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Additional Thesis Martijn ... Mulder.Pdf Additional Thesis The effect of the imperviousness on the hydrological response time of sewer districts Rotterdam Study based on new monitoring system by municipality of Rotterdam by Martijn G.J. Mulder MSc. Water Management Delft University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Student number: 4517962 Project duration: January 2017 – April 2017 Assessment Committee: Dr. ir. J.A.E. ten Veldhuis, TU Delft Dr. ir. A.M.J. Coenders, TU Delft Additional Thesis The effect of the imperviousness on the hydrological response time of sewer districts Rotterdam Study based on new monitoring system by municipality of Rotterdam MARTIJN G.J. MULDER MSc. Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands Abstract Due to an expected increase in rainfall intensity in the future because of climate change for the area of Rotterdam, the amount of storm water runoff will increase as well, resulting in higher stress on the sewer system. But until now we don’t fully understand the behavior of a sewer system. This additional thesis should help in a better understanding of the system, as it investigates the hydrological response time of the urban drainage system of Rotterdam and focuses on the effect of imperviousness. This research is based on data which are collected during the first seven months of operation of the monitoring system at 21 combined sewer overflow (CSO) weirs which was implemented in June 2016. As the hydrological response time gives information about the behavior of a sewage system, it’s an important parameter to investigate and the question is how it’s being influenced by parameters such as the imperviousness and to what extent the behavior of the sewer districts in Rotterdam is different from what we would expect from theory. From the results, we see that there is no single hydrological response time for both Time- to-Peak and Peak-to-Peak responses. The response times are highly variable with large standard deviations. There seems to be no clear linear relationship with the imperviousness or the connected surface area for the sewer system of Rotterdam. Furthermore, no significant relationship was found for several rainfall characteristics like intensity, rain event duration and cumulative rain volumes in the previous period with the hydrological response time. Finally, it was shown that the large variability in response times is mainly associated with assumptions on starting time of a rain event, which can produce large Time-to-Peak responses. However, Peak-to-Peak responses found in the research are also significantly larger than the responses found in theory. All in all, the results have shown that the response times are larger than we expected from theory and that variability cannot be explained by variability in rainfall characteristics nor by relations with catchment size or imperviousness for the urban drainage system of Rotterdam. For future research, it is recommended to have a further look into the system responses by doing a signal analysis for individual events in order to understand the high variability in responses. Furthermore, the rain radar, which will be implemented in Rotterdam in the summer of 2017, might help in a better understanding of the influence of local rainfall variability on the response time. 1 This additional thesis is based on the data Introduction collected during the first seven months (June Due to the expected climate change in the next 2016 – December 2016) of operation of the decades, the KNMI (2011) expects rainfall monitoring system and it focusses on the events with higher intensities. For the area of hydrological response times between rainfall Rotterdam, an increase of 40-60% of rainfall events and overflow events of the urban water intensity per hour is expected between 2071- system in Rotterdam. 2100 compared to the situation of 1971-2000 The hydrological response time is an important (KNMI, 2011). According to this increase in parameter, as it gives more information about rainfall intensity, the amount of storm water the behavior of the system after a specific runoff will increase as well. This is also found rainfall event. Furthermore, it is strongly by Semadeni-Davies, et al (2008), who dependent on the imperviousness of a sewer concluded that the increased precipitation district. The question is what is the effect of the worsens the drainage problems in Helsingborg, imperviousness on the hydrological response Sweden. In similar cities equipped with times (“time-to-peak” and “peak-to-peak”), in combined sewer systems, in case of heavy the different districts of the Rotterdam sewer rainfall, the polluted storm water flows via system and to what extent this behavior is combined sewer overflow (CSO) weirs from the different from what we would expect from sewer system to the surface waters. It is theory. It is also interesting to see what the expected that these events will happen more effect is of different rain characteristics on the often in the future. And this is something