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Honors Projects History Department
1961
Basic Issues of the Illinois Territory (1809-1818)
Jack F. Kinton '61 Illinois Wesleyan University
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Recommended Citation Kinton '61, Jack F., "Basic Issues of the Illinois Territory (1809-1818)" (1961). Honors Projects. 43. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/history_honproj/43
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TJll1RITORY (1809-1818)
SPECIAL COLLECTiONS F
by Jack
1961 1 Introduction
'�'WIn:ts . paper 1:1aS VJ:t"1.tten_ to n:rov::..••de :1.nS:1r;ht• as
area t S history helps explain i.tihy certain things are the vlay they are today in the area. as importmlt a1.�e the influences of OLe area 011 other areas. The influences on an area by other areas just as the area's influence on other ;u:eas are too numerous and weighty to deal 1:Jith corq;lctcly. Thus some influences of major importance must be chosen.
This i,"lh,--",t 't''las done in dealing "l::ith the Illinois
Three forces or concerns of the neople seen.ed to h.ave (Io:t",inated interest in the Illinois
Terri tory b(Ot11een 1309 8.nd 1318. They were:
Inc1iul}S, L(ll1d, a...11d Slavery. Note that they arc l)resented in the order in 1:Jhich they firs.Jc occurred to the l)eOIJle. l\lso these problems \-:ere not conf.illed ju;;'-t t8 this period.. But then agai::1 the issues must be fit into a specific period of ti;:";c to sec their influences on the times.
These issues �,'!ere chosen because they influenccci the ty�)e of people that came into the st�:..tc as �":el1 as the type of occupations tlL-<.t 1-;cre taken ups Of
the course, they of major importance basic Et ial systens of the
state. \ 2 \ l'
--".-... -j ! • !
.. -.... _--. I - , I
Cl o
...... -.. -,.�.J · " . " • • , I ' r-..·· I ..-...... L , -., _;0-,.... , �-.,..-...... ,t" "'"- 0....-1, ,.' . .' , , , " � "
I! �: �.. Lj' � .�.� .. � t"l ,. l
.,
( I • • , . • I • I t ,J.- t : � l : � �--�� I I i ---tl : ��_.,.��l.- :""-t-+----i: • .-}--�.t----t: : r--- I� I • I: • • ...__ ... ____ , I : :: ----��c..� � ---l •. J-!'_... I --J • D • I U'l . � • , , ,n : , I \C.f o , • e + " I • • • Pr �-- " I '..I _L -- - - - , - - - - ______� ·��r- 1 --· ------� ·· I;:::::�:tr-��::::�'::�t:��::�� - - t- ,r�����_ U) ---�-r- - .} ) • Q.. _ ".'. .� -\I) : . w ··· r------1 _ -1:, � : "", � : 0, ,...... ,/" , !J,J . --�...... -- i =;;.1-----1-__ � Indians 4
Of course the Indians ,,,ere the first to occupy the territory which is now the state of Illinois.
These Indians were organized in many tribes including the Peorias, Kickapoos, rH anli, PottaVlatomies, Sauk,
Fox, Winnebago, Illinois, Otta1va, and Chippei,'la.
These tribes' lives VJere simple. They had no
\vri tten language and it is 1"Jondered whether they had the ability to create one if they had been stimulated to C!O so. The men were preoccupied vIith hunting and fishing which ,las highly productive in most years. 'TI1e women took care of the family tee- pees, lean"�tos, or caves. The wome" also farmed but in an haphazard manner. Most productivity of far!ling came froE wild grain and fruit which was abundant in the area.
Family In fact, the extended
the areao Much of the farnilyfs tine VIas occupied with prep;;:.ratioE for hunting, fishing, and/ or farning. They h2d to shape their ovm tools an (1
VleapOl1S from stones and sticl:s., }luch ti:le was in- volved at the end of the clay in prep�ring food, preserving food, and preparing clothing .. J4/0/U,aP-; �M p�,� c20 /lJ-: /�) /27'��
tJ�� �' , � 12wr I� Pn.tlA.-&/ / Cf4 rr57.
7
Indian art and sculpture resulted from the need for tools and l'Jeapo.'.1s and the occupation of leisure time. These pieces that I described befocre are prehistoric art. Banner stone is the material used in their sculpture.
Banner stone is the name given to a very large class of objects which have '::ing-like projec tions 0 f many forms flanking a central section pierced vertically by an opening usually round. They are found east of a line runninG
froc; central T,.• 'xas to Minnesota but are mo st con:J;Ol1 in an area including the Great Lakes and the states just south of them. The east ern Indians' gift for sculpture is shown to no better adVaJlta,'e than by the simple abstract forn1s of their ma,,), polished stone tools, Orn8jT1ent� and vz Diff erent tribes in the micldlev:est sculptured differently. In Ohio the sculpture ViaS of men while in Minnesota it i'JaS of smolcing pipes. From 1560 to 1850 Indian art and culture changed extensively. The stUdy of this period of culture can best be started by using a map )vhich anthropologists and historians have created. Characteristics of the tribal cultures in tl1is stones, an(: berries ·\\�e:re the tools used.. Pictures 1 Douglas, Fl:ederic and D'HarI1loncQurt, Indiar; Ar t of the United States, p. 66-67 Chart ]l1I 8 Cu Itl).'re- Pv-o bable Date.- , Per-I'od M idJ Ie M, SSl'ss iff i Pre.�i.sto\"i( s AD. 1300-/7DO Late., Ta 1"\ � I·e.,,-, n heY' � ,,15 yYl ctl-e... .IIII wel'-' JtD, q 00-/300 \'1te V- e d i Hl>f� I Lewi5 130I). 'IYIe"S> Reel O"her 50o-9QO Ira VI si no,()d A, J). \ Morton IG Faulfr�e'("' ? ]3,c-A.D,500 A l'c..hG( (II) ( 9 of plan ts and animals vJerc dra1;1.Tfl on l>Jood, cloth, and even stones. Sene very beautiful designs can be four1d in the vJork of these E1i(!dle;'Jestcrn tribes as well. Womf:n did much of this type of designing in their clothes m2.ldng. Bags to carry food, b�'bies, tools, and l'leapons were created by WOPlen t oo . I.len dc'-signed tools and vveapons in a much more COlllplete Tilanner than before 1560. Other characteristics of the period ""Jere a large amount of pottery being pro(luced in the areas of LewistO"ill, Peoria, and along the middle part of the Illinois section of the Mississippi River. Vill ages and a l<1rge amou.nt of farming characterized the peri(,d between 1300-1700 A.D. The burial ;'lounds created by some central Illi:lois tribes are believed to be the result of a hard winter or Some ullknowll disease in the period betHeen 1500 and 1600. Anthropologists still at 1/lOrl;: at Lewistown were consulted by this writer in Mnrch of 1961. Although they believe disease is the cause of the large burial 111ounc1s- of the 1600 and 1700's thev have not cO'.lDletec1 ,. study don t expect to for three to five their an( t :r:ore ye;1,Xso 11 The cescription of the Indians before the stronG influence of the white men fron 1760 on is important because .i t sho\':s the mW1y changes caused in Indian life after 1760. The ::,ajor influences of the white men were the result of the ;"any l':aterials they brough with the:::. So;ae of the major material influences it/ere iron pots, rifles, beads, iron arrowheads, and metal needles for sev:ing sl':ins. Joliet and 1,12.rquette vjH2re the first v!hite men in the Illinois country. The Frcnch governor General at quebec sent them to explore the tcrritory in 1673. The result of the journey W''-S the re21iz2"tion of the o1)!lortunities that the jv:ississi])Di and Illinois � � - � rivers offered. However, "no immediate efforts at colonization or further exploration foll0l1ed the l discoveries of Joliet." Father Marquette soon returned to establish a mission 0�t Peol�iD. as he prol�lised the Indians he quet-'ce Father Allouez \)ould.. J\.fJccr t S death continued the � For the ne:;:t one hundred years the French trappr.:rs a:n{: traders rOaY!led the region. TIle results I Illinois Historical Library Series (No.9) 1904, p.449 of this period as fax as permanent settlement l"Iere few. The French had. built one stone fort, one large vil1ar�e, four sl:1tll1 villages and three or four 1tJater mills. .l1.ctual1y tlvJ'e do no know 110':,-: all these years l;Tere spent. The record is incomplete. The details are meagre for the entire period, for some YC8.:rs alnost a blank. We lenoif! enough, hot-lever to 8,ssnre us that all those days \'JCrf:: not I10lic1u;lS nor all those lives of listless ease and careless leisure. ttl Illinois Vias now an English colony part of the province of quebec, governed by George III. Under order from General Gage ••• a .royal pro- Cla'(Ylation 'i,tJ8.S re at KaSkaskia pronising religious freedom to the French (settlers) 1.'Jho t"J'ere Roman Catholics. Even with this assurance the inhabitants so dreaded English rule that fully a third of them left their 1101':,es, crossing to the Spanish 2.t St. L8L:is or going down the river to Nevi Orleans. So the nrowcomers did no more than keep the '-, population even during the British rule.'" 1ne thirteen years of British rule in Illinois are singularly eventless, especially �!hen you :ren:e1T1ber the :remarkable happenings of these years along the coast. For during this tirae J!axliament Vlas taxing the colonies vlithout giving them representation. The great debt fol1ol-d.ng the French \�!ars waS incurred, said the English, for your defense and you must h.elp pay: :::: As \'le know the colonists refused and fought for their 1 Illinois Historical Library Series (No.9) 1904, po446 2 Humphrey, Grace, Il1inois--The Story of t:- e Prairie State, Po 35 - ? Tb¥ � "'.r: oJ .... �a. po- ",c;...; 14 freedom. A! though Illinois 1'18,5 evcntless during this thirteen