Lipid Profiles of the Skin, Muscle and Liver of Greater Cane Rat

11749 Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye et al./ Elixir Food Science 53 (2012) 11749-11756

Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Food Science

Elixir Food Science 53 (2012) 11749-11756 Lipid profiles of the skin, muscle and liver of greater cane rat ( Thryonomys swinderianus ): dietary implications Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye*, Olorunfemi Olaofe and Kola Emmanuel Ogunjana Department of Chemistry, Ekiti State University, PMB 5363, Ado –Ekiti, Nigeria.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Thryonomys swinderianus is one of two species of cane rats. This study concerned the Received: 27 June 2012; evaluation of the lipid profiles of T. swinderianus skin, muscle and liver. SFA (% total fatty Received in revised form: acid) was 39.5 (muscle), 41.5 (liver) and 42.4 (skin). MUFA ranged as follows (%): 10.5 20 November 2012; (muscle), 14.0 (liver) and 21.0 (skin). The n-6 + n-3 (PUFA) (%) of 49.9 (muscle), 44.4 Accepted: 29 November 2012; (liver) and 36.5 (skin) were recorded. MUFA +PUFA predominated in all the samples having (% total fatty acid) 60.4 (muscle), 58.4 (liver) and 57.5 (skin) with respective Keywords PUFA/SFA values of 1.26, 1.07 and 0.86. The n-6: n-3 range of 50.0:1 (muscle), 83.2:1 Three-component, (liver) and 15.1:1 (skin) are in unhealthy ratios. The samples would supply the following Biginelli reaction, values as food source (g/kg): highest in SFA (C18:0) 0.0383 (muscle), 8.43 (skin) but C16:0 Dihydropyrimidin-2(1 H)-one, in liver (7.84) whilst highest in PUFA (C18:2n-6, trans ) 5.41 (skin), 5.29 (skin) but C22:6 n- Monastrol, 3, cis in muscle (0.0185). The cholesterol level in (g/kg): skin (10.5) and liver (10.5). The Chile saltpeter, NaNO 3. highest phospholipid in the samples was phosphatidylcholine. Significant differences existed in skin/muscle, muscle/liver and skin/liver in their fatty acids as well as skin /liver in phospholipids and sterols at r = 0.05 . © 2012 Elixir All rights reserved.

Introduction A consequence, grass cutters are beginning to be raised in The major bush meat species in Nigeria include primates, cages for sale, and so are sometimes referred to as micro pholidota, rodents, carnivores, hyracoidean, artiodactyls, reptiles livestock (http://www.answers.com/topic/cane-rat). and avian among others 1. Works already reported on the grass cutter included: some The inadequate supply of animal protein in Nigeria has aspects of marketing the grass cutter; 4 the report of Ajayi and been attributed to inadequate production and high cost of Tewe on the nutritional value of the meat of grass cutter;5 an conventional sources of animal proteins, hence, an average important role in traditional African medicine; 6, 7 it had also Nigerian consumes only about a quarter of his minimum daily been reported that the pancreas of the grass cutter contains high animal protein requirement. To this end there has been increase concentration of insulin which is used in local preparation for in the consumption of bush meat, this is to bridge the supply and treatment of diabetes. 8 Other works included breeder’s selection demand of animal protein supply gap 2. and gestation diagnosis in grass cutter; 9 the study of the The scientific classification of our sample is as follows: reproductive indices and performance of captive reared grass Family: Thryonomyidae Pocock, 1922; Genus: Thryonomys cutters; 10 determination of the chemical composition of bush Fitzinger, 1867; Species: Thryonomys gregorianus (Lesser Cane meats found in Nigeria 1 and the study of the muscle and skin Rat), Thryonomys swinderianus Temminck, 1827 (Greater Cane amino acid compositions of the greater cane rat. 11 This study Rat). The genus Thryonomys, also known as cane rat, grass concerned the evaluation of the lipid profiles of T. swinderianus cutter, or cutting grass, is a genus of rodent found throughout skin, muscle and liver to provide information on their dietary Africa south of the Sahara, the only members of the family attributes. Thryonomyidae. They are eaten in African countries and pest Materials and methods species on many crops. Collection and treatment of samples Matured samples of Cane rats range in body length from 35 to 60 centimetres. Thryonomys swinderianus were caught in the wild by a local They commonly weigh 6-7 kilograms in captivity, and can hunter commissioned for the purpose; identified, immersed in obtain weights up to 10 kilograms in the wild. They are heavily- hot water (10 min), fur removed and the animals dissected. built rodents, with bristly brown fur speckled with yellow or Muscle, skin and liver were separately removed, washed with grey. They live in marshy areas and along river and lake banks, distilled water, dried to constant weight, milled into flour and and are herbivores, feeding on aquatic grasses in the wild. In kept in the freezer pending analyses. The skin and muscle from agricultural areas, they feed on the crops in cane plantations, the hind limbs was used for the analyses. making them a significant pest 3. Females give birth to two to Determination of ether extract four litters at least once a year, and more frequently in some About 0.25 g of each sample part was weighed into the areas. Cane rats are sexually mature and able to reproduce at 6 extraction thimble and the crude fat extracted with petroleum months of age. ether (40-60 oC boiling range) using a Soxhlet apparatus. 12 The In both West and Southern Africa, it is considered a extraction lasted 5-6 h. delicacy.

Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and analyses Calculation of fatty acid (g/kg) as food in T. swinderianus The crude fat extracted was converted to the methyl ester At the data source and reference data base levels, values for using the boron trifluoride method. 13 The gas chromatographic individual fatty acids are usually expressed as percentages of conditions for the analyses of FAME were as follows: The GC total fatty acids since this is the most common form of analytical was the HP 5890 powered with HP ChemStation rev A09.01 presentation. At the user data base level, values per 100 g (or per [1206] software [GMI, Inc, Minnesota, USA]) fitted with a 1000 g or per kg) of food are required. (Value of each fatty acid flame ionisation detector (FID). A split injection with split ratio present in 1 kg of sample was calculated.) At all levels of data of 20:1 was used. GC inlet temperature was 250 oC with an oven management both modes of expression are useful for program of initial temperature at 60 oC, first ramping at 10 comparative evaluation. A conversion factor derived from the oC/min for 20 min (maintained for 4 min), second ramping at 15 proportion of the total lipids present as fatty acids is required 17 oC/min for 4 min (maintained for 10 min) and detector for converting percentages of total fatty acids to fatty acids per temperature of 320 oC. A capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm) 100 g (or per kg as in the present work) of food. (Crude fat level packed with a polar compound (HP INNOWAX) with a was multiplied by a conversion factor of 0.916 to convert it to diameter (0.25 µm) was used to separate the esters. Carrier gas total fatty acids. 17 ) For fatty acids expressed in g/100 g or g/kg used was nitrogen. The peaks were identified by comparison total fatty acids, precision is best limited to the 0.1 g/100 g or with standard fatty acid methyl esters. 1.0 g/kg level, with trace set at < 0.06 g 100 g or 0.6 g/kg of Sterol analysis fatty acids. 18 The sterol analyses were as described by AOAC. 14 The Statistical analyses aliquots of the extracted fat were added to the screw-capped test Statistical analyses 19 were carried out to determine mean, tubes. The samples were saponified at 95 oC for 30 min, using 3 standard deviation, coefficient of variation in per cent, linear 2 ml of 10 % KOH in ethanol, to which 0.20 ml of benzene had correlation coefficient (r xy ), coefficient of determination (r xy ), been added to ensure miscibility. Deionised water (3 ml) was linear regression coefficient (R xy ), coefficient of alienation (C A) added and 2 ml of hexane was added in extracting the non- and index of forecasting efficiency (IFE). The r xy was subjected saponifiable materials. Three extractions, each with 2 ml of to the table (critical) value at r = 0.01. hexane, were carried out for 1 h, 30 min and 30 min Results and discussion respectively. The hexane was concentrated to 1 ml in the vial for Table I contains SFA values (% total fatty acid) of 39.5 gas chromatography analysis and 1µl was injected into the (muscle), 41.5 (liver) and 42.4 (skin) with C18:0 predominating injection pot of GC. The GC conditions of analyses were similar in muscle and skin whilst C16:0 predominated in liver. The to the GC conditions for methyl esters analyses. MUFA ranged as follows (% total fatty acid): 10.5 (muscle), Phospholipids analyses 14.0 (liver) and 21.0 (skin). The MUFA contained both the cis- The method of