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The Double Axe and Approaching the Question of Karian-Kretan Interaction

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The Double Axe and Approaching the Question of Karian-Kretan Interaction Karia and Krete: a study in social and cultural interaction Naomi H Carless Unwin UCL DPhil History 1 I, Naomi H Carless Unwin, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 Abstract My thesis focuses on social and cultural interaction between Karia (in south western Anatolia) and Krete, over a long time span; from the Bronze Age to the Roman period. A persistent tradition existed in antiquity linking the Karians with Krete; this was mirrored in civic mythologies in Karia, as well as in cults and toponyms. My research aims to construct a new framework in which to read these traditions. The way in which a community ‘remembered’ its past was not an objective view of history; traditions were transmitted because they were considered to reflect something about a society. The persistence of a Kretan link within Karian mythologies and cults indicates that Krete was ‘good to think with’ even (or especially) during a period when Karia itself was undergoing changes (becoming, in a sense, both ‘de-Karianized’ and ‘Hellenized’). I focus on the late Classical and Hellenistic periods, from which most of our source material derives. The relevance of a shared past is considered in light of actual contacts between the two regions: diplomatic, economic, cultural and military. Against the prevailing orthodoxy, which maintains that traditions of earlier contacts, affinities and kinship between peoples from different parts of the Mediterranean were largely constructs of later periods, I take seriously the origins of such traditions and explore how the networks that linked Minoan Krete with Anatolia could have left a residuum in later conceptualisations of regional history. That I am able to do so is mainly thanks to developments in recent archaeological and linguistic research into Bronze Age western Anatolia. Such a diachronic approach throws up obvious questions of methodology: one cannot draw straight lines between the late Bronze age and the second century BC, and so must develop a way of analysing how, and in which contexts, traditions survived. 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 6 Abbreviations 7 List of Maps 13 List of Figures 14 Introduction: Approaching the Question of 15 Karian-Kretan Interaction - The Labrys and the Labyrinth 25 - Constructing Networks in the Ancient World 35 - Contact and Cultural Interaction 43 Chapter 1: Articulating a ‘Karian’ Identity 48 - ‘The Karians of Barbarian Speech’ 50 - Language and Identity 58 - Delimiting ‘Karia’ and the ‘Karians’ 63 Chapter 2: The role of Krete in the Mythologies, 73 Local Histories and Cults of Karia - Miletos and Kaunos 76 - The ‘Minoan’ Ports of Anatolia 80 - The ‘Kretinaion’ of Magnesia-on-the-Maeander 84 - The Karian Kouretes 89 - Karia and Lykia 97 Chapter 3: Interaction between Karia and Krete during 105 the Hellenistic period - Mylasa and Krete 106 - Interaction with Krete during the Hellenistic Period 116 - Contextualising the Mylasan Inscriptions 131 Chapter 4: Interaction as a Generator of Cultural 136 Exchange - Mechanisms of Cultural and Religious Interaction 137 - A ‘Kretan-born’ Zeus in Karia 155 - ‘Remembering’ the Past/Reflecting the Present 170 Chapter 5: Early Interaction between Karia and Krete 191 - Minoan and Mycenaean Contacts in Western Anatolia 194 - Karia on the Interface 216 - Reading Mythological Traditions 224 Conclusion 242 4 Appendices 245 Bibliography 261 Maps 284 Figures 290 5 Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank Riet van Bremen for her patience and precision in supervising this thesis. Hans van Wees and Simon Hornblower have also provided valuable comments on early drafts, and I have appreciated their insights. The opportunity to participate in the Labraunda excavations over the last three years has enhanced my research, and I would like to thank Lars Karlsson for welcoming me as a member of the team; also Pontus Hellström, for sharing his knowledge about the region, and Olivier Henry, for answering all my archaeological questions. Grants from UCL and the British School at Ankara made such trips possible, and my knowledge of the history and geography of Karia has improved vastly as a result. The Jacobi scholarship at the Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik, München, gave me the opportunity to pursue my research in a stimulating environment, and I would like to thank everyone there for making it a profitable stay. My friends deserve special mention for their support over the last four years, especially Laura and Esther, and my sister Abbie. Also Patrick Finn, who introduced me to the ancient world, and Genevieve, for first suggesting we take a trip to Turkey. Most of all I would like to thank my parents, for everything along the way. 6 Abbreviations ABSA Annual of the British School at Athens Achaie 3 A.D. Rizakis (2008), Achaie III. Les inscriptions de cite achéennes. Épigraphie et histoire (Athens). Ager Interstate Arbitrations S. L. Ager (1996), Interstate Arbitration in the Greek World, 337-90 BC (Berkeley – Los Angeles – London). AJA American Journal of Archaeology ala2004 C. Rouché (2004), Aphrodisias in Late Antiquity. The Late Roman and Byzantine Inscriptions, revised second edition, available at http://insaph.kcl.ac.uk/ala2004 AM A. Goetze (1933), Die Annalen des Mursilis (MVAG 38) (Leipzig). Austin M.M. Austin (2nd ed. 2006), The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: a selection of ancient sources in translation (Cambridge). Bagnall & Derow R. S. Bagnall & P. Derow (eds.) 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Laroche (1971), Catalogue des texts hittites (Paris). EA Epigraphica Anatolica. Zeitschrift für Epigraphik und historische Geographie Anatoliens. FD 3 G. Daux & A. Salac (1932-43), Fouilles de Delphes, III. Epigraphie 3. Depuis le trésor des Athéniens jusqu’aux bases de Géelon, 2 vols. (1 (1932): nos. 1-178; 2 (1943): nos. 179-441) (Paris). FGrHist F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. GIBM Ancient Greek Inscriptions in the British Museum (Oxford 1874-1916). GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. HTC P. Debord & E. Varinlioğlu (eds.) (2001), Les hautes terres de Carie (Bordeaux). IAph2007 J. Reynolds, C. Rouché, G. Bodard (2007) Inscriptions of Aphrodisias, available at: http://insaph.kcl.ac.uk/iaph2007. IC M. Guarducci (1935-50), Inscriptiones Creticae, 4 vols. ID F. Durrbach, P. Roussel, M. Launey, J. Coupry & A. Plassart (1926-72), Inscriptions de Délos, 7 vols. 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