., Cipollini, D., Herms, D., and Bonello, E. 2007. Cross-induction of systemic resistance between Sphaeropsis sapinea and Neodiprion sertifer in Austrian pine over a fertility gradient.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 4.04 Pheromones of Terrestrial Invertebrates
    4.04 Pheromones of Terrestrial Invertebrates Wittko Francke, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany Stefan Schulz, Technische Universita¨ t Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany ª 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 4.04.1 Introduction 154 4.04.2 Pheromone Biology 154 4.04.2.1 Endocrinology 154 4.04.2.2 Neurophysiology 155 4.04.2.3 Pest Management 156 4.04.3 Isolation and Structure Elucidation 156 4.04.4 Aromatic Compounds 159 4.04.4.1 Nitrogen-Containing Aromatic Compounds 161 4.04.5 Unbranched Aliphatic Compounds 163 4.04.5.1 Mixtures of Hydrocarbons Acting as Pheromones 163 4.04.5.2 Female Lepidopteran Sex Pheromones 164 4.04.5.3 Pheromones According to Carbon Chains 168 4.04.5.3.1 C1-units 168 4.04.5.3.2 C2-units 168 4.04.5.3.3 C4-units 168 4.04.5.3.4 C5-units 168 4.04.5.3.5 C6-units 169 4.04.5.3.6 C7-units 169 4.04.5.3.7 C8-units 169 4.04.5.3.8 C9-units 170 4.04.5.3.9 C10-units 170 4.04.5.3.10 C11-units 171 4.04.5.3.11 C12-units 172 4.04.5.3.12 C13-units 172 4.04.5.3.13 C14-units 173 4.04.5.3.14 C15-units 174 4.04.5.3.15 C16-units 174 4.04.5.3.16 C17-units 175 4.04.5.3.17 C18-units 176 4.04.5.3.18 C19-units 176 4.04.5.3.19 C20-units 178 4.04.5.3.20 C21-units 178 4.04.5.3.21 C22-units 180 4.04.5.3.22 C23-units 180 4.04.5.3.23 C24-units 181 4.04.5.3.24 C25-units 181 4.04.5.3.25 C26-units 181 4.04.5.3.26 C27-units 181 4.04.5.3.27 C29-units 182 4.04.5.3.28 C31-units 182 4.04.6 Terpenes 183 4.04.6.1 Monoterpenes 189 4.04.6.2 Sesquiterpenes 192 4.04.6.3 Norterpenes 194 4.04.6.4 Homoterpenes 195 153 154 Pheromones of Terrestrial Invertebrates 4.04.7 Propanogenins and Related Compounds 196 4.04.8 Mixed Structures 200 4.04.9 Other Structures 205 References 207 4.04.1 Introduction This chapter is a continuation and an updated version of our earlier discussion of pheromones.1 Covering the literature of the past decade until the end of 2008, it predominantly deals with structures of new compounds that have been identified to play a role as (components of) pheromones in systems of chemical communication among arthropods.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Materials Neodiprion Sawflies
    Supplementary Materials Neodiprion sawflies: life history description and utility as a model for parent-offspring conflict To provide context for our comparative analysis of Neodiprion clutch-size traits, we provide relevant life history details (reviewed in Coppel and Benjamin 1965; Knerer and Atwood 1973; Wilson et al. 1992; Knerer 1993). Adult females emerge from cocoons with a full complement of mature eggs, find a suitable host, and attract males via a powerful pheromone. Shortly after mating, females use their saw-like ovipositors to embed their eggs within pine needles. While females of some species tend to lay their full complement of eggs on a single branch terminus, females of other species seek out multiple branches or trees for oviposition. Overall, female oviposition behavior is highly species-specific and, in some cases, diagnostic (Ghent 1959). Adult Neodiprion are non-feeding and short-lived (~2-4 days), dying soon after mating and oviposition. After hatching from eggs, Neodiprion larvae of many species form feeding aggregations that remain intact to varying degrees across 4-7 feeding instars, depending on the sex and the species. As larvae defoliate pine branches, they migrate to new branches and sometimes to new host trees (Benjamin 1955, Smirnoff 1960). During these migrations, colonies may undergo fission and fusion events (Codella and Raffa 1993, Codella and Raffa 1995, Costa and Loque 2001). Thus, while initial colony size corresponds closely to egg-clutch size, larvae are highly mobile and their dispersal behavior has the potential to substantially alter colony size (Codella and Raffa 1995). Beyond having a variable and well-documented natural history, Neodiprion provides an excellent test case for examining coevolution of female egg-laying and larval grouping behaviors because, as is likely the case for many insects, feeding in groups could confer both costs and benefits to the larvae (Codella and Raffa 1995, Heitland and Pschorn-Walcher 1993).