year perio':': it had already been actively one of the b8.sic causes leadin,;>" un to the ilmerican o , Revolution. Had there been no French and Inclians fighting in the Illinois Country the British ,,:ould not have had their finances extended. tlJ\fter 1768 due to the transference of the l:1an;-: Wilkins \>JUS forced to manage the local Indian affairs ..... \1illdns succeeded in keeping "lost of the Inclians pacified. There were, however, continual rumors of an Indian 'l,'ja:t and threatened attacks upon Fort de Chartes in 1769 and several "ihite settlers about the Post Vlere ."'11"!,.r" ;:, ..... c' Of TIl0re concern to the Br itish government lU"'�.1., ...... <.::;l..e :.e ni ",,'en they tool; over iilas lceeping the French and Spanish uncler control. In thirteen yeaxc:, the Briti to itl)Xry about the territory more than ever.. The l\merical1 Revolution s i: arted .. GeorJ7e ROl:7(;:rs Cln..rk dc.:rinf"" escD-pa(ie into the 00 t S ' Illinois Country in 1779 enabled the United States to claim the Northwest Territory as paxt of the ne:',' coun"trye Cla:rlcts force 1/78..3 only 177 men but surprise 1 Illinois Historical Libr�.ry Series (No.26) 1919 p.195 15 enabled the brave ltmcric:u1 band to capture K;-::.sl Cahokia a,..'t1d Vincennes. Had it not been for the peaceful nature of the Indians left in Illinois ClarIc:'s plan Hould never had succeeded. It shoulclbe no.ted that Colonel John Todd, the ne'i United States leader of the Illinois Country had many Indian troubles in the 1780's. The ChickasavJs, located in southeastern Illinois, became hostile as the 1.'lhite T:1en settled on their lcu1d during this period. Soon though !)eace 1Alas made "'."lith them. The real Indian problens v:ere the result of tribes in the northern areaS th(�t the British provider: 't'lith ';lh3.s1:.cy and ,'[capons. This kept up until the 1315 treaty ending the hTar of 1812. l',-:ore :tmportant though the North,'zest �'JaS fr:.irly secure for the i\.rnericrtn colonists. Virginia lay claim to all the land in the i,lississipp:i Valley lying north of the Ohio by vi:rtue of ancient charters. The house of delegates accordingly proceeded to extend civil jurisdiction over that country, in October, 1778, by enacting a. la\ Finally in 1788 the British ceded t:H� North\"!cst Ter :;.,�i tory. Even thouGh the British officially gave the terri tory to the nev' United States on September 13, 1788 the fur traffic Vias controlled by the Brit:;,sh in Canada until 1816. .An act of Congress then forbade foreign traders tc operate on United States soil. .1e fur traac anc ml.l11.ng lvcrc l;:ey �es .:1n Tl. 1 1 .. ,.1.11CUS1 t' :r . T!loving tbe Indians 1'}CSt11!"ard ahead of the \';-11ite settlers '" With the 1816 act of COTl,gress thoufh the fur trade only increased �,fle!1 John Jacob Astor established the erican Fur Conpany \,'jhicl1 was given a subst;:;:ntial monopoly of 1'he threrct to the and trappers. It 'VJas the farmers, s, and f 1·';.oses, John, Il1--mois, Historical a,�d StzLti�;tic21, p. 159 17 rD.erchants "NIlO fol1ot1e(� t:';en that cl:rove the Indians off the rich Illinois lands. P-.:D. excellent exanple of the quiclG"1.ess i,elith which the Indians lost their lands was the loss of north,,;estern section of Illinois in the early 1820' s after treaties had been made to f ore lay at ;1':) gre('�t depth in the Galena limestone, al"ld the aborigines col1ectc:d it eit!::er by stripping it fron the snrfact or by sinking shal1o\'J schafts fro!n i.";Jhicb. it i.-vas hoisted in dec:rsldn bags. Shortly ;:cfter the \'J;:cr of 1812 Anerican prospectors pushed into the region, and the Government began 1 granting leases 011 easy terrEs to the operators .. Slaves 'Nere S0011 brought in fron southern Illinois and ven furthor south. "Smelters, fniners, speculators, mercbants, ga:.-nblers, and get-rich-quick folls:.s of every sort S\'l0rr1ed thither by the thousands froTH every p;:crt of the United States, especially the South, / and even fro'ii] Europe.ll 1\';ushroo1n tOvIns ang up all over the d3_strict;; deep-11orn TIrttive paths becC'Jile ore roads bet1'Jef':l1 the hu.rro\iJS an,- the rivcr-lanc1inr,s; sink holes ""r1�/; -I-1;e> 'Tryn-s ' no �1 _,-,,-,, -. _ , l,'t'"i !." o,1.:,;. >-'O,',e<::: <")"11'" '. <�- ,-,"t1,1' "-j ..- ,,-�, �;�11nJl-, "'-' �-,. (:�J \:. , longer to be oper<.1.ted VIi th their crude tools, 1 Ogg, Frederic Ilustin, The Old Northlyes!., vo1 19, 194 .. p .. ;;; Ibid. p. 194 18 were reopened and founc, to be except ionally rich, while ne�! diggings 2nd smelting fur naces, fitted out with modern appliances, fairly dotted the ap of the country.l Galena, a tOvm that is old' and small by today t s st o..ndards,I/JaS the thriving metropolis of the region. Settlement took place rapidly ltlhen 2" trail 'Vl8.S opened fron Peoria and t1xoac1s i,'iere early opened to Chicago and r,'1il'VJaukee. In 1822 Galena VIaS visited by a l',lississippi River st eamboat, and a fev! ye�lrs later regular steamboat traffic was established.u2 Even more ili�portant in :mDving the Indians ou t of the cession made by the Kickapoo in 1819 of an area a little nort h of the mout h of the Illinois River and southeast of the Illinois River. Near the �;.:rc::a "many squatters anxiously ai.'laited the survey country.: The fo110\'.'5.n;:- descr3ption of Indians in Illinois in 1818 cones from Solon nuel:: s Forsyth .. Renember th::,:"t 'vih (�-n the French cz:..me to the Il1illr:',is ians �/Jexe located there.. Those five s�::al1 tribes that \;Jcrc had found a co::fedc:racy to protect theE·�sel yes from the larger tribes fron the 1 11r�raites, Ralph, The Story of \�/i�_�onsin, po 163 ::0 OJ)g, 0B�c:i,t;p. ·195 , 3 }3oggess. 1:IX�t.hil;:i;.CHn1:011. The Settleme!'.t 0 f HEn') is 1778-1830. p. 134 19 east being pushed back by the English on the east coast. B 1"1" tlle C a 110,.: 1·"\..1 a, :1.6e.llea, ana. Tar::aroa YOu, . l\',:tCl.," h" . had disappeared as distinct tribes; the Kaskaskia, mncli weakened, lingered _ on in a reservation of 350 acres left them by the whites near the town .ofKaskaslcia; while the remnants of the Peoria still lived near the for!7Jer ·habitat of the confederacy 011 the Illinois River.l In an 1815 census of Indian tribes in Illinois the Secret::u:y of "hr fou11e! th�,t the "Kaskaskia trihe had . :1nc1 uceCi 1 :1.n .th. e count a t a 11 ." • ,,2 The l"rger tribes of the period i·Jere the Kick- apoo 'VJ110 lived in the Sangamon Valley and the S?uk and Fox, "1;Jho although not cO;·:1pletely ,t alg:> ated mingled l<;i th each other a great deal and so!cetimes 3 lived in the same villages.,, J\11 excellent description of the locfl.tion of the tribes in Illinois is this: Generally speaJdne t11e,;e tribes (Sank and Fox) may be said to have occupied the uestc:rn p{'{xt of the triangle bet't'7een the Mississippi and the Illinois and betv;reen the Mississipni a.nd �11e Po�l/ -ive-s TI'e O'''''at�<- of't-·h e L�, "V_l. .l. � .l. . '" '.!. ', \.;.1. �-p��,_.....,...... - ; L - domain (1f the ;;linnebago \'jas in 1:Jhat is nO'N disc()l1Sin, but a s:nalI 1:ledge-shaped portion of it ez:tcl:.ded intc 11J_inois l;etv;een Jche ck Ri"',rcr al�c1 the c:a::::tern �'1a eel of the l':'ssiSE;5'nn::'. Some of the villnr:es of this tribe ,,·e located on the Rock. TIle 111101e re v nor ·,1eaS -ern par�c or �11" " 1/Jas oc Cl " t' t ,r.i _:1.110:13 �1.Pj_<�.. (l , 1 Duck, ,:,o.on- ,Iustus,"1 1:1110:lS-·":1n °18 '24- J � 1 iO4 ,p. � ,', 2 Ibid. p. 3 � �t" ..)�. po 2 20 �l0 . .... -:: ) 0 '"T- � . � -;- v roo , / cr .. .( • • • y.."" .;. •• '" . � ...... v ' , I.! · " • • · • Ita';'(1rd.s • " #. � . ,. * ...., #. • I 21 by the l'otav!ntonie 'v:itt: the assoc:iated ba!'1ds of OttaV18. and Chippe\';u. They had vi.l18.ges on the Rock, the Fox, the Kanlcul:ee, the Illinois, al1d also in the interior beb:een these streams and in the neighborhood of Chicago. Accordine to the Secretary of VJar t s estimate the :Potawatomie lfere the' -:lost numerous" havine 4800 souls. The Sauk 3200 1200. numbered and the Fox The Hinne 'bago were credited "lith 2400 souls but only a few of these lived South of the line. Nem:ly all of the 1600 Kiclcapoo, on the other hand, were thin the limits of Illinois. 1 . The life of the tribes C1El1ged uith the cOlling of the white ;;:en yet ::.any of their ways of culture remained the same. tfThci:r agriculture waS of a rude a..Ed primitive sort, (';-TId they had cor:le to rely ;!hj.ch, once unlC11o':In, hr1c1 becoine nccess:ities of l�.fe; and theE,e they secured in exchange for the returns 2 of their huntsou It soon re:�;ultec1 thn.t their r-;ro\1in� VJants couldn't be sZLtisfied rUld their condition of living becaine a wretched one in sorle cases. As a resul t they I.'lcre regarded as vJ2-rds to be cared for as i,1el1 as possible enemies to be feared by the governme nt. lIol"iever, I feel the ·white };len of �he day expected too much of the Indians Vlhcn I found this statement fron a governnent offic.ial if! the trJl:J.1 1 Forsyth, Thomas, ..b,.ccount of the Saul:: and Fox Nations, It po 2 ? P uc� , c�� rio c� l.) "''' 0n,,.Ii'" " __ L. .. g_ 2/ Northwest Territory. Since the establishment of the Na ional Government provisions have al\"Javs been : gratuitously distributed to thel !