the response time of the system and if the response municipality of Rotterdam wants to prevent is different after a wet or dry period. By (Stadsbeheer Rotterdam, afdeling Water, 2015). investigating these aspects and gathering more Rotterdam has a complex urban drainage information about CSO events and runoff system itself, which in case of a storm event can coefficients, this research should help the temporary store water and can transport it to the municipality of Rotterdam in a better open surface water by pumps and via the CSO maintenance of the system and improving the weirs. But, until now there is not enough system if necessary, to prevent it from flooding knowledge about the behavior of this system. in the future. What happens for example in case of a specific rainfall intensity, which districts have the 2.1 Definition of hydrological response shortest response time and will overflow earlier time and thus could be the critical points in the entire system? Or how does the imperviousness of a To characterize runoff processes in a catchment, District influence the behavior of the sewer often the hydrological response time is used, as system? If we better understand the behavior of it is an important parameter for the prediction this urban drainage system, the municipality can and management of peak flows (Ten Veldhuis make better decisions in maintenance and can & Skovgård Olsen, 2012). But, according to implement new measures to improve the system Gericke and Smithers (2014) there are multiple to prevent it from flooding and polluting surface water. To gather more insight in the system behavior and to see when these CSO events occur, the water department of the municipality of Rotterdam has introduced a monitoring plan, which was implemented in the summer of 2016 (Liefting & de Haan, 2016). The monitoring system includes sensors at the CSO weirs which gather information about water levels in the sewer system and surface waters. With the implementation of this system the municipality of Rotterdam is one step closer in acquiring more knowledge about their urban drainage system. However, until now this monitoring Figure 1 Different definitions of Hydrological response time according to Gericke and Smithers (2014) system is only used to detect overflows. 2 ways to describe the hydrological response According to Gericke and Smithers (2014) it is time. The time of concentration (TC), lag time also possible to calculate the Hydrological (TL) and Time-to-Peak (TP) are the most response time TP. They describe TP based on a frequently used time parameters (Gericke & relation between the rain event duration (PD) Smithers, 2014). Figure 1 shows some of these and the lag time (TL), based on a study of concepts. multiple catchments, in which lag time is the The hydrological response time is related to time between the centroid of the rainfall and the parameters such as meteorology (rainfall and centroid of the runoff. This leads to Equation 1: runoff distribution), catchment geomorphology, 푃퐷 푇 = + 푇 land cover, size, type of soils and storage 푃 2 퐿 (Smith, et al., 2002). The hydrological response Equation 1 Calculation of Time-to-Peak TP based on TL time of urban watersheds is significantly (Gericke & Smithers, 2014). different from natural catchments (Cantone & By assuming that TC(b) represents the critical Schmidt, 2011). As a result, a quicker storm duration (between centroid of rainfall and hydrological response time results in more peak of water levels, see Figure 1) of which the frequent and intense floods, which damages effective rainfall is constant, with the centroid nearby infrastructures and pollutes surface at PD / 2 and TL = 0.6TC(b), Gericke and Smithers water. According to Meierdiercks, Smith, (2014) derived Equation 2 from Equation 1. Baeck and Miller (2010) it can strongly depend 푇퐶(푏) 푇 = + 0.6푇 = 1.1푇 on the design of the Urban Drainage network 푃 2 퐶(푏) 퐶(푏) structure. Due to urbanization, the hydrological Equation 2 Calculation of Time-to-Peak TP based on TC response time is often affected by higher (Gericke & Smithers, 2014). imperviousness of these densely built areas ( (Bell, McMillan, Clinton, & Jefferson, 2016), However, as Gericke and Smithers (2014) (Smith, et al., 2002) & (Semadeni-Davies, explain in their paper, these equations are Hernebring, Svensson, & Gustafsson, 2008)). averaged over multiple catchments and are thus This effect, together with the expected increase approximations of the response time. For this of rainfall intensity of 40-60% per hour, for the purpose, the response times will be determined area of Rotterdam for 2070-2100 compared to in a data-driven analysis. the situation of 1971-2000 (KNMI, 2011) may cause serious trouble for the sewer system of Method Rotterdam. 3.1 Determination of response times In this additional thesis, the hydrological Based on the hyetograph of rainfall and the unit response time will be analyzed by the time-to- hydrograph of the runoff, the response time can peak, TP, and peak-to-peak, TC(c) (See Figure 1).
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