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Lipid Profiles of the Skin, Muscle and Liver of Greater Cane Rat

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Lipid Profiles of the Skin, Muscle and Liver of Greater Cane Rat 11749 Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye et al./ Elixir Food Science 53 (2012) 11749-11756 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Food Science Elixir Food Science 53 (2012) 11749-11756 Lipid profiles of the skin, muscle and liver of greater cane rat ( Thryonomys swinderianus ): dietary implications Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye*, Olorunfemi Olaofe and Kola Emmanuel Ogunjana Department of Chemistry, Ekiti State University, PMB 5363, Ado –Ekiti, Nigeria. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Thryonomys swinderianus is one of two species of cane rats. This study concerned the Received: 27 June 2012; evaluation of the lipid profiles of T. swinderianus skin, muscle and liver. SFA (% total fatty Received in revised form: acid) was 39.5 (muscle), 41.5 (liver) and 42.4 (skin). MUFA ranged as follows (%): 10.5 20 November 2012; (muscle), 14.0 (liver) and 21.0 (skin). The n-6 + n-3 (PUFA) (%) of 49.9 (muscle), 44.4 Accepted: 29 November 2012; (liver) and 36.5 (skin) were recorded. MUFA +PUFA predominated in all the samples having (% total fatty acid) 60.4 (muscle), 58.4 (liver) and 57.5 (skin) with respective Keywords PUFA/SFA values of 1.26, 1.07 and 0.86. The n-6: n-3 range of 50.0:1 (muscle), 83.2:1 Three-component, (liver) and 15.1:1 (skin) are in unhealthy ratios. The samples would supply the following Biginelli reaction, values as food source (g/kg): highest in SFA (C18:0) 0.0383 (muscle), 8.43 (skin) but C16:0 Dihydropyrimidin-2(1 H)-one, in liver (7.84) whilst highest in PUFA (C18:2n-6, trans ) 5.41 (skin), 5.29 (skin) but C22:6 n- Monastrol, 3, cis in muscle (0.0185). The cholesterol level in (g/kg): skin (10.5) and liver (10.5). The Chile saltpeter, NaNO 3. highest phospholipid in the samples was phosphatidylcholine. Significant differences existed in skin/muscle, muscle/liver and skin/liver in their fatty acids as well as skin /liver in phospholipids and sterols at r = 0.05 . © 2012 Elixir All rights reserved. Introduction A consequence, grass cutters are beginning to be raised in The major bush meat species in Nigeria include primates, cages for sale, and so are sometimes referred to as micro pholidota, rodents, carnivores, hyracoidean, artiodactyls, reptiles livestock (http://www.answers.com/topic/cane-rat). and avian among others 1. Works already reported on the grass cutter included: some The inadequate supply of animal protein in Nigeria has aspects of marketing the grass cutter; 4 the report of Ajayi and been attributed to inadequate production and high cost of Tewe on the nutritional value of the meat of grass cutter;5 an conventional sources of animal proteins, hence, an average important role in traditional African medicine; 6, 7 it had also Nigerian consumes only about a quarter of his minimum daily been reported that the pancreas of the grass cutter contains high animal protein requirement. To this end there has been increase concentration of insulin which is used in local preparation for in the consumption of bush meat, this is to bridge the supply and treatment of diabetes. 8 Other works included breeder’s selection demand of animal protein supply gap 2. and gestation diagnosis in grass cutter; 9 the study of the The scientific classification of our sample is as follows: reproductive indices and performance of captive reared grass Family: Thryonomyidae Pocock, 1922; Genus: Thryonomys cutters; 10 determination of the chemical composition of bush Fitzinger, 1867; Species: Thryonomys gregorianus (Lesser Cane meats found in Nigeria 1 and the study of the muscle and skin Rat), Thryonomys swinderianus Temminck, 1827 (Greater Cane amino acid compositions of the greater cane rat. 11 This study Rat). The genus Thryonomys, also known as cane rat, grass concerned the evaluation of the lipid profiles of T. swinderianus cutter, or cutting grass, is a genus of rodent found throughout skin, muscle and liver to provide information on their dietary Africa south of the Sahara, the only members of the family attributes. Thryonomyidae. They are eaten in African countries and pest Materials and methods species on many crops. Collection and treatment of samples Matured samples of Cane rats range in body length from 35 to 60 centimetres. Thryonomys swinderianus were caught in the wild by a local They commonly weigh 6-7 kilograms in captivity, and can hunter commissioned for the purpose; identified, immersed in obtain weights up to 10 kilograms in the wild. They are heavily- hot water (10 min), fur removed and the animals dissected. built rodents, with bristly brown fur speckled with yellow or Muscle, skin and