Raheja, Kaur, Singh, Bhatia 15 was employed and trans (natural) - isomers. The n-6 PUFA totals ranged in the analyses of the extracted fat phospholipids content between (% total fatty acid): 37.0 (muscle), 35.8 (liver) and 28.2 determination. The GC conditions for the analyses of (skin) whilst n-3 PUFA totals had respective values (%) of 12.9, phospholipids were similar to FAME analyses except in the 8.56 and 8.30 giving n-6 +n-3 (PUFA) (%) of 49.9 (muscle), following: Column type was HP 5, oven programme initial 44.4 (liver) and 36.5 (skin). Results of the fatty acids showed temperature at 50 oC, second ramping at 15 oC/min for 4 min, that both MUFA+PUFA predominated in all samples having (%) maintained for 5 min and the detector was pulse flame values of 60.4 (muscle), 58.4 (liver) and 57.5 (skin) with photometric detector (PFPD). respective PUFA/SFA values of 1.26, 1.07 and 0.86. The n-6: n- Accuracy of results 3 range of 50.0:1 (muscle), 83.2:1 (liver) and 15.1:1 (skin) were For the purpose of ensuring the accuracy of the results in unhealthy ratios (Table 1). obtained, the followings were done: standard chromatograms Statistical analysis of Table I results shown in Table II were prepared for sterols, phospholipids and fatty acid methyl depicts that skin/muscle, muscle/liver and skin/liver are esters which were then compared with respective analytical statistically significantly different at r = 0.01 at n-2 degrees of results; calibration curves were prepared for all the standard freedom. mixtures and correlation coefficient determined for fatty acids, The samples would supply the following values as food sterols and phospholipids. Correlation is a statistical index that source (g/kg) (Table III); highest in SFA (C18:0): 0.0383 shows the quality assurance of the calibration curve performed. (muscle), 7.30 (liver) and 8.43 (skin) whilst highest in n-6 PUFA It was prepared with the Howlett Packard Chemistry (C18:2n-6,cis): 0.0188 (muscle), (C18:2n-6, trans): 5.29 (liver) (HPCHEM) software (GMI, Inc 6511 Bunker Lake Blud and 5.41 (skin), whereas in n-3 PUFA (C22:6n-3, cis) we had: Ramsey, Minnesota, 55303, USA). 0.0185 (muscle), 3.07 (liver) and 2.81 (skin). Quality assurance for fatty acids Among the phospholipids (Table IV), phosphatidylcholine The fatty acid values were subjected to the calculation of (PC, lecithin) was the most concentrated in all the samples such uncertainty interval percentage. A range of food CRMs as (g/kg): 21.2 (53.1 %) (muscle), 48.3 (45.1 %) (liver) and 23.3 (Certified Reference Materials) with assigned values and (45.8 %) (skin). The total phospholipids ranges were (g/kg): uncertainty intervals (UIs) for many nutrients are currently 39.0 (muscle), 107 (liver) and 50.9 (skin). Detailed statistical supplied by several organisations. 16 The specified UI for each analysis of Table IV as shown in Table V depicts that only fatty acid concentration was used to calculate the percentage skin/liver are significantly different at r = 0.01 at n-2 degrees of value to yield the uncertainty interval percentage (UIP) as shown freedom among the phospholipid values. in equation 1: The cholesterol levels in the samples were (g/kg) (Table 6): UIP = (UI/value) x 100 2.23 (muscle) and 10.5 (each in liver and skin). Whilst cholesterol was the highest concentration in liver and skin, sitosterol had the highest value (3.34 g/kg) in the muscle. 11751 Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye et al./ Elixir Food Science 53 (2012) 11749-11756

