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Continue The home page of the ☰Vokabularia Maniums Fras Grammar More If you are trying to learn the Bengali alphabet you will find some useful resources including a course on pronunciation, and the sound of all letters ... to help you with your Bengali grammar. Try to concentrate on the lesson and remember the sounds. Also be sure to check out the rest of our other lessons listed on Learn Bengali. Enjoy the rest of the lesson! Studying the Bengali alphabet is very important because its structure is used in daily conversation. Without it, you won't be able to say the words correctly, even if you know how to write those words. The better you pronounce the letter with the word, the more you realize that you will speak Bengali. Below is a table showing the alphabet and how it is pronounced in English, and finally examples of how these letters will sound if you put them in the word. Bengal alphabetEnglish SoundPronunciation Sample kক As 'k' in kite khখ Related Sound 'k', 'h' 'kh' gগ As 'g' in Gun ghঘ Related Sound 'G', 'h' 'gh' ņঙ As 'gn' in a gnome chচ As 'ch' in a chair chhছ As 'ch' as in a chair jজ As 'j' in a jug jhঝ This is produced using naval sounds while the tongue touches the upper mouth nঞ just like a 'gn' gnome with a slight movement up ţট ţhঠ t' đড As 'd' in the dark đhঢ The Associated Sound 'd' and 'h' 'dh' nণ Nasal Sound, When the tongue touches a little from the teeth tত Soft sound 't', used in Bharata thথ As 'y' in the thermo dদ As 'y' in dhধ sound is made by connecting soft 'd' and 'h' nন as 'n' in a person pপ as 'p' in push phফ 'F' sound' If pronounced with closed lips bব as a 'b' in the ban bhভ The combined sound of 'b' and 'h' 'bh' mম as 'm' in mass jয as 'y' in the yacht rর as 'r' in the run lল as 'l' in love sh and sশ as 'sh' in the frame shষ 's' when the tongue touches the roots of teeth w and sস How 's' in the sound of hহ as 'h' in has e and - ŗ ŗh Vowels অ as 'a' in mal আ Stressed অ ই How I in the sick ঈ As f in eke উ As 'u' in Ubuntu ঊ How 'ou' in you ঋ How 'ri' in the risk of ৠ Double sound ri এ As f in par se ঐ How as well as ও as 'o' in the go ঔ stressed and long sound 'o' Bengal pronunciation seen. how the letter is written and can be uttered but there is nothing better than to hear the sound of letters in video or audio. Below you can hear the letters above being pronounced, just click the playback button: the alphabet and its pronunciation have a very important role in Bengali. Once you're done with the Bangla alphabet, you can check out the rest our Bengali lessons here: Learn Bengali. Don't forget the bookmark on this page. Links above, just a small sample of our lessons, please open the menu on the left side to see all the links. The © 2019 MYLANGUAGES.ORG. asxsaxAXA should not be confused with the Bengal- scenario. This article contains a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it does not have enough relevant link. Please help improve this article by entering more accurate quotes. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to delete this message template) Bengal abugidaBangla abugidaType Abugida LanguagesBengali, SanskritTime period of the 11th century to the presentParent SystemsProto-Sinai scripta- Phoenician alphabet, a-Aramaic alphabet, a'Brahmi scriptGupta scriptSiddhamGaudi script 2Bengali-Assam3' Bengal AbugidaSister systemsAssameseDirectupleft-to-rightISO 15924Beng 325Unicode aliasBengaliUnicode rangeU-0980-U'09FF (a) Semitic origin of brahmic scripts is not agreed everywhere. This article contains phonetic IPA symbols. Without proper rendering support instead of Unicode characters, you can see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. For an introductory guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains Bengali text. Without proper rendering support, you can see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. Part of a series about the Culture Of History of Bengali People List of Bengali Languages Dialects Vocabulary Grammar Movement Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum) Bengali Language Movement () Bengali Language Movement (North Depriq) Tradition of Bengali Hindu wedding Bengali Muslim wedding Gaye holud Panji Bha Walima Mythology and FolkloreWe Chand Sadagar Bonbibi Oladya Manasa Lors Thakurmar Julie Molla Nasiruddin Alyla Kitchen Festivals Durga_Puja Shakta Kali Puja Pohelah Poush Mela Calcutta Book Fair Arts Patachitra Chalchitra Manasa Chali Art Bengal School of Art Kaligat Painting Literature Charyapada Shreekrishna Kirtana Mantane-Kaavia Vaishnava Padavali Laila Majnu Puthi Genres Poetry Novels Science Fiction Folk Literature Tarja institution Of the Literary institution Bangiya Sahitya Paris Paschimbanga Rabindra Purascar Literary Award Ananda Puraskar Music and Performing Arts Music Performing Arts Folk genres Agami-Vijaya Bhawaya Bhawaya Kawigan Maimansingha Gitica Dedication Bhandari Shreekrishna Kirtana Classical genres Bishnupur Garana Modern genres Bengal band Bangladesh rock music Bengal People Rabindra Sanjit Nazrul Giti Dwijendrala Ray Ramprasad Saint Lalon Lalon Raja Polligeeti Tools Bansuri Dhak Harmonium Dance Alkap Alkap Group Theatre of The Calcutta Organizations of the Indian People's Theatre