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Ethnopharmacological and Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in the High Atlas Central

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Ethnopharmacological and Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants in the High Atlas Central Ethnopharmacological and Ethnobotanical study of Medicinal plants in the High Atlas Central, Morocco ﺔﺳاردﻟا ﺔﯾﺟوﻟوﻛﻣرﻓوﻧﺛﯾﻹا ﻹاو ﺔﯾﺟوﻟوﺑوﻧﺛ تﺎﺗﺎﺑﻧﻠﻟ ﺔﯾﺑطﻟا ﻲﻓ سﻠطﻷا طﺳوﺗﻣﻟا رﯾﺑﻛﻟا برﻐﻣﻠﻟ . Souad Belhaj, Jamila Dahmani, Nadia Belahbib, Lahcen Zidane Databases and Inventoiries Ceratonia siliqua L. and diabetic diseases such as Anthemis nobilis L., Euphorbia resinifera Berg. Abstract These diseases are mainly cured using leaves of the plants cited. The predominant preparation method is decoction. Background: This ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological study was conducted in the Correspondence High Atlas Central of Morocco. Its aim is to promote the use of medicinal plants through the realisation of 1* 2 an inventory of these plants and their therapeutic Souad Belhaj , Jamila Dahmani , Nadia 2 1 uses in this region. Belahbib , Lahcen Zidane 1 Methods: The ethnopharmacological surveys Department of Biology, UFR: Biodiversity and conducted in the field from 2015 to 2017 have Natural Resources Laboratory, IbnTofail University, allowed filling 1192 questionnaires. Information was PB 133, 14000, Kenitra Faculty of Science, Morocco 2 collected by an ethnobotanical and a floristic survey Department of Biology, Botanical, Biotechnology with using open-ended and semi-structured and Plant Protection Laboratory, IbnTofail University, interviews. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and PB 13314000, Kenitra Faculty of Science, Morocco Student's t test; Quantitative ethnobotanical indices * such as Fidelity Level (FL), Relative Citation Corresponding Author: Frequency (RCF) Frequency (F), and Family [email protected] Importance Value (FIV) were also used to compare