Table I. Fatty acid composition of the skin, muscle and liver of Thryonomy swinderianus (% total fatty acid)

tr = trace (less than 0.06 %); - = not detected or not determined (when under CV %); CV % = coefficient of variation percent. Table II. Statistical analysis of the results from Table 1*

* 2 Parameters involved: SFA, MUFA (total), n-6 + n-3 PUFA, Total, MUFA + PUFA, PUFA/SFA; r xy = correlation coefficient; r xy = coefficient of determination; Rxy = regression coefficient; C A = coefficient of alienation; IFE = index of forecasting efficiency; ** = result is significantly different at n-2 and r = 0.01 . Table III. Fatty acid (g kg -1) skin, muscle and liver as food in Thryonomys swinderianus

*Crude fat x 0.916. 11752 Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye et al./ Elixir Food Science 53 (2012) 11749-11756

-1 Table IV. Phospholipid levels (g kg ) of skin, muscle and liver of Thryonomys swinderianus

Ratio: skin/muscle = 1.31:1, liver/skin = 2.10: 1, liver/muscle = 2.74:1; PE = phosphatidylethanolamine/cephalin; PC = phosphatidylcholine/lecithin; PS = phosphatidylserine; PI = phosphatidylinositol; LPC = lysophosphatidylcholine.

Table V. Statistical analysis of the results from Table 4*

*Parameters involved: only phospholipids; NS = not significantly different at n-2 and r = 0.01 .

-1 Table VI. Sterol levels (g kg ) of skin, muscle and liver of Thryonomys swinderianus

Ratio: skin/muscle = 3.77:1, liver/skin = 1.01:1, liver/muscle = 3.81:1.

Table VII. Statistical analysis of the results from Table 6*

*Parameters involved: only sterols.

11753 Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye et al./ Elixir Food Science 53 (2012) 11749-11756

Table VIII. Uncertainty intervals as percent of analytical results

UIP = uncertainty interval in per cent; UIP (table) adapted from fish tissue.

For sterols (Table VI) only skin/liver was significantly cis-12 octadecadienoic acid). The two double bonds may be in 23 different at r = 0.01 whereas skin/muscle and muscle/liver were not the 7, 9; 8, 10; 9, 11; 10, 12; or 11, 13 positions. Naturally significantly different. occurring dietary CLA is composed primarily of the cis-9, trans- Table I contained nine fatty acids which were in traces 11 isomer, 24 also known as rumenic acid. Most CLA is produced whereas C20:5n-3, cis was not detected in any sample. C18:0 in the rumen by hydrogenation of LA to cis-9, trans-11 CLA. 25 was the most concentrated in muscle and skin whilst C16:0 was A small portion of cis -9, trans-11-CLA is then directly absorbed the most concentrated in the liver. SFA with C12:0, C14:0 and into surrounding tissue while most is hydrogenated at the 9- C16:0 are the primary contributors to elevated blood cholesterol, position, to yield vaccenic (trans-11-octadecenoic, C18:1n-11, and so contribute to cardiovascular disease. SFA with 12, 14, or trans) acid. 26 Vaccenic acid is absorbed into tissues, where it can 16 carbons generally constitute about 25 %-50 % of the total fat be turned back into cis-9, trans-11-CLA by the delta-9- in animal foods. The negative effect on the heart is probably due desaturase enzyme. One study found that this conversion also in part to an increase in blood clotting that might be caused by occurs in human tissues, with average of 19 % of dietary SFA. 20 However, C18:0 may not be as hypercholesterolemic as vaccenic acid being converted to cis-9, trans-11-CLA. 27 CLA the other SFA (apparently because it is converted to oleic has been demonstrated to have antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, acid). 21 antiadipogenic and anticarcinogenic effects in cell lines and In the trans MUFA group C18:1n-6, trans led the group animal models. The C18:3n-3, cis values were low at 0.149 to with CV % of 32.8. While the cis MUFA total ranged between 0.573 % but C22:6n-3, cis was relatively much higher with 7.73 3.55 to 5.23 % (total fatty acid), it ranged between 6.95 to15.8 % to 12.6 % levels. Alpha linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3, cis) and in trans MUFA bringing total MUFA to be 10.5-21.0 %. its counterpart omega-6 essential fatty acid (EFA), linoleic acid Literature shows that flaky pastry contained 31.08 µg/ml of (LA), are converted to longer-chain FA by a series of alternating C18:1n-9, trans whilst egg contained 22.98 µg/ml of the same desaturations and elongations. Diets rich in LA can reduce the fatty acid (FA). 22 conversion of ALA to the longer-chain omega-3 Among the n-6 family (cis group), C18:2n-6 was the most eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid concentrated in all the samples and followed by C20:4n-6, cis. (DHA). 28 Deficiencies in PUFA produce growth retardation, The total n-6 PUFA (cis) ranged as follows (%): 25.0 (muscle), reproductive failure, skin abnormalities and kidney and liver 21.3 (liver) and 13.3 (skin). The C18 2n-6, trans or conjugated disorders. However, people are rarely deficient in these fatty linoleic acid (CLA) constituted levels of 12.0 to 14.9 % in the acids. 29 All the samples were good sources of PUFA. samples and had a CV % (11.4). The term CLA refers to a group The ratio of PUFA/SFA (P/S ratio) is important in of constitutional and stereoisomers of linoleic acid (LA, cis-9, determining the detrimental effects of dietary fats. The severity 11754 Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye et al./ Elixir Food Science 53 (2012) 11749-11756

