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In the Shadow of the Peñon: a Zooarchaeological Study of Formative Diet, Economy, and Sociopolitics in the Río Pukara Valley, Peru

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In the Shadow of the Peñon: a Zooarchaeological Study of Formative Diet, Economy, and Sociopolitics in the Río Pukara Valley, Peru IN THE SHADOW OF THE PEÑON: A ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF FORMATIVE DIET, ECONOMY, AND SOCIOPOLITICS IN THE RÍO PUKARA VALLEY, PERU by Matthew C. Warwick A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee December 2012 ii ABSTRACT IN THE SHADOW OF THE PEÑON: A ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF FORMATIVE DIET, ECONOMY, AND SOCIOPOLITICS IN THE RÍO PUKARA VALLEY, PERU by Matthew C. Warwick The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2012 Under the Supervision of Jean L. Hudson In the Lake Titicaca Basin, the Formative period saw extensive changes in the scale and nature of sociopolitical complexity, ritual practice and economic organization associated with the transition from small villages to the rise of regional Late Formative polities. These changes were partially fueled by the development and intensification of agro-pastoral economies. Consequently, it is essential to compare and contrast subsistence and herding practices associated with the domestic and political economies, given that these forces supported life at the village- as well as the polity-level. A growing database exists for animal exploitation associated with Formative through Tiwanaku Periods in the South Titicaca Basin. This dissertation aims to add to our iii understanding of the Pukara Polity and Formative Period, as seen from the Northern Titicaca Basin of Peru, specifically the Pukara River Valley. This dissertation addresses the goal of tracking diachronic change in subsistence, herd management, and extra-domestic use of fauna (feasting and ritual) by presenting results of an analysis of large faunal assemblages from two Pukara Valley sites— Huatacoa and Pukara. These sites span the Early to Late Formative periods. Excavated contexts from the small village-ritual center, Huatacoa, and the Pukara polity center itself, at Pukara, include remains of domestic activities, public area feasting, and ritual deposits. Documentation of this range of cultural activity areas offers a good opportunity to characterize everyday meals, commensal politics, and ritual behavior. Camelid exploitation is studied to characterize site-specific contextual use, compare polity-wide herd management practices, and as a proxy for change over time in their importance. Data analyzed and discussed include taxonomic abundance; taphonomy; camelid osteometrics and mortality profiles; body part representation, and evidence for butchery and food preparation patterns. iv © Copyright by Matthew C. Warwick, 2012 All Rights Reserved v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A great many institutions and people contributed to the success of this dissertation project. Laboratory studies for the Pukara Valley Zooarchaeology Project were supported by a Wenner-Gren Dissertation Improvement Grant and Sigma Xi Grants-in- Aid-of-Research Fellowship. Further grants from the University of Wisconsin— Milwaukee Center for Latin American / Carribbean Studies Office, along with a international Winterim study-abroad course, supported my introduction to Peru, its culture, and rich archaeological record. Later support during my writing period was funded by a Graduate School Dissertation Fellowship. My advisor, Jean Hudson, provided consistent advice, analytical help, and inspired my own intellectual zeal. Her prior tenure at UC-Santa Barbara facilitated my introduction to my colleague, Elizabeth Klarich, the Collasuyo Archaeological Research Institution (Puno, Peru), and the Pukara site. Elizabeth has been a staunch advocate, who trusted my research and fiddling around with a dusty pile of bones would yield concrete results. She has also been generous with information about Pukara and with an opportunity to participate on her on-going excavation project. I credit coca and our 2009 pago at Pucara for facilitating spiritual support from Pachamama to complete the data collection and write up process. My laboratory analysis at the former Asociacíon Collasuyo would not have been possible without the assistance of Cecilia Chávez and Javier Chalcha Saraza. Ceci helped me navigate the collections access permitting process for the Instituto Nacional de Cultura. Javier was my loyal project assistant, willing to help me sort heavy fraction vi flotation sample, boil process an amazing array of comparative specimens, and locate invaluable equipment in the maze of the Puñeno black market. My tenure in Puno also introduced me to a broad range of friends, like Ben Smith, Karl La Favre, and Randy Haas, who helped me maintain my sanity over the multi-year research process. Thanks go out to Amanda Cohen-Bandy. I am indebted also to my doctoral committee, Jean Hudson, Bettina Arnold, Alex Barker, Robert Jeske, and Jason Sherman, for their patience and advice. My work has also benefitted from the intellectual input, moral support, and prodding from my friends, James Johnson, Katy Mollerud, and Jody Clauter. Finally, above all else I am grateful to the love and encouragement of my wife and frequent colleague, Jaclyn Lillis-Warwick. Her support, understanding and patience makes her a strong candidate for sainthood. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………....ii Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………v Table of Contents………..…………………………………………………………….....vii Figures………………………………………………………………………………...…xii Tables……………………………………………………………..……………………..xiv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………..……………………….……...…….1 Theoretical Frameworks……………………………………………………….………….2 Archaeological Theory…...………………………………….….…...….………...2 Pastoralism: Meat vs. Secondary Products…………….………………….2 Corporate Culture: Factions, Elite Power, Commensal Politics, and Surplus Consumption…………………………………………………5 Ethnographic Analogies for Prehistoric Herd Management and Use…..................9 Herd Size / Composition……………………………….……………....….9 Caravanning…………………………………………………………...…11 Castration: A Digression…………………………………………………12 Carcass Processing……………………………………………………….13 Culling: For Hearth, the Political Arena, or the Altar?..............................14 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….18 Research Questions………………………………………………………………………19 Domestic and Political Economic Use of Animals: Expectations…………………….....20 Volume Organization…………………………………………………………………….23 CHAPTER 2: LAKE TITICACA BASIN: NATURAL BACKDROP………………….27 Andes: An Overview……..…………………………………………………...………....27 The Lake Titicaca Basin……..…………………………………………………………..28 Paleoclimate……..……………………………………………………….…...…29 Modern Climate……..…………………………………………………………...35 Ecology……..……………………………………………………………….…………...36 Suni (low pampas).……..………………………………………………………..36 Lakes and Rivers……..………………………………………………………….37 Managed Landscapes (Raised Fields, Bofedales and Qochas)……………….….37 Cerros……..………………….………………………………………..………...39 Puna (high pampas) ……..….……………………..…………………………….40 Fauna……..……………………………………………………….…………………......41 viii Mammals……..………………………………………………………….……….41 Birds……………………………………………………………………………...45 Fish……..………………………………………………………………………...48 Amphibians……..………………………………………………………………..49 Reptiles……..……………………………………………………………………51 Conclusion……..………………………………………………………………………...51 CHAPTER 3: PUKARA VALLEY: ESTABLISHING A FOUNDATION OF RESEARCH ….……..54 Cultural Background: A Brief Prehistory of the North Titicaca Basin……………….....54 Early to Late Archaic Period……..……………………………………...………54 Terminal Archaic Period……..………………………………………………….57 Early Formative……..…………………………………………………………...59 Middle Formative……..…………………………………………………………62 Qaluyu: Middle Formative in the North Basin…………………………..63 Subsistence and Economic Interaction……………………………….….67 Iconography, Ritual Architecture and Stelae…………………………….69 Late Formative……..…………………………………………………………….70 Subsistence and Economic Interaction…………………………………..74 Conflict……..……………………………………………………………76 Collapse……..…………………………………………………………………...77 Research in the Pukara River Valley………..…………………………………………...77 Pukara……..……………………………………………......................................78 Block 1…………………………………………………………………...83 Block 2…………………………………………………………………...86 Block 3…………………………………………………………………...88 Recent Fieldwork at Pukara……………………………………………...90 Huatacoa……..……………………………………………..................................93 Area B……………………………………………....................................95 Area A………………………………………………................................97 Early Qaluyu Court………………………………………………........................98 Late Qaluyu First Court…………………………………………………….........98 Late Qaluyu Second Court……………………………………………………...101 Pukara Court……………………………………………………........................102 Conclusions…………………………………………….................................................105 Implications for this Study……………………………………………...........................106 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY……………………………………………...………109 Analysis by Cultural Context……………………………………………………..……110 Quantification……………………………………………………..……………………111 Skeletal Frequency and Butchery………………………………………………………112 Quantifying Carcass Use……………………………………………………….113 Managing the Herd: Breed / Species Use and Culling Practices……………….……....114 Measure for Measure: Camelid Taxa Body Size and Osteometrics……………114 Incisor Morphology…………………………………………………………….119 Bone Pathology………………………………………………………………...120 ix Culling Decisions…………………………………………………………………….....124 Sexing………………………………………………………………………......124 Mortality Patterns………………………………………………………………126 Bone Taphonomy……………………………………………………………………….127 CHAPTER 5: ANIMALS OF THE PUKARA VALLEY Prior Zooarchaeological Studies………………………………………………………..129 Qaluyu and Q’elloqaqa Cave……………………………………………….…..129 Pukara (The Qalasaaya)
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