}, and more recently goods to a considerable amount have been given. \�ithout these annual gratuities, it is difficult to conceive how they could support and clothe themselves. And even with all this assistance their condition is vlretched, their wants increas ing their feelings disponding and their prospects dr ry 1 e a . The \Jhite :nen overcredit the;:iselves l'lith this statement too. Just reme:.C1ber the Cherokees being forced in the year 1831-32 to move from North The United ' S tates govcrn-:ncllt ga.ve them 11<) 1:ood ()r r,JeQns of transportation. Th.c Indians t culture l'las of � different type 8,nd uhen it cl;:tshed 1'!ith the v;hite men t S it resulted in the India..t1 culture losing out because of the no:r2 and varied dell1ands of the 11hite men's culture. After the �'lar of 1812 ended in 131.:l ;nal1Y :'lore farmers '·;o�'.,red into the Illinois countryo HThe advent of the pioneer faxmer v.rns an even more prol:l!1.c source of friction of the irregularities of the fur traders, fox the Indians regarded tIith tile most jealous disfavor the l;(::rL�:anent clearance and settle- their ances- 1 tors had roamed in l'::>crfect freedom. n C;;rtainly this �oJaS highly upsetting to the Inclia11.s that they retained li ttle of the independence 2.J."1d s elf-suff iciency of their ancestors. \Vh8.t made it even VJorse 'uas the 1.,,'"hi te men itregarc1ed the land as theirs by a sort of racial rigl1t and considered thnt they 1:Jere justi- fiea in using every n122w."1S possible to 1'Jre.s',t it froIl the abogr ines. u2 The Indians were considered less of th Negro slaves. In fact, some of the Indians ��-jere bound into slavery. The fz.ct th:lt India.us were 1(il1ed if they didn't Ie-ave their land and the little COl1- cern shotm by the English religious leaders for them y made ",Tatters worse. Through all my research .1 ::1.T'n unable to find r(:any religions ministering to the Indians by the j\Jncricans before 1840. The Northv'.'C!st had had. ever, it should be notecJ. th;':.t the early influence of the French missionaries probably ,00<:1c 1 Ibid. p. 8 ..--bJ,,,_, " � .. p. 8 24 The Baptists and IJlethodists were the first English grouDs to start missions 011 the frontie:r. A brief description of this movenent follows: One of the outstanding leaders in the Baptist missions 1":':ovement VIaS John IL':,aSon Peel:;: (1879- 1838), a convert fron Congregationalism. In 1818 uncler the auspices of the Tri 2nnial Convention, he organized a church in St. Louis then devoted several ve2�rs to the establ:ish :';ient of Dible: soci.-::,ties and schools in Illinois, Indi 8na, ssouri. Wi t:1 the assista!1CC of .Jon8.:I;11�n Going, a f)astor in :'Vorcestcr, j<'�-assa chusctts, he helped to fOtU1cl the ./\JHericZLi1 Baptist HOlUe l':ission Society in l83:� ••.. I)uril1G its first yenx it placed more than 50 missionaries in NeN York, Ohio, Michigan, India..na, and Illinois. Perhaps the mo st colorful of these missionaries iriaS Ezra Fisher, who foundid churches in Indiana, Illinois, and 10112..0 It should be noted that the i,iethoc1ists forre d a mission axy society in 1819. This society Ttcooper- ated with the j\nnual Conferences in the crention of new SSiOl1 fields and the recruitment of 8.n itiner- ant illistry. Thus in 1829 the Illinois Conference founded three :�lissions and appointed a committee chaired by :Petcr Carti"iTight to est z:.te the cost of the s time the in 011 the Fox River in northern Illinois. 1.n the 25 Jesse Walker of the Illinois Conference thus describes his rd.ssion to the Pota\"J�'..tomies: ....0 the spj:ing of 1825, togeth.r::r with five �.:hite families, I proceeded to the mouth of the Fox River, (prescntly at Otta':Ja, Illinois) shortly after ".:Jhich I had a most sn:tisf uctory cou.ncil l'!ith five Chiefs of said tribe. We im�-:l,ediate ly built cabins for the accommodaticll of the families. I opened a school, into ·V.Thich I received fourteen Indian children; but finding that the school ';)'8.S not located on Indian land, I proceeded up Fox river about thirteen miles, selected a Situation, and 8Ji1 now preparing to remove to it, 'l'ihich I will acco],plish "'"s soon bl 1 �O�,;:) � 1)0 ...,,� �;.) ..-..; n__ 0 .... Indian r;lissious just got a really good. start late in the p0riocl of the settlement of the Olel '!;:orl;: "v·jest of the h�ississiprd... Certainly ftthe painful expt:r5.cTIccs of Indian 'v,'ars on the frontier combined th thc� revival 5.S5io lary ercst ear ly in the no.tiQ:�,al era. persuaded J�lally Christian le;:;.ders of the necessity of Indian In 1818 when Illinois "'colas a;--;mitted to statehood it Vias far fr02-'; civilizccLIl l<;;J.:-;Y coc:"'1unities existed �F1ong the Indian- tribes on Indian 1 • Only occasionally 1,,-Jou.ld a village be destroyed though, As a 'N'hole life "e'!aS happy in Illinois in 1813. 1 Ibid. p. 275 274 ? Ibul. p. 26 Indiall VJars happened :tn Illinois but none of them VIere extensive.. The Blackha:v;k Wal� of 1830- was one of these wars. It waS a suprene 1832 • case of porox thinking and actions on the 1:1hite men's side. Next :i:/il . adisctission of the WAr of 18l� 1:hich tool: place between 1812 and 1814. First note thGt i�02,t, but not all, of the tribes sided "v;ith the Indian violence arose afte1." the Fort ltJayne treaty of September 1809, tVJO and one-half ye8,Xs before the British-llnerican War. The violence 1:as the result of ttTecul�lseh f s appeals to the Indi::U1s to confederate and save the land that the Great Spirit had deemed to be theirs forever."l The white settlers and began erecting block-house forts in or near all the settlements.. There: 1/18r8 at this tine only about 1;;,000 to 14,000 l':hitc people in I11':�,O; 1"'p'l.� �"'i1"'o1"""'''D -, s ��ir1 t "'Je��r.> l fl-,d.,.t,.J.. 11 � 1T!]'''\e�·e-1 _J_Mt.�;. .'"'" t.",��, -,.�" "'�"-l � _h.'- t< ... . ,-",>� ) \...... l." .v ·.:,. �J over t en to one by the Indians..... Such forts t'Iere con::,i;ructed at th3.s tiTne at or ne:(�r nost of the sJ1!all settlements. Ioiore forn�:_c12;.b1e aces of defense, hO'vfcvcr, Vlere , Fort !\iassac, Fort RUS2,cl1 near ",,,,,,,,·olJ.et Fort Lo/ :otte and Fort Vincc:niies on the V'Jabash. '::;' 1 l:tttl1nc, Ed\\;,:;,rd, 111.'il1ois, vol. I, p. Ibid. � p. 27 'l,'Jere nearly helpless until the federal governn2nt provided aid late in the War of 1812. At the thile the forces of United St::,tes Rc:gulars stationed in Illinois fL'f1d near Illinois Terri tory were as foll0,.;s: Fort l\lass,,-c on the Ohio, 36 men; Fort l Thus the settlers in Illinois were left pretty Ducll on their OiS'll. Territorial officers did try some activities of their own. The encouragement of Governor Hdt!ards to the settlers to for,;1 their 01.'111 defenses Has important. Mac"1Y of the larger attempts ,,;ere highly unsuccess- fuI. An excellent example of this l:s the ti;O campaigns in 1812 led by Governor J3dt1;;,ro.s.. These brief des- criptions best describe the dismal failures .. The infornation was that at Peoria there ;':'ns a large gatherinB of Potta'v;atomi, , and Kickapoo Indians, and th;;:st these Indians \'lc:re • .. � \ .. r J-. orgalll.Z.1.ng tor assau 1t s upon ",ne rrOllt..1.er settlements to the south. The first of these e71-,0(9 ·it:j"·l� c;-'�")"l ',n<:,r.:;,C·l· r·lr;' "'�e·c'·'l.j ts r0ic they encountered m belligerent Indians until they arrived ;;'tt VIi thin four or five miles of an Indian village 011 Peoria La};:e. Here they killed an IndiO-i"2 1'}hose arrnS were raised and \'-:ho "L-'8.S aSkin.g to surrender, (:'tl1d captured his SL�Ua1F;. Upon the arrival at the v.il1z;,[3:e itself, they found the huts deserted, and the untrained 111ilitia plundered and burned the villaGe •••• The secorld expedition org(1nized by Governor Ed�sD.xds traveled bv 1;J2ttl2r to Peoria. Dnon arrival at that point, they found it de�scrted by practically all of its inh;"bi tants, in cluding the United States agent, Forsyth, v-:hereupon Captain Craig began appropriating all of the property left by the deserters. Upon Forsyth's coming into camp, however, he returned some of it. For several days thereafter CaDtain Craig <;md Forsvth 1/Jere on friendly t'erns, but one day Captain Craig'S boats l\'"ere fired upon by some unkno1iil1 p"'rson vJhereupon Craig pronounced the people of Peoria guilty of the offense. He thr>reupon plundered and. burned most of the to\1l1 and c2.r:ried o..uay forty of its inhabitants as pr3.sojJers. Later on these prisoners Here releccsec1 by Governor Edwards. To his credit it caD be said that he con ens8.tec1 them for th.eir los::jes �t!.t of funds in his }�osscsfio�o See:cng that Indians \'Je:re restive and belligerent the British suppliec: the Indians \'/ith guns and am:0uni t freely. tiFo::: a time the British assist�l1cC Vlas given secretly and 1,,'a8 disguised, but as the ill feeling betYJcen Great Britain aI:-\c the United States developed, hardly any atte lpt ' Ib� d 1 n �' - � . ". :;'.:-',/, 1 3 Ibid. p. :::13 29 i"lith all the disastrous results of 1812 the surrender of Detroit and 1,lackinac and the destruction of Fort Dearborn the Illinois settlers were on edge. The situ. ion encouraged the British to believe that they could re-posscss the �Northwcst Ter.ritory. As a result of the Qctivity of Ro1)crt Dixo:n 1/1110 I'lUS- tered support for the British of the stro:'tgest tribes of the Northwest Itin Illinois and Indiana, the PJ.!:nerican author:l,ties believed that any day the British forces with ovcrtlhelninf, Indian allies vl0uld be upon them. )',2.ny of the settlers gathered in their oVJn forts and around other forts occupied by Anerican troons and began to cry loudly for Federal ass:l.stance.. ,,1 For two-thirds of the ti;:]e, the Viar went badly for the Illinois settlers. Other activity in the arcc.. took place under I<�ajor Zachary Taylor 'vlho in August 1814 led an expedi tiOll to �?.ocl� lsi ltTaylor \"laS compelled to retreat t'lith his troops to Fort :&lvJ2.rds, a fort 1c.;"hich \\raS built nCa!' Warsaw, 2 Il1inois.t1 The British 2Jlc1 Indi2J1s co:ntrol1ed the territory north of a line dral./zn from :Peoria to Even though they lost the VIaI' \,t€ should note that they controlled one half the st2"te of 1 Ibid. p. 220 L, Ibiq. p. 222 r 30 �e.