Association People Gerasim Lebedev Media Cinema BangladeshCinema West Bengal Sport Kabaddi Boli Hela Latkhila Chaturaṅga Ho Ho Vte Part series on the culture of the Peoples Names Diaspora List of Languages Script Dialects Vocabulary Grammar Bengali Language Movement Tradition of Mythology and Folklore Mythology folklore Behula Bonbibi Oladeki Satya Pier Manasa Thakurmar Jhuli CuisineEntre Bakarkhani Main Dish Beef Hatkor Haji biryani Kala Bhuna Dessert Ras Malay Monda Rosolilla Chomchom Jalebi Sandesh Drinks Seven Color Tea Sharbat Festivals Eid al-Adha Eid al-Fitr Puja Nohela Pohela Poichakh Pohela Falgud Architecture Architecture Architecture Architecture Literature Literature People's Charyapada Kissa Jangnam Mangal-Kavia Puthi Vaishnava Padavali Genresli Bengal studies poetry Novela Science Fiction Institutes Bangla Oscar Bangla Oscar Literary Award Ekushey Padak Music and Performing Arts Music Performing ArtsDancia Manipuri Dance Alkap Theatre in Bangladesh Jatra People Abdullah Al Mamun Syed Shamsul Media Radio Television Movie Monuments World Heritage Sites Symbols Flag Sheet Weapons Bangladesh List portalvte Brahimic script Brahmy script and his descendants Of North Brahmich Gupta Sharada Lash Gurmuhi Khodaki Hudabadi Multani Mahadani Devisha Takri Dogri Siddhaṃ Nagari Devangaari Gujarati Modi Nandinagari Kayeti Assameze Anga Lipi Tirhuta Oydia Karani Carani Meitei Nepali Bhujdimol Ranjana Soyombo Prakalit Tibetan Lepcha Limbu (Fa Ghas-pa zanabazar Square Hangul (possibly) Chang-Shung Marchen Marchung Pungs-Chung Drusha Bhaixuki Kalinga Tocharyan Dhyan Dhives Akuru Saurashtra Khmer La thai Tai Viet Cham Kavi Bali Batak Javan Sundan Lontara Makasar Rennang Rejang Baibayin Buhid Hanunuo Tagbanwa Coolan Old Mon Wattenutou Kolejutu Malyanma Sinhala Bhattiprolu Kadamba Telugu-Kannada Goikanadi Telugu Pu Burmese Ahom Chakma S'Gow Karen Shan Lik-Tai Tai Tae Taham New Tai Lu Lu Inte Bengal alphabet or Alphabet Bangla or Bengali alphabet (Bengali: বাংলা বণম ালা, Bengali bangla b'rn'ma is an alphabet used to write Bengali and historically used for Sanskrit writing in Bengal. It is one of the most widely accepted writing systems in the world (used by more than 265 million people). From a class point of view, the Bengali script is abugid, i.e. its vowels are mostly implemented not as independent letters, but as a diacritic that alters the vowel inherent in the basic letter to which they are added. The Bengal script is written from left to right and has no separate writing cases. This is recognizable, like other brahmic scenarios, Distinctive horizontal line, মাা and matras running along the top of the letters that bind them together. The Bengal scenario, however, is less flea-like and more tortuous. The characters of the Bengal script can be divided into vowels and vowels of diacritics/signs, consonants and consonants, diacritic and other symbols, numbers and punctuation. Vowels and Consonant are used as an alphabet as well as diacritic signs. The Vowels Bengal script has a total of 9 vowels graph, each called রবণ vowel letter. Svarobarno represent six of the seven main Bengali vowels, as well as two vowels of diphthong. All of them are used in both Bengali and Assam languages. অ (র অ ball, vocals) /ɔ/ sounds like the default Inherent vowel for the entire Bengali script. Bengal, Assamese and Odian, which are Eastern languages, have this meaning for the inherent vowel, while other languages using Brahmic scripts have a vowel for their own. Although the open-middle front of the unrounded vowels /ɛ/ is one of the seven main vowel sounds in standard Bengali, no different vowel symbol was highlighted for it in the script because there is no /ɛ/sound in Sanskrit, the main written language when the script was conceived. As a result, sound is ortographically marketed by several means in modern Bengali atography, usually using some combination of এ e (র এ ball e, vocalic e/, অ, আ a (র আ sh'r a) /a/ and যফলা j'la (diacritic form of consonants য j). There are two graphems for vowel sounds and two graphems for vowel sounds. The redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write Sanskrit, language that had short and long vowels: ই i ( ই r'ssh i, short i) /i/ and ঈ (দীঘ ঈ dirgo, long i) /iː/, and উ u ( উ r'shsh'u) /u/ and ঊ (দীঘ ঊ dirgh'u) /uː/u/ The letters are preserved in The Bengali font with their traditional names, despite the fact that they are no longer pronounced differently in regular speech. These graphemes serve an etymological function, however, in preserving the original Sanskrit spelling in the words t't'm' Bengali (words borrowed from Sanskrit). A graphema called ঋ (or ঋ r'shsh'ri, a short ri, as it used to be) does not really represent a vowel phonem in Bengali, but a sosson-voice combination ির/ri/. However, it is included in the public inventory section of Bengali Letters. This discrepancy is also a remnant of Sanskrit, where graphema is the vocal equivalent of a retroflex nearximman r-color vowels). Another graphema called ঌ ḷ (or ঌ decides as it used to be), representing the vocal equivalent of a dental aproxmant in Sanskrit, but in fact representing a permanent combination of vowel িল /li/ in Bengali instead of vowel phoneme, was also included in the vowel section, but