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Pengembangan Pariwisata Bahari Berbasis Masyarakat Di Pulau

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Pengembangan Pariwisata Bahari Berbasis Masyarakat Di Pulau J. MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN, Vol. 22, No. 3, November 2015: 380-387 PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA BAHARI BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI PULAU KALEDUPA, KABUPATEN WAKATOBI, PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGGARA (Community Based Marine Tourism Development in Kaledupa Island, Wakatobi Regency, South East Sulawesi Province) Hadiwijaya Lesmana Salim* dan Dini Purbani Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Laut dan Pesisir, Balitbang Kelautan dan Perikanan-Kementerian Kelauatan dan Perikanan, Komplek Bina Samudera, Jl. Pasir Putih 1 Ancol Timur Jakarta 14430. *Penulis korespondensi. Tel: 021-64711583. Email: [email protected]. Diterima: 9 Maret 2015 Disetujui: 23 Juni 2015 Abstrak Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui pengembangan pariwisata bahari berbasis masyarakat di Pulau Kaledupa dan sekitarnya, Kabupaten Wakatobi, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Oktober – November 2014. Penelitian menggunakan metode analisis prospektif partisipatif, wawancara, analisis pengaruh antar-variabel kunci, membangun skenario, dan analisis implikasi strategis dan aksi antisipatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tiga variabel utama yang harus dititikberatkan dalam pengembangan wisata bahari di Pulau Kaledupa dan sekitarnya, yaitu informatif, koordinasi antar instansi, dan sumberdaya alam. Penitikberatan pada ketiga variabel tersebut diharapkan dapat menghilangkan kesalahpahaman dan kesalahpenafsiran atas informasi yang diberikan sehingga dapat menunjang hubungan yang harmonis antar pemangku kepentingan pengembangan wisata bahari. Koordinasi yang harmonis diharapkan dapat mensinergikan antar perencanaan, pengembangan dan pengelolaan. Diharapkan pula sumberdaya alam yang ada berkesinambungan tanpa mengurangi dan merusak kualitasnya. Kata kunci: ekowisata, masyarakat, pariwisata bahari, partisipatif, pulau kecil. Abstract The research on community based marine tourism development at Kaledupa island has been conducted on October – November 2014. This research used participatory prospective analysis, interview, Influence Analysis of inter key variables, scenario building, and Analysis of Strategic Implication and Anticipative act. The result shows that there are three key variables that should be focused on marine tourism development at Kaledupa island i.e informative, inter- institutions coordination, and natural resources. These variables should be focused in order to relieve misconception and misinterpretation on information which is given, so that it can support harmonic relationship between marine tourism stakeholders. The synergy of planning, development, and management can be expected from harmonic coordination. It is also expected that existing natural resources are sustainable without reducing and damaging the quality. Keywords: community, ecotourism, marine tourism, participatory, small island. PENDAHULUAN wisatawan tersebut biasanya memanfaatkan wilayah pesisir dan laut Wakatobi secara langsung Pasir, hutan mangrove, terumbu dan ikan maupun tidak langsung. Kegiatan langsung di karang di Pulau Kaledupa dan sekitarnya antaranya berperahu, berenang snorkeling, merupakan bagian dari kekayaan alam Kabupaten menyelam, dan memancing. Kegiatan tidak Wakatobi yang sebagian besar areanya berfungsi langsung seperti kegiatan olahraga pantai, piknik sebagai Taman Nasional Laut Wakatobi. Adam menikmati atmosfer laut. (2012) menyebut kawasan ini sebagai kawasan Masalah pariwisata bahari yang terjadi di yang unik. Saat ini kawasan tersebut mulai Kabupaten Wakatobi di antaranya adalah belum terganggu dengan banyaknya wisatawan yang optimalnya potensi pengembangan pariwisata berkunjung. Data dari Balai Taman Nasional mengingat Kabupaten Wakatobi memiliki Wakatobi menyebutkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan keindahan pemandangan, keunikan alam, jumlah wisatawan sebesar 14 kali lipat dari tahun karakteristik ekosistem, kekhasan seni budaya dan 1996 hingga tahun 2010. Jumlah kunjungan wisata karakteristik masyarakat. Khusus untuk Pulau pada tahun 2008, sebanyak 1.395 tamu menginap Kaledupa, terdapat keunikan ekosistem yang lebih pada penginapan di Kaledupa (Anonim, 2009). Para baik dibanding pulau lain di Wakatobi yaitu November 2015 H.L. SALIM DKK.: PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA BAHARI 381 ekosistem mangrove (Febriani, 2011). Daya tarik mengedepankan proses partisipatif dan mampu utama di Pulau Kaledupa adalah keindahan alam memberikan kesepakatan (konsensus) antar yang harus dijaga dan dilestarikan yang dapat stakeholder (Godet dan Roubelat 1996; Bourgeois memberikan nilai tambah sebagai destinasi utama. dan Jesus 2004; Gray dan Hatchard. 