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Thesis 1Sttwopgs UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Benthic foraminifera as paleoceanographic proxies : core-top element/calcium ratios and stable isotope data Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9sf149p7 Authors Harper, Dustin T. Harper, Dustin T. Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Benthic Foraminifera as Paleoceanographic Proxies: Core-Top Element/Calcium Ratios and Stable Isotope Data A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Earth Sciences by Dustin T. Harper Committee in charge: Professor Miriam Kastner, Chair Professor Christopher Charles Professor Neal Driscoll Professor Harry Elderfield 2012 Copyright Dustin T. Harper, 2012 All rights reserved. The Thesis of Dustin T. Harper is approved and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page…………………………………………………………………….. iii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………. iv List of Symbols…………………………………………………………………… vi List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….. vii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………... xi Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………. xii Abstract…………………………………………………………………………... xiii 1. Introduction……….…………………………………………………………… 1 1.1 Thesis Objective……………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Geological Background of Sites……………………………………… 2 1.2.1 Northeastern Atlantic Sites…………………………………. 2 1.2.2 Globally Distributed Sites…………………………………... 3 1.3 Tracers………………………………………………………………… 5 1.3.1 Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes………………………... 5 1.3.2 U/Ca………………………………………………………… 6 1.3.3 Mn/Ca………………………………………………………. 7 1.3.4 Mg/Ca………………………………………………………. 9 1.3.5 B/Ca………………………………………………………… 10 2. Methodology……….……….…………………………………………………. 11 2.1 Sampling……………………………………………………………… 11 2.2 Analytical Techniques………………………………………………... 12 2.3 Analytical Instrumentation…………………………………………… 13 2.3.1 Vista ICP-OES……………………………………………… 13 2.3.2 Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer…………………………….. 14 3. Results………….……………………………………………………………… 16 3.1 Globally Distributed Cores……………………………….................... 16 3.1.1 Stable Isotope Analysis…..………………………………… 16 3.1.2 Trace Element Analysis….…………………………………. 20 3.2 Northeastern Atlantic Cores…..……………………………………… 25 3.2.1 Stable Isotope Analysis…………………………………….. 25 3.2.2 Trace Element Analysis…..………………………………… 32 4. Discussion……….……..……………………………………………………… 34 4.1 Globally Distributed Cores…………………………………………… 34 iv 4.1.1 δ13C Offsets……………….…..……………………………. 43 4.2 Northeastern Atlantic Cores…….……………………………………. 48 5. Conclusion……………...……………………………………………………... 56 5.1 Globally Distributed Samples…..……………………………………. 56 5.2 CD113A Sites…..……………………………………………………. 57 5.3 Further Research………………………………………………………. 58 Appendix……….………………………………………………………………… 59 References………………………………………………………………………… 66 v LIST OF SYMBOLS 13 12 RC-spl: C/ C ratio of the sample. 13 12 RC-std: C/ C ratio of the standard (Pee Dee Belemnite, or PDB). 18 16 RO-spl: O/ O ratio of the sample. 18 16 RO-std: O/ O ratio of the standard (Standard Mean Ocean Water, or SMOW). 13 δ C: [(RC-spl- RC-std) / (RC-std)] * 1000‰ 18 δ O: [(RO-spl- RO-std) / (RO-std)] * 1000‰ BWT: Bottom Water Temperature, given in °Celsius. 2− Δ[CO3 ]: Difference between actual site bottom water carbonate ion concentration and the calculated carbonate ion concentration if the bottom water was saturated with regard to calcite. € vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Map showing all 19 site locations that were sampled. Red indicates inability to utilize sample at that core site due to lack of species richness or test abundance...........3 Figure 1.2. Organic carbon weight percent with depth in the core top for CD113A sites A and B (site C is not included in this study) from Thomson et al., 2000…………………..3 Figure 1.3. U6+ Concentrations in pore waters at seven different locations from Morford et al., 2005. U6+ becomes reduced to U4+ with depth. Sites with black data points (on the left) are from more reducing environments (oxygen penetration depth is less than 1 cm)………………………………………………………………………………………..7 Figure 1.4. A schematic of element concentration profiles in sediments from Emerson and Hedges, 2008, modified from Froelich et al., 1979………………………………….8 Figure 1.5. Plot of Fe2+ and Mn2+ concentration profiles in sediments at seven different locations from Morford et al., 2005, showing site-to-site variability in remobilization of manganese………………………………………………………………………………..9 Figure 3.1 Average δ13C of 11 benthic species from CD113A site A, arranged according to inferred relative calcification depth exhibiting clear grouping of species sharing similar microenvironments………………………………………………………………………17 Figure 3.2. δ13C differences between epifaunal C. wuellerstorfi and infaunal Oridorsalis spp. on y-axis, plotted vs. measured bottom water temperatures on x-axis at each site. R2 value for linear fit is 0.73……………….