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Blue Economy Threats, Contradictions and Resistances Seen from South Africa

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Blue Economy Threats, Contradictions and Resistances Seen from South Africa Blue Economy threats, contradictions and resistances seen from South Africa Patrick Bond1 University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Abstract South Africa hosts Africa's most advanced form of the new Blue Economy, named Operation Phakisa: Oceans. In 2014, the McKinsey-designed project was formally launched by now-disgraced President Jacob Zuma with vibrant state and corporate fanfare. Financially, its most important elements were anticipated to come from corporations promoting shipping investments and port infrastructure, a new generation of offshore oil and gas extraction projects and seabed mining. However, these already conflict with underlying capitalist crisis tendencies associated with overaccumulation (overcapacity), globalization and financialization, as they played out through uneven development, commodity price volatility and excessive extraction of resources. Together this metabolic intensification of capital-nature relations can be witnessed when South Africa recently faced the Blue Economy's ecological contradictions: celebrating a massive offshore gas discovery at the same time as awareness rises about extreme coastal weather events, ocean warming and acidification (with profound threats to fast-bleaching coral reefs), sea-level rise, debilitating drought in Africa's main seaside tourist city (Cape Town), and plastic infestation of water bodies, the shoreline and vulnerable marine life. Critics of the capitalist ocean have demanded a greater state commitment to Marine Protected Areas, support for sustainable subsistence fishing and eco-tourism. But they are losing, and so more powerful resistance is needed, focusing on shifting towards post-fossil energy and transport infrastructure, agriculture and spatial planning. Given how climate change has become devastating to vulnerable coastlines – such as central Mozambique's, victim of two of the Southern Hemisphere's most intense cyclones in March-April 2019 – it is essential to better link ocean defence mechanisms to climate activism: global youth Climate Strikes and the direct action approach adopted by the likes of Dakota Access Pipe Line resistance in the US, Extinction Rebellion in Britain, and Ende Gelände in Germany. Today, as the limits to capital's crisis-displacement tactics are becoming more evident, it is the interplay of these top-down and bottom-up processes that will shape the future Blue Economy narrative, giving it either renewed legitimacy, or the kind of illegitimacy already experienced in so much South African resource- centric capitalism. Keywords: Blue Economy, capitalist crisis, Oceans Phakisa, resistance, South Africa Résumé L'Afrique du Sud abrite la forme la plus avancée de la nouvelle économie bleue, baptisée «Opération Phakisa: Océans». En 2014, le projet conçu par McKinsey a été officiellement lancé par le président aujourd'hui déshérité, Jacob Zuma, avec un fanfare de la part de l'État et des entreprises. Sur le plan financier, les éléments les plus importants devraient provenir d'industries promouvant les investissements maritimes et les infrastructures portuaires, une nouvelle génération de projets d'extraction de pétrole et de gaz en mer et l'exploitation minière des fonds marins. Cependant, ceux-ci entrent déjà en conflit avec les tendances sous- jacentes de la crise capitaliste associées à la suraccumulation (surcapacité), à la mondialisation et à la financiarisation, en raison d'un développement inégal, de la volatilité des prix des produits de base et d'une extraction excessive des ressources. L'ensemble de cette intensification métabolique des relations entre la nature et le capital est manifeste lorsque l'Afrique du Sud a récemment fait face aux contradictions écologiques de l'économie bleue: célébrer la découverte massive de gaz offshore tout en sensibilisant l'opinion publique 1 Patrick Bond, Distinguished Professor of Political Economy, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Email: patrick.bond "at" wits.ac.za. Thankyou to the JPE Special Section editors and reviewers. This is the first article in John Childs and Christina Hicks (eds.). 