of atherosclerosis is closely associated with the proportion of the phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP 2) and 30, 31 total energy supplied by SFA and PUFA. The PUFA/SFA phosphatidylinositol triphosphate (PIP 3). PIP, PIP 2 and PIP 3 are were: 0.86 (skin), 1.26 (muscle) and 1.07 (liver). A minimum collectively called phosphoinositides which play important roles value of PUFA/SFA ratio recommended is 0.45 32 which is lower in lipid signalling, cell signalling and membrane trafficking than those obtained from all studied samples. The n-6 and n-3 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phosphatidylethanolamine). Partial FA have critical roles in the membrane structure and as hydrolysis of PC with removal of only one fatty acid yields a precursors of eicosanoids. The balance between the n-6 and n-3 lysophosphatidylcholine. 40 Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) had FA in the diet can be of considerable importance. 33 Estimated a range value of (g kg -1) 4.21 (8.27 %) to 9.06 (8.47 %). An daily intakes of n-6: n-3 ratio in UK is 6.9:1, Japan is 4:1 and example of alterations in enzymic activity related to association USA 16.7:1 34 with ideal ratio of n-6/n-3 of 4.0 at maximum in of a membrane-bound protein lipid is that of phenylalanine UK. 32 The present results showed that n-6/n-3 varied from 15.1 hydroxylase, which catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to to 83.2. Our samples would require C18:3n-3 supplement to tyrosine. The activity of these enzymes, which is attached to the maintain healthy n-6/n-3 ratios where they serve as the only endoplasmic reticulum, is enhanced fifty fold in the presence of dietary fat source. LPC, with which it is probably complexed in the hepatic cell. 40 Table II (statistical analysis of Table I results) shows that Phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin, PE) was the second largest 2 -1 -1 rxy , r xy and IFE were all high for the comparisons of in skin (17.7 g kg , 34.8 %) and liver (41.1 g kg , 38.4 %). PE skin/muscle, muscle/liver and skin/liver and they are all is found in all living cells, although in human physiology it is significantly different at r = 0.01 at n-2 degrees of freedom. found particularly in nervous tissue such as the white matter of Table III depicts the fatty acid (g/kg) in the samples as food brain, nerves, neural tissue and in spinal cord and the crude fat and total fatty acid. The crude fat values were (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phosphatidylethanolamine). close and high in skin (39.7) and liver (39.8) but low in muscle Table V gives the detailed statistics of Table IV in which 2 (0.16) and this trend was followed by the total FA with only skin/ liver had high r xy , r xy and IFE resulting in significant respective values of 36.3, 36.5 and 0.15. The crude fat values difference of their values at r = 0.01 at n-2 degrees of freedom. were lower than all parts of male and female common West The sterol levels are shown in Table VI. While cholesterol African Fresh water crab with values of 16.9-88.8 (g/kg) 35 in had the highest values in skin and liver, sitosterol carried the winged termites (527 g/kg) 36 and grasshopper (133 g/kg). 37 The highest level in muscle. On the whole the total sterol ratio in the concentration of crude fat in the skin is similar to the skin to muscle was 3.77:1 (30.6 g/kg to 8.12 g/kg). On its way observation in the exoskeleton of Penaeus notabilis where the into cells from the blood stream, some cholesterol forms value was greater than in the muscle (540-404 g/kg dry deposits in the artery walls. These deposits lead to weight)38 and in the skin and muscle of tilapia fish (22.5-2.28 atherosclerosis, a disease that causes heart attack and stroke. g/kg respectively, dry weight). 