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José Carlos Mariátegui: Reencuentro Y Debate

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José Carlos Mariátegui: Reencuentro Y Debate José Carlos Mariátegui: Reencuentro y debate Prólogo a 7 ENSAYOS DE INTERPRETACIÓN DE LA REALIDAD PERUANA* n poco más de diez años, más de una al cual, como todos reconocen, hizo originales Eveintena de trabajos, cuya gran mayo- y perdurables contribuciones. ría corresponde a la última década, han sido ¿Qué significa eso? ¿Qué significa hoy publicados sobre el pensamiento y la acción reflexionar sobre Mariátegui? En el ámbito de José Carlos Mariátegui. A pocos años del peruano es, ante todo, el testimonio irrecu- cincuentenario de su muerte y a pocos meses sable del reencuentro, cada día más profun- del de la primera edición de sus 7 ensayos, se do, después de varias décadas, entre el mo- renueva y se amplía, nacional e internacional- vimiento revolucionario de un proletariado mente, el interés por estudiarlo, por encontrar que avanza a la conquista de su madurez po- su lugar y su significado en el desarrollo del lítica y de la dirección de las luchas de los pensamiento revolucionario contemporáneo, demás explotados peruanos, y la memoria del hombre a quien debe la contribución cen- tral al nacimiento de sus primeras organiza- * El texto “José Carlos Mariátegui: reencuentro y de- ciones sindicales y políticas nacionales, y la bate” fue escrito en 1978, a instancias de Ángel Rama, y se publicó en 1979 como “Prólogo” a la primera edi- aún fecunda matriz de una teoría y de una ción de los 7 ensayos… publicado por la Biblioteca orientación estratégica revolucionarias en la Ayacucho. La presente versión proviene de la tercera sociedad peruana. edición del mismo libro: Mariátegui, José Carlos 2007 En el plano internacional, europeo en par- 7 ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana ticular, el interés actual por Mariátegui, de al- (Caracas: Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho) Colección Clásica, N° 69. En <www.bibliotecayacucho.gob.ve/ gún modo forma parte del activo proceso de fba/index.php?id=97&backPID=96&swords=mariategu revitalización de la investigación y la reflexión i&tt_products=69>. marxista, en la brega por cancelar plenamen- 332 Aníbal Quijano - Cuestiones y Horizontes te el largo período de su aherrojamiento y an- citar sólo a los más ilustres. Hoy el pensa- quilosamiento burocrático. Por reencontrar, miento marxista no podría ser concebido también en este plano, las bases genuinas de solamente a través de la retina occidental. Y la vitalidad revolucionaria del marxismo en la ahora, cuando las luchas de clases vuelven a propia obra de sus creadores y en el rescate desarrollarse también en los propios centros de las aportaciones hechas por quienes, como del mundo capitalista, el debate marxista ac- Rosa Luxemburgo o Gramsci, fueron relega- tual en Europa o en Estados Unidos, no po- dos, durante ese período, a una discreta pe- dría prescindir de ese nuevo marco. De otro numbra mistificatoria de su herencia teórica. lado, en la crisis actual, no son solamente las En ese proceso es inevitable reconocer ahora, ilusiones burguesas, alimentadas por un largo por encima de las fronteras eurocentristas que período de esplendor capitalista, las que es- han constreñido el pensamiento marxista occi- tán declinando y perdiendo su influencia en el dental, la contribución creadora y vivificante seno de la clase obrera. Son también las in- de los revolucionarios no-europeos al desarro- fecciones ideológicas de raíz burocrática, que llo del pensamiento marxista, y en especial de pierden terreno en el marxismo, como conse- los que provienen de lo que la ideología al uso cuencia de la revitalización de las luchas de ha bautizado como Tercer Mundo. En América clases, no solamente en el orden capitalista, Latina, Mariátegui ocupa un sitial cimero. sino también en Europa del Este, de modo Desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial, las más cada vez más visible. intensas y decisivas luchas revolucionarias Y en América Latina, la historia trágica han tenido escenarios distantes de Europa. de las derrotas de los movimientos revo- Triunfantes o derrotadas, aquellas han revela- lucionarios después de Cuba, así como el do en Asia, África y América Latina, un nuevo reciente desarrollo de las luchas de clases territorio del pensamiento revolucionario, y en algunos países como Perú, Ecuador, Co- han colocado, junto a la lista de los “clásicos” lombia, principalmente, explica la paralela europeos del marxismo, los nuevos nombres intensidad de la búsqueda de nuevas bases cuyo pensamiento y acción ocupan hoy gran para la teoría y la práctica revolucionarias, parte del debate internacional: Mao, Ho Chi distintas de las que fueron resultado del do- Minh, Castro, Guevara, Amílcar Cabral, para minio de direcciones burocrático-reformis- José Carlos Mariátegui: Reencuentro y debate 333 tas sobre las luchas de los explotados de 16 de abril de 1930. Su biografía forma parte, este continente. así, de un período excepcionalmente signifi- En este camino, el reencuentro de los tra- cativo en la historia peruana, y que puede ser bajadores peruanos con el pensamiento de considerado como un auténtico puente his- Mariátegui constituye todo un signo: el ingre- tórico entre la sociedad colonial y la actual, so de las luchas de clases en el Perú, en un porque durante él tiene lugar una compleja período histórico nuevo, caracterizado, fun- combinación entre los principales elementos damentalmente, por la depuración y la pro- de la herencia colonial, apenas modificados fundización, en la misma medida, del carác- superficialmente desde mediados del siglo ter histórico de la sociedad peruana, y de la XIX, y los nuevos elementos que con la im- madurez de clase de su proletariado. Y como plantación dominante del capital monopolis- todo reencuentro, en plena lucha, es un deba- ta, de control imperialista, van produciendo te, no una canonización. una reconfiguración de las bases económi- cas, sociales y políticas, de la estructura de la sociedad peruana. La accidentada y com- El Perú de Mariátegui: 1894-1930 pleja dialéctica del desarrollo y la depura- ción de esa estructura, ha dominado desde José Carlos Mariátegui nació en Moquegua entonces la historia peruana, ha enmarcado el 14 de junio de 18941, y murió en Lima el y condicionado sus luchas sociales y políti- cas y definido los temas centrales de su de- bate. Y aunque desde la crisis de 1930 hasta 1 Mariátegui creía haber nacido en Lima y en 1895. la actual, ese proceso de depuración está en Actualmente, sin embargo, está plenamente probado lo fundamental, realizado, el peso objetivo y que nació en Moquegua, el 14 de junio de 1894. Véase de Guillermo Rouillon: Bio-bibliografía de José Carlos subjetivo de lo ocurrido durante ese período Mariátegui (Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San está aún, en muchos sentidos, presente. No Marcos, 1963); y La creación heroica de José Carlos es, por eso, un azar, que algunos de los te- Mariátegui. La edad de piedra (Lima: Arica, 1975). mas centrales del debate ideológico de ese Esta última obra contiene una abundante información momento, sean todavía vigentes en el actual, sobre los antecedentes familiares de Mariátegui y sobre su vida hasta 1919. y por lo cual el estudio de la obra de Mariá- 334 Aníbal Quijano - Cuestiones y Horizontes tegui no tenga, en modo alguno, un interés nuel Pardo, en 1878, no disponían en ese mo- solamente histórico. mento de un jefe del prestigio necesario para Cuando Mariátegui nace, transcurrida una encabezar la oposición. Debido a ello, al final década desde la derrota frente a Chile, el Perú de esa década era Nicolás de Piérola, jefe del está saliendo de los desastrosos efectos de esa Partido Demócrata, y antes representante de guerra, y en la víspera de un cambio político las capas de comerciantes y terratenientes me- que marca, en la práctica, el comienzo del nue- nores provincianos y de orientación señorialis- vo período. ta, quien surgía como vocero de la oposición, En efecto, desarticulada la economía duran- consiguiendo al final, el tácito apoyo del Par- te el conflicto, debilitado consiguientemente tido Civil, del cual había sido opositor político el poder económico y político de los núcleos antes de la guerra. de burguesía comercial y terrateniente de la La relativa reactivación de la economía, costa, en plena constitución antes de la gue- permitía a los núcleos de burguesía comercial rra, y casi desmantelado el aparato estatal y el y terrateniente de la costa volver a fortalecer orden político que, bajo la creciente dirección su poder económico y forzar su regreso a la di- de esos núcleos burgueses, estaba en desarro- rección del Estado, apoyándose en el inmenso llo, tras la derrota el país había recaído bajo descontento popular, que la rigidez autoritaria un nuevo caudillaje militar, que era ante todo y la arbitrariedad y corrupción de los regíme- la representación política de la inconexa clase nes militares venía acumulando, y que se ali- terrateniente señorial del interior, dirigido por mentaba además de un generalizado sentimien- el general Andrés A. Cáceres, el prestigioso to de frustración nacional por la derrota. jefe de la resistencia contra el invasor chileno. Eso permitió a Piérola canalizar ese descon- En tales condiciones, los debilitados nú- tento con una prédica populista y encabezar la cleos burgueses y las capas medias urbanas, sublevación triunfante de 1895, que desalojan- organizados desde antes de la guerra en el Par- do del poder al caudillaje militar y lo que éste tido Civil, principalmente, se encontraron obli- representaba, inauguró la precaria estructura gados no solamente a transar con el régimen política que duró hasta 1919,
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