Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere Edited by Earl E
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Cambridge University Press 0521819296 - Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere Edited by Earl E. Davis and Harry Elderfield Frontmatter More information HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE A comprehensive and up-to-date review of the subject of the nature, causes, and conse- quences of fluid flow in oceanic crust, this edited volume sets in context much recent research for the first time. The book begins with a concise review of the relatively brief history of its subject which began shortly after the dawning of plate-tectonic theory little more than 30 years ago. It then describes the nature and important consequences of fluid flow in the sub-seafloor, ending with a summary of how the oceans are affected by the surprisingly rapid exchange of water between the crust and the water column overhead. The accompanying CD-ROM includes a full and easily navigated set of diagrams and captions, references, and photos of research vessels, submersibles, and tools used in marine hydrologic studies. A valuable resource for graduate students and researchers of Earth Sciences and Oceanography. Earl E. Davis is a senior research scientist at the Pacific Geoscience Centre, Geological Survey of Canada. Harry Elderfield is Professor of Ocean Geochemistry and Palaeochemistry in the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521819296 - Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere Edited by Earl E. Davis and Harry Elderfield Frontmatter More information HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE Edited by EARL E. DAVIS AND HARRY ELDERFIELD © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521819296 - Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere Edited by Earl E. Davis and Harry Elderfield Frontmatter More information published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarc´on13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Cambridge University Press 2004 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Firstpublished 2004 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Times 10/13 pt. System LATEX2ε [tb] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Hydrogeology of the ocean lithosphere / edited by Earl E. Davis and Harry Elderfield. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0 521 81929 6 (HB) 1. Hydrogeology. 2. Ocean bottom. 3. Earth – Crust. I. Davis, Earl E., 1947– II. Elderfield, Harry, 1943– GB1005 H93 2004 551.468 – dc22 2004040410 ISBN 0 521 81929 6 hardback The publisher has used its best endeavors to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate. © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521819296 - Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere Edited by Earl E. Davis and Harry Elderfield Frontmatter More information Contents List of contributors page vii Preface xi Acknowledgments xvii List of symbols and terms xix Part I Background 1 Variability of heat flux through the seafloor: discovery of hydrothermal circulation in the oceanic crust 3 John G. Sclater 2 Foundations of research into heat, fluid, and chemical fluxes in oceanic crust 28 Harry Elderfield, Keir Becker, and Earl E. Davis Part II Hydrologic structure, properties, and state of the oceanic crust 3 Variability of ocean crustal structure created along the global mid-ocean ridge 59 Suzanne M. Carbotte and Daniel S. Scheirer 4 Fracturing and fluid flow in the oceanic crust: insights from borehole imaging and other downhole measurements 108 David Goldberg, Gerardo J. Iturrino, and Keir Becker 5 Hydrothermal aging of oceanic crust: inferences from seismic refraction and borehole studies 128 Ingo Grevemeyer and Anne Bartetzko 6 Sediment permeability, distribution, and influence on fluxes in oceanic basement151 Glenn A. Spinelli, Emily R. Giambalvo, and Andrew T. Fisher 7 In situ determinations of the permeability of the igneous oceanic crust 189 Keir Becker and Earl E. Davis 8 Observations of temperature and pressure: constraints on ocean crustal hydrologic state, properties, and flow 225 Earl E. Davis and Keir Becker v © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521819296 - Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere Edited by Earl E. Davis and Harry Elderfield Frontmatter More information vi Contents 9 Hydrothermal insights from the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus 272 Joe Cann and Kathryn