39 Dietary patterns can affect the metabolism of cholesterol. Diet Table IV shows the level of the phospholipids in the low in SFA, trans fat and cholesterol encourage the uptake of samples. Two important phospholipids are phosphatidylcholine LDL by the liver, thereby removing LDL from the blood stream (PC, lecithin) and phosphatidylserine (PS). In our samples PC and decreasing the ability of scavenger cells to form was the most concentrated in all the samples with values of atherosclerotic plagues in blood vessels. Although the SFA is (g/kg) 23.3 (45.8 %, skin), 21.2 (54.4 %, muscle) and 48.3 (45.1 low compared to other fatty acid (57.4-60.4 %, MUFA+PUFA), %, liver). PC is the most abundant phospholipid in brain and cell cholesterol levels particularly in skin and liver (10.5 g/kg membranes comprising about 30 % of the total phospholipid apiece) could give a very serious health concern since the liver content; this is seen in our present report. This report and skin values are very much above the recommended daily corroborates the values obtained in tilapia fish where PC formed intake of 300 mg (3 g/kg) of cholesterol. Stigmasterol have 68.7 % in skin and 69.5 % in muscle. 39 PC is the principal values of (g/kg) 5.2 (16.7 %, skin), 1.66 (20.4 %, muscle) and phospholipid circulating in plasma, where it is an integral 5.16 (16.7 %, liver). Stigmasterol is a precursor in the component of the lipoproteins, especially the HDL. It is a manufacture of synthetic progesterone, a valuable human neutral or zwitterionic phospholipid over a pH range from hormone that plays an important physiological role in the strongly acid to strongly alkaline; it is used as an emulsifier in regulatory and tissue rebuilding mechanisms related to oestrogen the food industry. PS formed 3.36 g/kg (6.60 %, skin), 5.10 g/kg effects, as well as acting as an intermediate in the biosynthesis (13.1 %, muscle) and 7.59 (7.09 %, liver) which agreed with the of androgens, estrogens and corticoids. Research has indicated trend in the tilapia fish: 10.9 % (skin) and 8.20 % (muscle). 39 that stigmasterol may be useful in prevention of certain cancers, Most people normally ingest 3 to 6 grams of PC a day through including ovarian, prostate, breast and colon cancers eggs, soy and meats. PS makes up less than 10 % in brain. PS is (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stigmasterol). Results of studies known to speed up recovery, prevent muscle soreness, improve with laboratory animals fed stigmasterol showed that both well-being and might possess ergogenic properties in athletes cholesterol and sitosterol absorption decreased 23 % and 30 % involved in cycling, weight training and endurance running, it respectively over a 6 week period may reduce the risk of dementia in the elderly and may also (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stigmasterol). Stigmasterol is also reduce the risk of cognitive dysfunction in the elderly known as Wulzen antistiffness factor. Cholesterol enters the (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phosphatigylethanolamine). intestinal tract by excretion across the intestinal mucosa as well Our results on PS were lower than in beef (690 g/kg) as well as via the bile. In the lumen of the gut a portion is reduced as in European pilchard (sardine) of 160 g/kg. 39 microbially to coprostanol and cholestanol and thereby is Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns, PI) has the lowest value in all the excluded from reabsorption. These two stanols, together with samples ranging from (g/kg): 0.67(0.626 %) to 2.30 (4.52 %). It cholesterol, constitute the bulk of the faecal sterols. Some of is a negatively charged phospholipid which can be these transformations, like from cholestenone to cholestanol, phosphorylated to form phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP), also occur in the liver. 40 The highest value of cholestanol came 11755 Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye et al./ Elixir Food Science 53 (2012) 11749-11756