unlike ঋ, it was recently removed from the inventory, as its use was extremely limited even in Sanskrit. When the vowel sound occurs syllable-initially or when it follows another vowel, it is written with a separate letter. When the vowel sound follows a consonant (or consonant cluster), it is written using a diacritic, which, depending on the vowel, may appear higher, lower, before or after consonants. These vowels cannot appear without consonants and are called কার car. An exception to the above system is the vowel /ɔ/, which does not have a vowel sign, but is considered inherent in each conscious letter. To indicate the absence of the inherent vowel ɔ after consonants, Although there (◌্ হস (◌্ are only two diphthongs in the script inventory: ঐ oi (র ঐ sh'oi, vocalic oi) and ঔ ou (র ঔ sh'er ou/ou/, Bengali phonetic system has, in fact, a lot of diphthongs. (nb 1) Most diphthongs are represented by comparing the graph of their formative vowels, as in কউ /keu/. There were also two long vowels: ৠ ṝ (দীঘ ৠ dirgh'rri, long rri) and ৡ ḹ (দীঘ ৡ dirgh'lli), which were removed from the inventory during the Vidyasagara scenario reform due to the peculiarity of Sanskrit. The table below shows vowels present in the modern (since the late nineteenth century) inventory of the Bengal alphabet: Bengali vowels (রবণ sb'r'b'rn) (short) দীঘ (long) র (vowel phoneme) কার র (vowel phoneme) র কার <2> <1> ক (Guttural) অ y/ɔ/a) - আ a/a/b' ◌া তালব (Palatal) ই i/i/ি◌ ঈ q/ee/i/◌ী ও (Labial) উ u///////////u/◌ু ঊ z/◌ূ মূধন (Retroflex) ঋ z/ri/ri/◌ৃ ৠ ṝ/rri ◌ৄ দ (Dental) ঌ ḷ/li/li/li/◌ৢ ৡ ḹ/lli ◌ৣ যুর (complex vowels) কতালব (Palatoguttural) এ e//e-ɛ/'c' ◌ ঐ oi/oi/ ◌ কৌ (Labioguttural) ও o/o'ʊ/d' ◌া ঔ ou/ou/◌ৗ agree ক (CH) along with the diacritic form of vowels অ আ, ই, ঈ, উ, ঊ, ঋ, এ, ঐ, ও and ঔ. Notes - The natural pronunciation of graphema অ, whether in its independent (visible) form or in its inherent (invisible) form in consonants, is /ɔ/. its pronunciation changes to /o/ in the following contexts: অ is in the first syllable and there is ই /i/ or উ/u/ in the following syllable, as in অিত years Eti many /ɔt̪i/, বলিছ b'lchhi (I) speaking /ˈboltʃhi/if অ is an integral vow in the word-original consonant cluster, ending in rafela r e ending /r/, as in থম pratch first /prɔt̪hɔm/if the next consonant cluster contains j'fela j' ending, as in অন others /onːo/, জন for / dʒɔnːɔ/ /a/, represented by the letter of আ, phonetically implemented by most speakers as almost open central ɐ. Although the open front of the unsplayed vowel /ɛ/ is one of the seven main vowel sounds in the standard Bengali language, the script did not single the voice character, although এ is used. /ʊ/ is the original pronunciation of vowels ও, although secondary pronunciation /o/ is included in the Bengali phonology of Sanskrit influence. In modern Bengali, both ancient and accepted pronunciations ও can be heard in conversation. Example: The word নাংরা (meaning foul) is pronounced as /nʊŋra/ and /noŋra/ (romanticized as nungra and negro), both. Consonant consonants in Bengali বনবণ pine letter. The names of the letters are usually just consonant sound plus the inherent vowel অ. Since the inherent vowel is supposed rather than written, the names of most letters look identical to the letter itself (the name of the letter ঘ in itself is gay, not gh). Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in modern Bengali are called more complex names. For example, because the phoneme consonant is written as a ন, ণ letters are not simply called n'; instead, they are called দ ন (toothy n) and মূধন ণ murdh'ny n (retroflex it). What was once pronounced and written as a retroflex nasal ণ (ɳ) is now pronounced as alveolar (unless associated with another retroflex consonant, such as ট, ঠ, ড and ঢ), although spelling does not reflect change. Although still called Murdh'ny when they are taught, retroflex consonants do not exist in Bengali and instead confront their postalveolar and alveolar equivalents. The voiceless neuro-alveolar sybilant phonem /ʃ/ can be written as শ, (তালব শ tal'by, palatal sh), ষ (মূধন ষ murdh'ny, retroflex sh), or স (দ স d'nty's, s voiceless alveolar fricative), depending on the word. Voiced palace-alveolar affrikatic phoneme /dʒ/ can be written in two ways, as য (অঃ য yo) or জ (বগীয় Burgie yo). In many varieties of Bengali, z, dz are no different from this phoneme, but the speakers that distinguish them can use the letters য and জ contrast. Since nasal ঞ /ẽɔ/ and ঙ nge /ŋɔ/ can not occur at the beginning of the word in Bengali, their names are not respectively th and ngo, but উঙ ung' (pronounced by some as উম um or অ ũô) and ইঞ i' (pronounced by some as নীয় niy or ইঙ ing respectively). Similarly, since the য় yo/e̯ ɔ/ half-war can't happen at the beginning of the Bengali word (unlike Sanskrit and other foreign languages, Bengali words cannot begin with any semi- voice phoneme), its name is not nt, but অঃ অ ante. There is a difference in pronunciation ড় (ড-এ শূন ড় -e shuny' , I (as) with zero (the figure is used by analogy with the ring below diacritic as bengali equivalent Devanagari nuqta, that is again similar to underin installation) and ঢ় yo (ঢ-এ শূন ঢ় hui-e shunyo with র rh (sometimes called ব-এ শূন র b'e shuny for distinguishing