data. The medicinal plants were collected, identified Ethnobotany Research & Applications and kept at the Biodiversity and Natural Resources 20:18 (2020) Laboratory, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra. Conclusions: This study showed that indigenous Results: The study identified a total of 248 medicinal people in the High Atlas Central use the plants plants used by the local population. They belong to recorded for the treatment of various diseases. This 70 families from which the leading family was wealth of plants for therapeutic uses is accompanied Asteraceae, represented by 30 species. Most of by knowledge and practices in phytotherapy these species are used to treat gastrointestinal acquired by the inhabitants of the High Atlas Central diseases such as Thymus broussonetii Boiss, over the centuries. This study keeps a transcribed Manuscript received: 04/06/2020 – Revised manuscript received: 06/08/2020 - Published: 09/08/2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.32859/era.20.18.1-40 2 trace of phytotherapy practices. The achieved results Yahyaoui et al. 2015, Hseini & Kahhouadji 2007, are a precious source of ethnomedicinal knowledge Salhi et al. 2010). that allows the shifting of the researches towards Besides this promising natural context, Morocco has phytochemistry and pharmacology. an ancestral knowledge of herbal medicines, the use of plants for flavoring and preserving some food, as Key words: Ethnomedicinal, Therapeutic uses, well as the extraction of aromatic principles... Medicinal plants, Biodiversity. The High Atlas central of Morocco offers a bioclimatic variety, and a distinctly unique geography ,which is characterized by an altitude gradient (plain ﻠﻣﺧص : piedmont and mountains) that permits the installation of a rich flora. Despite the richness in plant رھت:ﺔﻣدﻟاﻘﻣ رأﯾهﺟذ اﻟاﺔﺳد ﺔﯾﻟوﺟﻓﻛوﻣرﻧوﺛﯾاﻹ و اﻹ ﺔﯾﻟوﺟﺑوﻧوﺛ ﺗتﺎﺑﻠﻟﻧ ﺎ ﺗتﺎﺑﻠﻟﻧ ﺔﯾﻟوﺟﺑوﻧوﺛ اﻹ و ﺔﯾﻟوﺟﻓﻛوﻣرﻧوﺛﯾاﻹ اﻟاﺔﺳد رأﯾهﺟذ رھت:ﺔﻣدﻟاﻘﻣ biodiversity l data about the plants of this region is ﺗﻰ ﻣطﺛھﻛبف ﻣ,ﻟإنذﻲو