………………………………………………..18 Figure 3.3. δ13C differences between epifaunal C. wuellerstorfi and infaunal Oridorsalis spp. on y-axis, plotted vs. pH (total scale) on x-axis at each site. R2 value for linear fit is 0.67……………………………………………………………………………………….19 Figure 3.4. δ13C differences between epifaunal C. wuellerstorfi and infaunal Oridorsalis spp. on y-axis plotted vs. pH (total scale) on x-axis at each site. R2 value for linear fit is 0.39, showing a small degree of correlation………………………………….………….19 Figure 3.5. Stable oxygen isotope ratios plotted against bottom water temperature for C. wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis spp.……………………………….………………………20 2− Figure 3.6. B/Ca for C. wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis spp. plotted against Δ[CO3 ]….22 Figure 3.7. B/Ca for C. wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis spp. plotted against pH (total scale)….…………………………………………………………………………………23 € vii Figure 3.8. Mg/Ca for C. wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis spp. plotted against core site temperature. Exponential trend line for C. wuellerstorfi has R2 value of 0.85………… 23 Figure 3.9. δ13C differences between epifaunal C. wuellerstorfi and infaunal Oridorsalis spp. on y-axis plotted vs. U/Ca concentration ratios for C. wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis spp., a potential redox proxy. Stronger correlations in Oridorsalis spp. compared to C. wuellerstorfi, with R2 values of 0.32 and 0.22, respectively……….………………...…24 Figure 3.10. δ13C differences between epifaunal C. wuellerstorfi and infaunal Oridorsalis spp. on y-axis plotted vs. Mn/Ca concentration ratios for C. wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis spp., a potential redox proxy. Stronger correlations in Oridorsalis spp. compared to C. wuellerstorfi, with R2 values of 0.28 and 0.18, respectively.…………………………...24 Figure 3.11. δ13C plotted against δ18O of all measured species at CD113A site A…......26 Figure 3.12. δ13C plotted against δ18O of all measured species at CD113A site B…......26 Figure 3.13. δ13C for C. mundulus, C. wuellerstorfi, C. lobatulus, and C. bradyi plotted against sample depth in the core top at CD113A Site A. Modeled pore water curve (Equation 3.5) shown in blue with measured specimen values in red.……………….....28 Figure 3.14. δ13C for C. robertsonianus, M. pompilioides, Uvigerina spp., and M. barleeanum plotted against sample depth in the core top at CD113A Site A. Modeled pore water curve (Equation 3.5) shown in blue with measured specimen values in red.…....………………………………………………………………………………….29 Figure 3.15. δ13C for O. umbonata and G. soldanii plotted against sample depth in the core top at CD113A Site A. Modeled pore water curve (Equation 3.5) shown in blue with measured specimen values in red.………………………………………………………. 30 Figure 3.16. δ13C for C. bradyi and C. mundulus plotted against sample depth in the core top at CD113A Site B. Modeled pore water curve (Equation 3.6) shown in blue with measured specimen values in red.…..……………………………………………………30 Figure 3.17. δ13C for G. soldanii M. barleeanum and Uvigerina spp. plotted against sample depth in the core top at CD113A Site B. Modeled pore water curve (Equation 3.6) shown in blue with measured specimen values in red.…………………………………..31 Figure 3.18. Individual specimen δ18O plotted against U/Ca values for all species at CD113A site A………………………………………………………………………….32 Figure 3.19. Individual specimen δ18O plotted against U/Ca values for all species at CD113A site B……………………………………………………………………….…33 viii Figure 4.1. B/Ca in C. wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis spp. as a function of bottom water 2− Δ[CO3 ] with associated linear fit trend lines. Carbonate ion concentrations were estimated from the GLODAP database (Key et al., 2004)…….………………….….…37 Figure 4.2. B/Ca in C. wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis spp. as a function of bottom water € pH with associated linear fit trend lines. Total scale pH was estimated from the GLODAP (Key et al., 2004) database for each site.…..………………………………………….…38 Figure 4.3. Bottom water carbonate ion concentration plotted against B/Ca of four different benthic species from modern sediments taken from Yu and Elderfield, 2007 with the associated trend line equations for each species…….……………………..…..39 Figure 4.4. U/Ca in C. wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis spp. as a function of bottom water 2− Δ[CO3 ] with associated linear fit trend lines. Carbonate ion concentration was estimated from the GLODAP database (Key et al., 2004) for each site.……………………….….40 Figure 4.5. U/Ca in C. wuellerstorfi and Oridorsalis spp. as a function of bottom water € pH with associated linear fit trend lines. Total pH was estimated
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