purposes) - similar to other inordical languages. but less in the dialects of the eastern side of the Padma River. ড় and ঢ় were entered into the inventory during the Vidyasagara Reform, To indicate a retroflex flap in the pronunciation of ড and ঢ in the middle or end of the word. as র in modern Bengali. Bengali consonants (বনবণ bænjônbôrnô) শ( Stop) অনুনািসক(Nasal) অঃ(Approximant) ঊ(Fricative) বগীয় বণ (Generic sounds) Voicing → অেঘাষ (Voiceless) ঘাষ (Voiced) অেঘাষ (Voiceless) ঘাষ (Voiced) Aspiration → অাণ (Unaspirated) মহাাণ (Aspirated) অাণ (Unaspirated) মহাাণ (Aspirated) অাণ (Unaspirated) মহাাণ (Aspirated) ক(Guttural)[a] ক kô/kɔ/ খ khô/khɔ/ গ gô/gɔ/ ঘ ghô/ɡɦɔ/ ঙ ngô/ŋɔ/ হ hô/ɦɔ~hɔ/[b] তালব(Palatal)[c] চ chô/sô/tʃɔ~tsɔ~sɔ/ ছ chhô/ssô/tʃhɔ~tshɔ~sɔ/ জ ǰô/dʒɔ~dzɔ~zɔ/ ঝ ǰhô/dʒɦɔ~dzɦɔ/ ঞ ñô/nɔ~ẽɔ/[d] য jô/dʒɔ~dzɔ~zɔ/[e] শ shô/ʃɔ~ɕɔ~sɔ/[f] মূধন (Retroflex)[g] ট ṭô/ʈɔ/ ঠ ṭhô/ʈhɔ/ ড ḍô/ɖɔ/ ঢ ḍhô/ɖɦɔ/ ণ ṇô/nɔ~ɳɔ/[h] র rô/rɔ/[i] ষ দ(Dental) ত tô/t̪ɔ/ থ thô/t̪hɔ/ দ dô/d̪ ɔ/ ধ dhô/d̪ ɦɔ/ ন nô/nɔ/ ল lô/lɔ/ স sô/shô/sɔ~ɕɔ~ʃɔ[f] ও(Labial) প pô/pɔ/ ফ phô/fô/phɔ~ɸɔ~fɔ/[j] ব bô/bɔ/ ভ bhô/bɦɔ~β/ ম mô/mɔ/ ব βô/bɔ/ Post-reform letters ড় ṛô/ɽɔ/ ঢ় ṛhô/ɽɦɔ~ɽ/ য় yô/e̯ ɔ~jɔ/ Notes ^ Though in modern Bengali the letters ক, খ, গ, ঘ, ঙ are actually velar consonants and the letter হ is actually a glottal consonant, texts still use the Sanskrit name ক (guttural). When used at the beginning or end of a word হ pronounced headless /hɔ/, but when used in the middle, it sounds like /ɦɔ/. Palace letters phonetically represent palace-alveolar sounds, but in eastern dialects they are mostly depalalalized or depalatalized and stunned. The original sound for ঞ was /ɲɔ/, but in modern Bengali it represents /ẽɔ/, and in consonant conditions is pronounced /nɔ / just as ন. - Sanskrit য presented voiced non-mobile aproximanth /j/. In Bengali, he developed two alophons: the voiced taste-alveolar dʒɔ/ just as জ when used at the beginning of the word and the palace acroximante in other cases. In reforming the script, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar presented a য় representing /e̯ ɔ/to indicate the palace approximation in the pronunciation of the য in the middle or end of the word. In modern Bengali, য is an /dʒɔ/ open-middle front without rounded vowels /ɛ/as diacritic j'fela. It falls into the voiced alveolar sybilant dzɔ/ in eastern dialects, and is also used to represent the voiced alveolar sybilant /zɔ/ for Persian-Arab credit words. a b c Bengali has three letters for sybilants: শ, ষ, স. In modern Bengali, the most common sybilant ranges from /ʃ-ɕ/ - originally presented শ, but today স and ষ are often pronounced as /ɕ-ʃ/. Another sybilant in Bengali, originally presented স, but today, শ and ষ, in words, can sometimes be pronounced as /s/. Another, now extinct, sybilant was /ʂ/, originally presented ষ. ষ is mostly pronounced as /ɕ-ʃ/, but in combination with aric alveolar consonants, the sound ʂ/sometimes can be found. Modern text often uses the name দমূলীয় (alveolar) or পামূলীয় (postalveolar) to describe letters previously described as retroflex more accurately. it's the original sound for ণ was /ɳɔ/, but in modern Bengali it's almost always pronounced /nɔ/ just like ন; Except in the situation with other retroflex letters, sometimes you can find the original sound ণ for them. - The phone is either pronounced as a voiced alveolar trill, voiced by an alveolar flap (ɾ) or Alveolar ɹ. Most speakers pronounce /r/ as a flap ɾ, although the trill can occur word-originally; with a flap (ɾ occurs medially and finally. /r/ is usually implemented as approximation (ɹ) in some eastern dialects. Although the ফ is an aspirated form of headless bilabia stop /phɔ/ it is pronounced either by a headless labial friction /ɸɔ/ (in oriental dialects) or by a headless labiodenal frictional /fɔ/ in ordinary speech. Conjunctiva Conjunctiva Main article: Bengal consonant clusters Consonant Ligatures ndr () : ন (n) in green, দ (d) in blue and র (r) in maroon. Clusters of up to four consonants can be orally represented in a type of ligature called consonant (Bengali: যুার/যুবণ juktakkh'r/jukt'b'rn or more specifically যুবন). Typically, the first consonant in the situation is shown above and/or to the left of the following consonants. Many consonants appear in abbreviated or concise form when they serve as part of the situation. Others simply take exceptional forms in the environment, with no resemblance to the basic character. Often consonants are not actually pronounced, as implied by the pronunciation of individual components. For example, adding ল to the শ in Bengali creates a conjuncture that is not pronounced, but is slang in Bengali. Many conjunctures represent Sanskrit sounds that were lost centuries before modern Bengali ever spoke as . It is a combination of জ ǰô and ঞ but is not pronounced as ǰñô or jn. Instead, it is pronounced gg' in modern Bengali. Thus, since the conjunctures often represent (combinations) of sounds that cannot be easily understood from the components, the following descriptions relate only to the construction of the conjuncture, not the resulting pronunciation. (Some graphems may appear in a form that is not rejected in the form due to the font used) Fused forms Some consonants merge