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The Syntax and Semantics of Phrasal Verbs in Nzema .Pdf University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA THE SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS OF PHRASAL VERBS IN NZEMA MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY RAHINATU TAIBA IBRAHIM 2020 i University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, WINNEBA THE SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS OF PHRASAL VERBS IN NZEMA RAHINATU TAIBA IBRAHIM (8180260003) A thesis in the Department of Akan-Nzema Education, Faculty of Ghanaian Languages Education, Submitted to The School of Graduate Studies, University of Education, Winneba, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Master of Philosophy in Ghanaian Language Studies, (Nzema Option) degree. 2020 ii University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh DECLARATION STUDENT’S DECLARATION I, RAHINATU TAIBA IBRAHIM, declare that this thesis, with the exception of quotations and references contained in published works and Nzema written texts which all have been identified and duly acknowledged, is entirely my own original work, and it has not been submitted, either in part or whole, for another degree elsewhere. SIGNATURE:…………………………………………… DATE:…………………………………………………… SUPERVISORS’ DECLARATION We, hereby declare that the preparation and presentation of this work was supervised in accordance with the guidelines for supervision of Thesis as laid down by the University of Education, Winneba. DR. SAMUEL ALHASSAN ISSAH (PRINCIPAL SUPERVISOR) SIGNATURE:……………………………… DATE:……………………………………… DR. REGINA OFORIWAH CAESAR (CO-SUPERVISOR) SIGNATURE:……………………………… DATE:……………………………………… iii University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My outmost thanks go to Almighty Allah for His mercies and grace that enabled me to reach this far. May His Mighty name be glorified. I am thankful to work under the guidance and supervision of Dr. Samuel Alhassan Issah and Dr. Regina Oforiwah Caesar. They did not only provide constructive criticisms and feedbacks on drafts, but they also served as mentors, providing professional guidance throughout the writing process. I am also thankful to Dr. Cephas Delalorm and Mr. Bright Amoah, who nurtured my interest in this area and their suggestions which contributed to the success of this study. I am confident that I have been adequately prepared to face the academic activities working under the supervision of these exceptional scholars. May the Almighty richly bless them for their dedication. My sincerest gratitude goes to my consultants Mr. Crosby Annan, Miss Cecilia Tomekyin, Mr. Hamid Moro Eshun (my uncle) and Mr. Mustapha Kwasi Buah Abdulai (my SHS teacher and friend), for their discussions and suggestions that gave me insight into some areas of the Nzema language, and all my consultants, for granting me their time and permission to record all the folktales and songs. I really appreciate your patience and dedication throughout the interview sessions. I am grateful to the lecturers at the Department of Akan-Nzema Education, University of Education, Winneba, particularly, Prof. Charles Owu-Ewie, Mr. Kwasi Adomako, Dr. Mrs. Esther Nana Anima Wiafe-Akenten. I appreciate all the encouragements and assistance you provided me throughout my stay. iv University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh I owe a word of gratitude to my elder brother, Ibrahim Nkrumah Ridwan for his financial support and care. In addition, I gratefully acknowledge the prayers and moral assistance from my parents and siblings especially Aishatu Ibrahim throughout this journey. I offer my final portion of gratitude to my friends especially Racheal Andoh and Huseina Moro Sepah who always encourage me as far as my academic studies are concerned. Meyε bε mo somaa (Thank you so much). v University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my parents especially my mother, Miss Habibata Moro Eshun through whose prayers and support I have come this far. vi University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE DECLARATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv DEDICATION v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xii LIST OF TABLES xiv LIST OF FIGURES xv ABSTRACT xvi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to the language and people of Nzema 2 1.2 Background of the study 3 1.3 Statement of the problem 5 1.4 Purpose of the study 7 1.5 Objectives of the study 7 1.6 Research questions 7 1.7 Significance of the study 8 1.8 Limitations of the study 8 1.9 Delimitations of the study 9 vii University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh 1.10 Organization of the thesis 9 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.0 