ﺗﯾﺳطﻟاﺑس ﮭه دوﻣﻟارﺗر ﯾﻟاﺗﻐ ﻠﺔﻟاﯾﻷﻲﻠﻟطﺑ ﻓا ﻓا ﻠﺔﻟاﯾﻷﻲﻠﻟطﺑ ﯾﻟاﺗﻐ دوﻣﻟارﺗر ﮭه ﺗﯾﺳطﻟاﺑس ﻣ,ﻟإنذﻲو ﻣطﺛھﻛبف ﺗﻰ scarce and fragmentary (El Alami & Chait 2017, El وﺗتﺎﺑﻟاﻧ ﺎنكذ ﻟﻣ Alami et al. 2016). Ethnobotany and لﻼﺧ ﺟ ﺎھدر دﯾدﺣﺗو ﺎﻣادﺧﺗﺳا ﺎﮭﺗ ا ﺔﯾﺟﻼﻌﻟ نﻣ ﻗ لﺑ ا نﺎﻛﺳﻟ ا ﻠﺣﻣﻟ ﯾ نﯾ هذﮭﻟ هذﮭﻟ نﯾ ﯾ ﻠﺣﻣﻟ ا نﺎﻛﺳﻟ ا لﺑ ﻗ نﻣ ﺔﯾﺟﻼﻌﻟ ا ﺎﮭﺗ ﺎﻣادﺧﺗﺳا دﯾدﺣﺗو ﺎھدر ethnopharmacology examine indigenous people's ﺔﻟاﻧﻘطﻣ . knowledge of the use of plants manage or cure diseases. Therefore it is important to keep up a ﺎﻷاﺳ ﻟ :بﯾ تﻧﻛﻣ ذھ ه ا ﻟ ﺔﺳارد نﻣ ءلﻣ 1192 ﺳاﺗ ةرﺎﻣ ﻌﻣ ﺎﻣوﻠ ﺗ ﺔﯾ مظﺗ مظﺗ ﺔﯾ ﺗ ﺎﻣوﻠ ﻌﻣ ةرﺎﻣ ﺳاﺗ written record of all phytotherapy practices, whose تﺎﺳارد ﺗﺳا ﺎﻘﺻ ﺋ ﺔﯾ إ ﺛ ﺔﯾﺟوﻟوﺑوﻧ ﻧو ﺑ ﺎ ﺗ ,ﺔﯾ تﯾرﺟأ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘطﻧﻣ ا ﻟ ,ثﺣﺑ ﺑ نﯾ نﯾ ﺑ ,ثﺣﺑ ﻟ ا ﺔﻘطﻧﻣ ﻲﻓ تﯾرﺟأ ,ﺔﯾ ﺗ ﺎ ﺑ ﻧو ﺔﯾﺟوﻟوﺑوﻧ ﺛ إ ﺔﯾ ﺋ ﺎﻘﺻ ﺗﺳا تﺎﺳارد transmission to futures generations, hitherto, is ﻧﺳ ﻲﺗ 2015 و 2017 ,و ﻟكذ ءارﺟﺈﺑ ﺑﻼتﺎﻘﻣ ﺔﺣوﺗﻔﻣ ﮫﺑﺷو ﺔﻣﻧظﻣ ,و دﻗ based on oral tradition. We present the results of the لﯾﻠﺣﺗمﺗ ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣو ا ﻟ ﺎتﻧﺎﯾﺑ مادﺧﺗﺳﺎﺑ رﺎﺑﺗﺧا( أ ﺎﻓوﻧ طرﺎﺑﺗﺧاو ، ﯾثﺣ نوﻛﯾ نوﻛﯾ ﯾثﺣ ، طرﺎﺑﺗﺧاو ﺎﻓوﻧ أ رﺎﺑﺗﺧا( مادﺧﺗﺳﺎﺑ ﺎتﻧﺎﯾﺑ ﻟ ا ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻣو لﯾﻠﺣﺗمﺗ floristic study, ethnopharmacological and اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر ﻣﮭ ًﻣﺎ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ـ ﺑــ ـ (ب ≤ 0.05 )) و ﺑ ادﺧﺗﺳﺎ م اترﺷؤﻣ اترﺷؤﻣ م ادﺧﺗﺳﺎ ﺑ و ethnobotany of medicinal plants used by local ﺔﯾﺗﺔﺎﺑﻧ إﻛ ﯾﻧﺛﻣ ﻣﺔﯾ ﺛل ﺔﻣﯾﻗ مادﺗﺧاﺳ (قةاﻷرﺳ ،)أ.ا. و اررﻛﺗﻟا ﺑﻲﻧﺳﻟا ﺑﻲﻧﺳﻟا اررﻛﺗﻟا و ،)أ.ا. (قةاﻷرﺳ مادﺗﺧاﺳ ﺔﻣﯾﻗ ﺛل ﻣﺔﯾ ﯾﻧﺛﻣ إﻛ ﺔﯾﺗﺔﺎﺑﻧ populations, as well as the study of the therapeutic ﺎﮭﺷﺗﻼﻟﺳ د .ن.ت( ا ،) ىوﺗﺳﻣو ﻼﺧصﻹا م( . إ ) . ﻟ ﯾ ﺗ مﻣﺟ ﻊ ا ﻟ ﺑﻧ ﺎ ﺎتﺗ ا ﺔﯾﺑطﻟ ﺔﯾﺑطﻟ ا ﺎتﺗ ﺎ ﺑﻧ ﻟ ا ﻊ مﻣﺟ diversity, the methods of preparation and use of ﺎﮭﺗﯾﺗ,ﻣﺳ ﺎﮭﻔظوﺣ ﻓﻲ رﺑﺗﻣﺧ دراوﻣﻟا ﺔﯾﻌﯾﺑﻟطا وعﻧﺗﻟاو وﺟﻲﻟوﯾﺑﻟا ﺟ، ﺔﻌﻣﺎ ﺔﻌﻣﺎ ﺟ، وﺟﻲﻟوﯾﺑﻟا وعﻧﺗﻟاو ﺔﯾﻌﯾﺑﻟطا دراوﻣﻟا رﺑﺗﻣﺧ ﻓﻲ ﺎﮭﻔظوﺣ ﺎﮭﺗﯾﺗ,ﻣﺳ plants, this work also records the list of all diseases طن ﯾلﺑاﻔ ، ةﯾطرﻧﻘﻟا . .treated ﻣھت:ﺋﺞﺎﺗﻟاﻧ ﻛ رﻧهذ ﻣاﻟانﺔﺳد ﻣدﯾﺗدﺣ ﻣوﺟﺎﮫﻋ ﻣ 248 ﺎوﻧﻋ نﻣ ا ﻟ ﻧ ﺑ ﺎ ﺗ ﺎت ﺎت ﺗ ﺎ ﺑ ﻧ ﻟ ا نﻣ ﺎوﻧﻋ نﺑﻛﺳفط ﻟاﺧﺎﯾﺳﺣ ﻟاﻟانطﻠﺔﺗرﻟاﻣدﻣﻣﺔ ﯾﻣ ﺣ.