so that one stroke of the first consonant also serves as a blow to the next. Consonants can be placed on top of each other by dividing their vertical line: kk ' gn' gl' nn' pn' pp' etc. As the last member of the situation, ব b' can hang on a vertical line under previous consonants, taking the form of ব b' (includes বফলা of the befaal): gb' ''b' db lb' shb. Consonants can also be placed side by side, dividing their vertical line: dd' nd' bd' bǰô p' shch' etc. approximate forms Some consonants closer together just to indicate that they are in the situation together. Consonants can be placed side by side, appearing unalted: dg' dgh' . As the last member of the conjunct, ব b' may appear immediately to the right of the previous consonants, taking the form of ব b' (includes বফলা b'fel): arbe bb' hb. Condensed forms Some consonants are compressed (and often simplified) when appearing as the first member of the situation. As the first member of the consonant ঙ ngo চ cha ড and ব bz are often compressed and placed in the top left of the following consonants, with small changes or in basic form: ngk ngh nggo ngme chho thno ঢ ব barbecues. As the first member of the situation, ত tz is compressed and placed above the following consonants, almost unchanged in the basic form: the so-called tm tb. As the first member of the market, the ম is compressed and simplified to a curved shape. It's located above or left at the top of the following consonant: mn' mp' mf' mb' mbh' mm' ml. As the first member of the situation, ষ and simplified to an oval shape with a diagonal impact through it. It is located on the upper left of the following consonants: Ka Ima. As the first member of the market, the স the sa is compressed and simplified to the shape of the tape. It's located above or left at the top of the following consonants: sco sa a st snee sfo sb sm sl. Shortened forms Some consonants are reduced when appearing in the market and lose part of their basic form. As the first member of the conjuc, জ ǰô can lose his final down stroke: ǰǰô ǰñô jb. As the first member of the market, the company ঞ may lose its bottom half: he he ñǰô ñǰhô. As the last member of the situation, he ঞ lose his left half (part of the এ): ǰñô. As the first member of the situation, ণ and প P e can lose them down stroke: and ps. As the first member of the market, ত tz and ভ b.e. may lose their last ascending tail: tt t tre bro. As a last member of the situation, থ may lose its final upstroke by taking the form of হ instead: nth' sth' থ mth' as the last member of the situation, ম m' may lose its initial down-move: km gm ngm' ম tm dme nme mm schme As the last member of the situation, he স could lose his upper half: X. As the last member of the ট, ড and ঢ, Chha may lose his mother: and . As a last member of the market ড can change its form: Version of the form Some consonants have forms that are used regularly, but only within the context of the situation. As the first member of the situation, ঙ can appear as a loop and a curl: ngko ngge. As the last member of the conjuncture, curled up the top of the ধ dho is replaced right down the right, taking the form of ঝ ǰhô instead: gdhae ddh' ndh' bdh. As the first member of the situation, the র r' appears as a diagonal move (called রফ ref) over the following member: ক rk' খ rkh' গ rg' ঘ, etc. As the last member of the conjunk, র appears as a wavy horizontal line (called রফলা r'fela) under the previous member: of the grore of the , etc রফলা. : ǰrô zre chro zre mr' sr. In some fonts, some conditions with r'fela রফলা appear using an abbreviated form of the previous consonants: the cru three bro. As the last member of the conjunct, য j' looks like a wavy vertical line (called যফলা j'fela) to the right of the previous member: ক ky খ khy গ gy ঘ ghy, etc. In some fonts, some j'fel যফলা come with special fused shapes: দ dy ন ny শ shy ষ y স sy হ hy. Exceptions followed by র r' or ত t, ক ke takes the same shape as ত t' with the addition of a curl on the right: kr, kt. When an abbreviated form of ঞ precedes it, চ cha takes the form of ব b': ch' When preceded by another ট, ট comes down to the left curl: z. When it is preceded by ষ, ণ appears as two loops to the right: I. As the first member of the situation, or when at the end of the word, and then there are no vowels, ত ts can appear as : স ts প tp' ক tk When preceded by a হ, ন appears as a curl on the right: hn. Some combinations should be remembered: 2 strom. Some compounds when working as a vowel sign, উ u, ঊ u, and ঋ ri take various exceptional forms. উ u following গ g' or শ, it takes on the version form reminding the final tail of the ও o: gu shu. Following the ত, which is already part of the situation with প p, ন n' or স s, it merges with ত resembling ও o: ntu stu ptu. Following র r, and in many fonts also following the রফলা version of the r'fela, it appears as an ascending curl to the right of the previous consonants, as opposed to the downward loop below: ru gru tru thru dru dhru bru . When হ, it appears as an additional curl: hu. ঊ u following র, and in many fonts also following the r'fela রফলা option, it appears as a downstroke to the right of the preceding consonant below: r' gr' thr' dr' dhr' bhr' shr. ঋ ri following হ h', it takes the form