Introduction 10 2.1 Defining phrasal verbs 10 2.1.1 Tests for phrasal verbs 13 2.1.1.1 Adverb insertion 13 2.1.1.2 Particle placement 16 2.1.1.3 Formation of action nominal 19 2.1.1.4 Listing 22 2.2 Syntax of phrasal verbs 22 2.2.1 Constituents of phrasal verbs 23 2.2.2 Types of phrasal verbs in English 25 2.2.3 Syntax of phrasal verbs in some Ghanaian languages 28 2.2.3.1 The syntax of Akan phrasal verbs 28 2.2.3.2 Types of phrasal verbs in Akan 28 2.2.3.3 Intransitive phrasal verbs in Akan 29 2.2.3.4 Mono-transitive phrasal verbs in Akan 30 2.2.3.5 Di-transitive phrasal verbs in Akan 31 2.2.4 Syntax of Ga phrasal verbs 32 2.2.4.1 Intransitive phrasal verbs in Ga 32 2.2.4.2 Transitive phrasal verbs in Ga 33 2.3 Semantic properties of phrasal verbs 34 2.3.1 Semantics of verbs in English phrasal verbs 35 viii University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh 2.3.2 Semantics of particles in English phrasal verbs 36 2.3.3 Semantic classification of phrasal verbs in English 38 2.3.4 The semantics of Akan adposition element 40 2.3.5 Semantics of Ga particles 42 2.3.6 Polysemous and homonymous nature of phrasal verbs 43 2.3.7 Idiomaticity of phrasal verb 47 2.4 Theoretical framework 48 2.4.1 The X-bar theory 48 2.4.2 Conceptual metaphor theory 51 2.5 Interim summary 54 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction 55 3.1 Research design 55 3.2 Sampled population 56 3.3 Research consultants 56 3.4 Sampling technique 57 3.5 Sources of data 57 3.6 Data collection tools and procedure 58 3.6.1 Recording 58 3.6.2 Data from existing Nzema literature 59 3.6.3 Interview 60 3.6.4 Data based on native speaker’s introspection 60 ix University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh 3.7 Data analysis procedure 61 3.8 Ethical issues 62 3.9 Interim summary 62 CHAPTER FOUR: THE SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF NZEMA PHRASAL VERBS 4.0 Introduction 64 4.1 An overview of the syntax of the Nzema verb phrase 64 4.1.2 Nzema basic clause structure 64 4.1.3 Types of verb classes in Nzema 68 4.1.3.1 The intransitive 68 4.1.3.2 Transitive 69 4.1.3.3 Ditransitive 70 4.1.3.4 Those that are both transitive and intransitive 70 4.2 Characteristics of the verbal element in Nzema phrasal verbs 72 4.3 The post-verbal element in Nzema phrasal verbs 75 4.4 The constituent structure of the Nzema phrasal verbs 75 4.5 Syntactic classification of Nzema phrasal verbs 78 4.5.1 Intransitive phrasal verbs in Nzema 78 4.5.2 Mono-transitive phrasal verbs in Nzema 83 4.5.3 Di-transitive phrasal verbs in Nzema 88 4.5.5 Phrasal verbs that are used both transitively and intransitively 92 4.6 Distinguishing phrasal verbs from other verbal compounds in Nzema 93 x University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh 4.6.1 Overview of the syntax of serial verb constructions 93 4.6.2 Overview of the syntax of inherent complement verb (ICV) 96 4.7 Interim summary 99 CHAPTER FIVE: THE SEMANTIC OF NZEMA PHRASAL VERB 5.0 Introduction 100 5.1 The semantic characteristics of the adposition in Nzema phrasal verbs 100 5.2 Metaphorical meaning underlining Nzema phrasal verb 108 5.3 Idiomaticity of Nzema phrasal verbs 114 5.4 The semantic distinction between phrasal verbs and other verbal constructions118 5.4.1 The semantics of serial verb constructions 119 5.4.2 The semantics of inherent complement verbs 119 5.5 Polysemous nature of Nzema phrasal verbs 120 5.6 Interim summary 126 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATION 6.0 Introduction 127 6.1 Summary 127 6.2 Findings of the study 129 6. 3 Major contributions of this study 132 xi University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh 6.4 Recommendation 132 6.5 Conclusion 133 REFERENCES 142 APPENDIX A 147 APPENDIX B 149 APPENDIX C 147 xii University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1SG First person singular 2PL Second person plural 3SG Third person singular 3PL Third person plural 1SG.OBJ First person singular object 2SG.OBJ Second person singular object ADV Adverb AdvP Adverb phrase AspP Aspect phrase CONJ Conjunction CMT Conceptual metaphor theory DEF Definite article DEM Demonstrative FOC Focus marker FUT Future HAB Habitual IC Inherent complement ICV Inherent complement verb NEG Negative NP Noun phrase NSID Native speaker’s introspection data OBJ object PST Past tense PERF Perfective PROG Progressive POSS Possessive RD Recorded data TP Tense phrase VP Verb phrase xiii University of Education, Winneba http://ir.uew.edu.gh LIST OF TABLES Table page 1 Structural composition of phrasal verbs in English 23 2 List of stative/dynamic verbs in Nzema 71 3 List of verbs that co-occur with different adpositions in Nzema 72 4.
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