ﯾتنﯾ ھﻲﻧﺗﯾ هذﻣﺗ ﺗتﻰﺎﺑﻟاﻧ ﻟإﺎ ﺗتﻰﺎﺑﻟاﻧ هذﻣﺗ ھﻲﻧﺗﯾ ﺣ.ﯾتنﯾ ﯾﻣ ﻟاﻟانطﻠﺔﺗرﻟاﻣدﻣﻣﺔ ﻟاﺧﺎﯾﺳﺣ نﺑﻛﺳفط ً Materials and Methods 70 ﺎﻋ ﺋ ﻠ ﺔ ﻧ ﺑ ﺎﺗﯾﺔ ,أﻛﺛرھﺎ ﺗﻣﺛﯾﻼ ھﻲ ﻓﺻﯾﻠﺔ اﻟﻧﺟﻣﯾﺎت ب 30 ﻧو ًﻋﺎ,و ﯾﺗم دﺧﺳاﺗ ا م مظﻌﻣ هذھ عاوﻧﻷا ﻟ جﻼﻌ أ اضرﻣ ا زﺎﮭﺟﻟ ا ﻲﻣﮭﺿﻟ لﺛﻣ, ﺗ ﯾسﻣﯾ ﯾسﻣﯾ ﺗ لﺛﻣ, ﻲﻣﮭﺿﻟ ا زﺎﮭﺟﻟ ا اضرﻣ أ جﻼﻌ ﻟ عاوﻧﻷا هذھ مظﻌﻣ م ا دﺧﺳاﺗ Study area ﻧوﺳرﺑو ﻲﺗ و ﻧوطارﯾﺳ ﯾ ﺎ ﯾﺳ ﻠ ﺎﻛﯾ أو, اضرﻣ ا يرﻛﺳﻟ لﺛﻣ, أ ﻧ ﺗ ﯾسﻣﯾ ﺑوﻧ ﻠ ﯾس و و ﯾس ﻠ ﺑوﻧ ﯾسﻣﯾ ﺗ ﻧ أ لﺛﻣ, يرﻛﺳﻟ ا اضرﻣ أو, ﺎﻛﯾ ﻠ ﯾﺳ ﺎ ﯾ ﻧوطارﯾﺳ و ﻲﺗ ﻧوﺳرﺑو Due to geographical position and its climate, the ﯾﺑرووأﻓ ﻏﺎ ﻧﯾﺳﯾ ﯾ اروﻔ ﺗﻌﯾو. ارﺑ ﻟ ﻧ ﻘ ﻊﯾ ارﺛﻛأ قرطﻟ ﻹﻻﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳا دادﻋ ,ﺎتوﻟﻔاﺻ ,ﺎتوﻟﻔاﺻ دادﻋ ﻹﻻﺎﻣﻌﺗﺳا قرطﻟ ارﺛﻛأ ﻊﯾ ﻘ ﻧ ﻟ ارﺑ ﺗﻌﯾو. اروﻔ ﯾ ﻧﯾﺳﯾ ﻏﺎ ﯾﺑرووأﻓ High Atlas Central of Morocco offers a tremendous ﻧﯾﺑﺎﻣ ﻌﺗد قاروﻷا ا ءزﺟﻟ ا ﻲﺳﯾﺋرﻟ ا مدﺧﺗﺳﻣﻟ ﻲﻓ ا .ﺎتﺟﻼﻌﻟ ecological and floristic diversity. In addition, the indigenous population of the region has wide ﺗﻻاﺳ ﻧ ﺗ :تﺎﺟﺎ ترﮭظأ ذھ ه ا ﻟ ﺔﺳارد نأ ا نﺎﻛﺳﻟ ا ﻟ ﻠﺣﻣ ﯾ نﯾ ﻲﻓ ﻠسﻷاط ا ﻟ طﺳوﺗﻣ طﺳوﺗﻣ ﻟ ا ﻠسﻷاط ﻲﻓ نﯾ ﯾ ﻠﺣﻣ ﻟ ا نﺎﻛﺳﻟ ا نأ ﺔﺳارد ﻟ ا ه ذھ ترﮭظأ :تﺎﺟﺎ ﺗ ﻧ ﺗﻻاﺳ traditional phytotherapeutic knowledge. The study ﺗﻣودﯾﺧنﯾﺳرﻟاﺑﻛ 248 ﻧو ًﻋﺎ ﻧﺑﺎﺗﯾًﺎ ﻟﻌﻼج ﻣﺧﺗﻠف اﻷﻣراض, ذھ ه ا ﻟ ةورﺛ ةر هذ was conducted in the center of the atlas chain of ﻓﺑﻌﻣجر تﺔطﺗﻌﺔﯾﺎﻣﻟارﻼ ﻟاﺑﺳﻣﻣﻟﺑ ﻛاتﺎﻲﺑﺎﺎﻧر ﻟاﺗﺳﺗ ﺎﺎهنذﺎﮭﻛﺑﺳھﺗ ﺎﺎهنذﺎﮭﻛﺑﺳھﺗ ﻟاﺗﺳﺗ ﻛاتﺎﻲﺑﺎﺎﻧر ﻟاﺑﺳﻣﻣﻟﺑ تﺔطﺗﻌﺔﯾﺎﻣﻟارﻼ ﻓﺑﻌﻣجر Azilal North, Ouarzazate, and Tinghir South, in the ﻰﻋقﻣ رطﻟاﻧ نﺎﻣﻠ ﻟاﻘ.رو و ﺗﻌﺗ رﺑ ا ﻟ ﻧ ﺗ ﺎ ﺞﺋ ا ﺣلﻣﺻﻟ ﻠﻋ ﺎﮭﯾ ﺛﻣﺑ ﺎ ﺔﺑ ردﻣﺻ ﻲﻧﻏ ﻲﻧﻏ ردﻣﺻ ﺔﺑ ﺎ ﺛﻣﺑ .(High Central (Fig 1 نﻣ ا ﻟ ﻣ ﻌ ﻠ ﻣو ,تﺎ نﻛﻣﯾدﻗ نﻣ ﺔﻓرﻌﻣ ا ﻟ ﺑﻧ ﺎ ﺎتﺗ ا وﺔﯾﺑطﻟ ﮫﯾﺟوﺗ ا ﺎتﺳاردﻟ ﺎتﺳاردﻟ ا ﮫﯾﺟوﺗ وﺔﯾﺑطﻟ ا ﺎتﺗ ﺎ ﺑﻧ ﻟ ا ﺔﻓرﻌﻣ نﻣ نﻛﻣﯾدﻗ ﺔﯾﺋﺎﯾﻣﻟاﯾﻛ وﺔﯾﺗﺎﺑﻟاﻧ .