of a U ঊ version: hri. The three consonants also exist, and follow the same rules as above: স sa and ত i.e. র th str, ম m. প. th র rz, mpra, জ ǰô জ ǰô ব b. th ǰǰbô, ks - ম m. . Theoretically, it is also possible to create four-cononance conjunctivas, as in র pH and স sa, ট and র rz rs're, but they are not in native words. Diacritics and other symbols These are mostly Brahmi-Sanskrit diacritics, telephones and punctuation present in languages with Sanskrit influence or brahmi-derived scripts. সংেশাধক বণ s'ngshodh'k b'rn Symbol/Graphemes Title Function Romanization IPAtranscription 'nc 1 খ তkhôndô t' Special character. The final uninsocful dental (t̪) t /t̪/◌ং-nc 2 অনুারônushshar Diacritic. Final nasal velar (ŋ) ng /ŋ/◌ঃ- nc 2 িবসগbishôrgô Diacritic.1. Doubles the next consonant sound without a vowel (spelling function) in দুঃখ dukkh, to খ he was repeated to খ kh'2. h sound at the end, examples: এঃ yes!, উঃ uh!3. Silent in spelling, অঃনগর means Inter-City4. Also used as an acronym, িকঃিমঃ, for the word িকেলািমটার kilometer (similar to km in English), another example can be ডাঃ for d'kt'r dredd ch/c/ ◌ঁ চিবু hyundrabindu diakrit. Nationalization vowel / / ◌্ হসhôshôntô Diacritic. Suppresses the inherent vowel (ɔ) - ঽ অবহôbôgrôhô character or sign. Used to extend vowelsExample1: নঽঽঽ shun, which means listennnn... (listen), this is where the default inherited vowel sound in the ন n' extended. Example2: িকঽঽঽ? kiiii? what does Whatttt mean...? (What?), this is where the vowel sound I am, which is attached with a consonant ক ke extended. - ◌্য যফলাjôfôla Diacrit. Used with two types of pronunciation in modern Bengali depending on the location of the consonants it is used with within the syllable Example 1 - When consonant it is used with a syllable-initial, it acts as a vowel /ɛ/: তাগ is pronounced /t̪ɛg/Example 2 - When consonant it is used with a syllable-final, it doubles the consonant: মুখ is pronounced /mukhːɔ/Remarkable, used in translitetering English words with /ɛ/sounding vowels, for example, াক black, and sometimes as diacritic to refer to non-Bengali vowels of different kinds in transliterant foreign words, for example. schmish, listed j'fela, French u, and German umlaut - as উ◌্য uy, German umlaut - as ও◌্য oy or এ ey' / y /ɛ/ or /ː/◌্র রফলাrôfôla Diacritic. Pronounced after consonant phonemes. r /r/ ক রফref/reph Diacritic. Pronounced pre-zen phoneme. r /r/ ◌্ব বফলাbôfôla Diacritic. Used in spelling only if they were taken with Sanskrit and has two different pronunciations depending on the location of the consonants it is used with Example 1 - when the consonant it is used with a syllable-original, It is silent: াধীন is pronounced /ʃad̪ ɦin/ instead /ʃbad̪ ɦin/Example 2 - When the consonant it is used with the syllable-final, it doubles the consonant: িবান is pronounced /bid̪ ːan/ and িব is pronounced /biʃːɔ/However, some Sanskrit sandi (phonetic fusions) such as ঋেদ, িদিজয়, উেগ উৃ is pronounced /rigbed̪ /, /d̪ igbidʒɔe̯ /, /ud̪ beg/, /ud̪ brittɔ/ respectively, when used with a consonant হ defies phonological rules: আান and িজা correctly pronounced /aobɦan/ and /dʒiobɦa/ instead of /aɦban/ and /dʒiɦba/, respectively. Also used in the transliteration of Islam-related Arabic wordsNote: Not all copies of the ব bh used as the last member of the conjunct are befala, for example, in the words অর Imbar, লা l'mba, িতত tibb't, balb, etc. - /ː/৺ ঈারishshar Sign. Represents the name of the deity, and is written before the name of the deceased person - ঀ আী/িসিরanji /siddhir'stu Sign. Used at the beginning of texts as a call - - Notes No. (Munde t.) always used syllable-finally and always pronounced as /t̪/. It's mostly possible to find in credit words from Sanskrit, such as ভিবষ bh'bishy't future, সতিজ s'tty'jit (correct name) etc. It's also found in some onomatopoeic words (e.g. থপা t'pat sound something heavy that fell, মড়া m'rat sound something breaking, etc.), as the first member of some conjuncts (e.g. স ts, প TPO, ক tko, etc.), as well as in some foreign credit words (e.g. নািস Nazi নািস, জজু ু সু jujutsu jujutsu, সুনািম tsunami tsunamis, etc.) that contain the same conductivants. This is an inconsistency of overproduction, as the sound /t̪/ is realized both ত . This creates confusion among inexperienced Bengali writers. There is no easy way to tell which character should be used. Typically, the contexts used should be obscured, as they are less frequent. In native Bengali words, the syllable-final ত t./t̪ɔ/ is pronounced /t̪/, as in নাতিন /nat̪ni/grandfather, করাত /kɔrat̪/saw, etc. - b ◌ঃ -h and ◌ং -ng are also often used as abbreviation signs in Bengali, with ◌ং -ng is used when the next sound after the acronym will be nasal sound, and ◌ঃ - h otherwise. For example, ডঃ deh means ডর doctor and নং means নর number. Some acronyms have no markings at all, ঢািব in Dabi ঢাকা িবিবদালয় Bishbubidialya . Full stop can also be used when writing English letters as initials such as ই.