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1 the Significance of the Conflict in West Papua For THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONFLICT IN WEST PAPUA FOR DEFENCE COOPERATION PLANNING IN THE PACIFIC Submitted by: Mr Joe Collins: Australia West Papua Association, Sydney Dr Cammi Webb-Gannon: West Papua Project, University of Wollongong Dr Jim Elmslie: West Papua Project, University of Wollongong Mr Ronny Kareni: West Papua Project, University of Wollongong Note: In this submission, the name ‘West Papua’ is used to refer to the whole of the western half of the island of New Guinea. However, ‘West Papua’, at this time, is divided into two provinces, ‘Papua Province’ and ‘West Papua Province’. Context The Melanesian people of West Papua consider themselves, and are considered by other Pacific Islanders, to be a part of the Pacific community. Netherlands New Guinea, as West Papua was known under Dutch occupation, was a member of the South Pacific Commission (SPC) and Papuan leaders continued to participate in SPC meetings until the Dutch ceded their authority to the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA) in 1962. The Netherlands then withdrew from the SPC. When West Papua was integrated into Indonesia under the 1969 referendum known as the Act of Free Choice (widely considered to be a sham)1, West Papua seemed to disappear from global consciousness or else was considered part of Asia. With the renewed momentum of West Papuans’ movement for self-determination over the past decade and the civil society support for West Papua’s right to the same among Pacific allies, West Papua has now come full circle and is again an actor in Pacific politics where it belongs, geographically and culturally, as this submission will demonstrate. After the Second World War, the South Pacific was considered a backwater for Australian foreign policy which focused mainly on the Asian region to our north. The South Pacific is now on the agenda as a priority in Australian foreign policy. In November 2018 Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced Australia would take our engagement to a new level with the ‘Step-Up’ policy, ostensibly due to the growing influence of China, through its aid programs, in the region. Recently Australia has ceded authority in the Pacific region because of the Federal Government’s denial of, and lack of action on, climate change, a priority for Pacific nations; its harsh asylum seeker policy in Manus and Nauru); and its reluctance to stand up to Indonesia 1 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/29/west-papua-independence-history 1 regarding the human rights situation in West Papua—a considerable concern to the people elsewhere in the Pacific2. We believe it is in Australia’s best interests, as it seeks to ‘step-up’ its leadership in the Pacific, to recognise that the conflict in West Papua is an issue of great concern for Pacific governments, as evidenced in the remainder of this submission. In acknowledging that, together with climate change, the Papua conflict is one of the biggest political issues in region, and in working with Pacific governments to raise concerns about human rights in West Papua at regional and international fora, it is our contention that Australia’s defence relationships in the region will be improved. West Papua in the PaCific and at the United Nations West Papua is on the agenda of the two main regional organisations, the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) and the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG), and its conflict with Indonesia is increasingly being raised as an issue at United Nations (UN) fora by Pacific Islands nations. PIF During the PIF’s consultation process under the Framework for Pacific Regionalism in 2015, concern about the human rights situation in West Papua was raised by over 40 Pacific Non– Government Organisations (NGOs) and individuals. The issue of West Papua continued to be raised as an issue of concern by NGOs in the following year’s PIF consultations, as evidenced in the following excerpt from the 2016 PIF Communique:. Leaders recognised the political sensitivities of the issue of West Papua (Papua) and agreed the issue of alleged human rights violations in West Papua (Papua) should remain on their agenda. Leaders also agreed on the importance of an open and constructive dialogue with Indonesia on the issue3. MSG The MSG consists of the four Melanesian countries of Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, as well as the Front de Liberation Nationale Kanak et Socialiste (FLNKS) of Kanaky (New Caledonia). The MSG granted Observer Status to the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP) in 2015, separate to Indonesia’s associate membership status. UN 2016 Pacific leaders regularly raise concerns about the issue of West Papua at the UN and in other international fora., In September 2016, leaders of Pacific Island nations of Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Nauru, Marshall Islands and Tuvalu raised concerns about the issue of West 