liver were separately removed, washed with grey. They live in marshy areas and along river and lake banks, distilled water, dried to constant weight, milled into flour and and are herbivores, feeding on aquatic grasses in the wild. In kept in the freezer pending analyses. The skin and muscle from agricultural areas, they feed on the crops in cane plantations, the hind limbs was used for the analyses. making them a significant pest 3. Females give birth to two to Determination of ether extract four litters at least once a year, and more frequently in some About 0.25 g of each sample part was weighed into the areas. Cane rats are sexually mature and able to reproduce at 6 extraction thimble and the crude fat extracted with petroleum months of age. ether (40-60 oC boiling range) using a Soxhlet apparatus. 12 The In both West and Southern Africa, it is considered a extraction lasted 5-6 h. delicacy. Tele: E-mail addresses: [email protected] © 2012 Elixir All rights reserved 11750 Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye et al./ Elixir Food Science 53 (2012) 11749-11756 Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and analyses Calculation of fatty acid (g/kg) as food in T. swinderianus The crude fat extracted was converted to the methyl ester At the data source and reference data base levels, values for using the boron trifluoride method. 13 The gas chromatographic individual fatty acids are usually expressed as percentages of conditions for the analyses of FAME were as follows: The GC total fatty acids since this is the most common form of analytical was the HP 5890 powered with HP ChemStation rev A09.01 presentation. At the user data base level, values per 100 g (or per [1206] software [GMI, Inc, Minnesota, USA]) fitted with a 1000 g or per kg) of food are required. (Value of each fatty acid flame ionisation detector (FID). A split injection with split ratio present in 1 kg of sample was calculated.) At all levels of data of 20:1 was used. GC inlet temperature was 250 oC with an oven management both modes of expression are useful for program of initial temperature at 60 oC, first ramping at 10 comparative evaluation. A conversion factor derived from the oC/min for 20 min (maintained for 4 min), second ramping at 15 proportion of the total lipids present as fatty acids is required 17 oC/min for 4 min (maintained for 10 min) and detector for converting percentages of total fatty acids to fatty acids per temperature of 320 oC. A capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm) 100 g (or per kg as in the present work) of food. (Crude fat level packed with a polar compound (HP INNOWAX) with a was multiplied by a conversion factor of 0.916 to convert it to diameter (0.25 µm) was used to separate the esters. Carrier gas total fatty acids. 17 ) For fatty acids expressed in g/100 g or g/kg used was nitrogen. The peaks were identified by comparison total fatty acids, precision is best limited to the 0.1 g/100 g or with standard fatty acid methyl esters. 1.0 g/kg level, with trace set at < 0.06 g 100 g or 0.6 g/kg of Sterol analysis fatty acids. 18 The sterol analyses were as described by AOAC. 14 The Statistical analyses aliquots of the extracted fat were added to the screw-capped test Statistical analyses 19 were carried out to determine mean, tubes. The samples were saponified at 95 oC for 30 min, using 3 standard deviation, coefficient of variation in per cent, linear 2 ml of 10 % KOH in ethanol, to which 0.20 ml of benzene had correlation coefficient (r xy ), coefficient of determination (r xy ), been added to ensure miscibility. Deionised water (3 ml) was linear regression coefficient (R xy ), coefficient of alienation (C A) added and 2 ml of hexane was added in extracting the non- and index of forecasting efficiency (IFE). The r xy was subjected saponifiable materials. Three extractions, each with 2 ml of to the table (critical) value at r = 0.01. hexane, were carried out for 1 h, 30 min and 30 min Results and discussion respectively. The hexane was concentrated to 1 ml in the vial for Table I contains SFA values (% total fatty acid) of 39.5 gas chromatography analysis and 1µl was injected into the (muscle), 41.5 (liver) and 42.4 (skin) with C18:0 predominating injection pot of GC. The GC conditions of analyses were similar in muscle and skin whilst C16:0 predominated in liver. The to the GC conditions for methyl esters analyses. MUFA ranged as follows (% total fatty acid): 10.5 (muscle), Phospholipids analyses 14.0 (liver) and 21.0 (skin). The MUFA contained both the cis- The method of Raheja, Kaur, Singh, Bhatia 15 was employed and trans (natural) - isomers. The n-6 PUFA totals ranged in the analyses of the extracted fat phospholipids content between (% total fatty acid): 37.0 (muscle), 35.8 (liver) and 28.2 determination.
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