� 13:t'l /glg-I83C) /3b / � I hid. I �17 31 �� IS II. - IS09-13/g o4 tJL J rr bi d, 32 � } �l J �� w (I� /796- /8/t, 1�15 Igl� -If,7,2; � �4J1Jv 777,g-/�30 r-"'-"17'f.5 <>:0 J]lvYt.-tYlA � - l�cA 'ill. i90g lISIS � I .�/ � � Igo3 1�05 I g oL/- �� ( I I \ !03� J ,,'II J 33 "���/glg' � � o S io",.s c...ov",-",d by ce$ o b.th be�D,.-e. ta�r Iglg re..T<-6 �eCIe.d 0- "d c.eded � to +he Ihd iG1'!\5 b e.�ore IElg /Vot co"e�ed by cessions o be�OY'e m l( ( 34 1113.nois fuJ.C� 1:181:<' c0J1sidered militarily successful in the Northwest Territory. The reason for their successes other than having a greater nU1:1ber of men in armS th:m the Illinoisans is the character of the troops and officers. "The material fro:nl l:vhich the regiments \'Jere recruited but utterly rate; and untrainedo great l)OVICrS of endurance; and they 'VJcre brave. But ehxe the list 1 of their ;';lilitary vixtt:.es endS .. rr- With the end of wc'r in 1815 the Indians returned to rlake p - ace treaties. "ilithough the redskins were still numerous and discontented, their spirit ? of re2,istance !/Jas broken. tt,-, With the United States the victor the en: ho.sis 0:: land puX'ch2.sing reti.-:,x2 ed .. Indiana's popUlation alone grevi from 25,000 in 1810 to 70,000 in 1816" The Indians Vlere the big 10S0'.1"S in the land situa.tion. Clark, and ':las 0:;18 nde by Ninian Edvl�;:c1S, 1,--Jill Auguste Chouteauo This treaty of AUGust 24, 1816 154 35 at St . Louis \'Jith the Ottawas , Chippe'tn1.s, 8nd Pottawatomies provided "by which they ceded a strip of land tuenty miles "dele on the eastern bound2xy at Lake f'ichigan and extending generally South West so as to include the Chicago Portage anci a strip of lane: extending to the 'mouth of the Fox H.itl er. tt1 1'VIO other i)'C1:,or-ti'nt treaties were: (1) Tr eaty Greenville, l1ugust 3, 1795; Some 16 tracts of land cm1pr ising all the principal tr ading ,posts and portages in the territory comprising the states of nov: . .•. 1 Cl!1 :1.0. , Ina- l'.:tanz:." r, l2C 1.:1.g. ;:.',n anc!-, II"_:1TI0 1.. S \'JC're ceded to the Government, including l,;ackinac Island and T one niece of land six miles square at the mouth of Chikago River emptying into the South West end of ') a fort fo:r)�:crly stood .. La}:e l'!iichiga.n i.:1!1erc '''' "After the Tr ea.ty of Greenville the settlers no t only came r idly and in great l1ui"::bc:r s, but the ending of the Indicu1 upocc �'Ltion moved rapidly for;var d hence during the first third of th e 19th century Indian treaties of importrulce VJere conc luded "\'{ith 3 tf '!11�1<:'�1�4 .pi�eHuencv �� 1.;.>Jl �,,-,- --- "'l � � J . th the Sacs and Foxes : In 1804 General We II. H;:u:riso�:. , Governor of Indio.na Terr itory "'VIaS at ;>aint Lottis seeki. g satisfact of the Sac Indians for the adv lt8.g E: Y:lurdcr of three settlc:rs and t Library Series (No ) 1915, p.91 1 I111n01s Ilis toric:·-t_ l .. 2 Ibid. p. 90 90 3 Ibid . p. 36 of the situ�tion, secured execution of a tr eaty by five of the chiefs of the S�,cs and Fo::>:es ceding to the Government over 50 million acres of land in iHssouri, Illinois, and Wisconsin, inclu.ding the land betvleen the Illinois and Vlississit'Di rivers, for 2, 234.50 in goods and a $ 1 e. promised annuity of $ 1, 000.00. Later Blackhav.rk and his fol10',"Jers rel) uc1iated thi s treaty . They charged that the treaty i/I aS made "v1ithout the consent of the people. Disl/utes grovling out of this treaty resulted in 1830 in the Black- The land situ:;tiol1 1'12,S of nuch concern to the of na rc co'!:cern than the treatr:lc:nt or anount of l) ay:�l elJ t for the Indians at the time . Nobody scerned to l)e CO)".cerned about 'wh ere the Indians "Welit or vIh Qt they did as long as they lived Ne st of the Mississippi anel didn't ll: ill any vh ite people. 1 Ibi(::... p.. 9()-91 00- 1 1 0 - J 785- /8 1 / 1 - I Ja.O U13DO 01 . CJ 37 Land 38 Before th e American Revo lution no national land syste;;" t\r aS used . The states that had open lands to tIle We::::,t of thep clair'l ec1 sections e:.>�tending to the Mississippi River . At the time of the American Revolution the colonists emphasized their clains to the West. All this emphasis would have gone for naught had not the British been so little interested in the wild western lands. Ev en at that the British wi th their Indian allies v;ould have control led the area had not revo lutionist George Rogers Clarl, captured the Illino is Country. After the American Revo lution the questien arose to whom did the we""tern lands belong. Thanks to conflicting claims and the jealousy of the states that \--Vcre un z:j!le to clair:: ·western landS a natic)nal land system C2J:ne into being. Incorpor ation of the follov;:i,ng provision in the fo. rt; cles of Confederdion resulted in Maryland and other small states worldng to defeat the Ar ticles of Confederation resu lted finally in a Change. The hated clause provided that a Court of Commissioners to determine disputed boundary claims be set up and that no st"te Sh all be deprived of territory for the benefit of the United States. 39 Almo st tVlO years after the ratification of the Ar ticles of Confederation Some of the large states followed the proposal of the Con.mi ttee 0 f Finance and ceded their �ilestern lands . HOf the seven deed s of cession three \-'-:"'exe 'h'ithout cort(; i tions of any kind while four contained stipulations."l Virginia was one of the four with stipuldions. Her mo st i'nportant stipul at ion wh ich set a strong precedent stated that the land "shall be considered as a common fund for the use and benefit of such of the United States as have become, or shall become mem.bers of the Confederation or Federal Al liac-, ce of the said states, Virginia inclusive, according to their usual respective proportions in the general ch"rge and expenditure:, and shall be faithfully and bona fide disposed of for that purposo, and for no other use or purpose Whatsoever ," It should be noted that although a national land system waS ins trumental in successful settle"lent of the United States it had the in'nediate tragedies of Clark and his soldiers getting no land grants until after mo st of then had died all' the encourage- ment of specu1 at iol1 such as the Scripto business. tional Land Sy stem 1 Tr eat , Payson Jackson, The Na 1785-1820, p. 8 S ys+ems o} 5 u. r- veys N. N. 40 3{' 30 ::lJl. /1I. I� L b 6 If .3 ;;;l- T 35 �'1 .;l.3 /7 " ,� '7 � q 1 0 1/ IJ-. bta. 3Lf. :1-8 Jb 10 4- I � /7 1(" /S' N 13 a3 �7 ,Q./ IS 'l 3 Iq �o {.(./ t2.'J- .D �4 2;;2, &6 �D I� g ;).., 30 .;z.9 ;;d '()...'7 d...b ().5 31 J5 1'1 13 '7 I 31 3;1- �3 34 3S O b tV � 1r- Y.r -c.... IC/ iC./ a- )t- 1 J.. 41 in Ohio . The close of the \'Iar of 1812 thr ew the country into financial disorder and the government 's land credi t system was working out badly . The Act of 1817 permitted the sale of six sections in each to\"ffi ship in qu arter sections or half-quarter sections (80 acres). Of course, this meant less money for the government and opened land speculation to a greater ext ent . ttEdl'lards, of Illinois, presented an amenr:ment (to the Nati 'l1al Land Offices bill) designed to benefit the squatter , for it wou ld have given an actual settler on land already offered for sale a pre-emption and right to purChase under the exist ing system up to 160 acres. This would have: resulted i in a mongrel system , part cash and part cr edit .u Th is am endment passed \';11 en Senator Johnson added a sort of gr adu ation in pr ice clause. This act t1v1as the 1T�O St important piece of land legislation since the Co ngress of the Confederation laid dovIn the prine lcs of the �'\'::;f rican lan(� ern in 17BS,. .••••Its terms provided for the abo lition of crec1it 1 Ibid. p. 140 42 and the establishm ent of cash sales after July 1, 1820 , fo r the sale of 80 acre tracts, and for the 1 :� 1.25 ,, reduction of the mininmm price 1."0 an acr e. This act is known as the Land Acto of 1820 and "considering the period a;yi the circmlS tances a commendable piece of lami legislation. " Criticisms of the 1820 Act are in order . The auction syste:;l permitted weal thy nen to continue buying large sections of land thus leaving the poor s�ttlers the poorer land in an ar ea. However , the government had to have incone and the old unsold landS brought only the minimum price in "lOSt cases. Senator l·io rrow best sUn'med up the situation thus : "The idea of providing equal facility to the poor and to the rich by any regulation is incompatible wi th that of dispo sing of the 12.l"1: for a valuable 2 cOlls ideration. ,, Of cour se, the Lane! Act of 1820 was unable to deal with cr edit land sales before th2.t date and $21 ,000,000 (mo re than one-fifth of the national debt) was outstant ing. For many years Congress wo rl{ed on the pr oblem and in most cases it ended up grant ing "r elief." (free land is what it amounted to) 140-141 1 Ibid. P. 2 Ibid . 