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions Between Ungulates and Forest Insects Michelle Nordkvist
    !CTA5NIVERSITATIS!GRICULTURAE3UECIAE Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae 2020:52 • No. Thesis Doctoral Doctoral Thesis No. 2020:52 Herbivores that share a host plant can directly and indirectly affect each other Doctoral Thesis No. 2020:52 in several ways, with consequences for plant damage and growth. Interactions Faculty of Forest Sciences between taxonomically distant herbivores has been poorly studied. This thesis examines the effects of ungulate browsing and grazing on performance, abundance and diversity of herbivorous insects and their predators, and explores Interactions between ungulates and forest insects Interactions between ungulates and how such changes can influence insect population dynamics. It also examines forest insects the combined effect of ungulate and insect herbivory on tree growth. Michelle Nordkvist Michelle Nordkvist received her PhD education at the department of Ecology, SLU and obtained her Master of Science in Biology from Uppsala University. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae presents doctoral theses from the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU). SLU generates knowledge for the sustainable use of biological natural • Michelle Nordkvist • Michelle resources. Research, education, extension, as well as environmental monitoring and assessment are used to achieve this goal. Online publication of thesis summary: http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/ ISSN 1652-6880 ISBN (print version) 978-91-7760-622-2 ISBN (electronic version) 978-91-7760-623-9 Interactions between ungulates and forest insects Michelle
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in the Rocky Mountain Region 1997-1999
    Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in the Rocky Mountain Region 1997-1999 United States Renewable Rocky Department of Resources Mountain Agriculture Forest Health Region Management 2 FOREST INSECT AND DISEASE CONDITIONS IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION 1997-1999 by The Forest Health Management Staff Edited by Jeri Lyn Harris, Michelle Frank, and Susan Johnson December 2001 USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Region Renewable Resources, Forest Health Management P.O. Box 25127 Lakewood, Colorado 80225-5127 Cover: Aerial photograph taken by Robert D. Averill on October 29, 1997, just days after a blowdown event occurred on the Routt National Forest. The picture was taken looking east toward a blowdown area that straddles both the Mt. Zirkel Wilderness and the Routt National Forest. “The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternate means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity employer.” Maps in this product are reproduced from geospatial information prepared by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. GIS data and product accuracy may vary.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue Full File
    BİLGE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME: 4 ISSUE: 2 2020 ISSN: 2651-401X e-ISSN: 2651-4028 Owner: Dr. Hamza KANDEMİR Editor in Chief: Prof. Dr. Kürşad ÖZKAN Co-Editor: Editorial Advisory Board: Editorial Board: Dr. Mustafa KARABOYACI Ahmet AKSOY, Prof. Dr. Ali Cesur ONMAZ, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Akdeniz University, Turkey Erciyes University, Turkey Technical Editors: Res. Asst. Abdullah BERAM Amer KANAN, Prof. Dr. Asko Tapio LEHTİJÄRVİ, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Instructor Serkan ÖZDEMİR Al-Quds University, Palestine Bursa Technical University, Turkey Cüneyt ÇIRAK, Prof. Dr. Halil GÖKÇE, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Layout Editors: Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey Giresun University, Turkey Instructor Doğan AKDEMİR MSc. Tunahan ÇINAR Ender MAKİNECİ, Prof. Dr. Kubilay AKÇAÖZOĞLU, Assoc. Prof. Dr. İstanbul University, Turkey Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Turkey Cover designer: Instructor Serkan ÖZDEMİR Gülcan ÖZKAN, Prof. Dr. Şule Sultan UĞUR, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey Press: Kutbilge Association of Academicians İbrahim ÖZDEMİR, Prof. Dr. Ahmet MERT, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Distribution, Sales, Publisher; Certificate Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Turkey No: 42086 Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Turkey 32040, Isparta, TURKEY Kari HELİÖVAARA, Prof. Dr. Ayşe KOCABIYIK, Asst. Prof. Dr. University of Helsinki, Finland Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey Contact: Kutbilge Association of Academicians, Kırali MÜRTEZAOĞLU, Prof. Dr. Fecir DURAN, Asst. Prof. Dr. 32040, Isparta, TURKEY Gazi University, Turkey Gazi University, Turkey Web : dergipark.gov.tr/bilgesci Mehmet KILIÇ, Prof. Dr. Kubilay TAŞDELEN, Asst. Prof. Dr. E-mail : [email protected] Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey Mehmet KİTİŞ, Prof. Dr. Nuri ÖZTÜRK, Asst. Prof. Dr. Suleyman Demirel University, Turkey Giresun University, Turkey Mohamed Lahbib BEN JAMAA, Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Lower Sawfly Survival on Pines Previously Browsed by Moose
    fevo-09-666069 April 20, 2021 Time: 15:56 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 26 April 2021 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2021.666069 Plant Mediated Interactions: Lower Sawfly Survival on Pines Previously Browsed by Moose Michelle Nordkvist*, Christer Björkman and Maartje J. Klapwijk Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Insect herbivore performance and arthropod communities can be affected by mammalian grazing and browsing via altered plant communities and vegetation structure. Far less is known about whether changes to plant architecture can cause similar effects. Browsing generated changes to within plant architecture could potentially have large consequences for arthropod communities, herbivore survival and eventually damage to plants. This study investigates plant-mediated effects of ungulate browsing on arthropod predator communities and on the survival of herbivorous insects. More specifically we studied how different levels of ungulate browsing (1) influenced the arthropod predator community on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and (2) affected the survival of the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer). We related these response variables to browsing-inflicted changes in pine architecture. An observational study Edited by: of generalist arthropod predators on pine trees revealed a trend toward a quadratic Mingbo Yin, Fudan University, China response of ants to browsing intensity—i.e., a higher abundance of ants on moderately Reviewed by: browsed trees and lower abundance on intensively browsed trees. A field survey of Carita Lindstedt, sawfly larvae revealed a 19% lower larval survival on browsed compared to un-browsed University of Jyväskylä, Finland pines, but no difference in survival comparing pines with moderate and high intensity Elina Mäntylä, Academy of Sciences of the Czech of browsing.
    [Show full text]
  • Offspring Sex Ratios in Parasitoid Wasps
    This is an electronic version of the content of the article published as King, B.H. 1987. Offspring sex ratios in parasitoid wasps. Quarterly Review of Biology 62:367-396. The original publication is available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2829455 ABSTRACT Laboratory and field studies on about 100 species in sixteen families indicate that several factors can influence offspring sex ratios in parasitoid wasps. For many species, offspring sex ratio increases with one or more of the following: 1) maternal age at ovipositing or the amount of time since insemination, 2) the age of the male parent or the number of times he has copulated, 3) extreme temperature, 4) decreasing host size, age, or quality, 5) female wasp density, and 6) the number of progeny per host. Other factors which have been shown to affect offspring sex ratios in some species include: 1) number of hours since insemination, 2) genetic factors, 3) maternal size, 4) maternal diet, 5) polyembryony, 6) photoperiod and relative humidity, 7) host sex, and 8) host density. These factors may affect offspring sex ratios through females manipulating fertilization of their eggs or through other mechanisms such as differential mortality or changes in sperm availability. Theoretical development has focused primarily on females manipulating their offspring sex ratios in response to host size and/or to female density. Host size models predict a negative relationship between offspring sex ratio and host size. These models assume that host size has a greater effect on the reproductive success of females than of males. LMC models predict a positive relationship between offspring sex ratio and female density.