from the liver (8.32 g/kg, 26.9 %) and skin (8.11 g/kg, 26.5 %) 9. Fayenuwo JO, Tewadan LT, Schrage R, Tiamiyu AK, Taiwo but low in the muscle (0.89 g/kg, 11.0 %). The values of AA. Breeder’s selection and gestation diagnosis in grass cutter, cholestanol in the samples could have come from cholesterol in Proceedings of the Nigerian Society for Animal Production breakdown or to both cholesterol breakdown and liver 28: 340-344 (2003). transformation of cholestenone. Sitosterol occupied the first 10. Onadeko SA and Amubode FO, Reproductive indices and position in muscle (3.34 g/kg, 41.1 %) and third positions in skin performance of captive reared grass cutters (Thryonomys (6.92 g/kg, 22.6 %) and liver (6.83 g/kg, 22.1 %). Results from swinderianus Temminck). Nigeria Journal Animal Production. Table VI analysed statistically is shown in Table VII. The r xy , 2002 29(1): 142-149. 2 rxy and IFE were low in skin/muscle and muscle/liver resulting 11. Adeyeye EI, Jegede RO. Muscle and skin amino acid in not significant values at r = 0.01 at n-2 degrees of freedom but compositions of the greater cane rat (Thryonmys swinderianus). 2 rxy , r xy and IFE were all high with r = 0.01 at n-2 being International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences.2010; 1(3): 1- significantly different in skin/liver. 9. Quality assurance 12. AOAC, Official methods of analysis. 18 th ed. Gaithersburg, Table VIII shows the uncertainty percent (UIP) for the fatty Maryland, USA: 2005; AOAC International, 920.39(A). acids. Most of the literature (Table UIP) levels are 13. AOAC. Official methods of analysis 18 th ed, Gaithersburg, correspondingly higher than the present results in the samples. Maryland, USA: 2005; AOAC International 969.33 and 996.06. Also the correlation determined for all the standards: fatty acids, 14. AOAC, Official methods of analysis, 18 th ed, Gaithersburg, phospholipids and sterols, all had values ranging as follows: Maryland, USA: 2005; AOAC International, 970.51. 0.99833 to 0.99997 (fatty acids), 0.99909 to 0.99999 15. Raheja RK, Kaur C, Singh A and Bhatia IS. New (phospholipids) and 0.99920 to 0.99994 (sterols), all the colorimetric method for the quantitative estimation of correlation values were greater than 0.95 which is the critical phospholipids without acid digestion. Journal of Lipid Research. correlation for acceptance of these types of analytical results. 1973; 14: 695-697. Both the correlation values and the UIP values attested to the 16. Phillips KM, Wolf WR, Patterson KY, Sharpless KE, quality assurance of the determinations. Amanna KR and Holden JM. Summary of reference materials Conclusions for the determination of the nutrient composition of foods. The Thryonomys swinderianus lipid profiles have good Accred Qual Assur. 2007; 12: 126-133. relationship between liver and skin in virtually all the parameters 17. Paul AA, Southgate DAT. McCance and Widdowson’s The meaning that all the physiological activities due to the skin lipids Composition of Foods, 4 th ed. London, UK: Her Majesty’s can be carried out by liver. As shown by their statistical results, Stationery Office, 1978; pp 348-349. significant differences existed in skin/muscle, muscle/liver and 18. Greenfield H, Southgate DAT. Food composition data: nd skin/liver in their fatty acids at r = 0.01 , whereas significant production, management and use, 2 ed. Rome, 2003: FAO, differences only existed in skin/liver in phospholipids and 163-170. sterols. On the whole the samples are good in EFA and 19. Oloyo RA. 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