2 https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/programs/pacificbeat/support-for-west-papua-ramped-up- ahead-of-forum-leaders-meeting/11393858 3 https://www.forumsec.org/west-papua/ 2 Papua at the United Nations General Assembly during the general debate of the Assembly's 71st session. Some leaders also called for West Papuans’ right to self-determination to be respected4. For example, the then Solomon Islands prime minister, Manessah Sogavare, stated: Human rights violations in West Papua and the pursuit for self-determination of West Papua are two sides of the same coin. Many reports on human rights violations in West Papua emphasize the inherent corroboration between the right to self-determination that results in direct violations of human rights by Indonesia in its attempts to smother any form of opposition5. Marshall Islands president, Hilda Heine, called for the human rights abuses in West Papua to be independently probed: Given the importance of human rights to my country [Marshall Islands], I request that the UN Human Rights Council initiate a credible and independent investigation of alleged human rights violations in West Papua6. 2017 Pacific leaders again raised the issue of West Papua in 2017 at the 72nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly General Debate in New York. Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, as well as the Deputy Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in the Caribbean, each raised concerns about the human rights situation in West Papua. In his summary speech, the Vanuatu Prime Minister, Charlot Salwai Tabimasmas, stated that “The Human Rights Council should … address the situation in West Papua” and “decolonization [should] be put back on the United Nations radar”7. West Papua and the African, Caribbean and PaCifiC Group of States In December 2019 the 79 member states of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) also raised concerns about human rights abuses in West Papua. The Radio New Zealand report on the 9th ACP Summit states: A resolution was passed by the group at its 9th ACP Summit of Heads of State and Government, calling for urgent attention to be paid to the rights situation in Indonesia- ruled Papua region. The resolution supports and adds significant diplomatic weight to a resolution passed by the Pacific Islands Forum in August this year. Among other things, 4 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/201817600/pacific-leaders- raise-west-papua-at-the-un 5 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/201817600/pacific-leaders- raise-west-papua-at-the-un 6 https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/201817600/pacific-leaders- raise-west-papua-at-the-un 7 https://gadebate.un.org/en/72/vanuatu 3 ACP states called for an international mission to visit Papua and provide an evidence- based, informed report on the human rights situation there8. PaCifiC Support for West Papua Raises ConCerns in Jakarta The continuing support for West Papua by Pacific countries has raised concerns in Jakarta, a relatively new actor in the Pacific region. To counter growing civil society and government support for West Papua, Indonesia is attempting to strengthen its ties with South Pacific countries. Indonesia has dispatched delegations to strengthen bilateral relations with a number of countries and has offered various aid packages in an attempt to influence the MSG leaders not to grant full membership to the representative body of the West Papuan independence movement, the United Liberation Movement for West Papua (ULMWP). A Guardian article dated 12 August 2019 reported that Indonesia was angry that West Papua was put on the agenda of the 50th Pacific Islands Forum in Tuvalu, fearing the move would “establish a precedent for interference in other countries’ domestic affairs”9. Not a single Pacific Islands country opposed the inclusion of West Papua on the agenda other than Australia. Regional Instability Papuans are oppressed, intimated and arrested daily by Indonesian security forces for acts such as raising their national flag, commemorating days of significance in their history and protesting the injustices they face under Indonesian rule. The conflict has the potential to cause instability in the region. PNG shares a border with West Papua and is home to over 10,000 West Papuan. A deterioration in the situation in West Papua could cause more refugees to flee to PNG. An article in the Sydney Morning Herald dated 20 December 2019 states: For decades, Papua New Guinean troops say they have watched as Indonesian forces violated PNG sovereignty “up to a dozen times per year”. At times the TNI (Indonesian armed forces) crossed the border between Indonesian Papua and PNG to hunt animals. Sometimes they entered to intimidate refugees living along the border. The PNG Defence Force (PNGDF) has long viewed such TNI actions as part of a campaign of psychological warfare designed to remind Papuans just how vulnerable they are to Indonesia's military might10.
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