ইউ. i.iu EU. Numbers and numbers Main article: Bengali figures Bengal scenario has ten numerical numbers (graphems or symbols indicating numbers from 0 to 9). Bengal figures do not have a horizontal head impact মাা the matrix. Bengal figures Hindu-Arabic figures 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bengali figures ০ ১ ২ ৩ ৪ ৫ ৬ ৭ ৮ ৯ Figures more than 9 written in Bengali using a positional baseline 10 numerical system (decimal system). A period or dot is used to refer to a decimal separator that separates the integral and fractional parts of the decimal number. When writing large numbers with lots of numbers, commas are used as delimiters for group numbers, pointing to a thousand (হাজার hazers), a hundred thousand or lakh (লাখ lakh or ল l'kkh), and millions or hundreds of lakhs or crore (কািট koti) units. In other words, to the left of the decimal separator, the first grouping consists of three digits, and subsequent factions always consist of two digits. For example, the English number 17 557 345 will be written in traditional Bengali in ১ ৭৫ ৫৭ ৩৪৫. Punctuation marks Bengali punctuation, except for দািড় Dari (। ), the Bengali equivalent of a full stop, have been taken from Western scripts and their use is similar: commas, commas, colon, quotes, etc. are the same as in English. Capital letters are not available in the Bengali scenario, so the correct names are not marked. The apostrophe, known in Bengali as ঊকমা urdhb'k'ma upper comma, is sometimes used to distinguish the homographers, both in পাটা pata bar and পাʼটা pa'ta leg. Sometimes the hyphen is used for the same purpose (as পা-টা, an alternative to পাʼটা). Characteristics of the Bengali text Sample the handwritten Bengali letter. Part of a poem written by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in 1926 in Hungary. The Bengal text is written and read horizontally, from left to right. Consonant graphems and the full shape of vowels graphem fit into an imaginary rectangle of uniform size (uniform width and height). The size of the combined conjunctiva, regardless of its complexity, is intentionally maintained in the same way as that of one consonant graph, so that the diacritic forms of vowels can be attached to it without any distortion. In typical Bengali text, retoographical words, words as they are written, can be seen as separated from each other even by interval. Graphemes in the word are also evenly intervals, but this distance is much more than the distance between words. Unlike Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.), for which the letter forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter forms instead hang from the visible horizontal left-right head impact, called the মাা mattress. The presence and absence of this matrix can be important. For example, the letter ত t and the ৩ 3 number differ only in the presence or absence of a matrix, as is the case between the consonant cluster tre and the independent vowel এ e. The letter forms also use concepts of letter-width and letter-height (vertical space between the visible matra and the invisible base). Graphema Percentage আ 11.32 এ 8.96 র 7.01 অ 6.63 ব 4.44 ক 4.15 ল 4.14 ত 3.83 ম 2.78 According to Bengali linguist Munya Chowdhury, there are about nine graphs, which are the most common in Bengali texts, shown with its percentage appearing in the next table. This section does not provide any sources. Please help improve this section by adding quotes reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and removed. (December 2018) (Learn how and when to delete this template message) In a scenario, consonant clusters are presented in different and sometimes rather irregular forms; thus, learning to read is complicated by the sheer size of the full set of letters and letter combinations, numbering about 350. Although efforts to standardize the alphabet for the Bengali language continue at well-known centres such as the Bangla Academy in Dhaka (Bangladesh) and the Peshchimbo Bangla Academy in (West Bengal, India), it is still not entirely homogeneous, as many people continue to use different archaic forms of letters, resulting in simultaneous forms for the same sounds. Among the various regional variations in this scenario, only Assam and Bengali variations exist today in the formalized system. Novelization Main article: The Romanization of the Bengali Romanization of Bengali is a representation of the Bengali language in Latin. There are various ways to romanticize Bengali systems created in recent years but do not represent a true Bengali phonetic sound. Although different standards of Romanization have been proposed for the Bengali language, they have not been adopted with the degree of uniformity observed in languages such as Japanese or Sanskrit. (nb 2) The Bengal alphabet was often included in a group of brahmic scripts for romanization, in which the true phonetic value of Bengali is never represented. Some of them are the Sanskrit International Transliteration Alphabet or the IAST System (Transliteration of Indian Languages or ITRANS (uses the upper-body alphabets suitable for ASCII keyboards), and the expansion of IAST, intended for non-Sanskrit languages of the Indian region under the name national library সম মানুষ াধীনভােব সমান মযা দা এবং অিধকার িনেয় জহণ কের। ধারা ১ in Kolcutta. তঁ ােদর িবেবক এবং বুি আেছ; সুতরাং সকেলরই এেক অপেরর িত াতৃ সুলভ মেনাভাব িনেয় আচরণ করা উিচত। Bengali language in the phonetic romanization of Dhara Sq: Omos manush zadhinbhabe soman Morjada zong ojikar niye jongrohokhon kore. Tader Bibek