2008). Dengan Pengembangan pariwisata bahari perlu diperhatikan demikian pelibatan stakeholders dalam kelestarian lingkungan, peningkatan kesejahteraan pengembangan pariwisata bahari secara substansial masyarakat, terpenuhinya kepuasan pengunjung dapat dilakukan. dan peningkatan keterpaduan dan kesatuan Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pembangunan masyarakat di sekitar kawasan keterlibatan stakeholders dalam penentuan variabel pengembangan. kunci perencanaan, pendefinisian kondisi (states) Beberapa metode kajian pengembangan variabel di masa datang, pembangunan skenario pariwisata berbasis masyarakat telah dilakukan. perencanaan, serta penyusunan implikasi strategis Nugraha dan Aliyah (2013) menggunakan metode dan aksi antisipatif dalam pengembangan analisis interaktif dan analisis lingkungan internal- pariwisata bahari variabel kunci pengembangan eksternal di Karanganyar. Begitu juga dengan pariwisata bahari di Pulau Kaledupa dan sekitarnya. Sukadi dkk., (2013) yang menggunakan pendekatan etnografi di Bali. Sebagian besar metode analisis METODE PENELITIAN dilakukan secara deskriptif kualitatif seperti yang dilakukan oleh Tanaya dan Rudiarto (2014), Barus Waktu dan Lokasi Penelitian dkk., (2013) dan Harun (2014). Penelitian- Survei dilaksanakan dari tanggal 31 Oktober-2 penelitian tersebut tidak menentukan variabel kunci November 2014 di Pulau Kaledupa dan sekitarnya, dalam pengembangan pariwisata yang Kabupaten Wakatobi, Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara memfokuskan pada pelibatan stakeholders. Sebagai (Gambar 1). bagian dari suatu pengembangan pariwisata bahari, aspek stakeholders dalam perencanaan harus Pengumpulan Data dilibatkan dan dilakukan secara efektif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui parameter metode kuantitatif, konstruktivitisme yang menjadi variabel kunci dalam pengembangan pariwisata titik tolak penelitian kualitatif. Penelitian kuantitatif bahari di Pulau Kaledupa dan sekitarnya. Penentuan diurai menjadi sejumlah jenis atau strategi varibel kunci diperoleh dari hasil analisis prospektif penelitian, yaitu deskriptif dan survey, sedangkan partisipatif dengan para stakeholders dan penelitian kualitatif dibagi menjadi: analisis teks masyarakat setempat. Analisis prospektif dan penelitian tindakan (Putra dan Hendarman, partisipatif, merupakan pendekatan yang 2012). Gambar 1. Lokasi penelitian. 382 J. MANUSIA DAN LINGKUNGAN Vol. 22, No. 3 Penelitian kuantitatif yang dilakukan adalah kelompok terstruktur. Partisipan diminta untuk melakukan wawancara di Kecamatan Kaledupa dan memperkiraan kondisi masing-masing variabel Kaledupa Selatan. Responden yang diwawancarai penentu di masa datang. Perkiraan tersebut adalah stakeholder yang berkaitan dengan merupakan opini dan cerminan kebutuhan pariwisata bahari secara purposive sampling stakeholders di masa depan. Hasilnya dapat disusun (Sugiyono, 2006). Sampel meliputi: aparat skenario yang mungkin terjadi. Hasil analisis dan permerintah daerah di antaranya aparat desa dan pembangunan skenario kemudian akan dihasilkan kecamatan, LSM, Balai Taman Nasional Wakatobi, variabel utama dalam penyusunan kebijakan petani rumput laut, nelayan, penyelam dan pengembangan pariwisata bahari. Variabel tersebut pengelola tempat wisata. Adapun materi kemudian dibuatkan implementasi dan langkah- wawancara mencakup variabel kunci yang langkah antisipatif. mempengaruhi pengembangan wisata bahari. Jumlah responden di setiap wilayah antara 6 – 15 HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN orang. Analisis Prospektif Partisipatif Analisis Data Hasil analisis prospektif partisipatif Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis memunculkan 18 variabel yang perlu diamati prospektif partisipatif yang bertujuan untuk (Tabel 1). Variabel pada Tabel 1 belum diketahui menghasilkan konsensus demi kepentingan variabel yang paling menentukan dalam perencanaan (Damai dkk., 2011). Menurut penyusunan model pengembangan pariwisata Cornwall (1995), analisis prospektif partisipatif bahari. Pengaruh antar variabel juga belum dapat dilakukan melalui temu pakar (expert meeting). digambarkan, sehingga semua variabel memiliki Dalam pertemuan tersebut, pakar atau partisipan kepentingan dan kekuatan yang sama terhadap diminta untuk mengidentifikasi variabel kunci yang sistem. dianggap paling berpengaruh terhadap pengembangan pariwisata bahari di Kaledupa. Pada Analisis Pengaruh Antar-Variabel Kunci tahap ini ditentukan perbedaan tingkat pengaruh Hasil analisis pengaruh antar-variabel kunci variabel terhadap sistem yang dikaji. Dengan menunjukkan nilai skor pengaruh silang, secara demikian, dapat ditentukan variabel yang perlu lengkap disajikan pada Lampiran 1 (tersedia dalam diintervensi sebagai titik masuk (entry point) bagi versi elektronik di OJS). Adapun hasil analisis perencanaan yang efektif (Godet dan Roubelat pengaruh antar variabel disajikan dalam bentuk 1996; Bourgeois dan Jesus 2004; Gray dan grafik dan tabel, seperti disajikan pada Gambar 2. Hatchard. 2008; Godet 2010 dalam Damai 2012).
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