145 . _.p., t Qit'...1J,;::t".,;d�¥� *r p� 9·� / J, O 1Zuv-� !9 /o)t'-) � f&r., 17l b- I g:l., /7,-/--) 7� 44 Payson Tr eat made the follo'::ing no table ob- servat icms about land grants to the soldi er s. The extent of the grants had been due to the great wealth of land of ,,;h ich Congress has been the trustee. lilld yet the ",iving of land was mo re exp ensive than it app eared. Th ese millions of acres were surveyed at the exp ense of the nation and the l2J1.d revenue suffer ed for every ,,'arrant issue:d. It would have been better to 'have given bount ies in cash rather than :inlands , the so ldier wo uld have been freed from the sp ecul ator ano the general systen of l,'nd sales would not have come into comp etition with bounty lands wh ich generally sold below the minimu1.r\ price. Neither the soldier nor tl:e nation received the maximum of benef:1t from the system. Grants in Illinois wore given for fighting ',d th Clark; in the War 0 f 181? ; or in the Blacl:hawk War. Land sales first took place in the IndifU1a Ter ritory in 1806 at Vjncennes. Although sone tribes ceded Illinois land in 1803. much of the " ••• same region was no t finally ceded until the tre" ties ::: of 1816 , 1818, and 1819 . The feder al land sale w' business started "big time" in Illino is after the Land Ac t of 1820 . In 18?1 large hmd salc's took place at Vandalia and Palcst3,ne, Illinois. 1 Ibid. p. 261 2 Ibid. p. 173 45 "Probably nothing affected settlement in Illino is from 1809 to 1818 more profoundly than did changes in the land question, for during this period Congress passed impo rtant acts relative to land sales, and this Has also the period of the first " sales of public l811 ds in the terri tory . 1 Large public land sales were a long time in happening because of the unsettled French claims. The situation was explained thus : "Although begun by the Governor of the Northwest Territory at an early day and cont inued by commissioners authorized by Congress and appointed in 1804"2 the settlements were incomplete when Illino is became a separate territory. To top it off the young Un ited States government adhered to its policy of selling no land in the territory until the · claims 1:1 ere finally adjudicated. Still problems continued as in 1809 soon after the confirmation by Congress of the co;:mdssioner 's decision on claims "a long list of rejected claims aro se chiefly from the work of pro fessional falsifers was reported. "3 So it was 1813 before the anxious Illino is squatters were relieved of their concern. THO l�.ernorial s resulted in Congress allowin<: th e Illinois Territorial LegiSlature to act on the 1 Bo"gess, Ar thur Clinton, The Settlement of Illinois, r. 99 2 Ibid . p. 99 3 Ibid . p. 99 46 land sales problem. The Illinois delegate in Co',g The Illinois Territorial Legisl ;;;.tur e also desired that the United States Secretary of Tre asury authorize the designation of the college township reserved by the Ordinance 0 f 1787 and the Act' 0 f 1804. The result was : the enabling act and the Illinois constitution the salt spr ing s to the state and agreed that public landS sold in Illinois shou16 be exelc One part of the above bill was carried out as fo1101'J8 in 1818,. Itll1inois received t ../o tOl'lnships for a ser:�i110.:ry and the thl: ee per cent fund in that state was to be applied to the encouragement of 1 Ibid . p. 101 2 Ibid p. 101-102 47 learning, of ",;, ieh one-sixth part s11:'.ll be exclusively l bestowed on a college or university." No te that the Illinois government followed the exan:ple of Ohio in land sale procedure and in ..turn Wyon2ing , Co lorado , 2nd other v;estern and southern states fo l lowed Illinois ' example. 1\11 example 1;I,' S the Al ab opa Act of 1819 . Congress too much be given credit for keeping public land sales in order . The Ordinance of 1787 certainly s: t down solid basic rules. Although Illinois is one of the heaviest pop- ulatec1 st atee-, today tIle lot},g c":elay opening the If in land-o ffic es in Illinois waS fatal to ml e2.rly set:tle- ment of the region, because the olel states had public lands '::hich they offered for Sale at low r;ct es, thus c, depriving Illino is of a f,'ri ch�'lc e as a cor,\> eti to r. "il Also we should no te th it before the peace of 1815 Indian fears l{ ept rnany settlell s from noving on to the Illino is Country. Land speculation did take place in Illir,ois. IirYI/lever, as cOT'lp ared to Ohio or areas just 't'Jc st of the �"'1ississip1:)i land sn eculation w�s a very srnal1 1 Tr eat, 2.\2.?cit . p. 279 2 .E!2i.£. p. 103 48 problem. Over one-half of Illinois ' land VIas sold after the 1820 act . On top of this "!Uch of the southern and western part had been in one f21Jnily 's hands so long that no bedy dared try claim the land. Of sp ecial teresi.: to historians ar e the pioneer lcctters of Gershom Flagg which were published later by Illinois historian Solon J. Buck. They describe life in the Illinois country in the early 19th century. Flagg 's journey to Illinois is a typical example of emigr ation to the Illino is country. for the purpose of purchasing land and becoming a permanent settler . He started out fron New York to Ohio in 1816 wh ere he loc ated in Springfield fo r the Hinter . " ••• It was not long before his 'Ohio fever began to turn ' and he Vias seized with th e 'Missouri and Illinois fever ' --induced app arently by the hope of being able to secure vlo rk as a surveyor by going to St . Louis."l After spending the sumn-e r in Cincinnati on the advice of friends "he joined with ano ther Ver11]Onter in the purchase of a flat boat and on October 19 , they started to float dOl'l11 ') the Ohio ."� 1 Illinois Historical Libr 2.ry Series (No. 15) 1910 p.140 2 Ibid . p. 140 49 Flagg purchased 260 acr es of land above St. Louis and then returned to St . Lou is in hopes of a governnent surveying job, but 110ne were av ailable. "In the spring of 1818 he established himself on a quarter-section of land six miles north of Edwardsville in Madison County , Illinois. Renting p"crt of the farm, he cultivated the rest himself and bocu:ded l with a neighbor ." Soon after his farming venture he married Jane Paddock. He spent the rest of his life farming, and Ifse:rving as justice of the peace and as po st'naster of Paddock's Grove. He died l\�a:rch 2 , 1857 ...... It is i.nteresting to no te that fj.ve of his eiGht brothers and sisters fol lowed him � to Illinois. II" Whc'.t encouraged the Illino is land settlet1'ent after starting so late was the rich soil, the minerals discovered, and the Panics of 1819 and 1837 which forced people to go illest to survive. In Illinois the land lavis vle re strict enough that the federal and state gove:rnnents i.-Jere ab le to keep their debt s c10V'111 mo re th�U1 sone other states.,. Also the strictness of the Illino is 18,1'18 resulted 1 Ibid p. 140 2 Ibid. p. 140 50 in mo st of the settlers improving their lands rapidly and tho roughly . The Illino is Territory Laws provided that all the debtor's property , both personal and real , could be sold under execution; and if the la.'ld did not sell for w,mt of bidd!'rs, the plaintiff hr:-d the fight 1 at his option, to tal::e it at its arn)raised value bv t'tre lve meno -i ' If there 1'7 (,, $ not- sl1.fficicn c property , t1, c body of the debtor could be taken and CO:11id.ttcd to the county jail, or to the prison bounds by givine security th at he would not depart therefrom. Prison bounds \'lOrO reouired t(') be laid off by the country courts , by [letes and bounds , so as not to extend in any directioTl more than two hundred yards fron the jail. Tb.e lavJS for the collection of relri:: s, ::cncl for the recovery of the possession of land, have not been rlatcrially changed by our present la'l.\Ts fro lL Whl!t they VJere under the territorh1.1 govern ment. Under the laws of the terr itory , property tak.en on the premises, let by executio;l, �,:,; as liable to be apli lied, first to the payr:ent of the :rend due ; and no property except such as night be found on the premises, unless the tenant had clandestinely resovec1 the sru�1e , could be talcen by distress . 1 1 E{1ihardi:" !\r�� ",Wi'J:;t; J1.?'; , 'The Life and Ti1;1es of Ninian Edwards. p. 162-163 Sl avery 51 three major ones mu st be 05- notecl.. Th s1: 1. :::3 of :t7L:7 ibit 01 t c 11 , i� f :::, 1 \'J ;)":-3 , t T , , j " , T 'T , i� () :r :1, 8J 1 aws t -'--'q" 0 r' t s 1 t 1 , 1 1 1 is It/foun d t', a '3 1 t "" L TInsis oompleted a , >, • 52 J. cqu hn t 3. ) t Xl ,'" C:r ;.:( - r t 1 < �,� ,-, -' u",' , (: --l� � - <� _: ," : ,. 1 ( 15 .. ( {" / 53 C H ole or of :1. 8 :! 