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The Journal of American Science ISSN 1545-1003 Volume 5 - Number 2, March 20, 2009

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The Journal of American Science ISSN 1545-1003 Volume 5 - Number 2, March 20, 2009 The Journal of American Science ISSN 1545-1003 Volume 5 - Number 2, March 20, 2009 © 2009 Marsland Press, the United States Journal of American Science ISSN 1545-1003 Journal of American Science The Journal of American Science is an international journal with a purpose to enhance our natural and scientific knowledge dissemination in the world under the free publication principle. Any valuable paper that describes natural phenomena and existence or any report that conveys scientific research and pursuit are welcome, including both natural and social sciences. Papers submitted could be reviews, objective descriptions, research reports, opinions/debates, news, letters, and other types of writings that are nature and science related. The journal is calling for papers and seeking co-operators and editors as well. Editor-in-Chief: Hongbao Ma Associate Editors-in-Chief: Shen Cherng, Jingjing Z Edmondson, Qiang Fu, Yongsheng Ma Editors: George Chen, Mark Hansen, Mary Herbert, Deng-Nan Horng, Wayne Jiang, Mark Lindley, Margaret D. Ma, Mike Ma, Da Ouyang, Xiaofeng Ren, Ajaya Kumar Sahoo, Shufang Shi, Tracy X Qiao, Pankaj Sah, George Warren, Qing Xia, Yonggang Xie, Lijian Yang, Jenny Young, Tina Zhang, Ruanbao Zhou, Yi Zhu Web Design: Jenny Young Introductions to Authors 1. General Information Reference Examples: (1) Goals: As an international journal published both in print and on Journal Article: Hacker J, Hentschel U, Dobrindt U. Prokaryotic internet, the Journal of American Science is dedicated to the chromosomes and disease. Science 2003;301(34):790-3. dissemination of fundamental knowledge in all areas of nature and Book: Berkowitz BA, Katzung BG. Basic and clinical evaluation of science. The main purpose of the Journal of American Science is to new drugs. In: Katzung BG, ed. Basic and clinical pharmacology. enhance our knowledge spreading in the world under the free Appleton & Lance Publisher. Norwalk, Connecticut, USA. 1995:60-9. publication principle. It publishes full-length papers (original (10) Submission Address: [email protected], Marsland Press, contributions), reviews, rapid communications, and any debates and P.O. Box 21126, Lansing, Michigan 48909, The United States, 517- opinions in all the fields of nature and science. 349-2362. (2) What to Do: The Journal of American Science provides a place (11) Reviewers: Authors are encouraged to suggest 2-8 competent for discussion of scientific news, research, theory, philosophy, reviewers with their name and email. profession and technology - that will drive scientific progress. Research reports and regular manuscripts that contain new and 2. Manuscript Preparation significant information of general interest are welcome. Each manuscript is suggested to include the following components but (3) Who: All people are welcome to submit manuscripts in any fields authors can do their own ways: of nature and science. (1) Title page: including the complete article title; each author’s full (4) Distributions: Web version of the journal is freely opened to the name; institution(s) with which each author is affiliated, with city, world, without any payment or registration. The journal will be state/province, zip code, and country; and the name, complete mailing distributed to the selected libraries and institutions for free. For the address, telephone number, facsimile number (if available), and e-mail subscription of other readers please contact with: address for all correspondence. [email protected] or [email protected] or (2) Abstract: including Background, Materials and Methods, Results, [email protected] and Discussions. (3) Key Words. (5) Advertisements: The price will be calculated as US$400/page, i.e. (4) Introduction. US$200/a half page, US$100/a quarter page, etc. Any size of the (5) Materials and Methods. advertisement is welcome. (6) Results. (7) Discussions. 2. Manuscripts Submission (8) Acknowledgments. (1) Submission Methods: Electronic submission through email is (9) Correspondence to. encouraged and hard copies plus an IBM formatted computer diskette (10) Submission date would also be accepted. (11) References. (2) Software: The Microsoft Word file will be preferred. (3) Font: Normal, Times New Roman, 10 pt, single space. Journal Address: (4) Indent: Type 4 spaces in the beginning of each new paragraph. Marsland Press (5) Manuscript: Don’t use “Footnote” or “Header and Footer”. 