    [Show full text]
  • Coming Soon, to a Landscape Near You
    Coming Soon, to a Landscape Near You Chris Looney Washington State Dept. of Agriculture Todd Murray WSU, Skamania County Extension Coming Soon, to a Landscape Near You • Five “new” pests. • How you contribute to pest detections. Argyresthia pruniella Argyresthia pruniella: Cherry Blossom Moth • European native • 1st North American detection in 2009 Vancouver, BC • (Specimens collected in Nova Scotia in 1960s found at the USNM!) Cherry Blossom Moth 2012 Argyresthia pruniella Survey Sites (Dark = positive). Cherry Blossom Moth • Adults fly mostly in June-July • Adults still on wing in September in Blaine Cherry Blossom Moth • Eggs laid in bud scars and bark crevices • Eggs are the main overwintering stage • In spring, larvae feed on developing flower buds and ovaries Cherry Blossom Moth Cherry Blossom Moth • Larvae pupate in the soil, inside a double - layer cocoon • Adults emerge after ~20 days Cherry Blossom Moth • Soil cultivation • Chemical control • Biocontrol? Conifer Sawflies • Hymenoptera: Symphyta • Males with pectinate antennae • Females insert eggs in needles • Caterpillar-like larvae eat pine, fir, spruce, etc. Diprion similis: Introduced Pine Sawfly • Eurasian, from Britain to China • East coast introduction before 1914? • Was only known as far west as North Dakota Introduced Pine Sawfly • 2012 – found in Mason, Thurston, and Whatcom Co. • Survey in western WA in 2013 detected… nothing? Introduced Pine Sawfly • Prefer white pine; also feed on Scots, Mugo, longleaf, Austrian, etc. • Adults emerge in spring, insert eggs in needles • Early instar larvae are gregarious Introduced Pine Sawfly • Later larval instars solitary • Pupate on branches or in duff • Overwinter as pupae • 1-2 generations/yr Introduced Pine Sawfly • Seldom pestiferous • Rare outbreaks impact young trees • Natural enemies and weather • Petrochemical sprays & insecticidal soaps registered for sawflies European Pine Sawfly: Neodiprion sertifer • European, introduced in 1925 • Known as far west as Iowa Luis O.
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Control of the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion Sertifer
    TurkJBiol 25(2001)419-425 ©TÜB‹TAK ViralControloftheEuropeanPineSawfly, Neodiprionsertifer (Geoffroy)inTurkey MustafaYAMAN,RemziyeNALÇACIO⁄LU,ZihniDEM‹RBA⁄ DepartmentofBiology,FacultyofArtsandSciences,KaradenizTechnicalUniversity, 61080,Trabzon-TURKEY Received:23.10.2000 Abstract: TheEuropeanpinesawfly, Neodiprionsertifer (Geoffr.)(Hymenoptera:Diprionidae),isa seriouspestofpineplantationsandornamentals. Chemicalpesticidesusedtocontrolthispesthavea detrimentaleffectontheenvironment.The Neodiprionsertifer nuclearpolyhedrosisvirus(NsNPV) frequentlycausesconsiderabledecreasesinthepopulationsbut dosesnotharmotheranimalsor plants. Inthisstudy,wetestedfivedifferentconcentrationsofNsNPVagainstthelarvaeofN.sertifer andshowed viralinfectionusingGiemsastaining.Whenaviralconcentrationof5x10 9 PIB/ml (PolyhedralInclusionBody)wasutilized,larvalmortalitystartedonthefourthdayandreached 90.4%ontheninthdayofthebioassay.However, lowerviralconcentrations,5x10 9,5x10 8 and 5x107 PIB/ml,showedthesamemortality,buttheinfectionperiodsoccurredondifferentdays.This studyshowsthatNsNPVcanbeeffectivelyusedagainst N.sertifer asasafebiologicalcontrolagent inTurkey. KeyWords: Neodiprionsertifer,NuclearPolyhedrosisVirus,BiologicalControl Neodiprionsertifer (Geoffr.)(Hymenoptera:Diprionidae)’in ViralKontrolü Özet: K›rm›z›mt›raksar›çal›antenliyaprakar›s› Neodiprionsertifer (Geoffr.)(Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)çamfidanl›klar›n›nönemlizararl›lar›ndanbiridir.Buzararl›y›kontroletmekiçinkullan›lan kimyasalpestisidlerçevredezararl›etkileresahiptir. N.sertifer nüklearpolihedrozisvirüsü(NsNPV)
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Pergidae)