11 p sl t "' ,,� n 0'1 '--' + .'- <" \� ".. ; , '-'.< v ;c- ..i< __ ') ':,<1 t� {"J:C 1113 t :: ( scr 54 l • r cro ;; -br Cive IH:: 1 cnch s 00 acLs , t C!)Il t it is that S0'Llls 'j ves) 1 told. found • JenOi:Jll po t t f er s cai:ech.: s1 t • c 1 1 :t. j • th '1" 9, p .. 1 55 existing between !:lasters and servants were friendly : but the easiest servic e waS doubtless on the lands of the Jesu it missionaries. "1 This was in strong contr ast to sl avery conditions in Lo uisiana. No t only WaS the work harder and unpleasant but the weather waS hard on the wo rkers. On top of this mo re larger plant 2.t icns resulted in th e masters being harsher . Captain Philip Pittman described the tV10 largest slave holdings in the Illino is country as M. Beauvais' "240 arpens of cultivated land and eighty slaves" and Iv,. Balet' s who controlled "a hundred negroes, besides hired vIh i te people constantly employed . 112 With the opening of the Eng lish rule in the Illinois country in 1765 a populat ion decrease occurred when many of the Fr ench families ,.l oved across the I In 1770 the population of the Illino is country fell ie;rants s0 2�:red thE' territory 's pcpulution to a neYJ reco rd. 1 Ibid . p. 145 '"...., �Pi ttrQa n, 'Cap tain P. , "The Present St2.te of the European Settlement s 011 the l,i:i ssissippi n 56 Next the new Unit ed States received the Illinois country . 1n 1787 an ordinance VJ aS passed concerning the NorthHe st Terri tory of v:h ich the Illinois country waS a part. A major provision (N o. vI ) of the Ordinance said, "There Shall be neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, other- 1tli se than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party Sh all have been duly con victed. " Many residents were up set over the provision and thought of r10ving West. The ar ticle caused gr ed uneasiness among the slaveho lders especially. Their fears were soon calmed vlh en "G overnor St . Clair , and subsequently Governor Harrison, took the positi<;J1 , hovJcve:r , th;-,,,t the Ordinance of 1787 should be given a prospective effect, and th at it did not affect the status of slaves held in the 1 North':Je st territory prior to 1787.,, These positions resul ted in the people and courts fo l lowing such a procedur e fo r many year s. Ar ticle II of the No rthwe st Ordinance which reads "Virgini a stipulates that the French , Canadian and other inh abitants of KrLskaskia and the neigh- boring villages should be allowed to retain their 1 Illinois Historical Library S eries (No.15) 1910 57 possessions an6. to enjoy their ancient right s and liberties" gave the governors a chance to permit what slavery al ready existed to continue. Slavery was no t a gr eat problem politically at the time as can be seen by thi s statement : "No reference waS made to the subj ect of slavery in the first thr ee General Assemblies of the No r thwe st Territory, other than the levying of a t2X on all negro es 1 over twenty-one year s of ag e. ft Action was taken to encourage slaveholder s to emigr ate from states south and east of the Ohio River. A sy sterT of volunt ary servitude was created. Its descr iption fo llows : "Under the voluntary system sl aves were indentured to their masters, males until they were 32 years of age, and the childr en born to persons of color during their period of service might be indentured to serve, the boys until they were 30 years of age , and the girls until they were 28 years of age, and unless sl aves were indentured they ,\:Jcre brought into the territory, they could be renoved by their ::: asters from the terri tory . 'Th e legality of the sy stem 1 Chas,!! , Stuart, Statutes of Ohio 1788-1833 p. 68 58 of voluntary servitude it/as recognized by a statue of the Indiana territory passed in 1807, wh ich waS subsequently re-enacted in the terri tory of Illinois."l In 1802 the Indiana territorial convention at Vincennes meworialized Congr ess to suspend th e VI ar ticle of the Northwest Ordinance for ten ye:u:s. No suspension resul ted. In 1803 the Governing Council of Indiana proceeded to draw up a sl ave code "the chief material for wh ich waS obtained from 2 the codes of Virginia ann Kentucky. ,, Th ese laws were as described before with tvm clarificat ions. All owners of slaves mu st register th eir servants within :;0 days \',ri th the County Clerk a...n.d transfers from one master to ano ther were penni tted, provicc'd the slave gave his consent before a notary . Also if the slave didn't consent his ovmer had 60 days to remove him fron; the territory. However, not everyone went along with the liberal vievl. ttThe soundness of the do ctrine that the pro- visions of the Ordinance of 1787 di( no t ap ply to Negro slaves held in the Northvlest terri tory at the time of its pass ag e, the!t negro slaves sub sequently ...-1 ------' -- 111inois Historical Library Series ( No .lS ) 1910 p. 43 2 Ibid. p. 7 59 brought into Illi nois by their r,] ;:tsters might be deprived of their freedom by contr"ct by virtue of the Territorial Act of 1807 or the State Constitution of 1818, was ch,,_l lenged by of the best lawy ers clany in Illinois. ,,1 "Black Co des" c"_me into being in Indiana and Illinois soon after their territorial governments were set up . Before discussing the "Black Code" let 's note who the slaves were. "The gr eater proportion of the negroes came from Kentuc1I:Y and Tennessee, although nunbers were brought from Vir- 2 • • n · . d 1 L '" .. 11 g:tl1:La, the I.... CJ:'O 1:LnaS , Mary 1 an , ana. even OU:lS:tana These slaves \c}�re, of course, COi :ing in :111 the time until the Constitution of 1818 in Illinois. Some even C8.!'le in after 1818. Mo st were brouf;ht by the settler sd ':to/\the hard physical labor. "Some, it is true, like Governor Coles, caine into the sta te for the expressed purpose of freeing the negro es, but these were exceptions .n3 In the four counties of Gallatin, St. Clair , l;l adison , and Randolph ", lo ne, there were over 300 and the who le nu]]]b er of slaves in the Territory increased from 135 in 1800 to 749 in 1820. 4 44 r Ibid . p. ;:> Harr is, op.c';t. p. 11 3 Ib id . p. 11 4. 'iJ"3:" C;'nsus 1800-1820 60 The emphasi s was on young slaves as the law limited the age to 1rJhich slaves could be held. Many slaveoviIlers thought were no t satisfied even then . "They registered thee" for periods of servitude far in e:;:ccss of the legal lini t, ma.ny being booked l to serve from 40 to 60, and even 99 years ." .i\,no ther "case in point ' is Ninian Edward r s Jo seph, whom he registered at Kaslcasld a on June 14, 1810 to serve 35 years. Joseph WaS then 18 months old, and had just been brought into the Territory with his mother . "2 A more extreme case of e;;:phasis on youth is Benj amin Stephenson who registered six negro children: "l.'oriah, 42 days old; Barkeley , two years; Debb , 4 years; Winn , 6 years ; Fr ank, 8 years; and Louisa, 14 years 01d.,,3 Alth{)ugh S01i1� lead ::rs were against slavery, �'10St vlc re not . Ninian ErJ-u8rds ' 8..t titt1ce and act ice assured the settlers tl1o.t little would be done to enforce the 110 slavery exp ansion laws . Edwards, the firbt governor of the Terri to ry , "1:[110 Imew the law we ll enough to register several sl aves in strict accord 1·Iith its provisions, felt quite fr ee to enter 1 Madison County Records , 1815-1817 2 Cc)t1.nty Clerk's Register at Ch ester , June 14, 1810 3 !;,-;adi son County Cle:rk, Jun e 15, 1817 61 his servant s: Rose, 23 years of age , for 35 years ; .il.ntony 40 years of age for 15 years; Maria 15 years of age for 45 years; and Jesse, 25 years of age for 35 years of service. ,,1 The "Black Code" created an unusual situation in that the free Negro was made an outcast who might be hun ted dovm and by force or fraud deprived of his freedom. Th is statement best describes the si tuation: "The Black Laws were passed by the leg- is1ature and administered with a view to force all the negroes in Illinois, other than the French negro slaves, into the voluntary system. ,,2 Thomas Jefferson and others had quite a ti''l e eliminating slavery in the No rthwest Territory . In 1784 the first ordinance of government for the territory was passed. However , an ar ticle of the c07:lp act saying, "that after the year 1800, th ere Shall be neither slavery or invo lunt ary servitude in any of the said states, otherwise th an in the punishment of crime, whereof the party Shall have been convicted to have been per sonally guilty,,,3 gates W.JUS defeat ed when one of NeVI Jersey's dele 1 County Clerk 's Register-Rando lph County , June 8 and July 14 , 1810 2 Illinois Historical Library Series (No . IS) 1910 p.43 3 Ibid . p. 90 62 failed to attend the final meetinB. Thomas Jefferson lVas very chaerined over the defeat of the above Clause. He waS so �n pleased thouBh when on October 27 the Ordinance of 1787 was p8ssed without one dissenting vo te. The sixth article provided that "there shall be neither slavery nor invo luntary servitude in such territory , other\''li se th2_n in the punishncnt of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted wi til a provision for the reclamation of pel'sons , from whom labor or service was lawfully claimed in any of the original states who had escaped from their masters.'lIl Cert nly this provis ion seems thorough enough to prohibit Slavery but Congress 1acl(ecl the authority to enforce it "as circum stances were recognized :1.n other portions of 2 the instrument" which enabled slavery in a ;:'odified form to continue . In fact the modification seems to have exi�;tecl only lcgal1y o Some of the circu!"n- stances :recopnized 1'-Jere seC'l1 tlin the suff:rur,e clause \;]hich restricts suffrage to free nale in!1abita.l1ts, and in estiC'8,ting the popu18,tion it was restricted 1 Ibid. p. 91 2 Ibid. p. 91 63 to free inhabitant s, and in th e provisions for the conveyance of property , the act of Virginia, pre- serving the civil rights of the inhabi tants ,'I'"n o reco gnized the au thority of the state to their rights and property waS sUbstantially copied, thus recognizing the rights of that class of inhabitants l to hold their slaves. fl Thu s slavery seemed established in the territory until statehoods made their decisicns. Only one court case was tried to test the leg;:llity and it never met because the colored people invo lved were Id dnapped.before the trial. Slavery in Illinois between 1787 and 1848 seemed to be very similar to the scgreg:ttion pr actices in sone Southern states today. 