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L a James Lovelock LA JAMES LOVELOCK VENGANZA DÉLA TIERRA LA TEORÍA DE GAIA Y EL FUTURO DE LA HUMANIDAD JAMES LOVELOCK LA VENGANZA DE LA TIERRA Por qué la Tierra está rebelándose y cómo podemos todavía salvar a la humanidad Traducción de Mar García Puig Planeta Índice Obra editada en colaboración con Editorial Planeta - España Lista de ilustraciones 9 Agradecimientos 11 Título original: The Revenge ofGaia: Why the Earth is Fighting Prólogo de sir Crispin Tickell 13 Back and How We Can Still Save Humanity 1. EL ESTADO DE LA TIERRA 17 Fotografía del autor: © James Lovelock 2. ¿QUÉ ES GAIA? 37 © 2006, James Lovelock 3. LA HISTORIA DE LA VIDA DE GAIA 69 © 2007, Mar García Puig, por la traducción © 2007, Editorial Planeta, S.A. - Barcelona, España 4. PARTE METEOROLÓGICO PARA EL SIGLO XXI 81 Editorial Planeta Mexicana, S.A. de C.V. 5. FUENTES DE ENERGÍA 105 Avenida Presidente Masarik núm. 111, 2o. Piso 6. PRODUCTOS QUÍMICOS, COMIDA Y MATERIAS PRIMAS Colonia Chapultepec Morales C.P. 11570 México, D.F. 7. TECNOLOGÍA PARA UNA RETIRADA SOSTENIBLE 8. UNA VISIÓN PERSONAL DEL ECOLOGISMO 197 Primera edición impresa en España: febrero de 2007 ISBN: 978-84-08-07028-3 9. DESPUÉS DEL FIN DE TRAYECTO 211 Primera edición impresa en México: abril de 2007 ISBN-13: 978-970-37-0245-9 Glosario 229 ISBN-10:970-37-0245-7 Lecturas recomendadas 237 ISBN: 978-0-713-99914-3 edición original índice onomástico y de materias 243 Ninguna parte de esta publicación, incluido el diseño de la portada, puede ser reproducida, almacenada o transmitida en manera alguna ni por ningún medio, sin permiso previo del editor. Impreso en los talleres de Litográfica Ingramex, S.A. de C.V. Centeno núm. 162, colonia Granjas Esmeralda, México, D.F. Impreso en México l'rinwd in México www i'ditoii;ilnl;uicl;i.com.mx Dedico este libro a Sandy, mi amada esposa Lista de ilustraciones Los créditos fotográficos se dan entre paréntesis 1. Los glaciares se derriten en Groenlandia (Roger Braithwaite/ Still Pictures). 2. Desembocadura de un glaciar en Harding Icefields, Alaska (copyright © Ashley Cooper/Picimpact/Corbis). 3. Quema de rastrojos en Dumai, Indonesia (Beawiharta Beawiharta/REUTERS). 4. Deforestación en el Amazonas, Brasil (Antonio Scorza/ AFP/Files). 5. Campiña inglesa antes de la irrupción de la agroindustria (Corbis). 6. Agricultura intensiva (© Bill Stormont/Corbis). 7. Consumo de energía y urbanización vistas desde el espacio (NASA/Handout). 8. Algas en los océanos (imagen cedida por Orbiniage y el proyecto WiFS de la NASA). 9. Escasez de vegetación en la Tierra (NASA/Corbis). • 10. La superficie de Marte (AFP/NASA/JPL/Cornell). 11. Tierras devastadas por la minería (Jim Winkley, Ecos- cere/Corbis). 12. Par Pond, instalaciones nucleares del río Savannah, Esta­ dos Unidos (David E. Scott). Agradecimientos He tenido la suerte de contar con amigos que leyeron este libro y me hicieron útiles y valiosos comentarios mientras lo escribía. Por ello, estoy sinceramente agradecido a Richard Betts, David Clemmow, Peter Cox, John Dyson, John Gray, Stephan Har- ding, Peter y Jane Horton, Tim Lentón, Peter Liss, Chris Rapley, John Ritch, Elaine Steel, sir Crispin Tickell, David Ward y Dave Wilkinson. Vaya también mi agradecimiento a GALA, asocia­ ción benéfica registrada, número 327903, vvrww.daisyworld.org, por su apoyo durante la escritura de este libro y a la que irán des­ tinados todos los beneficios en concepto de derechos de autor. Prólogo ¿Quién es Gaia? ¿Qué es? El «Qué» es la delgada capa esférica de tierra y agua que existe entre el interior incandescente de la Tie­ rra y la atmósfera superior que la rodea. El «Quién» es el tejido interactivo de organismos vivos que la ha habitado durante más de cuatro mil millones de años. La combinación de ese «Qué» y ese «Quién» y el modo en que uno afecta continuamente al otro, es lo que se ha bautizado con el apropiado nombre de «Gaia». Como dice James Lovelock, Gaia es una metáfora de la Tierra viví. La diosa griega de la cual procede puede sentirse orgullosa del nuevo sentido que ha adquirido su nombre. La noción de que, metafóricamente hablando, la Tierra está viva existía ya en la Antigüedad. Era habitual que dioses y diosas peisoniñearan ciertos elementos de la naturaleza, desde el cielo hasta un manantial, y esa idea de la Tierra como un organismo vivo aparecía con regularidad en la filosofía griega. Mucho des­ pués, Leonardo da Vinci interpretó el cuerpo humano como un microcosmos de la Tierra y la Tierra como el macrocosmos del cuerpo humano. El no sabía, cosa que nosotros sí sabemos ahora, que el cuerpo humano es a su vez un macrocosmos de los mi­ núsculos elementos de la vida —bacterias, parásitos y virus— que a menudo están en guerra unos con otros y que en conjun­ to superan en número alas células de nuestro cuerpo. Giordano 14 LA