2019. "Political ecologies of the blue economy in Africa", Special Section of the Journal of Political Ecology 26: 323-465. Bond The Blue Economy as seen from South Africa aux phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes sur les côtes, au réchauffement des océans et à l'acidification conduisant à blanchiment des récifs coralliens, élévation du niveau de la mer, sécheresse débilitante dans la principale ville touristique balnéaire d'Afrique (Cape Town) et infestation plastique des plans d'eau, du littoral et de la vie marine vulnérable. Les critiques de l'océan capitaliste ont réclamé un plus grand engagement de la part de l'État en faveur des aires marines protégées, un soutien à la pêche de subsistance durable et à l'écotourisme. Mais ils sont en train de perdre et une résistance plus puissante est donc nécessaire, en se concentrant sur le passage aux infrastructures d'énergie et de transport post-fossiles, à l'agriculture et à l'aménagement du territoire. Le changement climatique est devenu dévastateur pour les côtes vulnérables - comme le centre du Mozambique, victime de deux des cyclones les plus intenses de l'hémisphère sud en mars- avril 2019 - il est donc essentiel de mieux relier les mécanismes de défense des océans à l'activisme climatique: L'approche d'action directe adoptée par des groupes comme Dakota Access Pipe Line, aux États-Unis, Extinction Rebellion en Grande-Bretagne et Ende Gelände en Allemagne. Aujourd'hui, alors que les limites des tactiques de déplacement de crise des capitaux deviennent de plus en plus évidentes, c'est l'interaction de ces processus globaux et de la base qui façonnera le récit futur de l'économie bleue. Il retrouvera soit une légitimité renouvelée, soit le type d'illégitimité déjà ressenti dans un tel capitalisme centré sur les ressources en Afrique du Sud. Mots-clés: économie bleue, crise capitaliste, Océans Phakisa, résistance, Afrique du Sud Resumen Sudáfrica alberga la más avanzada forma de economía azul, llamada "Operación Phakisa: Océanos." En 2014, el proyecto diseñado por McKinsey, fue lanzado formalmente con ánimo y fanfarria estatal y corporativa por el ahora desacreditado presidente Jacob Zuma. Se adelantó que las principales contribuciones financieras provendrían de corporaciones promotoras de la inversión en transporte marítimo e infraestructura portuaria, una nueva generación de proyectos de extracción marítima de petróleo y gas, así como de explotación minera de fondos marinos. Sin embargo, esto crea conflicto con tendencias de crisis capitalistas subyacentes asociadas con sobreacumulación (sobrecapacidad), globalización, financiarización, y el papel que tuvieron en el desarrollo desigual, la volatilidad del precio de mercancías y la excesiva extracción de recursos. Al mismo tiempo, esta intensificación metabólica de las relaciones con origen en el capital, pudieron ser presenciadas recientemente cuando Sudáfrica enfrentó las contradicciones ecológicas de la economía azul: celebrando un enorme descubrimiento de gas, cuando al mismo tiempo urge la conciencia de eventos climáticos costeros extremos, calentamiento y acidificación del oceáno (con severas amenazas al rápido blanqueamiento de los arrecifes de coral), el aumento del nivel del mar, la desgastante sequía en la principal ciudad turística costera de África, así como de la infestación de plásticos en cuerpos de agua, el litoral y la vulnerable vida marina. Los críticos del océano capitalista han demandado un mayor compromiso del estado con las áreas marinas protegidas, respaldo a la pesca sustentable y al ecoturismo. Sin embargo, van perdiendo, por lo que requieren una resistencia más poderosa enfocada en energía post-fósil e infraestructura de transporte, agricultura y ordenación territorial. Dado que el cambio climático ha sido devastador en litorales vulnerables - tal como Mozambique central, víctima del tercer ciclón más intenso en el Hemisferio Sur, en marzo del 2019 -, es esencial mejorar el vínculo entre los mecanismos de defensa del océano y el activismo climático: el Golpe Climático Juvenil (Youth Climate Strikes) a nivel global, y el enfoque de acción directa adoptado por la gente de la resistencia al oleoducto de Dakota, en Estados Unidos, Rebelión contra la Extinción en la Gran Bretaña y Ende, en Alemania. Hoy, como la globalización, financiarización y la acumulación por desposesión alcanzan límites funcionales como una estrategia de la crisis del desplazamiento del capital, es en la interacción de estos procesos de arriba hacia abajo y de abajo hacia arriba, que en años que vienen la narrativa de la economía azul adquirirá forma, dando, ya sea una legitimidad renovada, o el tipo de ilegitimidad que se ha experimentado en el capitalismo africano centrado en recursos. Palabras clave: economía azul, crisis capitalista, Oceans Phakisa, resistencia, Sudáfrica 1. Introduction Although not yet fully established in the scholarly literature, the term 'Blue Economy' is becoming ubiquitous for countries with extensive coastlines. The narrative has roots in global public policy, such as the United Nations (2012) Rio+20 conference, which defined the Blue Economy as "marine-based economic development that leads to improved human wellbeing and social equity, while significantly reducing Journal of Political Ecology Vol. 26, 2019 342 Bond The Blue Economy as seen from South Africa environmental risks and ecological scarcities." Kathijotes (2013: 8) links this to
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