ﺔﯾﺋاﻟادو The communes of Tannant, Wawla, Ait Tamlil, Aït Majden, Aït M'hamed, Zaouiat Ahansal, Tabant, Aït تﻣﻠﻟاﻛ :ﯾﺢﺗﺎﻟاﻔﻣﺎ ب ﺛﻲاطﻹ ﺳﻟا،ﻧ ﻣﺔاﯾتﻼاﺗدﺟﻻﺧ ﻌ ﻟا،ﺎ ﺗتطﺎﺑﻟاﻧ ﺔﻟاﯾﺎﺑ ، ، ﺔﻟاﯾﺎﺑ ﺗتطﺎﺑﻟاﻧ ﻟا،ﺎ ﻌ ﻣﺔاﯾتﻼاﺗدﺟﻻﺧ ﺳﻟا،ﻧ ﺛﻲاطﻹ ب ,abbas, Aït blal, Sidi-boulkhalef, Tifni, Tidli-Fetouaka وﻟاعﺗ ﯾوﻲﻟاﺑﻧ ﻟو؛ﺟ Introduction Ouzoud, Aït Bou Oulli, belonging to the city of Azilal which is geographically located in the center of the Morocco is a geographical crossroad where several Kingdom and belongs to the economic region of Beni types of bio climates coexist and where the rainfall is Mellal-Khenifra, which was born from the 2015 irregular, which stimulates the development of a regional division of the three former regions: varied flora with a quite high rate of plant endemism Meknes-Tafilalet, Chaouia-Ouardigha and Tadla- within the Mediterranean region (Bellakhdar 2006). Azilal (Official Gazette, 2015). It covers an area of Therefore, the natural Moroccan ecosystem contains about 1 million hectares, all mountainous, with the 4200 vascular plant species. Among these, 382 taxa exception of a tiny part of the Tadla plain. (9% of the overall flora in Morocco) are exploited for therapeutic, medicinal and aromatic purposes and Administratively, the Béni Mellal-Khenifra region are classified as aromatic and medicinal plants (Aafi comprises five provinces: Azilal, Béni Mellal, Fquih et al. 2005). In Morocco, at least 600 plants are used Ben Salah, Khenifra and Khouribga, 135 communes in phytotherapy (Rejdali 1996), and numerous including 16 municipalities and 119 rural Communes ethnobotanical studies have been conducted in (HCP, 2018). several regions of Morocco (Bammi & Douira 2002, Benlamdini et al. 2014, Chaachouay et el. 2019, El 3 Figure 1:.Map situation of the study area: High Central Atlas (Realized by Belhaj according to the administrative division of 2015, Arcgis 10.3) About 80% of the surface area of the Province is In the southern slope, this work was carried out in located at an altitude of more than 1000 m and 60% the provinces of Tinghir, Ouarzazate belonging to the above 1500 m (Taibi et al.
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