VENGANZA DE LA TIERRA PRÚLOGO 15 Bruno ardió en la hoguera hace sólo cuatrocientos años por de­ Lynn Margulis), sino más bien que los humanos le estamos in­ fender que la Tierra estaba viva y que quizá otros planetas tam­ fligiendo un daño cada vez mayor. De todos modos, Gaia cam­ bién lo estuvieran. El geólogo James Hutton describió en 1785 bia, y puede que sea menos fuerte hoy que en el pasado. El calor la Tierra como un sistema que se autorregulaba. T. H. Huxley del sol aumenta continuamente y al final pondrá en peligro la manifestó en 1877 un punto de vista similar. Por su parte, Vla- autorregulación de la que depende la vida. Al contemplar el eco­ dimir Ivanovich Vernadsky afirmó que la biosfera funcionaba sistema global como un todo, el crecimiento de la población hu­ como una fuerza geológica creadora de un desequilibrio dinámico mana, la degradación de la Tierra, el agotamiento de los recur­ que a su vez impulsa la diversidad de la vida. sos, la acumulación de desechos, la polución de todo tipo, los Pero fue James Lovelock quien, en 1972, unió todos los ca­ cambios climáticos, los abusos de la tecnología y la destrucción bos en su hipótesis Gaia, que perfecciona y amplía en el presen­ de la biodiversidad en todas su formas, constituyen una amena­ te libro. Echando la vista atrás, resulta extraño que, cuando hace za sin par para el bienestar de los humanos, una amenaza a la que un cuarto de siglo se hizo pública en su formulación actual, la generaciones anteriores no hubieron de enfrentarse. Como Lo­ idea fuera rechazada tajantemente por los partidarios de la cien­ velock ha escrito en alguna otra ocasión: cia convencional. Cuando se reflexiona de manera innovadora sobre algo conocido suele suscitarse una oposición emocional Hemos crecido en número hasta el punto de que nuestra pre­ que va más allá de los argumentos racionales: sucedió con la idea sencia afecta al planeta como si fuéramos una enfermedad. de evolución por selección natural en el siglo xix, con la tectóni­ Igual que en las enfermedades humanas, hay cuatro posibles re­ ca de placas en el siglo xx y, más recientemente, con Gaia. Al sultados: destrucción de los organismos invasores que causan la principio, se apuntaron a la idea algunos alocados seguidores de enfermedad; infección crónica; destrucción del huésped; o sim­ la New Age mientras que otros tantos científicos razonables se biosis, es decir, el establecimiento de una relación perdurable apartaron de ella. Ahora vuelven a acercarse. Este cambio de ac­ mutuamente beneficiosa entre el huésped y el invasor. titud queda resumido en la declaración que en 2001 sirvió de co­ lofón a la conferencia de científicos pertenecientes a los cuatro La cuestión radica en cómo conseguir esa simbiosis. Hoy es­ grandes programas internacionales de investigación global: tamos muy lejos de lograrla. Lovelock examina con erudición los /problemas más importantes, la mayoría consecuencia de la revo­ La Tierra funciona como un sistema único y autorregulado, for­ lución industrial. Hace especial hincapié en el uso de combusti­ mado por componentes físicos, químicos, biológicos y huma­ bles fósiles y de productos químicos sintéticos, en las explotacio­ nos. Las interacciones y flujos de información entre las partes nes agrícolas y en el porcentaje de la superficie del planeta que que lo componen son complejos y exhiben gran variabilidad en los humanos utilizamos. Continúa sugiriéndonos cómo podría­ sus múltiples escalas temporales y espaciales. mos —al fin— empezar a poner remedio. El sentido común dice que reconocer un problema es el primer paso para solucionarlo. Y eso es precisamente Gaia. El segundo es comprender el problema y sacar las conclusiones El mensaje primordial de este libro no es tanto que la propia correctas. El tercero, hacer algo al respecto. Hoy estamos en al­ Gaia esté amenazada (es «una tía muy dura», en palabras de gún punto entre el primer y el segundo paso. l6 LA VENGANZA DE LA TIERRA Aplicado a los problemas de la sociedad actual, el concepto CAPITULO 1 de Gaia puede extenderse al actual debate sobre valores: cómo El estado de la Tierra contemplamos y juzgamos el mundo que nos rodea y, sobre todo, cómo nos comportamos. Esto se aplica especialmente al campo de la economía, donde las fantasías de moda sobre la supremacía de las fuerzas del mercado están profundamente incrustadas, y muchas veces se ignora que el gobierno tiene la responsabilidad de proteger el interés general. Pocas veces calcu­ ¡Guías ciegos, que coláis el mosquito y lamos los costes correctamente y de ahí el caos al que han lleva­ os tragáis el camello! do las actuales políticas de energía y de transporte, y también Biblia de Jerusalén, Mateo 23, 24 nuestro fracaso a la hora de evaluar el impacto que tendrá en nuestras vidas el cambio climático.
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