2158 Butternut Drive (6) Cover Page: Put detail information of authors and a short title in Okemos, MI 48864 the cover page. The United States (7) Title: Use Title Case in the title and subtitles, e.g. “Debt and Telephone: (517) 349-2362 Agency Costs”. E-mail: [email protected]; (8) Figures and Tables: Use full word of figure and table, e.g. [email protected]; “Figure 1. Annul Income of Different Groups”, Table 1. Annual [email protected] Increase of Investment”. Websites: http://www.americanscience.org; (9) References: Cite references by “last name, year”, e.g. “(Smith, http://www.sciencepub.org 2003)”. References should include all the authors’ last names and initials, title, journal, year, volume, issue, and pages etc. © 2009 Marsland Press http://www.americanscience.org; http://www.sciencepub.org i [email protected] Journal of American Science Volume 5 - Number 2, March 20, 2009, ISSN 1545-1003 Contents 1. Using the Sound Recognition Techniques to Reduce the Electricity Consumption in Highways Khalid T. Al-Sarayreh, Rafa E. Al-Qutaish, Basil M. Al-Kasasbeh 1-12 2. Measurement of refractive index of liquids using fiber optic displacement sensors Gobi Govindan, Srinivasan Gokul Raj, Dillibabu Sastikumar 13-17 3. Temporal Object-Oriented System (TOS) for Modeling Biological Data Abad Shah, Syed Ahsan, Ali Jaffer 18-28 4. Experimental Study on the Dynamic Behaviors of the Material for Clay core wall sand dams Shangjie Xu, Faning Dang, Wei Tian, Mo Cheng 29-35 5. Implementation of Improved Steganographic Technique for 24-bit Bitmap Images in Communication Mamta Juneja, Parvinder Sandhu 36-42 6. An assessment and evaluation of the ecological security in a human inhabited protected area at Korup, south western Cameroon: Linking satellite, ecological and human socioeconomic indicators Innocent Ndoh Mbue, Jiwen Ge, Samake Mamadou 43-53 7. Spatial Patterns of Abundance and Diversity of Socioeconomic Important Plant Species in a Human Inhabited Protected Area at Korup, Cameroon Innocent Ndoh Mbue, Jiwen Ge, K. D. D. Liyanage Wasantha , Y. Nowel Njamnsi 54-68 8. Analog forest’s contribution to biodiversity conservation; a biodiversity assessment of an analog forest on a private property in south-western wet zone of Sri Lanka Wasantha K.D.D. Liyanage, Saman N. Gamage, Lai Xulong, Julia Ellis Burnet 69-82 9. Estimation for Groundwater Balance Based on Recharge and Discharge: a Tool for Sustainable Groundwater Management, Zhongmu County Alluvial Plain Aquifer, Henan Province, China Y. Nowel Njamnsi, Innocent Ndoh Mbue 83-90 10. Primary Phytochemical Analysis Of Kappaphycus Sp. p. Rajasulochana, R. Dhamotharan, P. Krishnamoorthy 91-96 11. Vegetation coverage influence on rainfall-runoff relation based on wavelet analysis Jinchi Zhang, Jiang Jiang, Daoping Liu, Donald L. DeAngelis 97-104 © 2009 Marsland Press, the United States, [email protected] Marsland Press Journal of American Science 2009:5(2) 1-12 Using the Sound Recognition Techniques to Reduce the Electricity Consumption in Highways 1 Khalid T. Al-Sarayreh, 2 Rafa E. Al-Qutaish, 3 Basil M. Al-Kasasbeh 1 School of Higher Technology (ÉTS), University of Québec, Montréal, Québec H3C 1K3, Canada 2 Faculty of IT, Alzaytoonah University of Jordan, Airport Street, PO Box: 130, Amman 11733, Jordan 3 Faculty of IT, Applied Science University, PO Box: 926296, Amman 11931, Jordan Abstract: The lighting is available for the highways to avoid accidents and to make the driving safe and easy, but turning the lights on all the nights will consume a lot of energy which it might be used in another important issues. This paper aims at using the sound recognition techniques in order to turn the lights on only when there are cars on the highway and only for some period of time. In more details, Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) method and feature extraction will be used to apply the sound recognition. Furthermore, the Vector Quantization (VQ) will be used to map the sounds into groups in order to compare the tested sounds. [Journal of American Science 2009:5(2) 1-12] ( ISSN: 1545-1003) Key word: Linear Predictive Analysis; Sound Recognition; Speaker Verification; Electricity Consumption 1. Introduction 2. An Overview of the Related Techniques Conserving Energy is one of the most 2.1 Voice Recognition important issues in many countries since they have Voice recognition consists of two major tasks, limited resources of fuel to depend on, and they that is, Feature Extraction and Pattern Recognition. may be import all their need of energy from other Feature extraction attempts to discover countries. Therefore many conferences have been characteristics of the sound signal, while pattern held urge the people to conduct the consumption of recognition refers to the matching of features in energy. This paper will introduce a system to such a way as to determine, within probabilistic control the lighting of lamps in highways. The limits, whether two sets of features are from the system will turn the lights on only if there is a car same or different domain [Rabiner and Juang, in the highway for a pre-defined period of time, and 1993]. In general, speaker recognition can be will keep the lights off for any other sound. subdivided into speaker identification, and speaker Conserving energy of highways lights system verification. Speaker verification will be used in could be used to reduce the power invoice by this paper to recognize the sound of cars. controlling the lights of lamps in the highways and will save a lot of energy. The algorithms that define 2.2 Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) the Conserving Energy of Street Lights system use Linear predictive coding (LPC) is defined as a the Database which consists of 250 sounds of cars digital method for encoding an analogue signal in and a lot of sounds from other domains.
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