1,1any within the state dis apnrove bu t it W2.S so accepted as part of the way of life it was hard to removeo Strong opposition did come in 1785 when Tho mas Jefferson asked Rev. Ja,m es Lemen to go to Illino is to establish church es. Jefferson encourared Lemen, "a born enthusiast against slavery ," to speak up against slavery in th e new territory. Thus the p. 91 64 Jefferson-Lemen Ant i-Slavery Pact was formed. In 1787 after family illnesses had been cleared up ,Lemen and his family moved to Illinois . Th ere Lemen founded eight Bal1tist churches. At first Lemen Vi aS successful in getting his congregations to oppose slavery . They petitioned Congress against slavery to balance Governor Har- rison's pro-slavery petitions . "At length Congress denied and defeated Governor Harrison's request and purpo se; ancljit was understood that President Jefferson, loyal to the cause for which he had sent Mr . Lemen to Illinois to establish, throul'h some of his povJerful friends in Congress caused them to 1 secure the defeat of Harrison 's demands. ,, However this · ant i,. slavery maj9rity by 1808 turned into a minority. Even Lemen 's congregations VJ er e pro-slavery . Again wi th Jefferson t s encourac:;e- ment Lemen spo ll:e out on the Slavery issue. This he did by getting the large minorities in hi s chur ches to form new congregations . The Lem en fa!11 ily mel'Ylbe'<'5 Were kno,c1l1 right up to the Civil Viar as an ti-slavery leader s. 1. Ibid . p. 75 65 The first settlers,1110 st of WhOEl wer e from the South , domincct ec :: he political activity of the day. Sever al petitions 1;Jere pre::,ented lly rcsi(,ent s to suspend the oper ation of provision VI of the Northwest Ordinance. None were acted on by the feder al govern- ment e The legislature of the Indiana territory in 1807 adopted sever:' 1 provisions which attenpted to inval idat e the Ordinance of 1787 . Ev en thoueh Indi ana rej ected the several provisions prot ecting slavery, three years later the Illinois legislature re-enactRd the provisions into Illinois law in 1812. Ironically no cases are on reco rd until 1817 of challen[:ing the obvi :::u s1y invalid territorial lavIs wh ich 'Vl crc repugnant to the VI section of the Ordinance of 1787. Some settlers did no tice the violation as the diary of one read: "In vio1ati'J n of the Ordinanc e of 1787 VIC find th:i s stater1ent : Th ere are among us, chiefly betvleen Al tOll and Chester , several hundred slaves, held in perp etual and ab solute servitude in the same r;;anner , so far as I know, that 1 they are held in the South. ,, 1 Illino is Historica (1'"Jo l Libr ary Se .' ies .. 15) 191.0 p. 49 66 In Sept e;c;ber 1803 an act of the territorial legis18.ture of Incliana, wh ich at that time included Illinois, made the following major provisions with the :i ntent to ;;;aterially avoid the prohibition of the Ordinance of 1787. The first section of the act provided that , "It shall be lawful for any person, being the owner of any negroes or mUlatto es of and above the z;ge of fifteen years, and owing service and labor as slaves in any of the states or territories of the United States, or for any citizen of the Unit ed States purchas'. ng the same, to bring the said negroes or mulattoes into this territory. " The second section pl:ovic1es "That wi thin thirty days after bringing the slaves into the terri tory, the owner or Blaster Should take them before the clerk of the cour t, and have an indenture between the Slave al1c1 his Ollrner entered upon record, specifying the time \vh ich the slave Vias co"'pel1ed to serve the master." (The term h'aS usually fixed at ninety-nine years.) Section three previded that if the slave refused to consent to the :�<:r\(lJ ;n t,,:;re, the master should have the right \"Jith:,n sixty days, to remove the slave to any state or territory wh ere such property could be legally held. Sect ion four , gave the right to puniSh the slave wi tIl stripes for laz·; ness, rdsbehavior , or disorderly conduct. Section five provided that any person removin g into this territory, and being the oVlller of any negro or mulatto under the age of fj.fteen ye[cr s, it should be lal"lful for such per son, otvner ? or possessor to register the Same ant} to 1101(1 67 the said negro or mulatto to service or labor, the males until they arrive at the age of thirty-five and the females until the age of thirty-tvJO years. Section thirteen, provided that children born in the territory, of a person of color, owing service of labor by inden ture, according to law, shall serve the master or mistress, the males until the age of thirty, and females until the age of tl"ienty-eight years.l (No.22) 1 Illino is Hi storical Lib,:ary Series 1916 p. 92 68 Ev en though slavery waS no t even suppo sed to be perIni tted, some laws al lowed slaves to be treated roughly_ Whipping was pr ac ticed but only in ar eaS of the Illinois country Nh ere the "poor wh ites" fro� the South wnr0 pr il1�te. Some attenp ts were made to protect the slaves in the county courts wh ere ovmers wer e punished if the wh ite neighbors testified that the slaves were being mistreated. Slavery VIas carried on to such an extent that in some ar eaS negro es had to have paSses to le;1ve their land. Negroes were also bequeathed by vIill and sold at :auction IH;e any sp ecies of personal property. • ••• No attempt waS ma('e to conceal the traff ice in slaves. Frequent no tices of desirable negroes 'for sale' and 'wanted ' app ear ed in the Western Int elligencer of Kas:k�.ski a. The Eissour'; Gaz ette published at St . Lo uis, and enjo ying a consider;1.ble ci:rCj;l;�tion in Illino is, cont ained, fr001 1808 to 1820 pany similar ac1vertiser:entso ..0 It w? s eas" for the settlers cif Southwestern Illinois to cross the lvl ississippi to St. Charles or St . Loui s, and the inhabitants of Ga�latin Coun�y to visit !entucky at any t:1me to purCHase sl�.ves. On top of this slaves wh ose terms of service Vlere 1 Har ris, on .cit. p. 13 69 almost over were kidnapped and sold again in a slave state. The territorial legislature p8.ssed a law imposing a penalty of $1, 000 for kidnapping of this source but it continued anyway. _ What kind of work did slaves in Illinois do? As well as tilling the soil of the pl1lUltations 1lUld household work they served as waiters in taverns, as dairymen , as shoemakers, as cooks, and as toilers in the salt ;'1ines. In 1814 a statute legalizing the hiring of Negroes for salt mining opened the "J ay fo r mo re slB.very in the Illino is Territory. It shoul(} be no ted of slavery that ftit VIas not lirnited to the settlenents and toe'IDS along the Ohio 1lUld ssissippi rivers, but ....laS practised all over the southern portion of what is now the State of Illinois, and as f;'r north as Sa.'1gamon County , which was then just beginning to be settled."1 ritorv was the fol1oi.'linr: one . , �. For disobedience of ch3.1dren 01: S'2l"vnnt::, to their parents or r;lasters, upon comJ}laints T:18.de it v;as 18.1.';f1.1.1 for a justice of the peace to send the offender to lail 01.