    ALEXANDRE IGOR DE AZEVEDO PEREIRA HYMENOPTERA SYMPHYTA DE VIÇOSA, MINAS GERAIS E BIOECOLOGIA DE Haplostegus nigricrus (HYMENOPTERA: PERGIDAE) Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Entomologia, para obtenção do título de Magister Scientiae. VIÇOSA MINAS GERAIS - BRASIL 2008 ALEXANDRE IGOR DE AZEVEDO PEREIRA HYMENOPTERA SYMPHYTA DE VIÇOSA, MINAS GERAIS E BIOECOLOGIA DE Haplostegus nigricrus (HYMENOPTERA: PERGIDAE) Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Viçosa, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Entomologia, para obtenção do título de Magister Scientiae. APROVADA: 24 de julho de 2008 _________________________ _________________________ Dra. Teresinha Vinha Zanuncio Pesq. Germi Porto Santos (Co-orientadora) _________________________ _________________________ Dr. José Milton Milagres Pereira Pesq. Fernando Hercos Valicente (Co-orientador) _________________________ Prof. José Cola Zanuncio (Orientador) AGRADEÇO A Deus pela concessão da vida, saúde e paz. OFEREÇO Aos meus pais, Alvino Luiz Pereira e Maria Evane de Azevedo Pereira, como uma forma de gratidão pelo conforto oferecido, educação investida, responsabilidades concedidas e conselhos sugeridos, ao longo de minha vida, e à minha esposa, Carmen Rosa da Silva Curvêlo, pelo suporte representado, apoio oferecido e carinho compartilhado nos bons e maus momentos vividos em Viçosa. DEDICO Ao meu irmão, e hoje anjo da guarda, Alvino Luiz Pereira Júnior (In Memorian) pelo exemplo de filho, irmão e pai que me deu. “ Júnior, para sempre iremos te amar ”. ii Frases sábias e belas, orações ou trechos de músicas repletos de emotividade e estímulo são lembrados nessa hora. Destaquei algumas que achei importante para mim. Não por que me ajudaram a conduzir ou escrever esse trabalho.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of the Major Forest Pests in South East Europe
    HANDBOOK OF THE MAJOR FOREST PESTS IN SOUTHEAST EUROPE Handbook of the major forest pests in Southeast Europe Editorial Staff Authors Prof. Ferenc Lakatos, Dr. Stefan Mirtchev Co-Authors Dr. Arben Mehmeti, Hysen Shabanaj Contributions Aleksandar Nikolovski, Naser Krasniqi, Dr. Norbert Winkler-Ráthonyi Proofreader Prof. Steven Woodward FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Pristina, 2014 Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-108580-6 (print) E-ISBN 978-92-5-108581-3 (PDF) © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way.
    [Show full text]
  • A Natural History of Conspecific Aggregations in Terrestrial Arthropods, with Emphasis on Cycloalexy in Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
    TAR Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 5 (2012) 289–355 brill.com/tar A natural history of conspecific aggregations in terrestrial arthropods, with emphasis on cycloalexy in leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Jorge A. Santiago-Blay1,*, Pierre Jolivet2,3 and Krishna K. Verma4 1Department of Paleobiology, MRC-121, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA 2Natural History Museum, Paris, 67 Boulevard Soult, 75012 Paris, France 3Museum of Entomology, Florida State Collection of Arthropods Gainesville, FL, USA 4HIG 1/327, Housing Board Colony, Borsi, Durg-491001 India *Corresponding author; e-mails: [email protected], [email protected]. PJ: [email protected]; KKV: [email protected] Received on 30 April 2012. Accepted on 17 July 2012. Final version received on 29 October 2012. Summary Aggregations of conspecifics are ubiquitous in the biological world. In arthropods, such aggregations are generated and regulated through complex interactions of chemical and mechanical as well as abiotic and biotic factors. Aggregations are often functionally associated with facilitation of defense, thermomodula- tion, feeding, and reproduction, amongst others. Although the iconic aggregations of locusts, fireflies, and monarch butterflies come to mind, many other groups of arthropods also aggregate. Cycloalexy is a form of circular or quasicircular aggregation found in many animals. In terrestrial arthropods, cycloalexy appears to be a form of defensive aggregation although we cannot rule out other functions, particularly thermomodulation. In insects, cycloalexic-associated behaviors may include coordinated movements, such as the adoption of seemingly threatening postures, regurgitation of presumably toxic compounds, as well as biting movements. These behaviors appear to be associated with attempts to repel objects perceived to be threatening, such as potential predators or parasitoids.
    [Show full text]