A Review on Experimental Research Using Scale Models for Buildings

Energy and Buildings 142 (2017) 72–110 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Energy and Buildings j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enbuild A review on experimental research using scale models for buildings: Application and methodologies a,∗ a a b Juan M. Lirola , Estéfana Castaneda˜ , Benito Lauret , Mohamed Khayet a Architectural Construction and Technology Department, School of Architecture, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Av. Juan de Herrera 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain b Department of Applied Physics I, Faculty of Physics, University Complutense of Madrid, Av. Complutense, s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: A complete review on scale model testing for buildings, considering a wide range of methodologies and Received 16 July 2016 new manufacturing techniques, in areas such as statics and dynamics, acoustics, lighting, aerodynamics Received in revised form and thermodynamics for energy efficiency is presented. On the one hand, scale model testing for build- 10 November 2016 ings require different considerations and techniques and are usually focused on one specific physical Accepted 26 February 2017 field contributing to the information scattering. On the other hand, they are sometimes too general, the- Available online 3 March 2017 oretical or unpractical. Although commercial computer simulations are first option among professionals, they necessarily simplify complex phenomena and ignore, among other aspects, size effects and latest Keywords: findings in fractals. The potential of complementary experiments using new manufactured scale models Scale models for buildings is raising, however, it is still missing a practical overview through different physical fields Building tests Building simulation specifically for buildings with these considerations. This review gives a wide perspective and unified Experimental tests scope on uses and possibilities of scale model testing for buildings, from the traditional configurations of Principle of similarity Leon Battiste Alberti to new possibilities applying complex physics and new techniques of 3D-modelling. Dimensional analysis © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Parallel projection Dimensionless numbers Scale effects Fractals Contents 1. General introduction . 73 2. Preface to physical building testing . 73 3. Brief history of scale models . 74 4. Theoretical scientific strategies to scale change. .76 4.1. Square-cube law and general similarity . 76 4.2. Parallel projection . 77 4.3. Size effects and fractals . 77 4.4. Dimensional analysis and theory of models . 78 5. General application of experimental techniques for scale models. .78 5.1. Geometrical distorted scale model technique . 78 5.2. Time-dependent or geometrical undistorted scale model technique . 79 6. Types of experimental scale models for buildings . 80 6.1. Structures for buildings using scale models . 80 6.1.1. Seismic loads in scale models for buildings . 82 6.1.2. Hydraulic loads in scale models for buildings . 83 6.1.3. Aerodynamic loads on scale models for buildings . 83 6.2. Acoustics for buildings using scale models . 86 ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (J.M. Lirola). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.02.060 0378-7788/© 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. J.M. Lirola et al. / Energy and Buildings 142 (2017) 72–110 73 6.3. Lighting for buildings using scale models. .87 6.4. Thermodynamic for buildings using scale models. .89 6.4.1. Scaled energy efficiency strategies and scale models. .89 6.4.2. General thermal performance for buildings . 90 6.4.3. Conduction heat transfer for buildings using scale models. .92 6.4.4. Radiation heat transfer for buildings using scale models . 93 6.4.5. Convection heat transfer for buildings using scale models . 93 6.4.6. Ventilation for buildings using scale models . 96 6.5. Fire and smoke in buildings using scale models. .101 7. Discussion . 102 8. Conclusions . 106 Acknowledgements . 106 References . ..

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