� the house of co:erc:ction., the�ce to rel!:ain until he or she 1 Ibid. p. 15 70 should hur'ble himself to the parent 's or master 's s2.tisfactioll; and if any child or servant assaulted or struck;: his Darent or master , two or mo re justices of the peace, upon conviction thereof, might C2,use the offender tO be 1'Jh ippeci with no t exceeding l ten strips. Earlier "VJas no ted that Governor Edvlards was in favor of slavery in the Il linois Territoryo �Iowever , I ran acro ss the following letter to the editor to the Il1ino :ios Int elligencer : I canno t imccgine 110Vl Gov. Ford coulel have con:ritted so gre8.t a mistake in ranking Gov • .EchJards among tho se 1''5110 vre xe: in favor of making this a slave State. His sentiments on that subj ect were "Jell kn01l1 , for no one individual in the State had been so ac tive in his ot)Dositi ol1 to the introduction of slavery. In a rness ::;f!e to the Territorial Legislatur e, in the ye ru:0 1817, returning a bill entitled "il11 act to reDeal so much of an act entitled ' an act concerning the introduction of negroes and mul at toes into this Territory , t1l he says : ttl am 110 advocate for Slavery ; and if it de pended upo n my vote alone, it should never be ac11i, itted into any St?te or Territory not already cursed with so eat an evil . I have 110 obj ection to the rCl:c ell I suppo se l-,'o..s .intenc1ed, but there bciLg no suell. la�:': as tllD.t Y::l::'c11 is described . in the p:real�ble anc: refe:t; r�d to in � 1 the en act:t.ng clause or the b:tll wn:tCll naS been referred to i'!e for approval, the l) ro- posed repea1 i:Jould be 8.. nerc nullity , ane1. l,.rith every po ss:,bl e 8,id of 1e',: a1 construction anci intendmen� would leave in full fo rce the act of 18120ft and Tim e s 0 f N in Ln1 -1-.0.c'"' 71 1-';-a-r"'(.. "1 :::s, -, "'r "'h"· ::n'i�anl:-: ::-·\'i . ,J:r., The Life p,l" J'",-d" n 160 �"" ��_ "':.' ? �� 0 _ 2 Ibid., po 184 71 basis of the fo llowing stn:t:emC?lltS: At the session of the Legislature of Illinois in 1817, a bill \'las passed by both houses to repeal so much of the act (Act of 1807) as authorized the bringing of negroes and mullato es into the State, and indenturing then as slaves. The governor vetoed the bill, giving as his reason, that there iv as no such la,'.;" in Illino is as the Act of 1807, as i t �,;'1as a la'/.T of Indiana, "I'ih ich "liaS te�hnical1y true, although re-enacted in Illinois.- Slavery 1�as very evidently pro tccted ill Illino is The cd,minal code of Illinois declared : nif any person shall h2�rbor or secr ete any negro , mulatto , or son of color , the same being a slave or servant , 0".":i110 service or labor to _ any other pr::rson s, 1vhethc:r toy res�c1c i:'1 thj.s Stat e or at"'1 }' other st ate or territory or district v'lithin the lini ts Ul""1. cl under the }LU:is c1ict:ion of the Uni ted States, or shall in ar,y l1ise hinder or nrevent the 18.'L'fu' 1 01'Ine:r or ovnlcrs of such slaves or servants fr01" rc:t;,11cinr, their! in a la;'>" ful mru'"1ner , c:very such person so offending Shall be deemed r::u 11ty of a. ;� isdcano:r , and fined not exceeding $500,00, or iJ;:mrisoned :l.1ot c:z-:;:c ecding six months 0 tt The leading case ·\'J3.3 tl1 at of Eells Vo Peonle which V'Icnt to the SUl)r C; le Court of the United StCttes. Richard Eells W(�:, S inclicte6 and convicted for iH1:rborir-e a slave and fined $400.,00 0 The judglilcnt of the loi'!er court ",-;as affirmed b'v bo tb and SUD:rer;u:� Court of 111inc d,s ;lnd the Sunr eT 1 Il1.inois Iiistor ic Librz,zy 2)eries (No.??) 191(-;, n.�!3 2 Illinois Historical Libr ary Series (:No c 16 ) 1910, ;-) .46 The case nenticned ahove 'i/Jas the leadinG one of ma..l1Y d.u:ring the per iocl . It should be emph as ized that the "underground railro ad" did start ab out 1810 and informall¥ even earlier. /,la.ll¥ of Illinois ' residents �,-'IC :.t.� e ar::: ainst alaver-y- and 1:J-:>re willing to '" provide fone: , clothing and tr::tnsportati�)l1.. Ac tually a fornul Ilunderground railroad It vlas not organized until 1840 but help vIaS provided for many slaves during Il1inoist territorial period., M;:ny of these slaves fled through Illinois from Kentucky and fiissouri into C2nada .. 11y the beginning of the slovery Hovel�lent ACtU8.. is all th<'_t has been discussed in this section. qu estion took place after 18;�O o In fact, in 1822 slavery versus aD ti-slavcry h72�S THE po lit5�cal issue .. the govcr:nor sil:i.p 1Jer e The four c�..nd id0�t es J.. ' rhil1ips, DrD-:''I11C , l�oo:re and les ... l/hillips his slaves upon ent er ing Illinois. The governorship It shonld 2,687; Brolvl1c iS 2,£1.4 3; and J: 73 S,HIIf C\hd Fo xes .J) cr",�--.'1\ \..Q .3 31 f,'ff-e. I� JI(' a..3 I :J.,I fJ2'1- �b l f1r /drlr . . . •. 135 " r. . JffJ5' t",LSI G-re �e;' � b ! 8 90� f;"'"d ..-& •. 'v \ 1/' FY'ec. t ..'res <;> :' j&,) l'1ooff v !M'Y'.:\Y\ ....., .. .- ...... • 1 ='L \ 11J �r(fti"., � . .,.-...--" -----ov--TJ ___ . I �- -! - t· ...·------£_ ...... c;) p",,,,t �- . og: I I I I I I Ve. hO\di d-" .. Z>- r°tes ')A--: \.\ \� \ 1 MILES --t SCA LE OF � :- I I .r--':""- ' .j:> 1-1 I I r"./� . 0 tOO 1.00 3DO '100500 " I ,- Y> ) 11� I ) S/dve.,.y the.. u.s. UNiTED STATES (STCltes � �� �f!'/! �.=j��$���-::j[;.� �:t /g30-/f;foO .h-..f� J l �-, IJ)O-IjJ-1krJJ<.. 1Jn,w-� Io/t.o � (l/>..J 75 be no ted that rtthe licuten2'.n t governor , Hubb ;:;x d, vIas a pro-slavery man, vJhile a E!ujority of the n1 legislators V-Jere pro-slavery also 0 After the Election of 1822 came: an 1824 movement to have a convention to lcf?:z�_ lize slavery_ It failed. And on and on went the: bl1,ttle between pro and an ti- Slavery fo rces. i''..lthough Illinois VIas no t a sl:,v e state it pr acticed slQvcry . HOY1eVCr7 the increased scttlerlcnt frol�l the North after 18;-;;0 enabled Illino is to establish Gt free st::.t e constitu.tion in 1847-48. Ead settler s conti.nued to bring slaves fro:L: th.e South, Il1ino : m:tght have been forced to accept slavery in the later created vJestern states. Of course , the type of f;:,' rning and the 0.8.r1y indu stj:ial start :111 Ill ino is helped to discourage slavery too.. There are ;y!ore f a.ctors in Illinois t history thfJ.t made the decis:;.on on v:hethcr to have Slavery be he16 off until 10tcr years but the ones r::el1tionG:(� in this aFter a 10 1 Illino is Historl·cul Library Series (No.9) 1904, p.4:::; 0 Au thor t s No tes Thanks go to Dr o Bunycn ..J:\J1 drev{ and Dr . Richard Leonard for their advice, assistance , and encottr ap'e- " ment e Without the resources of the Illino is State H::>�'�tor ical Libr ary or the Illino is He sleyan University Librc,ry this tilo r1;: "\"iould have be';:n impo ssible . Special thanks goes to Ev elyn Ho lr:iGs 'vIll0 typed the paper as l'je l1 as helping me in j;lany other Vi[',YSo It should be no ted that this is the first paper dealing vIi th these three issues at the sa:'1 e . t·:une 1n one state. The wr itings on these issues has far from been exhausted in this pal)er . HO�J'evcr , this paper is confined to a specific per iod (180(} - lEl.18) an(1 thi.s au thor believes thr�t it h;oul( be of value to do one OL the S2J:le issues as 1:Je l1 as other s in each st(1:t e durinz their organizational period ., Boggess, llr thur Clinton, The Sett1 Cf,l cnt of Illinois 1778-1830, Chicago : Chicago Histo rical Society , 1008 Buck, Solon Justus, Illinois in 1818, Sprinrfield : Illino is Centennial COmmission, 19 17 Chase, StU8,Xt, Statutes of Ohio , vol . 1, Clevel and : State Historical So ciety, 1881 (1788-1833) Douglas, Frederic and Rene D'Harmoncourt, Indi cu"1. Art of the Uni. ted States, NeVI York: Tu e Museum of Hodern "� ,.t, 1941 Dunne, Edward, Illinois (the He8Xt of the Nati )l1 ) vo ls . I & II, Chic ago : The Leviis Publ ishing Conp any , 1933 l\.1.11 1. an t J r., "e :l.!.e an 1.me? .t:r�'" L\' a.:tes,, '1" ,,�"J1.r' , Th1 L'.c d< 1"0,( r. Ninian Eci1Cjard s, Springfield : Illino is St ;:�,te . journa 1 Co., 1870 Eggan, Fred, SOC i::l.1 l"i..nthroDology of }'-'-:o rtl} A.l11 crican Tr ibes, Chicago : University of Ch icago Pr ess , 1937 Filler , Louis, The Crusade Against -?lav 01.�Y 18:-;0-1860, NevI Yorl: : Ho..rpc;,r and Brothers, 1960 lI8Xris,Nor�l an DNi glJ t, The Ei story of Negro Servitude in Illinois 1719-1864, Chic;,.go : A.C,I>'cClurg & c:o.-, 1904 Hnrnphrey , Gr ace, Il1inois--Tl1e Story of the Prairie State. Indianapo lis : Bobbs-]\.:errill Co . 1 1917 Series, 111ir�o is Historical Libr ary SJ}r il1[;fie ld: PhilliPs Brothers StO,.te Printers C"o 0' 1904 (No. 19 ) 1913 28) 1921 1 \ • , ) (l�o• (No. 13) 1908 Gro. ;n) 1915 (No. 30) 19 (No . 14) 1909 (No. 72) 1915 (No, 30) 1931 1910 1916 31) 1974 ( j,\0" ,. 0 J,- "-)"' ) ( • ) ( • ( 1 ry) 1912 1'\0" . _I ( • ) 1919 Illinois Resources--Develonment Po ssibilities, Ch icago : Illino is ChaYi10er rce 1930 of Con':l c , Bibliography (cont. ) 2 James, Ed\11t!I1d J., The Terri "orial Records of Illinoi s, Springfield : Phil lips Bro thers St :ste Printers, 1901 J esui t Relations , vo l. 69 ,;:u:tin, l'aul; Geo rge C{td.rnby , CuJ.d Donald Co l1i{:?r , Indians Before Co lumbus, Chic arro : Ul1ivcrsi'ty of 0 Chic ago Press, 1947 r,'�,o ses, John , �I l1�11 0 is Hi storical �,n d __ Stat}stical, Chicago : Fergus Printing , 1889 Ogg, Frederic Austin, The Old No rthv!est, vo l. 19 of the Chro;licles of .An:crica, New Haven : Yale University Pr ess, 19 19 Olmstead, Clifton United States, Pr entice-Ib.l1 , 1! ease, Theodore Calvin, The Frontier St:::..te 1818- 1848, vo ls . I & II, Springfield : IHirnis Cel1.J..{-l-l�l '; a'1 101_00;) � ._ L �L_L-,- J� ;::;.0:':<<:":;1',� _ 011 ...... � , Pope's Dip;est , vo ls. I 8L II, Springfield : the '<' J.._.1 ":.. :1.no1.S ;:yc::-tte "Or1.CC1-L L:tnrary, _";/.501"�o ._, 111.3, " t . i - " Thvaites, rz.ulph, The ,ytory of 'l'Jisco;,1,sin, 1'Ji scollsin State l}r css, 1919 Tr eat, Payson Jackson, The National Land Systec: 1785-1820, Nevi York: E. B. 'ir e t r:11<1 Co ., 1910 County Records : ad ison County Reco rds- 1815-1817 County Clc::rkis r istc�:r at Chester , June 14 , 1810 Country Clerk's register-Rando County , June 8 July 14, 1810