Gillis Part III Heat and fluid fluxes 10 Deep-seated oceanic heat flow, heat deficits, and hydrothermal circulation 311 Robert N. Harris and David S. Chapman 11 Rates of flow and patterns of fluid circulation 337 Andrew T. Fisher 12 Applying fundamental principles and mathematical models to understand processes and estimate parameters 376 Kelin Wang 13 Geothermal evidence for continuing hydrothermal circulation in older (>60 M.y.) ocean crust414 Richard P. Von Herzen Part IV Geochemical state and water–rock reactions 14 Alteration and mass transport in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems: controls on the chemical and isotopic evolution of high-temperature crustal fluids 451 W. E. Seyfried, Jr. and Wayne C. Shanks, III 15 Alteration of the upper oceanic crust: mineralogy, chemistry, and processes 495 JeffreyC.Alt 16 Ridge flank sediment–fluid interactions 534 Miriam Kastner and Mark D. Rudnicki 17 Microbial reactions in marine sediments 572 Jon P. Telling, Edward R. C. Hornibrook, and R. John Parkes 18 Microbial mediation of oceanic crust alteration 606 Hubert Staudigel and Harald Furnes Part V Geochemical fluxes 19 Geochemical fluxes through mid-ocean ridge flanks 627 C. Geoffrey Wheat and Michael J. Mottl 20 Insight into the hydrogeology and alteration of oceanic lithosphere based on subduction zones and arc volcanism 659 Simon M. Peacock 21 Hydrothermal fluxes in a global context 677 Mike Bickle and Harry Elderfield Index 691 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521819296 - Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere Edited by Earl E. Davis and Harry Elderfield Frontmatter More information Contributors Jeffrey Alt Suzanne Carbotte Department of Geological Sciences Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory 2534 C.C. Little Building 61 Route 9W The University of Michigan Palisades, NY 10964 Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1063 USA USA Dave Chapman Anne Bartetzko Department of Geology and Geophysics Applied Geophysics University of Utah RWTH Aachen 135 S 1460 E Lochnerstr. 4-20, SaltLake City, UT 84112-0111 52056 Aachen USA Germany Earl Davis Keir Becker Pacific Geoscience Centre Rosenstiel School of Marine and Geological Survey of Canada Atmospheric Science 9860 W. Saanich Rd University of Miami Sidney, BC V8L 4B2 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Canada Miami, FL 33149-1098 USA Harry Elderfield Mike Bickle Department of Earth Sciences Department of Earth Sciences University of Cambridge University of Cambridge Downing Street Downing Street Cambridge, CB2 3EQ Cambridge, CB2 3EQ UK UK Andrew Fisher Joe Cann Earth Sciences Department School of Earth Sciences Earth and Marine Sciences Building University of Leeds University of California at Santa Cruz Leeds, LS2 9JT Santa Cruz, CA 95064 UK USA vii © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521819296 - Hydrogeology of the Oceanic Lithosphere Edited by Earl E. Davis and Harry Elderfield Frontmatter More information viii List of contributors Harald Furnes Edward Hornibrook Institutt for geovitenskap Department of Earth Sciences Realfagbygget, Allegt. 41 University of Bristol 5007 Bergen Queens Rd Norway Bristol, BS8 IRJ UK Emily Giambalvo Sandia National Laboratories, Gerardo Iturrino MS-1395 Borehole Research Group 4100 National Parks Highway Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Carlsbad, NM 88220 Columbia University USA Route 9W Palisades, New York 10964-8000 Kathy Gillis USA School of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Victoria Miriam Kastner PO Box 3055 Geological Research Division Victoria, BC V8W 3P6 Scripps Institution of Oceanography Canada University of California at San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. David Goldberg La Jolla, CA 92093-0212 Borehole Research Group USA Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University Mike Mottl Route 9W Department of Oceanography Palisades, New York 10964-8000 SOEST USA 1000 Pope Rd University of Hawaii Ingo Grevemeyer Honolulu, HI 96822 GEOMAR Research Centre USA Wischhofstraße 1–3 24148 Kiel and R. John Parkes Department of Earth Sciences School of Earth, Ocean, and Planetary University of Bremen Sciences Klagenfurter Straße University of Cardiff 28359 Bremen Park Place Germany Cardiff, CF10 3YE UK Rob Harris Department of Geology and Simon Peacock Geophysics Department of Geological Sciences University of Utah Box 871404 135 S 1460 E Arizona State University SaltLake City, UT 84112-0111 Tempe,