Obong Buddhi ake; Surang Sokoleri Oke Ostorer proti bratrittoshulugh mono̊ bhab niye ahoron bark hoe. Bengali in IPA d̪ ɦara ɛk ʃɔmost̪o manuʃ ʃad̪ ɦinbɦabe ʃɔman mɔrdʒad̪ a eboŋ od̪ ɦikar nie̯ e dʒɔnmoɡrohon kɔre. t̪ãd̪ er eboŋ budd̪ ɦːi atʃhe; sut̪oraŋ sɔkoleri ɛke ɔporer prot̪i monobɦab nie̯ e atʃoron kɔra utʃit̪. Gloss paragraph 1: All human free manner in equal dignity and right, taken by birth to take do. Their intelligence and intellect exist; therefore each-indeed one another to the brotherhood-ly attitude of the accepted behavior does. Article 1 translation: All people are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. They must therefore act towards each other in a spirit of brotherhood. Unicode's main article: The Bengali script was added to the Unicode standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0. Unicode Unit for Bengali is U'0980-U-09FF: Bengal 1'2'Official Unicode Consortium Code Chart (PDF) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B D D E F U-098x ঀ ◌ঁ ◌ং ◌ঃ অ আ ই ঈ উ ঊ ঋ ঌ এ'099x ঐ ও ঔ ক খ গ ঘ ঙ চ ছ জ ঝ ঞ ট U-09Ax ঠ ড ঢ ণ ত থ দ ধ ন প ফ ব ভ ম য U-09Bx র ল শ ষ স হ ◌় ঽ ◌া ি◌ U-09Cx ◌ী ◌ু ◌ূ ◌ৃ ◌ৄ ◌ ◌ ◌া ◌ৗ ◌্ U-09Dx ◌ৗ ড় ঢ় য় U-09Ex ৠ ৡ ◌ৢ ◌ৣ ০ ১ ২ ৩ ৪ ৫ ৬ ৭ ৮ ৯ U-09Fx ৰ ৱ ৲ ৳ ৴ ৵ ৶ ৷ ৸ ৹ ৺ ৻ Notes 1. Point See also Bengali Braille Robert B. Rey movable type for Bengali (1778) Bengal phonology Notes - Various Bengali linguists give a different number of Bengali diphthongs in their works depending on the methodology, for example, 25 (Chatterjee 1939: 40), 31 (Hai 1964), 45 (Ashraf and Ashraf 1966: 49), 28 (Kostic and Das 1972:6-7) and 17 (Sarkar 1987). There is debate in Japanese about whether to focus on certain differences, such as Tohoku v. Tohoku. Sanskrit is well standardized because saying the community is relatively small and sound changes are not a big problem. Links to Ancient Scenarios. Archive from the original on November 16, 2010. Received on March 20, 2007. Daniels, Peter T. (2008). Writing systems of basic and secondary languages. in Kahra, Bri b.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S.N. (d.e.). Languages in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. 285-308. ISBN 978-0-521-78141-1. (Gaudi), in turn, spawned modern oriental scenarios, namely Bengali-Assamian, Oria and Maitili, which became clearly differentiated in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. (Salomon 1998:41) - - George Cardona and Danes Jain (2003), Indo-Era, Rutledge, ISBN 978-0415772945 - Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010). Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard) (PDF). In the journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40. page 222. doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071. Mazumdar, Bijaichandra (2000). History of the Bengali Language (Repr. d. Ausg.) Kolkata, 1920. a.d.). New Delhi: Asian educational services. page 57. ISBN 8120614526. however, it is to it is noted that the cerebral letters are not so much cerebral as dental letters in our speech. If we closely observe our pronunciation of class letters ট, we will see that we articulate ট and ড, for example, almost like English T and D without raising the tip of the tongue much from the area of the teeth. - The phonemes of Bengali. 36. Charles A. Ferguson and Munier Chowdhury. 22-59. Received on September 18, 2020. Khan (2010), page 223-224. Sm Chowdhury 1963 - Exploring the international alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration. Sanskrit 3 - Learning transliteration. Gabriel Pradipaca and Andres Mooney. Archive from the original on February 12, 2007. Received on November 20, 2006. ITRANS is a package of Transliteration of the Indian language. Avinash Chopde. Received on November 20, 2006. Appendix-F: Roman Writing Transliteration (PDF). Indian Standard: Indian script code for information sharing - ISCII. Bureau of Indian Standards. April 1, 1999. page 32. Received on November 20, 2006. Ashraf's bibliography, Syedi Ali; Ashraf, Asia (1966), Bengal diphthongs, in Dil A.S. (e.g.), Shahidullah Presentation Tom, Lahore: Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan, p. 47-52 Chatterjee, Suniti Kumar (1939), Vas-prakas Bangala Vjakaran (Bengali Grammar), Kolkata: University of Calcutta Chowdhury, Munier (1963), Shahitto, Schoenkhatto o Bhashatotto (literature, statistics and linguistics), Kalkula Potrik Academy, Dhaka, 6 (4): 65-76 Das, Rhea S. (1972), A Brief Description of Bengali Phonetics, Kolkata: Statistical Publishing Company Hai, Muhammad Abdul (1964), Dhvani Vijnan O Bangla Dhvani-tattwa (Phonetics and Bengali phonology), Dhaka: Bangla Academy Jones, William (1801), Ortography of Asian Words in Roman Letters (PDF), Asiatick Research, Kolkata: Asiatick Society Permanent Dead (1998). Indian epigraphy: A guide to the study of inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrite and other Indo-Aryan languages. New York: Oxford University Press. Sarkar, Paguitra (1987), Bangla Diserodhony (Bengali Diphthongs), Bhasha, Kolkata, 4-5: 10-12 Received from english to bengali alphabet converter. how to write english alphabets in bengali. english to bengali meaning alphabet. english to bengali alphabet pdf

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